msit.bib

% 23146254 
@Article{pmid23146254,
   Author="Bush, G.  and Holmes, J.  and Shin, L. M.  and Surman, C.  and Makris, N.  and Mick, E.  and Seidman, L. J.  and Biederman, J. ",
   Title="{{A}tomoxetine increases fronto-parietal functional {M}{R}{I} activation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study}",
   Journal="Psychiatry Res",
   Year="2013",
   Volume="211",
   Number="1",
   Pages="88--91",
   Month="Jan",
   Abstract={We hypothesized that atomoxetine (ATMX) would produce similar brain effects in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as those of methylphenidate (MPH). Eleven ADHD adults performed the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at baseline and after 6 weeks of ATMX treatment. ATMX was associated with increased fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex and cerebellum but not dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex (daMCC). These results suggest that ATMX and MPH have similar but not identical brain effects.},
   Note={[PubMed Central:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557757}{PMC3557757}] [DOI:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.09.004}{10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.09.004}] [PubMed:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23146254}{23146254}] }
}

% 21724666 
@Article{pmid21724666,
   Author="Shin, L. M.  and Bush, G.  and Milad, M. R.  and Lasko, N. B.  and Brohawn, K. H.  and Hughes, K. C.  and Macklin, M. L.  and Gold, A. L.  and Karpf, R. D.  and Orr, S. P.  and Rauch, S. L.  and Pitman, R. K. ",
   Title="{{E}xaggerated activation of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during cognitive interference: a monozygotic twin study of posttraumatic stress disorder}",
   Journal="Am J Psychiatry",
   Year="2011",
   Volume="168",
   Number="9",
   Pages="979--985",
   Month="Sep",
   Abstract={Neuroimaging studies have revealed functional abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The goal of this study was to determine whether hyperresponsivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate in PTSD is an acquired characteristic or a familial risk factor.\\ Using a case-control twin design, the authors studied combat-exposed veterans with PTSD (N=12) and their identical combat-unexposed co-twins (N=12), as well as combat-exposed veterans without PTSD (N=14) and their identical combat-unexposed co-twins (N=14). Participants underwent functional MRI during completion of the Multi-Source Interference Task, which reliably activates the dorsal anterior cingulate.\\ Combat-exposed veterans with PTSD and their unexposed co-twins had significantly greater activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate and tended to have larger response time difference scores, as compared to combat-exposed veterans without PTSD and their co-twins. Dorsal anterior cingulate activation in the exposed twins was positively correlated with their PTSD symptom severity. Dorsal anterior cingulate activation in the unexposed twins was positively correlated with their combat-exposed co-twins' PTSD symptom severity, but not with depression or alcohol use severity in the combat-exposed co-twins.\\ Hyperresponsivity in the dorsal anterior cingulate appears to be a familial risk factor for the development of PTSD following psychological trauma.},
   Note={[PubMed Central:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773363}{PMC3773363}] [DOI:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.09121812}{10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.09121812}] [PubMed:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21724666}{21724666}] }
}

% 19676101 
@Article{pmid19676101,
   Author="Brown, A. B.  and Biederman, J.  and Valera, E. M.  and Doyle, A. E.  and Bush, G.  and Spencer, T.  and Monuteaux, M. C.  and Mick, E.  and Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.  and Makris, N.  and LaViolette, P. S.  and Oscar-Berman, M.  and Faraone, S. V.  and Seidman, L. J. ",
   Title="{{E}ffect of dopamine transporter gene ({S}{L}{C}6{A}3) variation on dorsal anterior cingulate function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder}",
   Journal="Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet.",
   Year="2010",
   Volume="153B",
   Number="2",
   Pages="365--375",
   Month="Mar",
   Abstract={Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated both with brain alterations in attention and executive function (EF) circuitry and with genetic variations within the dopamine system (including the dopamine transporter gene [SLC6A3]), few studies have directly investigated how genetic variations are linked to brain alterations. We sought to examine how a polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of SLC6A3, associated with ADHD in meta-analysis, might contribute to variation in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) function in subjects with ADHD. We collected fMRI scans of 42 individuals with ADHD, all of European descent and over the age of 17, while they performed the multi-source interference task (MSIT), a cognitive task shown to activate dACC. SLC6A3 3' UTR variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms were genotyped and brain activity was compared for groups based on allele status. ADHD individuals homozygous for the 10R allele showed significant hypoactivation in the left dACC compared to 9R-carriers. Exploratory analysis also showed trends toward hypoactivation in the 10R homozygotes in left cerebellar vermis and right lateral prefrontal cortex. Further breakdown of genotype groups showed similar activation in individuals heterozygous and homozygous for the 9R allele. Alterations in activation of attention and EF networks found previously to be involved in ADHD are likely influenced by SLC6A3 genotype. This genotype may contribute to heterogeneity of brain alterations found within ADHD samples.},
   Note={[PubMed Central:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2915441}{PMC2915441}] [DOI:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.31022}{10.1002/ajmg.b.31022}] [PubMed:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19676101}{19676101}] }
}

% 18180434 
@Article{pmid18180434,
   Author="Bush, G.  and Spencer, T. J.  and Holmes, J.  and Shin, L. M.  and Valera, E. M.  and Seidman, L. J.  and Makris, N.  and Surman, C.  and Aleardi, M.  and Mick, E.  and Biederman, J. ",
   Title="{{F}unctional magnetic resonance imaging of methylphenidate and placebo in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the multi-source interference task}",
   Journal="Arch. Gen. Psychiatry",
   Year="2008",
   Volume="65",
   Number="1",
   Pages="102--114",
   Month="Jan",
   Abstract={Previous studies have reported hypofunction, structural abnormalities, and biochemical abnormalities of the dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex (daMCC) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Stimulant medications are effective treatments for ADHD, but their neural effects have not been fully characterized.\\ To determine whether the methylphenidate hydrochloride osmotic-release oral system (OROS) would increase functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation, compared with placebo, in the daMCC and other frontoparietal regions subserving attention during the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT).\\ Randomized, placebo-controlled, 6-week, before-after fMRI study.\\ Academic medical center ambulatory clinic.\\ Twenty-one adults with ADHD randomized to 6 weeks of treatment with methylphenidate OROS (n = 11) or placebo (n = 10).\\ Patients underwent fMRI twice while performing the MSIT (scan 1 at baseline and scan 2 at 6 weeks).\\ Group-averaged, random-effects, repeated-measures, general linear model analyses were used to compare daMCC (and whole-brain) fMRI activation during the MSIT. Individual-based daMCC volume-of-interest confirmatory analyses and behavioral data are also presented.\\ Performance and baseline fMRI measures in the daMCC and other a priori brain regions did not differ between groups. Group comparisons showed a group x scan interaction and t test confirmation of higher activation in the daMCC at 6 weeks in the methylphenidate OROS group than in the placebo group (P < 1 x 10(-4), cluster corrected for multiple comparisons). Individual daMCC volume-of-interest analyses confirmed group-averaged findings and suggested that daMCC activity might be related to clinical response. Methylphenidate OROS also produced higher activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex at 6 weeks.\\ Methylphenidate OROS increased daMCC activation during the MSIT and may act, in part, by normalizing daMCC hypofunction in ADHD.},
   Note={[DOI:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.16}{10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.16}] [PubMed:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18180434}{18180434}] }
}

% 17406250 
@Article{pmid17406250,
   Author="Bush, G.  and Shin, L. M. ",
   Title="{{T}he {M}ulti-{S}ource {I}nterference {T}ask: an f{M}{R}{I} task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network}",
   Journal="Nat Protoc",
   Year="2006",
   Volume="1",
   Number="1",
   Pages="308--313",
   Abstract={In this protocol we describe how to perform the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT), a validated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task that reliably and robustly activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network (CFP network) within individual subjects. The MSIT can be used to (i) identify the cognitive/attention network in normal volunteers and (ii) test its integrity in people with neuropsychiatric disorders. It is simple to perform, can be completed in less than 15 min and is not language specific, making it appropriate for children, adults and the elderly. Since its validation, over 100 adults have performed the task. The MSIT produces a robust and temporally stable reaction time interference effect (range 200-350 ms), and single runs of the MSIT have produced CFP network activation in approximately 95% of tested subjects. The robust, reliable and temporally stable neuroimaging and performance data make the MSIT a useful task with which to study normal human cognition and psychiatric pathophysiology.},
   Note={[DOI:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.48}{10.1038/nprot.2006.48}] [PubMed:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17406250}{17406250}] }
}

% 16019647 
@Article{pmid16019647,
   Author="Stins, J. F.  and van Leeuwen, W. M.  and de Geus, E. J. ",
   Title="{{T}he multi-source interference task: the effect of randomization}",
   Journal="J Clin Exp Neuropsychol",
   Year="2005",
   Volume="27",
   Number="6",
   Pages="711--717",
   Month="Aug",
   Abstract={Recently a novel interference task was developed, that was aimed at obtaining robust patterns of interference in individual subjects, both behaviorally and neurophysiologically (Bush, Shin, Holmes, Rosen & Vogt, 2003). This multi-source interference task (MSIT) combined elements of spatial and flanker interference, and huge interference effects were obtained in a blocked design. This task could thus in principle be used to assess frontal abnormalities, such as ADHD. In the present study, we further examined the nature of the MSIT. We examined the effect of randomization, and the relative contribution of each type of interference. Using a group of healthy subjects, we found a much smaller interference effect than Bush et al. (2003). In addition, we found that most of the interference could be ascribed to flanker interference, and much less to spatial interference. It seems to be the case that there is a trade-off between obtaining robust and reliable effects, and isolating a specific psychological process.},
   Note={[DOI:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803390490918516}{10.1080/13803390490918516}] [PubMed:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16019647}{16019647}] }
}

% 15056518 
@Article{pmid15056518,
   Author="Heckers, S.  and Weiss, A. P.  and Deckersbach, T.  and Goff, D. C.  and Morecraft, R. J.  and Bush, G. ",
   Title="{{A}nterior cingulate cortex activation during cognitive interference in schizophrenia}",
   Journal="Am J Psychiatry",
   Year="2004",
   Volume="161",
   Number="4",
   Pages="707--715",
   Month="Apr",
   Abstract={Previous studies have reported evidence of structural and functional abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex of patients with schizophrenia.\\ The authors studied 19 male patients with chronic schizophrenia and 15 healthy male comparison subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging and the novel Multi-Source Interference Task, a task designed to elicit robust dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activation in individual subjects. Group averaged and individual (region-of-interest-based) brain activation patterns were compared during the performance of control and interference trials.\\ Performance (reaction times and accuracy) did not differ between healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Comparison of interference and neutral blocks revealed activation in the medial wall of the prefrontal cortex in 93% (N=14) of the healthy subjects and 84% (N=16) of the subjects with schizophrenia. Sixty-seven percent (N=10) of the healthy subjects but only 16% (N=3) of the subjects with schizophrenia displayed maximum medial wall activation within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.\\ The Multi-Source Interference Task produced robust activation in the medial wall of the prefrontal cortex during cognitive interference. Analysis of individual activation patterns revealed medial wall abnormalities in schizophrenia patients.},
   Note={[PubMed:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15056518}{15056518}] }
}

% 12556909 
@Article{pmid12556909,
   Author="Bush, G.  and Shin, L. M.  and Holmes, J.  and Rosen, B. R.  and Vogt, B. A. ",
   Title="{{T}he {M}ulti-{S}ource {I}nterference {T}ask: validation study with f{M}{R}{I} in individual subjects}",
   Journal="Mol. Psychiatry",
   Year="2003",
   Volume="8",
   Number="1",
   Pages="60--70",
   Month="Jan",
   Abstract={Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) plays critical roles in cognitive processing, but group-averaging techniques have generally been required to obtain significant dACC activation in functional neuroimaging studies. Development of a task that reliably and robustly activates dACC within individuals is needed to improve imaging studies of neuropsychiatric disorders and localization of dACC in normal volunteers. By combining sources of cognitive interference (Stroop, Eriksen and Simon) with factors known to increase dACC activity, the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) maximally taxes dACC, making it possible to reliably activate dACC within individuals using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this study, eight normal adult volunteers performed the MSIT during fMRI. We compared fMRI responses and performance data between interference and control trials. Significant dACC activation (P < 1.7 x 10(-4)) was observed in all eight individuals and in the group-averaged fMRI data. In addition to dACC activation, group data also showed activation of presumably networked regions including dorsolateral prefrontal, premotor, and parietal cortices. The MSIT's reaction time interference effect (overall mean 312 +/- 61 ms) was up to 10 times greater than that of its component predecessors and temporally stable over hundreds of trials. The robustness, reliability and stability of the neuroimaging and performance data should make the MSIT a useful task with which to study normal human cognition and psychiatric pathophysiology.},
   Note={[DOI:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001217}{10.1038/sj.mp.4001217}] [PubMed:\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12556909}{12556909}] }
}