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vms.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<script src="quarto_files/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="quarto_files/quarto-html/tabby.min.js"></script>
<script src="quarto_files/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="quarto_files/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/tippy.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/light-border.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/quarto-html.min.css" rel="stylesheet" data-mode="light">
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/quarto-syntax-highlighting-dark.css" rel="stylesheet" id="quarto-text-highlighting-styles"><meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.5.56">
<title>Virtual Machines</title>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimal-ui">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="quarto_files/revealjs/dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="quarto_files/revealjs/dist/reveal.css">
<style>
code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;}
div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);}
div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;}
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
ul.task-list{list-style: none;}
ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] {
width: 0.8em;
margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1em; /* quarto-specific, see https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/issues/4556 */
vertical-align: middle;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="quarto_files/revealjs/dist/theme/quarto.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="ics.css">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/quarto-line-highlight/line-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/quarto-menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/font-awesome/css/all.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/quarto-support/footer.css" rel="stylesheet">
<style type="text/css">
.callout {
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
border-radius: .25rem;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple {
padding: 0em 0.5em;
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
display: flex;
}
.callout.callout-style-default {
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
}
.callout .callout-body-container {
flex-grow: 1;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
font-size: 1rem;
font-weight: 400;
}
.callout.callout-style-default .callout-body {
font-size: 0.9rem;
font-weight: 400;
}
.callout.callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
margin-top: 0.2em;
}
.callout:not(.callout-titled) .callout-body {
display: flex;
}
.callout:not(.no-icon).callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-content {
padding-left: 1.6em;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-header {
padding-top: 0.2em;
margin-bottom: -0.2em;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-title p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-content p {
margin-top: 0;
}
.callout.callout-titled.callout-style-default .callout-content p {
margin-top: 0.7em;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple div.callout-title {
border-bottom: none;
font-size: .9rem;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 75%;
}
.callout.callout-style-default div.callout-title {
border-bottom: none;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 85%;
font-size: 0.9rem;
padding-left: 0.5em;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-style-default div.callout-content {
padding-left: 0.5em;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple .callout-icon::before {
height: 1rem;
width: 1rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 1rem 1rem;
}
.callout.callout-style-default .callout-icon::before {
height: 0.9rem;
width: 0.9rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 0.9rem 0.9rem;
}
.callout-title {
display: flex
}
.callout-icon::before {
margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
.callout.no-icon::before {
display: none !important;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-body > .callout-content > :last-child {
padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-icon::before {
margin-top: .5rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
.callout:not(.callout-titled) .callout-icon::before {
margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
/* Callout Types */
div.callout-note {
border-left-color: #4582ec !important;
}
div.callout-note .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-note.callout-style-default .callout-title {
background-color: #dae6fb
}
div.callout-important {
border-left-color: #d9534f !important;
}
div.callout-important .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-important.callout-style-default .callout-title {
background-color: #f7dddc
}
div.callout-warning {
border-left-color: #f0ad4e !important;
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</head>
<body class="quarto-dark">
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
<h1 class="title">CS 3710</h1>
<h2 class="subtitle">Introduction to Cybersecurity</h2>
<p class="titlep"> </p>
<div class="titlesmall"><p>
<a href="http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~asb">Aaron Bloomfield</a> ([email protected])<br>
<a href="http://github.com/aaronbloomfield/ccc">@github</a> | <a href="index.html">↑</a> | <a href="?print-pdf"><img class="print" width="20" src="../slides/images/print-icon.svg" style="top:0px;vertical-align:middle;background-color:transparent"></a>
</p></div>
<p class="titlep"> </p>
<h2 class="subtitle">Virtual Machines</h2>
</section><section id="TOC">
<nav role="doc-toc">
<h2 id="toc-title">Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/history" id="/toc-history">History</a></li>
<li><a href="#/concepts" id="/toc-concepts">Concepts</a></li>
<li><a href="#/vm-operations" id="/toc-vm-operations">VM Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#/abstraction" id="/toc-abstraction">Abstraction</a></li>
<li><a href="#/vm-examples" id="/toc-vm-examples">VM Examples</a></li>
<li><a href="#/vms-and-malware" id="/toc-vms-and-malware">VMs and Malware</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</section>
<section>
<section id="history" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>History</h1>
</section>
<section id="hardware-utilization" class="slide level2">
<h2>Hardware utilization</h2>
<ul>
<li>During the 1960s and 1970s</li>
<li>IBM <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_%28operating_system%29">VM/370 operating system</a>
<ul>
<li>Hypervisor (control program) creates virtual machine environment
<ul>
<li>Each user has own virtual machine with guest OS, own address space, virtual devices, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="decline" class="slide level2">
<h2>Decline</h2>
<ul>
<li>In the 1980s and 1990s, VMs decline in popularity
<ul>
<li>Poor performance</li>
<li>Client-server applications</li>
<li>Inexpensive PCs</li>
<li>Distributed computing</li>
</ul></li>
<li>VMs started as mainframes (one computer for the entire company)
<ul>
<li>Then cheap PCs showed up</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="renewed-interest" class="slide level2">
<h2>Renewed Interest</h2>
<ul>
<li>In the late 1990s</li>
<li>Issues/Challenges
<ul>
<li>Low Infrastructure Utilization</li>
<li>Physical infrastructure costs</li>
<li>IT management costs</li>
<li>Failover/disaster protection</li>
<li>High maintenance end-user desktops</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="renewed-interest-contd" class="slide level2">
<h2>Renewed Interest cont’d</h2>
<ul>
<li>Issues to resolve…
<ul>
<li>Software compatibility</li>
<li>Isolation capability</li>
<li>Encapsulation</li>
<li>Low overhead/high performance</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
</section></section>
<section>
<section id="concepts" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Concepts</h1>
</section>
<section id="virtual-machine-types" class="slide level2">
<h2>Virtual machine types</h2>
<ul>
<li>Language level
<ul>
<li>Example: Java Virtual Machine</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Process level
<ul>
<li>Example: Wine</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Operating System level
<ul>
<li>Example: Docker, BSD jails</li>
</ul></li>
<li>System level
<ul>
<li>Example: VirtualBox, VMware, Hyper-V</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="terminology" class="slide level2">
<h2>Terminology</h2>
<ul>
<li>Host OS: the operating system that booted the computer</li>
<li>Guest <em>thing</em>: what is being run in the virtual machine
<ul>
<li>Here, <em>thing</em> could be a process, operating system, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="language-virtual-machine" class="slide level2">
<h2>Language virtual machine</h2>
<ul>
<li>The Java Virtual Machine is a classic example
<ul>
<li>Compiler translates .java files to bytecode (.class) files</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Any interpreter is really a language virtual machine
<ul>
<li>Python, Ruby, PHP, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The interpreter / langauge VM can:
<ul>
<li>Handle memory issues (including garbage collection)</li>
<li>Do lots of error checking and tracing</li>
<li>Still be reasonably fast</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="jvm-diagram" class="slide level2">
<h2>JVM diagram</h2>
<p><img data-src="https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-3a153b45de89cd7ff15062aacd3f2ee4.png" alt="jvm"> From <a href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-difference-between-JDK-JRE-and-JVM">here</a></p>
</section>
<section id="process-virtual-machine" class="slide level2">
<h2>Process virtual machine</h2>
<ul>
<li>Allows one to run a single process</li>
<li>Meant to provied a platform independent environment for a process to run
<ul>
<li>Abstracting away things like the hardware, host OS, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Wine (Windows emulator for Linux) is an example
<ul>
<li>The binary executes, but Windows system calls are translated into Linux system calls</li>
<li>A library (Winelib) fills in for Windows system calls that do not have Linux equivalents</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="process-vm-examples" class="slide level2">
<h2>Process VM examples</h2>
<ul>
<li>Multiprogramming
<ul>
<li>Each user process given the illusion of having complete machine to itself
<ul>
<li>OS supporting multiple user processes</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Emulators and dynamic binary translators
<ul>
<li>Emulate one instruction set on hardware designed for different instruction set</li>
<li>Dynamic binary translation: convert blocks of source instructions to target instructions that perform equivalent functions</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="process-vm-examples-contd" class="slide level2">
<h2>Process VM Examples (cont’d)</h2>
<ul>
<li>High-level language VMs
<ul>
<li>Cross-platform portability</li>
<li>Minimize hardware-specific and OS-specific features
<ul>
<li>Java VM</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>So one can argue that a language VM is really a process VM…
<ul>
<li>But we’ll differentiate them</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="os-virtual-machine" class="slide level2">
<h2>OS virtual machine</h2>
<ul>
<li>The host OS shares the same kernel with all the guest OSes</li>
<li>But each guest OS has its own memory space
<ul>
<li>This separates the different guest OSes from each other and the host OS</li>
</ul></li>
<li>First implementation was FreeBSD jails; Linux’s first implementation was LXC</li>
<li>Most common known example now is Docker</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="os-virtual-machine-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>OS virtual machine</h2>
<ul>
<li>FreeBSD jails are a first-class concept in an OS
<ul>
<li>Meaning something the OS directly supports and implements</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Containers are not
<ul>
<li>They are built from other first-class concepts (namespaces, cgroups, etc.)</li>
<li>That means you can do more, but there are more bugs and complexity</li>
</ul></li>
<li>See <a href="https://blog.jessfraz.com/post/containers-zones-jails-vms/">jfrazelle’s blog post</a> for more</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="os-vm-examples" class="slide level2">
<h2>OS VM examples</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-800">
<p><img data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*V5N9gJdnToIrgAgVJTtl_w.png"></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Docker is popular
<ul>
<li>Also LXC, LXD</li>
</ul></li>
<li>FreeBSD jails</li>
<li>Solaris Zones</li>
</ul>
<p>Image from <a href="https://medium.freecodecamp.org/a-beginner-friendly-introduction-to-containers-vms-and-docker-79a9e3e119b">here</a></p>
</section>
<section id="system-virtual-machine" class="slide level2">
<h2>System virtual machine</h2>
<ul>
<li>Designed to emulate “real” hardwre</li>
<li>Presents hardware, not drivers, to the guest
<ul>
<li>Whereas the other VMs will present network connections to the guest, a system VM will present an Ethernet device</li>
<li>Likewise, not memory allocation calls, but page tables</li>
</ul></li>
<li>These run entire operating systems, and take the most resources</li>
<li>VirtualBox is the example we all know and love
<ul>
<li>VMWare is popular; Hyper-V is for Windows</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="system-vm-examples" class="slide level2">
<h2>System VM examples</h2>
<ul>
<li>Classic system
<ul>
<li>Virtual machine monitor (VMM) on bare hardware</li>
<li>IBM VM/370</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<div style="zoom:175%">
<p><img data-src="http://flylib.com/books/3/275/1/html/2/images/01fig19.jpg"></p>
</div>
<p>Image from <a href="http://flylib.com/books/en/3.275.1.11/1/">here</a></p>
</section>
<section id="system-vm-examples-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>System VM examples</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-700">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><img data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*RKPXdVaqHRzmQ5RPBH_d-g.png"></p>
<figcaption>hosted vm</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Hosted VM
<ul>
<li>VM runs on OS</li>
<li>VMWare, VirtualBox</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>Image from <a href="https://medium.freecodecamp.org/a-beginner-friendly-introduction-to-containers-vms-and-docker-79a9e3e119b">here</a></p>
</section>
<section id="system-vm-examples-contd" class="slide level2">
<h2>System VM examples (cont’d)</h2>
<ul>
<li>Whole System VMs (Emulation)
<ul>
<li>Complete software system (OS and applications) supported on a host system running a different ISA and OS
<ul>
<li>VirtualPC (Windows on Mac)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Codesigned VMs (Hardware optimization)
<ul>
<li>No native applications; VM software is part of hardware implementation
<ul>
<li>Transmeta Crusoe</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="terminology-confusion" class="slide level2">
<h2>Terminology confusion</h2>
<ul>
<li>Some will eliminate OS level, since that’s just process level on steroids</li>
<li>Others will combine language level and process level, since they are both for a single process
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine">Wikipedia VM article</a> does this</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="virtualization" class="slide level2">
<h2>Virtualization</h2>
<ul>
<li>Formally:
<ul>
<li>Virtualization involves the construction of an isomorphism that maps a virtual guest system to a real host. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popek_and_Goldberg_virtualization_requirements">Popek and Goldberg</a>, 1974)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="virtualization-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Virtualization</h2>
<ul>
<li>Mapping of virtual resources or state to real resources on underlying machine
<ul>
<li>E.g., registers, memory, files</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Emulation of the virtual machine ABI or ISA
<ul>
<li>ABI: Application Binary Interface: how an executable interacts with a library or the OS</li>
<li>Use of real machine instructions and/or system calls to carry out actions specified by virtual machine instructions and/or system calls</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="abi-vs-api" class="slide level2">
<h2>ABI vs API</h2>
<p><img data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linux_API_and_Linux_ABI.svg/800px-Linux_API_and_Linux_ABI.svg.png" alt="abi vs api"> From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface">wikipedia</a></p>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="vm-operations" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>VM Operations</h1>
</section>
<section id="os-refresher" class="slide level2">
<h2>OS refresher</h2>
<ul>
<li>User programs run in <em>user mode</em>
<ul>
<li>Where a crash (segfault) will kill the process, but not the entire OS</li>
<li>Programs are restricted in what they can do
<ul>
<li>They can’t directly access hardware; they have to go through the OS</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>The OS itself runs in <em>kernel mode</em>
<ul>
<li>Where a crash will, in fact, crash the entire OS</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="user-mode-vs-kernel-mode" class="slide level2">
<h2>User mode vs Kernel mode</h2>
<ul>
<li>Boundary is defined by:
<ul>
<li>System calls
<ul>
<li>Called by user-mode programs, but the function body is completed in kernel mode</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Device drivers
<ul>
<li>Code written by somebody other than the OS writer, but runs in kernel mode</li>
<li>(whether they are in kernel mode fully or not varies by OS)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="user-mode-vs-kernel-mode-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>User mode vs Kernel mode</h2>
<ul>
<li>If a guest OS tries a priviledged operation:
<ul>
<li>The VM forwards to the VMM
<ul>
<li>VMM: Virtual Machine Monitor</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The VMM handles it by a system call if possible
<ul>
<li>But it’s in kernel mode, so it can do it directly</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="vms-and-kernel-mode" class="slide level2">
<h2>VMs and kernel mode</h2>
<ul>
<li>VMs tend to run the guest OS in user mode
<ul>
<li>But the OSs think they are running on hardware, so they will attempt to do “priviledged” things (like access hardware directly)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) handles this
<ul>
<li>It is tyipcally a device driver running in kernel mode</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Exceptions from the OS are passed, through the VMM, back to the VM</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="vmm-diagram" class="slide level2">
<h2>VMM diagram</h2>
<div style="zoom:150%">
<p><img data-src="http://www.ni.com/cms/images/devzone/tut/HostedVirtualizationSmall_20090325191230.PNG"></p>
</div>
<p>Image from <a href="http://www.ni.com/white-paper/8709/en/">here</a></p>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="abstraction" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Abstraction</h1>
</section>
<section id="levels-of-abstraction" class="slide level2">
<h2>Levels of Abstraction</h2>
<ul>
<li>Allow implementation details at lower levels of a design to be ignored or simplified</li>
<li>Arranged in a hierarchy
<ul>
<li>Lower levels - Hardware
<ul>
<li>Physical components with real properties</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Higher levels - Software</li>
<li>Logical components</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="levels-of-abstraction-hwsw-interface" class="slide level2">
<h2>Levels of Abstraction: HW/SW Interface</h2>
<ul>
<li>High level language (HLL) -> Assembly language
<ul>
<li>Compiler (translation)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Assembly Language -> Operating System
<ul>
<li>Assembler (translation/mapping to ISA)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Operating System -> Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
<ul>
<li>Partial Interpretation (device drivers, etc)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Instruction Set Architecture -> Digital logic
<ul>
<li>Hardware</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Digital logic -> Electronics (transistors, etc.)
<ul>
<li>Hardware</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="levels-of-abstraction-java" class="slide level2">
<h2>Levels of Abstraction: Java</h2>
<ul>
<li>Java (HLL) -> Java Byte Code (ISA)
<ul>
<li>Java Compiler</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Java Byte Code (ISA) -> Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
<ul>
<li>Interpreter and JIT compiler</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Java Virtual Machine (JVM) -> OS
<ul>
<li>Machine ISA</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="well-defined-interfaces" class="slide level2">
<h2>Well-defined Interfaces</h2>
<ul>
<li>Decouple design tasks
<ul>
<li>Instruction set
<ul>
<li>Intel and AMD
<ul>
<li>IA-32 instruction set</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Compilers
<ul>
<li>Map high level language to ISA</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Operating system interface
<ul>
<li>Application development</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="well-defined-interfaces-challenges" class="slide level2">
<h2>Well-defined interfaces: Challenges</h2>
<ul>
<li>Reduced interoperability
<ul>
<li>Processors support limited instruction sets
<ul>
<li>IA-32 vs. PowerPC</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Different operating systems
<ul>
<li>Windows vs. Linux</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Application binaries
<ul>
<li>Dependent on OS and instruction set</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Hardware resource considerations
<ul>
<li>OS</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="vm-examples" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>VM Examples</h1>
</section>
<section id="hosted-vm-vmware" class="slide level2">
<h2>Hosted VM: VMWare</h2>
<img data-src="https://www.vmware.com/content/dam/digitalmarketing/vmware/en/images/gallery/thumbnails/tn-workstation-pro-16.jpg" class="r-stretch"></section>
<section id="vmware-workstation" class="slide level2">
<h2>VMWare Workstation</h2>
<ul>
<li>Virtual machine software suite for x86 and x86-64 computers</li>
<li>Supported host OS’s
<ul>
<li>Windows and Linux</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Supported guest OS’s
<ul>
<li>Over 200 supported</li>
<li>Windows, Linux, BSD variants</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Allows one physical machine to run multiple operating systems simultaneously</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="vmware-workstation-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>VMWare Workstation</h2>
<ul>
<li>Uses bridging to provide mapping to
<ul>
<li>Network adaptors</li>
<li>CD-ROMs</li>
<li>Hard disk drives</li>
<li>USB devices</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Simulation capability for some hardware
<ul>
<li>Mounting ISO as CD-ROM</li>
<li>Mounting .vmdk files as hard disks</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="vmware-workstation-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>VMWare Workstation</h2>
<ul>
<li>Snapshot functionality
<ul>
<li>Enables rollback to saved status</li>
</ul></li>
<li>VMWare Tools</li>
<li>Package with drivers and other software that can be installed in guest operating systems to increase their performance
<ul>
<li>Drivers for emulated hardware</li>
<li>Drag and drop file support</li>
<li>Clipboard sharing between host and guest</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="vms-and-malware" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>VMs and Malware</h1>
</section>
<section id="why-do-we-care-about-vms" class="slide level2">
<h2>Why do we care about VMs?</h2>
<ul>
<li>We can run malware within them to ‘sandbox’ them
<ul>
<li>This allows pausing the execution at various points</li>
</ul></li>
<li>We can simulate other architectures / software systems to study malware</li>
<li>If we are trying to “break” things, that “breaking” is contained
<ul>
<li>Experimenting with <code>fork()</code> for example – we don’t want to fork bomb our host machine</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="but-are-you-in-a-vm" class="slide level2">
<h2>But are you in a VM?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Meta-question: <a href="https://www.simulation-argument.com/">are you living in a computer simulation</a>
<ul>
<li>We’ll leave that question for the philosophy classes…</li>
</ul></li>
<li>In Linux, you can install and run <code>virt-what</code>, which will determine if you are in a VM or not</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="virt-what" class="slide level2">
<h2>virt-what</h2>
<img data-src="images/vms/virt-what.png" class="r-stretch"></section>
<section id="vm-security" class="slide level2">
<h2>VM Security</h2>
<ul>
<li>Docker is known to be rather insecure
<ul>
<li>Containers use the same OS, so a kernel bug will exist in both</li>
</ul></li>
<li>There have been “break-outs” of system VMs as well
<ul>
<li>One from March 2017</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="vm-break-out" class="slide level2">
<h2>VM Break-out</h2>
<p><img data-src="images/vms/vm-breakout.png" alt="vm break out"> Article is <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/03/hack-that-escapes-vm-by-exploiting-edge-browser-fetches-105000-at-pwn2own/">here</a></p>
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