Suppose that a root
$x$ in a Fibonacci heap is marked. Explain how$x$ came to be a marked root. Argue that it doesn't matter to the analysis that$x$ is marked, even though it is not a root that was first linked to another node and then lost one child.
Justify the
$O(1)$ amortized time of FIB-HEAP-DECREASE-KEY as an average cost per operation by using aggregate analysis.