The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
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There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
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There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
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This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
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|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
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| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
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| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", - "members": [ - { - "type": "wms", - "info": [ + "type": "group", + "id": "Protected_Greenfield", + "name": "Protected Areas", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ { - "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " + "type": "wms", + "info": [ + { + "name": "Description", + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " + }, + { + "name": "Disclaimer", + "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
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" + "type": "wms", + "info": [ + { + "name": "Description", + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " + }, + { + "name": "Disclaimer", + "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
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There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
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" - } - ], - "infoSectionOrder": [ - "Disclaimer", - "Description", - "Access and acknowledgements", - "Source Data" - ], - "opacity": 1, - "featureInfoTemplate": { - "template": "These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " + "type": "wms", + "info": [ + { + "name": "Description", + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " + }, + { + "name": "Disclaimer", + "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
" + } + ], + "infoSectionOrder": [ + "Disclaimer", + "Description", + "Access and acknowledgements", + "Source Data" + ], + "opacity": 1, + "featureInfoTemplate": { + "template": "There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + "type": "wms", + "info": [ + { + "name": "Description", + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " + }, + { + "name": "Disclaimer", + "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
" + } + ], + "infoSectionOrder": [ + "Disclaimer", + "Description", + "Access and acknowledgements", + "Source Data" + ], + "opacity": 1, + "featureInfoTemplate": { + "template": "These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " + }, + { + "name": "Disclaimer", + "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
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There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" - }, - { - "name": "Access and acknowledgements", - "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" - }, - { - "name": "Source Data", - "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
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There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" - }, - { - "name": "Access and acknowledgements", - "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" - }, - { - "name": "Source Data", - "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
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There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" - }, - { - "name": "Access and acknowledgements", - "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" - }, - { - "name": "Source Data", - "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
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" - } - ], - "infoSectionOrder": [ - "Disclaimer", - "Description", - "Access and acknowledgements", - "Source Data" - ], - "opacity": 1, - "featureInfoTemplate": { - "template": "These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " - }, - { - "name": "Disclaimer", - "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" - }, - { - "name": "Access and acknowledgements", - "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" - }, - { - "name": "Source Data", - "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
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" - } - ], - "infoSectionOrder": [ - "Disclaimer", - "Description", - "Access and acknowledgements", - "Source Data" - ], - "opacity": 1, - "featureInfoTemplate": { - "template": "These sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " - }, - { - "name": "Disclaimer", - "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" - }, - { - "name": "Access and acknowledgements", - "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + "type": "wms", + "info": [ + { + "name": "Description", + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " + }, + { + "name": "Disclaimer", + "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
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" + "type": "wms", + "info": [ + { + "name": "Description", + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " + }, + { + "name": "Disclaimer", + "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
" + } + ], + "infoSectionOrder": [ + "Disclaimer", + "Description", + "Access and acknowledgements", + "Source Data" + ], + "opacity": 1, + "featureInfoTemplate": { + "template": "The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
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|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
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| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
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| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
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|---|---|---|
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| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
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| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
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|---|---|---|
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| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
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|---|---|---|
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|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
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| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
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Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
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There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM) https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/World Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
" + } + ], + "infoSectionOrder": [ + "Disclaimer", + "Description", + "Access and acknowledgements", + "Source Data" + ], + "opacity": 1, + "featureInfoTemplate": { + "template": "These sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " + }, + { + "name": "Disclaimer", + "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM) https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/World Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
" + } + ], + "infoSectionOrder": [ + "Disclaimer", + "Description", + "Access and acknowledgements", + "Source Data" + ], + "opacity": 1, + "featureInfoTemplate": { + "template": "These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " + }, + { + "name": "Disclaimer", + "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" + }, + { + "name": "Access and acknowledgements", + "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" + }, + { + "name": "Source Data", + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM) https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/World Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
" + } + ], + "infoSectionOrder": [ + "Disclaimer", + "Description", + "Access and acknowledgements", + "Source Data" + ], + "opacity": 1, + "featureInfoTemplate": { + "template": "These sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -911,17 +2929,25 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Australia Bluefield 150GWh 50h", - "id": "Australia_Bluefield_150GWh_50h", - "layers": "150gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/australia_bluefield/wms" - }, + "name": "Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan 50GWh 50h", + "id": "Bhutan_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", + "layers": "50gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/bhutan_bluefield/wms" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "group", + "id": "Bluefield_north_america", + "name": "North America Bluefield Sites", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -949,17 +2975,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Australia Bluefield 50GWh 50h", - "id": "Australia_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", - "layers": "50gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/australia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "North America Bluefield 1500GWh 504h", + "id": "north_america_Bluefield_1500GWh_504h", + "layers": "1500gwh_504h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -987,17 +3013,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Australia Bluefield 15GWh 18h", - "id": "Australia_Bluefield_15GWh_18h", - "layers": "15gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/australia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "North America Bluefield 150GWh 50h", + "id": "north_america_Bluefield_150GWh_50h", + "layers": "150gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1025,10 +3051,10 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Australia Bluefield 5GWh 18h", - "id": "Australia_Bluefield_5GWh_18h", - "layers": "5gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/australia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "North America Bluefield 15GWh 18h", + "id": "north_america_Bluefield_15GWh_18h", + "layers": "15gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", @@ -1063,25 +3089,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Australia Bluefield 2GWh 6h", - "id": "Australia_Bluefield_2GWh_6h", + "name": "North America Bluefield 2GWh 6h", + "id": "north_america_Bluefield_2GWh_6h", "layers": "2gwh_6h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/australia_bluefield/wms" - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "group", - "id": "Bluefield_Bhutan", - "name": "Nepal/Bhutan/Sikkim Bluefield Sites", - "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", - "members": [ + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" + }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1109,17 +3127,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan 1500GWh 504h", - "id": "Bhutan_Bluefield_1500GWh_504h", - "layers": "1500gwh_504h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/bhutan_bluefield/wms" + "name": "North America Bluefield 500GWh 168h", + "id": "north_america_Bluefield_500GWh_168h", + "layers": "500gwh_168h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1147,17 +3165,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan 150GWh 50h", - "id": "Bhutan_Bluefield_150GWh_50h", - "layers": "150gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/bhutan_bluefield/wms" + "name": "North America Bluefield 50GWh 50h", + "id": "north_america_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", + "layers": "50gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1185,17 +3203,25 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan 15GWh 18h", - "id": "Bhutan_Bluefield_15GWh_18h", - "layers": "15gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/bhutan_bluefield/wms" - }, + "name": "North America Bluefield 5GWh 18h", + "id": "north_america_Bluefield_5GWh_18h", + "layers": "5gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "group", + "id": "Bluefield_seam", + "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield Sites", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1223,17 +3249,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan 2GWh 6h", - "id": "Bhutan_Bluefield_2GWh_6h", - "layers": "2gwh_6h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/bhutan_bluefield/wms" + "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 1500GWh 504h", + "id": "seam_Bluefield_1500GWh_504h", + "layers": "1500gwh_504h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1261,17 +3287,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan 5GWh 18h", - "id": "Bhutan_Bluefield_5GWh_18h", - "layers": "5gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/bhutan_bluefield/wms" + "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 150GWh 50h", + "id": "seam_Bluefield_150GWh_50h", + "layers": "150gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1299,17 +3325,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan 500GWh 168h", - "id": "Bhutan_Bluefield_500GWh_168h", - "layers": "500gwh_168h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/bhutan_bluefield/wms" + "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 15GWh 18h", + "id": "seam_Bluefield_15GWh_18h", + "layers": "15gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1337,25 +3363,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan 50GWh 50h", - "id": "Bhutan_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", - "layers": "50gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/bhutan_bluefield/wms" - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "group", - "id": "Bluefield_Global", - "name": "Global Bluefield Sites", - "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", - "members": [ + "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 2GWh 6h", + "id": "seam_Bluefield_2GWh_6h", + "layers": "2gwh_6h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" + }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1383,17 +3401,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Global Bluefield 1500GWh 504h", - "id": "Global_Bluefield_1500GWh_504h", - "layers": "1500gwh_504h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_bluefield/wms" + "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 500GWh 168h", + "id": "seam_Bluefield_500GWh_168h", + "layers": "500gwh_168h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1421,17 +3439,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Global Bluefield 150GWh 50h", - "id": "Global_Bluefield_150GWh_50h", - "layers": "150gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_bluefield/wms" + "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 50GWh 50h", + "id": "seam_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", + "layers": "50gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1459,17 +3477,25 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Global Bluefield 15GWh 18h", - "id": "Global_Bluefield_15GWh_18h", - "layers": "15gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_bluefield/wms" - }, + "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 5GWh 18h", + "id": "seam_Bluefield_5GWh_18h", + "layers": "5gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "group", + "id": "Bluefield_Indonesia", + "name": "Indonesia Bluefield Sites", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1497,17 +3523,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Global Bluefield 2GWh 6h", - "id": "Global_Bluefield_2GWh_6h", - "layers": "2gwh_6h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 1500GWh 504h", + "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_1500GWh_504h", + "layers": "1500gwh_504h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1535,17 +3561,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Global Bluefield 5GWh 18h", - "id": "Global_Bluefield_5GWh_18h", - "layers": "5gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 150GWh 50h", + "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_150GWh_50h", + "layers": "150gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1573,17 +3599,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Global Bluefield 500GWh 168h", - "id": "Global_Bluefield_500GWh_168h", - "layers": "500gwh_168h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 15GWh 18h", + "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_15GWh_18h", + "layers": "15gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1611,25 +3637,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Global Bluefield 50GWh 50h", - "id": "Global_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", - "layers": "50gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_bluefield/wms" - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "group", - "id": "Bluefield_north_america", - "name": "North America Bluefield Sites", - "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", - "members": [ + "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 2GWh 6h", + "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_2GWh_6h", + "layers": "2gwh_6h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" + }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1657,17 +3675,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "North America Bluefield 1500GWh 504h", - "id": "north_america_Bluefield_1500GWh_504h", - "layers": "1500gwh_504h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 5GWh 18h", + "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_5GWh_18h", + "layers": "5gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1695,17 +3713,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "North America Bluefield 150GWh 50h", - "id": "north_america_Bluefield_150GWh_50h", - "layers": "150gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 500GWh 168h", + "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_500GWh_168h", + "layers": "500gwh_168h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1733,17 +3751,33 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "North America Bluefield 15GWh 18h", - "id": "north_america_Bluefield_15GWh_18h", - "layers": "15gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" - }, + "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 50GWh 50h", + "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", + "layers": "50gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "id": "Seasonal", + "type": "group", + "name": "Global Seasonal", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ + { + "type": "group", + "id": "Unprotected_Seasonal", + "name": "Unprotected Areas", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5000 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 2000 hours yielding 2.5 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 250 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1755,7 +3789,7 @@ }, { "name": "Source Data", - "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM) https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
World Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
" + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
Rivers: https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrorivers
" } ], "infoSectionOrder": [ @@ -1771,17 +3805,25 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "North America Bluefield 2GWh 6h", - "id": "north_america_Bluefield_2GWh_6h", - "layers": "2gwh_6h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" - }, + "name": "Global Seasonal 5000GWh 2000h", + "id": "Global_Seasonal_5000GWh_2000h", + "layers": "5000gwh_2000h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_seasonal/wms" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "group", + "id": "Protected_Seasonal", + "name": "Protected Areas", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5000 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 2000 hours yielding 2.5 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 250 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1793,7 +3835,7 @@ }, { "name": "Source Data", - "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM) https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
World Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
" + "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
Rivers: https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrorivers
" } ], "infoSectionOrder": [ @@ -1809,17 +3851,33 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "North America Bluefield 500GWh 168h", - "id": "north_america_Bluefield_500GWh_168h", - "layers": "500gwh_168h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" - }, + "name": "Global Seasonal 5000GWh 2000h (Protected)", + "id": "Global_Seasonal_5000GWh_2000h_Protected", + "layers": "5000gwh_2000h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_seasonal_protected/wms" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "id": "Turkey", + "type": "group", + "name": "Global Turkey's Nest", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ + { + "type": "group", + "id": "Unprotected_Turkey", + "name": "Unprotected Areas", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1847,17 +3905,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "North America Bluefield 50GWh 50h", - "id": "north_america_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", - "layers": "50gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 5000GWh 200h", + "id": "Global_Turkey_5000GWh_200h", + "layers": "5000gwh_200h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1885,25 +3943,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "North America Bluefield 5GWh 18h", - "id": "north_america_Bluefield_5GWh_18h", - "layers": "5gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/north_america_bluefield/wms" - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "group", - "id": "Bluefield_seam", - "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield Sites", - "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", - "members": [ + "name": "Global Turkey 1500GWh 60h", + "id": "Global_Turkey_1500GWh_60h", + "layers": "1500gwh_60h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey/wms" + }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -1931,10 +3981,10 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 1500GWh 504h", - "id": "seam_Bluefield_1500GWh_504h", - "layers": "1500gwh_504h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 500GWh 50h", + "id": "Global_Turkey_500GWh_50h", + "layers": "500gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey/wms" }, { "type": "wms", @@ -1969,17 +4019,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 150GWh 50h", - "id": "seam_Bluefield_150GWh_50h", + "name": "Global Turkey 150GWh 50h", + "id": "Global_Turkey_150GWh_50h", "layers": "150gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2007,17 +4057,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 15GWh 18h", - "id": "seam_Bluefield_15GWh_18h", - "layers": "15gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 50GWh 18h", + "id": "Global_Turkey_50GWh_18h", + "layers": "50gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2045,17 +4095,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 2GWh 6h", - "id": "seam_Bluefield_2GWh_6h", - "layers": "2gwh_6h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 15GWh 18h", + "id": "Global_Turkey_15GWh_18h", + "layers": "15gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2083,17 +4133,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 500GWh 168h", - "id": "seam_Bluefield_500GWh_168h", - "layers": "500gwh_168h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 5GWh 18h", + "id": "Global_Turkey_5GWh_18h", + "layers": "5gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2121,17 +4171,25 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 50GWh 50h", - "id": "seam_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", - "layers": "50gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" - }, + "name": "Global Turkey 2GWh 6h", + "id": "Global_Turkey_2GWh_6h", + "layers": "2gwh_6h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey/wms" + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "group", + "id": "Protected_Turkey", + "name": "Protected Areas", + "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", + "members": [ { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 1500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 504 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2159,19 +4217,11 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "South East Asian Mainland Bluefield 5GWh 18h", - "id": "seam_Bluefield_5GWh_18h", - "layers": "5gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/seam_bluefield/wms" - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "group", - "id": "Bluefield_Indonesia", - "name": "Indonesia Bluefield Sites", - "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", - "members": [ + "name": "Global Turkey 5000GWh 200h (Protected)", + "id": "Global_Turkey_5000GWh_200h_Protected", + "layers": "5000gwh_200h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey_protected/wms" + }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ @@ -2205,17 +4255,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 1500GWh 504h", - "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_1500GWh_504h", - "layers": "1500gwh_504h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 1500GWh 60h (Protected)", + "id": "Global_Turkey_1500GWh_60h_Protected", + "layers": "1500gwh_60h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey_protected/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2243,17 +4293,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 150GWh 50h", - "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_150GWh_50h", - "layers": "150gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 500GWh 50h (Protected)", + "id": "Global_Turkey_500GWh_50h_Protected", + "layers": "500gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey_protected/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 150 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 7.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2281,17 +4331,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 15GWh 18h", - "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_15GWh_18h", - "layers": "15gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 150GWh 50h (Protected)", + "id": "Global_Turkey_150GWh_50h_Protected", + "layers": "150gwh_50h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey_protected/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2319,17 +4369,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 2GWh 6h", - "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_2GWh_6h", - "layers": "2gwh_6h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 50GWh 18h (Protected)", + "id": "Global_Turkey_50GWh_18h_Protected", + "layers": "50gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey_protected/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 15 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.8 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.75 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2357,17 +4407,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 5GWh 18h", - "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_5GWh_18h", - "layers": "5gwh_18h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 15GWh 18h (Protected)", + "id": "Global_Turkey_15GWh_18h_Protected", + "layers": "15gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey_protected/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 500 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 168 hours yielding 3.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 25 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 5 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 18 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.25 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2395,17 +4445,17 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 500GWh 168h", - "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_500GWh_168h", - "layers": "500gwh_168h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 5GWh 18h (Protected)", + "id": "Global_Turkey_5GWh_18h_Protected", + "layers": "5gwh_18h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey_protected/wms" }, { "type": "wms", "info": [ { "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 50 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 50 hours yielding 1.0 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 2.5 million people. " + "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au
These sites will store 2 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 6 hours yielding 0.3 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 0.1 million people. " }, { "name": "Disclaimer", @@ -2433,61 +4483,15 @@ "tileErrorHandlingOptions": { "ignoreUnknownTileErrors": true }, - "name": "Indonesia Bluefield 50GWh 50h", - "id": "Indonesia_Bluefield_50GWh_50h", - "layers": "50gwh_50h", - "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/indonesia_bluefield/wms" + "name": "Global Turkey 2GWh 6h (Protected)", + "id": "Global_Turkey_2GWh_6h_Protected", + "layers": "2gwh_6h", + "url": "https://re100.anu.edu.au/geoserver/global_turkey_protected/wms" } ] } ] }, - { - "id": "Seasonal", - "type": "group", - "name": "Global Seasonal", - "description": "As the proportion of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in an electrical grid extends into the 50-100% range a combination of additional long-distance high voltage transmission, demand management and local storage is required for stability. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) constitutes 97% of electricity storage worldwide because of its low cost.
The RE100 Group ANU found about 530,000 potentially feasible PHES sites with storage potential of about 22 million Gigawatt-hours (GWh) by using geographic information system (GIS) analysis. This is about one hundred times greater than required to support a 100% global renewable electricity system. Brownfield sites (existing reservoirs, old mining sites) will be included in a future analysis.
This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auPotential sites for off-river PHES are identified using GIS algorithms with defined search criteria. The surveyed latitude range is up to 60 degrees north and south. Each identified site comprises an upper and lower reservoir pair plus a hypothetical tunnel route between the reservoirs, and includes data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, head, slope, water volume, water area, rock volume, dam wall length, water/rock ratio, energy storage potential and approximate relative cost (categories A-E).
Wall heights are adjusted for each reservoir in a pair to yield equal water volumes to achieve the targeted energy storage. Energy (= head * usable volume * g * efficiency) and storage-length combinations are provided in Table 1. The approximate number of people that a reservoirs could service for a 100% renewable electricity grid is listed in the third line.
| Energy | Duration | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 2 GWh | 6 hours | 0.1 |
| 5 GWh | 18 hours | 0.25 |
| 15 GWh | 18 hours | 0.75 |
| 50 GWh | 50 hours | 2.5 |
| 150 GWh | 50 hours | 7.5 |
| 500 GWh | 168 hours | 25 |
| 1500 GWh | 504 hours | 75 |
Virtually all upper reservoirs are away from rivers, and none intrude on protected area or urban areas listed in the databases that we use below. There may be local constraints that prevent use of a particular site that is not reflected in these databases. Please refer to the ANU 100% Renewable Energy website for additional information: http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global
", - "members": [ - { - "type": "wms", - "info": [ - { - "name": "Description", - "content": "This information has been developed by the 100% Renewable Energy group from the School of Engineering at the Australia National University. http://re100.eng.anu.edu.auThese sites will store 5000 GWh of electricity which will discharge over 2000 hours yielding 2.5 GW of power. Each pair of reservoirs would provide sufficient energy for 250 million people. " - }, - { - "name": "Disclaimer", - "content": "None of the PHES sites discussed in this study have been the subject of geological, hydrological, environmental, heritage and other studies, and it is not known whether any particular site would be suitable. The commercial feasibility of developing these sites is unknown. As with all major engineering projects, diligent attention to quality assurance would be required for safety and efficacy.
There has been no investigation of land tenure apart from exclusion of some environmental areas and urban areas, and no discussions with land owners and managers. Nothing in this list of potential site locations implies any rights for development of these locations. Accuracy of the sites depends on the accuracy of the source data. There may be sites that fall into local protected areas or urban areas that are not identified by the source data.
" - }, - { - "name": "Access and acknowledgements", - "content": "In publications that use this information please acknowledge the RE100 Group, Australian National University, http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/" - }, - { - "name": "Source Data", - "content": "Digital Terrain Model (DTM): https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/s5hqmjcdj8yo2ibzi9b4ew3snWorld Database on Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/
Urban extent: HBASE http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ulandsat-hbase-v1/data-download
Rivers: https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrorivers
" - } - ], - "infoSectionOrder": [ - "Disclaimer", - "Description", - "Access and acknowledgements", - "Source Data" - ], - "opacity": 1, - "featureInfoTemplate": { - "template": "