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introduction.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<script src="quarto_files/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="quarto_files/quarto-html/tabby.min.js"></script>
<script src="quarto_files/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="quarto_files/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/tippy.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/light-border.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/quarto-html.min.css" rel="stylesheet" data-mode="light">
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/quarto-syntax-highlighting-dark.css" rel="stylesheet" id="quarto-text-highlighting-styles"><meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.5.56">
<title>Course Introduction</title>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimal-ui">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="quarto_files/revealjs/dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="quarto_files/revealjs/dist/reveal.css">
<style>
code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;}
div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);}
div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;}
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
ul.task-list{list-style: none;}
ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] {
width: 0.8em;
margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1em; /* quarto-specific, see https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/issues/4556 */
vertical-align: middle;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="quarto_files/revealjs/dist/theme/quarto.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="ics.css">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/quarto-line-highlight/line-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/quarto-menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/font-awesome/css/all.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/quarto-support/footer.css" rel="stylesheet">
<style type="text/css">
.callout {
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
border-radius: .25rem;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple {
padding: 0em 0.5em;
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
display: flex;
}
.callout.callout-style-default {
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
}
.callout .callout-body-container {
flex-grow: 1;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
font-size: 1rem;
font-weight: 400;
}
.callout.callout-style-default .callout-body {
font-size: 0.9rem;
font-weight: 400;
}
.callout.callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
margin-top: 0.2em;
}
.callout:not(.callout-titled) .callout-body {
display: flex;
}
.callout:not(.no-icon).callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-content {
padding-left: 1.6em;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-header {
padding-top: 0.2em;
margin-bottom: -0.2em;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-title p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-content p {
margin-top: 0;
}
.callout.callout-titled.callout-style-default .callout-content p {
margin-top: 0.7em;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple div.callout-title {
border-bottom: none;
font-size: .9rem;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 75%;
}
.callout.callout-style-default div.callout-title {
border-bottom: none;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 85%;
font-size: 0.9rem;
padding-left: 0.5em;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-style-default div.callout-content {
padding-left: 0.5em;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple .callout-icon::before {
height: 1rem;
width: 1rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 1rem 1rem;
}
.callout.callout-style-default .callout-icon::before {
height: 0.9rem;
width: 0.9rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 0.9rem 0.9rem;
}
.callout-title {
display: flex
}
.callout-icon::before {
margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
.callout.no-icon::before {
display: none !important;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-body > .callout-content > :last-child {
padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-icon::before {
margin-top: .5rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
.callout:not(.callout-titled) .callout-icon::before {
margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
/* Callout Types */
div.callout-note {
border-left-color: #4582ec !important;
}
div.callout-note .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-note.callout-style-default .callout-title {
background-color: #dae6fb
}
div.callout-important {
border-left-color: #d9534f !important;
}
div.callout-important .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-important.callout-style-default .callout-title {
background-color: #f7dddc
}
div.callout-warning {
border-left-color: #f0ad4e !important;
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<body class="quarto-dark">
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<div class="slides">
<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
<h1 class="title">CS 3710</h1>
<h2 class="subtitle">Introduction to Cybersecurity</h2>
<p class="titlep"> </p>
<div class="titlesmall"><p>
<a href="http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~asb">Aaron Bloomfield</a> ([email protected])<br>
<a href="http://github.com/aaronbloomfield/ccc">@github</a> | <a href="index.html">↑</a> | <a href="?print-pdf"><img class="print" width="20" src="../slides/images/print-icon.svg" style="top:0px;vertical-align:middle;background-color:transparent"></a>
</p></div>
<p class="titlep"> </p>
<h2 class="subtitle">Course Introduction</h2>
</section><section id="TOC">
<nav role="doc-toc">
<h2 id="toc-title">Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/motivation" id="/toc-motivation">Motivation</a></li>
<li><a href="#/course-information" id="/toc-course-information">Course Information</a></li>
<li><a href="#/ethics" id="/toc-ethics">Ethics</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</section>
<section>
<section id="motivation" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Motivation</h1>
</section>
<section id="first-a-definition" class="slide level2">
<h2>First, a definition…</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>mal: bad, in the Latin</p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<blockquote>
<p>malware: software that is intended to damage or disable computers and computer systems</p>
</blockquote>
</section>
<section id="costs-of-malware" class="slide level2">
<h2>Costs of Malware</h2>
<ul>
<li>Cost of malware (worldwide):
<ul>
<li>1997: $3.3 billion (<a href="http://www.computereconomics.com/article.cfm?id=1225">source</a>)</li>
<li>2006: $13.3 billion (<a href="http://www.computereconomics.com/article.cfm?id=1225">source</a>)</li>
<li>2014: $491 billion (<a href="https://www.scmagazine.com/breaches-malware-to-cost-491-billion-in-2014-study-says/article/539302/">source</a>)</li>
<li>2015: $3 trillion (<a href="https://cybersecurityventures.com/hackerpocalypse-cybercrime-report-2016/">source</a>)</li>
<li>2021: estimated to hit $6 trillion (<a href="https://www.varonis.com/blog/cybersecurity-statistics/">source</a>)</li>
<li>2024: estimated to top $10 trillion (<a href="https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1280009/cost-cybercrime-worldwide">source</a>)</li>
<li>2029: predicted to top $15 trillion (<a href="https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1280009/cost-cybercrime-worldwide">source</a>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Companies often cover up the worst cases</li>
<li>Does not include cost of security measures</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="malware-costs-example-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Malware Costs: Example 1</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-500 no-img-corner-radius">
<p><img data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/CIH.png"></p>
</div>
<!-- -->
<ul>
<li>April 1999: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIH_virus">CIH (Chernobyl) virus</a>
<ul>
<li>Overwrites first megabyte of the hard drive with zeros, then overwrites the BIOS</li>
<li>Only affects Windows 95, 98, and ME</li>
</ul></li>
<li>$250 million lost in one day in Korea alone; widespread across Asia
<ul>
<li>Estimated $1 billion in damages in total</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Hard to quantify cost of lost files, time spent reinstalling OS and applications, etc.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="malware-costs-example-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>Malware Costs: Example 2</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-500">
<p><img data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Anna_Kournikova-Bagram_Airfield_2009.jpg/548px-Anna_Kournikova-Bagram_Airfield_2009.jpg"></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li>February 2001 mass mailer: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kournikova_(computer_virus)">Anna Kournikova virus</a>
<ul>
<li>Visual Basic script via email, based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveletter">LoveLetter</a></li>
<li>Enticed people to open it promising a picture of a popular and pretty tennis star
<ul>
<li>Social engineering!</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Did little damage, though</li>
<li>The creator didn’t know how to program!
<ul>
<li>He used a virus kit</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="malware-costs-example-3" class="slide level2">
<h2>Malware Costs: Example 3</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-500">
<p><img data-src="images/stuxnet/960px-Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg"></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li>2010 / 2011: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet">Stuxnet worm</a>
<ul>
<li>By far the most advanced piece of malware ever created at that point</li>
<li>It’s goal (and it succeeded!) was to cripple Iran’s nuclear enrichment
<ul>
<li>Said program was set back by 1-2 years</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Authors have not come forward, but speculation is a joint Israel / US team</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="malware-costs-example-4" class="slide level2">
<h2>Malware Costs: Example 4</h2>
<img data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Ashley_madison_logo.png" class="r-stretch"><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Madison_data_breach">Ashley Madison data breach</a> in 2015
<ul>
<li>This is the site that peddled extra-marital affairs</li>
<li>The hackers threatened to release the site’s DB info unless the site was closed down
<ul>
<li>No ransom was requested!</li>
</ul></li>
<li>They did reveal the information, which led to embarrassment and some suicides</li>
<li>Interestingly, almost all of the “female” members were bots…</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="malware-costs-example-5" class="slide level2">
<h2>Malware Costs: Example 5</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-500">
<p><img data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vote_Here_sign_in_Taft%2C_Texas.jpg/891px-Vote_Here_sign_in_Taft%2C_Texas.jpg"></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections">2016 US election hacks</a>
<ul>
<li>“The US intelligence community has concluded with high confidence that the Russian government interfered in the … election”</li>
<li>Whether it affected the outcome is up for debate
<ul>
<li>And not one I want to engage in now…</li>
</ul></li>
<li>But the fact that they were able to interfere is worrisome</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Interfering in elections is a common tactic; the US has done so a lot as well (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/10/13/the-long-history-of-the-u-s-interfering-with-elections-elsewhere/">source</a>)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="malware-costs-example-6" class="slide level2">
<h2>Malware Costs: Example 6</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-500">
<p><img data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/2017_Petya_cyberattack_screenshot.png"></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petya_%28malware%29">NotPetya</a> in 2017
<ul>
<li>Infected Ukrainian companies through a back door put into a Ukrainian version of a TurboTax-like software
<ul>
<li>Companies with Ukrainian subsidiaries were infected through their corporate network</li>
</ul></li>
<li>This was “the equivalent of using a nuclear bomb to achieve a small tactical victory”</li>
<li>There is a good <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/notpetya-cyberattack-ukraine-russia-code-crashed-the-world/">Wired article</a> on it</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="malware-costs-example-7" class="slide level2">
<h2>Malware Costs: Example 7</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-500">
<p><img data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pumpspeicherwerk_Geesthacht_Rohre.jpg/800px-Pumpspeicherwerk_Geesthacht_Rohre.jpg"></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Pipeline_cyberattack">Colonial Pipeline shutdown</a>
<ul>
<li>Ransomware infected the computers of the company that supplies half of the east coast’s oil and gas</li>
<li>They paid 75 bitcoin (about $5 million) to the ransomware writers (DarkSide)</li>
<li>The costs beyond that – to regular citizens – have not yet been estimated</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="malware-costs-conclusion" class="slide level2">
<h2>Malware Costs: Conclusion</h2>
<ul>
<li>Computer viruses and other security attacks are very costly</li>
<li>Computer security is a hot field today; many career and research opportunities for graduates from this course</li>
<li>Knowledge of security issues is sensitive and carries an ethical responsibility with it</li>
<li>…but how can you write a detection software for a virus that does not exist yet?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="there-are-also-policy-motivations" class="slide level2">
<h2>There are also policy motivations</h2>
<ul>
<li>US bills <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act">SOPA</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROTECT_IP_Act">PIPA</a> from 2011 were intended to hinder piracy, it would allow serious security problems
<ul>
<li>There have been many such attempts since</li>
</ul></li>
<li>US drone fleet virus (see articles <a href="http://www.tgdaily.com/security-features/58927-virus-infects-us-military-drones">here</a> and <a href="https://www.wired.com/2011/10/virus-hits-drone-fleet/">here</a>)
<ul>
<li>And people thought viruses were a thing of the past!</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="a-uva-hack-2013" class="slide level2">
<h2>A UVa hack (2013)</h2>
<div class="img-size-700">
<p><a href="http://www.c-ville.com/anatomy-of-a-hack-examining-root-the-boxs-attack-on-uvas-website/#.WZz6w3XythE"><img data-src="images/introduction/root-the-box-uva-hack.png"></a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="another-uva-hack-2015" class="slide level2">
<h2>Another UVa hack (2015)</h2>
<div class="img-size-700">
<p><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/chinese-hackers-target-us-university-with-government-ties"><img data-src="images/introduction/uva-chinese-hack.png"></a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="yet-another-uva-hack-2016" class="slide level2">
<h2>Yet another UVa hack (2016)</h2>
<div class="img-size-700">
<p><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/01/22/phishing-hack-at-the-university-of-virginia-compromises-employee-computer-records/"><img data-src="images/introduction/uva-phishing-hack.png"></a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="cybersecurity-and-govt-shutdowns" class="slide level2">
<h2>Cybersecurity and gov’t shutdowns</h2>
<ul>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_government_shutdown_of_2018%E2%80%932019">government shutdown</a> from early 2019 lasted 35 days</li>
<li>With skeletal staffs, many gov’t agencies could not perform basic cybersecurity procedures</li>
<li>Thus, cybersecurity is one of many things hurt by the shutdown</li>
<li><a href="https://www.rollcall.com/news/cybersecurity-efforts-may-suffer-shutdown-persists">source</a></li>
</ul>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="course-information" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Course Information</h1>
</section>
<section id="course-objectives" class="slide level2">
<h2>Course Objectives</h2>
<ul>
<li>Understand the ethical and policy context for cybersecurity in today’s society</li>
<li>Understand how to better safeguard one’s personal computer</li>
<li>Understand the basics of advanced topics in cybersecurity including encryption, digital forensics, binary exploits, and networks</li>
<li>Understand the modern concepts in cybersecurity attacks and prevention</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="course-purpose" class="slide level2">
<h2>Course Purpose</h2>
<ul>
<li>This course is meant to be a general introduction to cybersecurity</li>
<li>It is the pre-req for all the other cybersecurity courses at UVa</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="course-sources" class="slide level2">
<h2>Course Sources</h2>
<ul>
<li>I am not, in fact, the first to create an Introduction to Cybersecurity course
<ul>
<li>Some of this course’s content is based on <a href="https://www.eecs.umich.edu/courses/eecs388.f13//index.html">UMich EECS 388</a>
<ul>
<li>Intel funded them to create a course under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a> license</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Other parts come from online sources
<ul>
<li>The ethics part from <a href="https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/technology-ethics/resources/an-introduction-to-cybersecurity-ethics/">here</a>, for example</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="class-information" class="slide level2">
<h2>Class Information</h2>
<ul>
<li>Prerequisites: CS 2100 (DSA1) and CS 2130 (CSO1), each with a grade of C- or higher
<ul>
<li>If you are on the old curriculum, then CS 2150 (PDR) with a grade of C- or higher</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Grades
<ul>
<li>One midterm (20%) (date on <a href="../uva/syllabus.html">syllabus</a>)</li>
<li>Final exam (25%) (date on <a href="../uva/syllabus.html">syllabus</a>)</li>
<li>Homeworks (45%)</li>
<li>Class participation, pop quizzes (10%)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>I reserve the right to adjust the percentages based on the number of assignments and quizzes, and other factors</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="more-on-that-pre-requisite" class="slide level2">
<h2>More on that pre-requisite</h2>
<ul>
<li>If you are are a transfer student (or a non-UVA student during the summer term), then your pre-req is all of the following:
<ul>
<li>two semesters of programming experience</li>
<li>knowledge of programming in C or C++</li>
<li>knowledge of programming in assembly</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="exams" class="slide level2">
<h2>Exams</h2>
<ul>
<li>As mentioned, one midterm:
<ul>
<li>Thursday, October 10th, during lecture</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Final exam
<ul>
<li>It’s on Tuesday, December 17, from 2pm to 5pm
<ul>
<li>Yes, it’s a horrible exam time</li>
</ul></li>
<li>You can’t take it early, so please don’t ask</li>
<li>You can’t take it late, either</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="homeworks" class="slide level2">
<h2>Homeworks</h2>
<ul>
<li>Late homework is docked 25% per day (or fraction thereof)
<ul>
<li>Thus, more than 72 hours late will receive a zero</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Homeworks will generally be given out two per week
<ul>
<li>Some “easy” ones will be more often</li>
<li>Some “hard” ones will have a bit more time</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Note that the difficulty level of the homeworks varies considerably</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="extensions" class="slide level2">
<h2>Extensions</h2>
<ul>
<li>You can request an extension, up to 5 days, on any and all assignments
<ul>
<li>There is a Google form, linked to from the Canvas landing page, for this reason</li>
</ul></li>
<li>HOWEVER:
<ul>
<li>This covers any and all other reasons for a delay (health, travel, SDAC, religious, etc.)
<ul>
<li>Unless that reason would have been a more than 5 day extension in the first place</li>
</ul></li>
<li>If you get busy at the end of your extension, then that’s your tough luck</li>
<li>Note that TA office hours are optimized for the actual on-time date</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Full details in the <a href="../uva/syllabus.html">course syllabus</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="us-and-you" class="slide level2">
<h2>Us and you</h2>
<ul>
<li>All office hours are posted on the Canvas landing page</li>
<li>I avoid e-mailing the class; announcements will be discussed each day in lecture and posted to Canvas / Piazza</li>
<li>To contact me, please use the course contact tool (linked to from the main Canvas page)</li>
<li>We also have Piazza as well for questions</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="course-materials" class="slide level2">
<h2>Course Materials</h2>
<ul>
<li>We are coordinating out of a Canvas workspace
<ul>
<li>It should be all configured, with the assignments and exams already in the calendar</li>
<li>Those dates are subject to change, though</li>
</ul></li>
<li>They are kept in a github repo: <a href="https://github.com/aaronbloomfield/ics">https://github.com/aaronbloomfield/ics</a>
<ul>
<li>Released under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a> (CC BY-SA) license</li>
</ul></li>
<li>That repo is viewable online at <a href="http://aaronbloomfield.github.io/ics/">http://aaronbloomfield.github.io/ics/</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="tentative-schedule" class="slide level2">
<h2>Tentative schedule</h2>
<ul>
<li>Introduction (1 week): course introduction and motivation, terminology, security mindset</li>
<li>Ethics & Policy (2 weeks): ethics, policy</li>
<li>Encryption (2 weeks): encryption, hashes</li>
<li>Networks (2 weeks): networks, web security</li>
<li>Binary manipulation (2 weeks): viruses, buffer overflows, binary exploits</li>
<li>Modern topics (3 weeks): SQL/XSS/CSRF, anonymity, cryptocurrency, stuxnet, rootkits, VMs</li>
<li>Digital forensics (1 week): forensics</li>
<li>Note that for the summer, one semester week is about 1.25 summer lecture days</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="homeworks-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Homeworks</h2>
<ul>
<li>Each module will generally have two assignments during a regular (fall/spring) semester (and less than that during a summer term)
<ul>
<li>Either a written homework, submitted as a PDF
<ul>
<li>Will consist of writing, math, and short programs</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Or a programming assignment; source code will be submitted</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Please read the <a href="../uva/hw-policies.html">homework policies</a> page, as you are going to be bound by it!</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="completing-the-homeworks" class="slide level2">
<h2>Completing the homeworks</h2>
<ul>
<li>Most you will run it on your own computer</li>
<li>We will provide a separate online environment for some assignments</li>
<li>Some homeworks will <em>require</em> a specific platform or language, others it will be a recommendation, and others can be done on any platform</li>
<li>You can use any development environment (including IDE) that you would like</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="readings" class="slide level2">
<h2>Readings</h2>
<ul>
<li>There is no assigned textbook
<ul>
<li>They get outdated too quickly!</li>
</ul></li>
<li>However, there will be readings assigned</li>
<li>These readings may have pop quizzes to test that you actually read it
<ul>
<li>If you miss class, then you get a zero for the quiz!</li>
<li>They will be via provided PDFs and/or online materials</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Some of the “readings” may be podcasts to listen to</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="what-you-must-purchase" class="slide level2">
<h2>What you must purchase</h2>
<ul>
<li>Nothing
<ul>
<li>(there is no textbook for this course, only online materials)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>But, as it’s a computer science course, you need to have a (working and recent) computer
<ul>
<li>If you don’t, or if yours breaks, let me know, and the department can loan you one</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="politics" class="slide level2">
<h2>Politics</h2>
<ul>
<li>Some of the discussion in this class will be regarding politics
<ul>
<li>Especially the policy discussion late next week</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Although I have strong political opinions, I have always maintained strict political neutrality when teaching my classes
<ul>
<li>If you ever feel this is not the case, please let me know!</li>
</ul></li>
<li>That being said, if something is stupid, I’m going to say so (generally something technology related)
<ul>
<li>I don’t consider that politics – just common sense</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="sensitive-topics" class="slide level2">
<h2>Sensitive topics</h2>
<ul>
<li>Cybersecurity is closely tied to spam (a common vector), which is closely tied to pornography (a common means to get clicks)</li>
<li>We will be discussing these as well – and yes, in a professional manner</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="honor-policy" class="slide level2">
<h2>Honor policy</h2>
<ul>
<li>All assignments are individual assignments</li>
<li>You can talk at a high level about the assignment</li>
<li>You cannot look at anybody else’s code prior to either of your submissions</li>
<li>Once you both have submitted it for the <em>FINAL</em> time, you may discuss code</li>
<li>Any honor violation or cheating will be referred to the honor committee, and will result in <span class="red">immediate failure</span> for the course</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="generative-ai" class="slide level2">
<h2>Generative AI</h2>
<ul>
<li>You may use generative AI, such as ChatGPT, to help you study and understand concepts</li>
<li>All the <em>code</em> you submit must be your own, and cannot come from a generative AI
<ul>
<li>It turns out that generative AI is not all that useful for most of our assignments</li>
</ul></li>
<li>At least one assignment will require you to use generative AI (ethics)
<ul>
<li>For all others: you have to write the essay or code all by yourself</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="ethics" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Ethics</h1>
</section>
<section id="computer-ethics" class="slide level2">
<h2>Computer Ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>We must teach how attacks upon computer systems work in order to teach defenses against attacks</li>
<li>Information about attacks must NEVER be used to attack any computer system in any way</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="ethics-pledge" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethics Pledge</h2>
<ul>
<li>You will have to read and sign the ethics pledge
<ul>
<li>It should not be difficult to follow</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Ethics will be covered in more detail later</li>
<li>You cannot continue in the course without signing the ethics pledge</li>
<li>I’ll provide the pledge links to sign electronically in a day or two</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="ethics-pledge-points" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethics Pledge Points</h2>
<ul>
<li>Unauthorized use of computer resources is forbidden</li>
<li>Even malware that does nothing but copy itself uses resources</li>
<li>Don’t ever rationalize that a system owner won’t object to your actions; ask permission
<ul>
<li>If you are afraid to ask permission, it must be forbidden!</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="example-1988-morris-worm" class="slide level2">
<h2>Example: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_worm">1988 Morris Worm</a></h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-500">
<p><img data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Morris_Worm.jpg"></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Creator rationalized that the worm did no damage
<ul>
<li>It only copied itself from system to system over the Internet</li>
</ul></li>
<li>BUT: Copying monopolized system resources until they had to be shut down</li>
<li>Worm reached 10% of entire Internet</li>
<li>Creator did not realize it would be that resource-intensive</li>
<li>Creator was convicted of felonies!
<ul>
<li>And is now a professor at MIT. Go figure!</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="morris-worm-lessons" class="slide level2">
<h2>Morris Worm Lessons</h2>
<ul>
<li>Consequences of a virus or worm cannot always be foreseen</li>
<li>Severe damage can be done without destroying data</li>
<li>Excessive resource usage is destructive enough to be criminal</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="criminal-prosecution" class="slide level2">
<h2>Criminal Prosecution</h2>
<ul>
<li>Attackers have been prosecuted for:
<ul>
<li>Stealing passwords, even if never used</li>
<li>Copying copyrighted materials</li>
<li>Accessing confidential data, even if it was never used for harmful purposes</li>
<li>Entering a system without permission, causing sys admins to spend time tracking them and securing the system, even without otherwise causing harm</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Moral: Don’t assume it is legally safe to do any of the above</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="ethics-violations" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethics Violations</h2>
<ul>
<li>Violations by students endanger our ability to offer this course</li>
<li>As a result, they will be treated severely
<ul>
<li>UJC (University Judiciary Committee)</li>
<li>Course grades</li>
<li>Criminal prosecution</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="acm-code-of-ethics" class="slide level2">
<h2>ACM Code of Ethics</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-400">
<p><img data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Association_for_Computing_Machinery_%28ACM%29_logo.svg/768px-Association_for_Computing_Machinery_%28ACM%29_logo.svg.png"></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li>ACM is the primary professional organization for computer scientists
<ul>
<li>IEEE is the other</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The entire code is available at http://www.acm.org/about/code-of-ethics</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="ethics-questions" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethics Questions</h2>
<ul>
<li>Scenario: John Doe attempts to guess the password of a user of a system on which John Doe has no account. After a few guesses, he succeeds, but finds nothing of interest on the system and logs off.</li>
<li>Q1: Has he committed a crime?</li>
<li>Q2: Are his actions analogous to any common crime not involving computers?</li>
</ul>
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