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# TODO:
# Robert Taylor needs adding...
, Np complete
, Electronic IRS blocked
LCD display
Color tv
, RAND War Games
# Misc Games
1974, D&D, tag:game
1913, Little Wars, tag:game, tag:popular-text, by:HGWells
# Other theory
1945, As We May Think, author:Bush, tag:popular-text, size:3
1962, 'Augmenting human intellect', tag:academic-text, tag:engelbart
1950, Turing Test, title:Computing Machinery and Intelligence, tag:Turing, tag:academic-text, tag:game
1968, 'Computer as Communication Device', tag:Licklider, tag:academic-text
1960, 'Man-Computer Symbiosis', tag:Licklider, tag:academic-text
1963, 'Inter. Comp. Net.', tag:Licklider, tag:policy-text, Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network
1951.12, 'Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis', tag:Turing, tag:academic-text
1951, 'Duplex Theory of Pitch Perception', tag:paper, author:Licklider, tag:academic-text
1972, 'What Computers Can't Do', tag:academic-text, tag:dreyfus
1964, 'computer utility', (see greenberger in Atlantic monthly) killed by falling hardware prices (IC!) and software failures
1964, 'Understanding Media', tag:mcluhan, tag:academic-text
1964, 'Notes on Synthesis of Form', by:alexander, tag:academic-text
1970, 'Sciences of the Artificial', by:Simon, tag:academic-text
1950, Caissac, tag:shannon, tag:game, tag:chess, tag:computer, tag:ai, date approx; name is from Eames Comp. Perspective, but date (?) (play on Caissa, chess goddess. Russians later named one kaissa).
1953, Throbac I, tag:shannon, tag:computer, tag:play, tag:bell
, Bird Cage game
, remote control cars
1956, Los Alamos chess, on:maniac, 6x6 board variant without bishops, tag:game, tag:ai, also described by Ahl in Wolf, ulam et al
# Game Theory, Simulation and so on...
1954, 'Complete Strategyst', tag:academic-book, by:Williams, c:Ahl in Wolf/Ahl 2003
1928, 'On the Theory of Parlor Games', "Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele"., tag:Neumann, tag:academic-text
1944, Theory of games and economic behavior, tag:Neumann, tag:academic-text, size:3
1960, 'Strategy of Conflict', tag:academic-text
1966, Theory of self-reproducing automata, tag:Neumann, tag:academic-text, size:3
1970, Game of Life, Gardner article on Conway's game (re: von Neumann), tag:academic-text, size:3
1969, 'Calculating Space', (translated for Project MAC in 1970), Konrad Zuse, tag:academic-text
1976, On numbers and games, Conway book, tag:academic-text
, Actual lab mice in mazes as lab experiments (10 print)
1986, 'Vehicles', tag:academic-text
2002, A new kind of science, tag:academic-text
1973, Huntingson II, tag:simulation, tag:education, malaria buffalo population rats fish, Friedland, Frishman, DEC
# Non-digital play (noteworthy to us)
1969, Exploratorium
1978, Berkeley Adv. Playground
1951, 'Junk Playgrounds', tag:popular-text, 1931 is first proposed, 1940 Endrup is built
1973, New Games Tournament, (book 1976, de Koven & more)
#, dekoven game farm
1978, The Well-Played Game, tag:dekoven, tag:popular-text
1962, Fluxus
1979, MIT Blackjack Team, see earlier Thorp and Shannon work...; doesn't actually seem to be tech and Bringing Down the House book W article claims it is in part fantasy (the gadgetry related part and mmore).
1978, Eudaemons, tag:UCSC, roulette cheating with computerized system; inspired by Thorp & Shannon., tag:cheat
1961, Shannon/Thorp roulette hack, tag:computer, tag:cheat, tag:shannon
# AI & games
1951, Checkers & Chess, tag:game, tag:ai, tag:Stratchey, tag:Prinz, c:W, on:Ferranti Mark 1
1952, Samuels's Checkers AI, tag:ibm, tag:samuels, tag:game, publication date is 59. was involved in a sales demo somehow. (W is source for 52 date). Ahl in Wolf says 53 was first demo.
1949, 'Programming a Computer for Playing Chess', tag:Shannon, tag:academic-text, tag:ai, tag:chess
1959-1962, Kotok-McCarthy chess AI, tag:game, tag:ai
1948-1950, Turbochamp, tag:Turing, tag:Champernowne, tag:game, tag:ai, theoretical; it's a design that wasn't executed on a machine, tag:chess
1953, Hex, tag:shannon, tag:game, tag:computer, tag:ai, c:Computers and Automata, made by shannon and moore
1953.3.18, A Mind Reading (?) Machine, tag:shannon, tag:at&t bell, tag:game theory, tag:game, tag:ai, in Shannon1955 he discsuses hooking up his machine to Hagelbarger's (penny betting game) and having a third "umpire" machine keep score, and letting them run, taking bets, etc...
1996-1997, Deep Blue v. Kasparov, tag:ibm, tag:chess, tag:ai
1942, Karl Zuse Chess program, tag:chess, purely theoretical to demonstrate Plankalkul language he had designed. like turbochamp., tag:ai, tag:game, tag:chess
1977, Belle, tag:bell, tag:chess, tag:ai, by:thompson, by:condon, tag:computer
# early automata
1878, AN AUTOMATIC TIT-TAT-TO MACHINE, tag:game, tag:computer, tag:ai, c:Freeland1879, tag:babbage, at upenn, tag:Tic-Tac-Toe
1914, El Ajedrecista, tag:game, tag:computer, tag:chess, by:Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, c:Shannon1955
# shannon's toys
1955, Nimwit, tag:nim, tag:game, tag:computer, c:Shannon1955, date approx must be <= 55
1950, Tic Tac Toe, tag:tic tac toe, tag:game, tag:computer, c:Shannon1955, c:Keister1950, shannon demos his build in 1955; keister designs circuit in 1950 (patent). shannon's version has a tilt sensor in it, too.
# AI/Cog Sci broadly
1955, Logic Theorist, tag:ai, tag:simon, tag:newell, tag:shaw, tag:program
1956.8.10, Dartmouth AI Conf., tag:mccarthy, tag:minsky, tag:shannon, tag:samuel, tag:newell, tag:simon, coined 'art. int.', tag:conf
1956, 'automata studies', Shannon Von McCarthy, tag:academic-text
1957, 'Synctactic Structures', Chomsky, tag:academic-text
1982, UCSD cog sci dept., McGill
1947, Whirlwind designed, tag:Forrestor, tag:MIT, tag:computer, designed on this date initially
#1946, Whirlwind begins, (eventually includes 1st CRT use??), tag:computer
1951, Whirlwind online, tag:whirlwind, tag:Forrestor, tag:MIT, tag:computer
1951, Whirlwind music, tag:whirlwind, tag:Forrestor, tag:MIT, at end of demo in See It Now: Jay W. Forrester and the WHIRLWIND Computer - (1951), sings mary had a little lamb
1959, SAGE operational, tag:war, tag:ibm, tag:whirlwind, tag:sage, tag:computer
1954, Blackjack, tag:game, on:IBM701, c:Ahl in Wolf/Ahl 2003
1954, Pool, tag:game, c:Ahl in Wolf/Ahl 2003, used graphics
1955, Hutspiel, tag:game, tag:military, tag:simulation, c:Ahl in Wolf/Ahl 2003
1952, First military simulations, tag:game, tag:military, tag:simulation, c:Ahl 2003
1947, 'Information Systems of Inter-connected Digital Computers', forrestor and Crawford and Everett, tag:academic-text
1953, Core memory, (whirlwind), tag:MIT
1952.5, Memory Test Computer, (whirlwind clone for core memory dev), tag:MIT, tag:computer
1951, The Preparation of Programs, tag:academic-text
1957.4, Fortran, (released), tag:language, tag:program
1959-1960, 'software', tag:term
1960, COBOL, (CODASYL committee year before), tag:language
1971, Pascal, tag:language
1972, C, tag:thompson, tag:Ritchie, tag:at&t, tag:unix, c:W, developed so they could port unix from pdp-7 to pdp-11, 1973 unix rewritten in C, tag:language, on:pdp-11
1971, 1st UNIX dist., tag:game, tag:os, tag:unix, blackjack (bj), tic tac toe (ttt), moo (moo), and chess (chess) (among other games) (games described in '71 man pages, "man71" "User-maintained software", by:thompson, by:ritchie
#1971, bj, tag:unix, tag:game, tag:thompson
#1971, moo, tag:unix, tag:game, tag:thompson
#1971, chess, tag:unix, tag:game, tag:thompson
#1971, ttt, tag:unix, tag:game, tag:thompson
1969, UNIX, link to multics, tag:at&t, tag:os, on:pdp-7, tag:thomspon, note that r&t want the 'fellowship' they had on multics as well as the computer. they had computers. timeshare community as a virus spreading from mit., by:thompson, by:ritchie
1977, BSD, tag:OS, tag:unix, tag:Joy, tag:Thomson
1991.10.5, Linux, tag:os, tag:unix
1964, Multics begins, utility ideology/availability continues into Multics, unix, and Linux... Open source predates software as a product... IBM user groups eg, tag:os, on:ge-645, tag:mit, tag:corbato
1961.11, CTSS, tag:MIT, time sharing, tag:MAC, (demo'd in 1961), tag:os, tag:corbato
1963, ITS, tag:MIT, tag:pdp-6, tag:pdp-10, tag:time sharing, tag:os, date must be >63 as it was on a pdp-6 and was when project mac split from minsky's ai group (written by latter); i think steven levy hackers has more info on it. waldrop is fuzzy on details.
#1968, IBM unbundling
1963, SAGE fully deployed, tag:ibm
1944, Reservisor
1952, Magnetronic Reservisor, line:flight
1954, IBM-AA report, tag:ibm
1955-1959, punched card Reservisor brought online, tag:ibm
1957, SABRE begins, tag:ibm
1960-1963, SABRE installed, tag:ibm
1964, SABRE done, tag:ibm
1974, Grocery UPC, (w IBM & McKinsey)
1957.10, Sputnik & ARPA, size:3, tag:politics
1972, ARPA becomes DARPA, (first time; becvomes arpa in 93, then darpa in 96 according to W).
1970, Mansfield amendment, size:3, tag:politics
2000, DMCA
2000, NSRL, date unclear
1978, WordStar, tag:program
1964, DTSS, (alongside Basic) Aspray: 3rd class of computer users, neither end users or techies
1959, Stratchey time share proposal
1946, ARD, (1st VC for WWII tech)
1969, Gates learns Basic on HS timeshare
1977, Commodore PET, tag:computer
1977.8, TRS-80, tag:computer
1981, IBM PC, tag:computer
1963, SRI Engelbart (IPTO funded)
1975, SRI ARC contract terminated, tag:lick, tag:sri, tag:engelbart, tag:arpa
1969, 'Reactive Engine', tag:academic-text, tag:kay
1970, PARC, Taylor from IPTO heads cs div, tag:parc, tag:xerox
1973, Alto, (research project), tag:parc, tag:computer, tag:xerox
1981, Xerox Star, (released), tag:computer, tag:parc, tag:xerox
1971, SmallTalk, tag:parc, tag:language, tag:hci, tag:kay, tag:goldberg, tag:xerox
1973-1974, Ethernet, tag:net, tag:parc, tag:internet
1980, Open Ethernet, tag:parc, tag:intel, tag:dec
1974, Bravo, tag:Simonyi, tag:xerox, tag:parc, tag:alto, tag:lampson, alto text edit
, Markup, tag:xerox, tag:parc, tag:alto, paint program
, Draw, tag:xerox, tag:parc, tag:alto, draw program
1973, Laser printer, (research deployment), tag:xerox, tag:parc
1958, Xerox 914, first modern photocopier, tag:xerox
1906, Xerox, tag:xerox, tag:company
1962.10.1-1964, Licklider heads IPTO, (Arpa IPTO; funds Stanford, utah MIT, CMU) (
1932-1938, Bush MIT Dean, tag:bush, tag:mit
1940, Bush chairs NDRC, tag:bush
1941, Bush directs OSRD, tag:bush
1944, 'Science, the Endless Frontier', by:bush
1935, Network Analyzer, tag:bush, tag:mit, tag:computer, (1925 prototype; see Preston's 2003 IEEE article).
1925, Network Analyzer prototype, tag:bush, tag:mit, tag:computer, (see Preston's 2003 IEEE article).
1964-1966, Sutherland heads IPTO
1966-1968, Taylor heads IPTO, (later Parc cs)
1975, Heilmeier heads ARPA
1981, MOSIS, tag:arpa, tag:chip, tag:research
1982, Sun, tag:joy, tag:Workstation, tag:bsd, tag:unix, inspired by alto?
1981, SGI, tag:jim clark, tag:Workstation, tag:unix,tag:company
, Jobs joins Mac project
, Kay joins Atari
, Kay joins Apple
, Kay joins Xerox
1990.5.22, Windows 3, tag:MS
1975, MS, tag:company
1983, MS Word, tag:simonyi, tag:ms, inspired from bravo
### Prehistory
, Babbage
, Ada Lovelace
, Typewriter
, English telegram network linearized
1890, US census uses Hollerith machines, cite:Aspray
1834, Babbage pitches Analytical Engine, cite:Aspray
1830, Check clearing house, date ish, cite:Aspray
1937, 'On Computable Numbers', (Turing machine), tag:academic-text
1946, ACE Report, tag:turing, tag:academic-text
1950, Pilot ACE, tag:computer
1954.5.8, Turing dies
1957.2.8, von Neumann dies
## literature, art, stuff
1954, Strachey generator, 'The 'Thinking' Machine' is article about love letter generator
1960, CBS Western, 'The Thinking Machine', TX-0 (why 1956 photo at computer history museum?), aka SAGAII, see Morse 1960
1968, Switched on Bach, tag:music
1970, Software exhibit, tag:Nelson, tag:Negroponte, tag:exhibit
1956, SAGE pinup, tag:SAGE, tag:play
#
1969, Apollo, (moon landing), size:3
1945, WWII ends, tag:war, size:3, tag:politics
1939, WWII, tag:war, size:3, tag:politics
1945.7.16, Trinity test, tag:war, tag:politics
#1949, Soviet Atomic Test
1949.8, US confirms Russian A-Bomb, tag:politics
1950, Valley Report, tag:SAGE, (reaction to soviet atomic test), convened 1949.12, tag:whirlwind, tag:lincoln lab
1955, Vietnam War Begins, tag:politics, tag:war
1948-1949, Berlin Air Lift, tag:politics
1961.8, Berlin Wall, tag:politics
1989, Berlin Wall falls, tag:politics
1962.10, Cuban Missile Crisis, tag:politics
1964, Tonkin Resolution, tag:politics
1975, Vietnam War Ends, tag:politics
1956, Forrestor joins Sloan School, tag:mit, tag:forrestor
1961, Industrial Dynamics, tag:Forrestor, tag:academic-text, tag:mit, tag:simulation
1971, World Dynamics, tag:Forrestor, tag:academic-text, tag:mit, tag:simulation
1969, Urban Dynamics, tag:Forrestor, tag:academic-text, tag:mit, tag:simulation
### Early Computers
1939, Bombe, tag:Turing, tag:crypto, tag:war, tag:computer
1943.12, Colossus Mark 1, tag:crypto, tag:war, tag:computer, tag:stored program, tag:digital, tag:electronic, tag:Tommy Flowers
1944.6.1, Colossus Mark 2, tag:crypto, tag:war, tag:computer, tag:stored program, tag:digital, tag:electronic, tag:Tommy Flowers
1928-1931, Differential Analyzer, tag:computer, tag:bush, tag:shannon
1938, Z1, who:Zuse, tag:computer
1941, Z3 & Z4, who:Zuse, (Turing complete; Z4 is commercial), cite:W, tag:computer
1937-1943, Harvard Mark 1, (made by IBM), Aiken (electromechanical). No branches, physical loops of instruction tape., cite:Aspray, tag:computer, tag:ibm
1939, Complex Computer, AT&T stibitz complex numbers, tag:computer
1939, ABC, cite:Aspray, tag:computer, Atsanoff-Berry Computer (Iowa physicist)f
1945, ENIAC, (online; electric, no stored programs, patched). Moore school., cite:Aspray, tag:computer, tag:upenn (same school as earlier tit-tat-to machine).
1949, EDSAC, (online; English edvac machine; first stored program computer but for colossus), cite:Aspray, tag:computer
1952, JOHNNIAC, tag:RAND, tag:computer
1952, IAS, tag:Neumann, tag:computer
1952, MANIAC I, tag:computer, los alamos computer inspired by IAS, had a chess game on it
1963.5, JOSS, tag:language, on:johnniac, tag:rand
1964, RAND Tablet, tag:arpa, tag:rand, see RAND doc; looks like a wacom tablet precisely in diagram with a computer!, tag:hci
1969, Grail, tag:rand, tag:arpa, tag:rand, tag:rand tablet, on:ibm360, tag:hci, tag:language, was actually a programming language too and prefigured in hci terms many later direct manip developments down to the detail (lower right resizing, eg).
1980, 'Put-That-There', tag:academic-text, tag:program, tag:hci, tag:mit, richard a bolt, 1979 is spatial data mangement darpa report
1945, EDVAC report, (Von Neumann, w Moore school), cite:Aspray, tag:academic-text, size:3, draws upon mcculloch pitts, turing's work (though not cited), and eniac, and E&M are also unattributed authors we think, too. (waldrop claims shannon also influenced it i think).
1946, ‘Logical Design of Computing’, tag:Burks, tag:goldstine, tag:neumann, tag:academic-text
1937, 'A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits', tag:Shannon, ms thesis, tag:academic-text
1948, 'A Mathematical Theory of Communication', tag:shannon, tag:academic-text
1945, 'A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography', tag:shannon, tag:academic-text, was secret, in Kahn, the Codebreakers (from W) Shannon reputedly says that insight into crypto and info theory were inseperable.
1948, 'Data smoothing and prediction in fire-control systems', (Wikipedia says 45; check with his collected works), tag:shannon, more authors, tag:academic-text
1942, 'Extrapolation Interpolation and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series', tag:weiner, tag:cybernetics, tag:academic-text
1948, 'Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine', tag:weiner, tag:cybernetics, tag:academic-text
, EMCC founded, tag:EMCC
1949, BINAC, (EMCC machine, edvac inspired), cite:Aspray, tag:computer, tag:EMCC
1951, EDVAC operational, cite:W, tag:computer
1951, Ferranti Mark 1, cite:Aspray, tag:computer
1951, UNIVAC, (Moore engineers' startup offshoot) , electronic control company, edvac inspired machine for US census, magnetic tape, cite:Aspray, tag:computer, tag:EMCC
1951.3, US Census takes Univac 1
1952, UNIVAC predicts Eisenhower win, cite:Aspray, tag:EMCC
1952, IBM 701, tag:computer, tag:ibm, aka Defense Calculator, tag:36bit, release date correct? it's announce date, c:W
1955, IBM 702, cite:Aspray, tag:computer, tag:ibm
1953, IBM 650, tag:computer, tag:ibm, c:W, announce date
1957, CDC founded, need various releases (as appropriate to NLS, other users), tag:company, tag:founding
1961, SDS, (relates to Berkeley, NLS, Community Memory Terminal), tag:Palvesky, tag:company, tag:founding
1955, TX-0, tag:MIT, tag:computer, tag:Clark, (I think Clark), tag:LincolnLab, tag:olsen, link to whirlwind
1958, TX-2, tag:MIT, tag:computer, tag:LincolnLab
1957, DEC, tag:dec
1998, Compaq buys DEC
1959, PDP-1, tag:tech, spinoff from TX line (TX-0), tag:computer, size:3, tag:dec, tag:minicomp
1963, PDP-6, tag:computer, precursor to pdp-10, tag:36bit
1965, PDP-8, tag:computer, tag:dec, tag:minicomp, tag:12bit, tag:de Castro, size:3
#, PDP-6, tag:36bit, tag:computer
1966, PDP-10, tag:tech, tag:computer, tag:dec, tag:minicomp, tag:36bit, inherits from pdp-6
1969, Nova, tag:minicomp, tag:16bit, Data General, tag:de Castro, tag:computer
1970, PDP-11, tag:16bit, tag:dec, tag:computer
1976, CP/M, & BIOS, tag:kildall, kildall inspired by dec, informs msdos and ibm pc
1961, IBM 1401, chain printer; finally replaced card punches; RPG, cite:Aspray, tag:computer, tag:ibm
1962, IBM NPL project begins, (becomes System/360), cite:Aspray, tag:ibm
1965, System/360, tag:ibm, tag:computer
1963, Honeywell 200, (1401 compatible, faster and cheaper), cite:Aspray, tag:computer
1964-1967, Berkeley Time Sharing System
1969, ATM
### Games
# companies
1971, Atari
1982.5.28, EA
# Can a computer make you cry ad?
# networked
1973, Maze War, tag:NASA, tag:game, tag:imlac, then lebling brought to MIT (ask nick, in 10print)-nick seems to be using this resource, were high school interns at NASA (Colley, Thompson, and Howard); c:digibarn Colley memory. 1974 is MIT version, which is >2 players., tag:multiplayer
#1974, Maze War, tag:MAC, tag:game, tag:net, link:http://www.digibarn.com/collections/games/xerox-maze-war/index.html, tag:multiplayer, tag:3d
1978, MUD1, tag:PDP-10, tag:game, tag:net, tag:multiplayer
1986, Habitat, tag:game, tag:net, tag:multiplayer
1990, LambdaMOO, (first moo?), tag:game, tag, tag:net, tag:multiplayer
1997, Ultima Online, tag:game, tag:net, tag:multiplayer
1968, Civil War, tag:game, written by 3 highschool students, c:101, tag:simulation
1969, Lunar Lander (text), tag:game, aka: Rocket, Lunar, LEM, and Apollo. c:W, on:pdp-, tag:simulation8
1973, Lunar Lander, tag:game, on:gt40, commissioned by DEC for a trade show demos., tag:simulation, ahl in wolf claims visual DEC lander game was 69. This is perhaps better data than wikipedia.
1979, Lunar Lander (atari), tag:game, tag:atari, tag:arcade, chip:6502, tag:simulation
1971, Star Trek, tag:game
1971, Oregon Trail, tag:game, tag:simulation, tag:educational
1979, Alto Trek 2.1, tag:game, on:alto, v1 date totally unclear v2.1 is 1979 according to docs, tag:multiplayer
1978, Pinball, tag:game, on:alto, date based on high res screenshot looks like XVIII
1969, Space Travel, tag:unix, tag:thompson, tag:multics, tag:fortran, on:pdp-7, tag:play, tag:simulation
1948, CRT Amusement Device, tag:game, not on a proper computer, it's purely electronic like Pong
1951, NIMROD, tag:game, tag:Ferranti, tag:computer, tag:nim
1940, Nimatron, tag:game, tag:computer, tag:nim, exhibited at world's fair, tag:westinghouse (see Condon 1940).
1940, Elektro, tag:robot, tag:play, exhibited at world's fair, tag:westinghouse; see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay225WkU4Gs
1961, Kalah, on:pdp-1, tag:dec, tag:BBN, tag:Roland Silver, tag:game
1960, Cubic, tag:game, on:tx-2, three d tic tac toe by william daley part of ms thesis (see McKenzie TX-0) history; 1955 Qubic covered by Franklin Institute. boardgamegeek claims 1947.
1962, Planetary Display, on:tx-2, tag:play, tag:simulation, ron mayer, light pen interactive solar system gravity toy thing. c:Gilmore DEC history talk 90 transcript.
1965, Sumerian Game, tag:game, tag:simulation, tag:ibm, precursor to hamurabi, see avedon and sutton smith p308 and Moncreiff (might be older, but Moncreiff article is 65); part of general genre of business simulation games, but more fantastical.
1968, Hamurabi, tag:game, tag:simulation
1971, Empire, tag:game
1973, Lemonade Stand, tag:game, ported to ApplII in 79 (included in every machine?), tag:simulation
1974.12, Home Pong, tag:game
1979.6.22, Infocom, tag:infocom, lick, tag:company
1980, Zork I, tag:infocom, releases game, tag:TRS-80, tag:game
1982, E.T. VCS, tag:game
1952, OXO, tag:Tic-Tac-Toe, on:EDSAC, tag:game, size:3, tag:hci
1962, Minskytron, tag:play, tag:minsky, on:pdp-1, date approx/unknown, screensaver like thing; aka tripos (licklider refers to it in his computers in museums paper)
1962, SpaceWar, cite:Graetz, tag:game, tag:MIT, on:PDP-1, size:3
1962, Expensive Planetarium, tag:play, tag:MIT, on:PDP-1
1959, Mouse in the Maze, on:TX-0, cite:10Print, tag:play, cite:Ward-1959. first virtual character? quite elaborate.
1962, Munchin Squares, display demo 'hack', reputedly on PDP-1, but I saw a program listing for TX-0 on bitsavers.
1959, HAX, on:TX-0, tag:play, screensaver like thing, date approx/unknown
1958, Tennis for Two, tag:game, (build on an analog computer for ballistics; to make cool demos for a lab)
1952, Bouncing Ball, on:Whirlwind, tag:play, date approx., charlie adams (says jack gilmore 90 lecture) (or is it charly adama?), tag:simulation
1980, Rubiks Cube, (initially designed in Hungary in 1975 by Ernö Rubik), tag:game
1978-1992, Speak & Spell, tag:play, tag:toy, tag:educational, tag:TI, tag:computer, preceded by Little Professor (so cute!) calculator edu toy
1962, The Talking Typewriter, tag:education, c:Ahl in Wolf/Ahl 2003, moore at yale
1985, Teddy Ruxpin, tag:toy, tag:play
1954, 'Gaming as a Technique of Analysis', tag:rand, tag:academic-text
1952, 'Use and Limitations of Mathematical Models, tag:rand, tag:academic-text
1955, Monopologs, tag:game, tag:simulation, tag:rand, tag:military, tag:war, see Longworth 1970 or Avedon and sutton-smith business games.
1957, Business Game, tag:Bellman, tag:rand, tag:ibm, tag:game, tag:simulation, tag:education, Bellman also invented dynamic programming, he worked for rand; influenced by game theory. see paper! appears in 1962 ibm program catalog as executive game, two variants; also references Go as example of combinatorial explosion(!), and incorrectly says it is japanese.
1959, Mangement Game, tag:game, tag:simulation, c:Ahl in Wolf/Ahl 2003, cohen & cyert & dill at carnegie tech in pittsburgh
1962, Computer Automated Music, tag:ibm, tag:music, tag:play, on:ibm650, must be <=1962 since in ibm program library listing; also referenced in Kalb's piece on baseball simulator. note using typewriter for percussion in index notes! Kalb says in '74 they had a symphony written by Jóhann Gunnarsson. same program?
1964, 1401 Symphony, on:ibm1401, tag:play, tag:music; see Andrews 07 Wired article. His son produced into 1401 a user's manual, full performance, later. also recorded stuff in 71 (see http://www.discogs.com/J%C3%B3hann-J%C3%B3hannsson-IBM-1401-A-Users-Manual/release/803484)
1961, Baseball, tag:game, tag:simulation, tag:sports, on:ibm1620, c:grantland article, by:Burgeson
1970, High Noon, tag:game, tag:basic
1971, Computer Space, tag:Bushnell, tag:game, size:3, tag:arcade
1971, Galaxy Game, tag:game, tag:arcade
1972, Atari, (founded), tag:Bushnel, tag:company
1976, Breakout, tag:Atari, tag:Wozniak, tag:Jobs, tag:Bushnell, tag:game
1978, Space Invaders, tag:game
1978, Simon, tag:Baer, chip:TMS1000, tag:game
1979, Asteroids, tag:game, tag:Logg
1974, Touch Me, (inspired Simon; HA! copy back from Atari), tag:Atari, tag:game
1967, Video pool, tag:game, tag:RCA, c:Ahl in Wolf/Ahl 2003
1968, Rocket Car Sim, tag:simulation, MIT judah schwartz, c:Ahl in Wolf/Ahl 2003
1969, Flight Sim, tag:simulation, evans and sutherland, c:Ahl in Wolf/Ahl 2003
1968, Pong, tag:Baer, tag:game
1967, Chase Game, tag:Baer, sanders associates (started thinking of this in 66).
1972, Pong (Atari), tag:Bushnel, tag:game
1976, Pong kit, tag:game
1983, Pinball Construction Set, tag:game
1982, Rocky's Boots, on:AppleII & more, tag:game, tag:educational
1984, Robot Odyssey, on:AppleII & more, tag:game, tag:educational
1980, Pac-Man, tag:game
1980, Rogue, tag:game
1981, Donkey Kong, tag:Miyamoto, tag:Nintendo, tag:game
1982, Sokobon, (developed in 81), tag:game
1984, Tetris, tag:game
1986, Tetris Spectrum Holobyte, tag:game
1984, Raid on Bungeling Bay, tag:Wright, tag:C64, tag:game
1985, Micropolis, tag:game, tag:Wright, tag:C64, tag:simulation
1985, Super Mario Bros., tag:game, tag:nintendo
1989, SimCity, tag:game, tag:Wright, tag:Maxis, tag:simulation
1993, Doom, tag:game
1993, Myst, tag:game
1997, The Sims, tag:game, tag:Wright, tag:simulation
1994, SimCity 2000, tag:game, tag:Wright, tag:Maxis, tag:simulation
1991, SimAnt, tag:game, tag:Wright, tag:Maxis, tag:simulation
1990, SimEarth, tag:game, tag:Wright, tag:Maxis, tag:simulation
1996, SimCopter, tag:game, tag:Wright, tag:Maxis, tag:simulation, tag:simlish, c:W
1987, Maxis, tag:company, tag:Wright, tag:maxis
1997.7.28, EA buys Maxis, tag:maxis, tag:ea
1979, Nintendo hires Miyamoto, tag:Nintendo
1980, Battlezone, tag:atari, tag:game, tag:Rotberg
1981, The Bradley Trainer, Battlezone derivative, tag:atari, tag:game, tag:military, date unclear (80?), tag:Rotberg
1976, Adventure (Crowther), platform:PDP-10, tag:Crowther, tag:game, tag:bbn, tag:fortran
1977, Adventure (Woods), platform:PDP-10, tag:Crowther, tag:game, tag:fortran, tag:Woods
1980, Mystery House, tag:game, inspired by Adventure, tag:AppleII, tag:sierra
1977-1979, Zork, tag:game
1997, MAME
2002, America's Army, tag:game, tag:military
1973, Wumpus, tag:PCC, tag:basic, tag:game
1979, Adventure (VCS), tag:robbinett, tag:atari, on:2600, tag:game
1986.2, Zelda, tag:nintendo, tag:miyamoto, tag:game
1990, Super Famicom, tag:console, tag:computer, tag:nintendo, release date in japan
1991, SNES, tag:console, tag:computer, tag:nintendo, release date in us
1988, Genesis, tag:console, tag:computer, tag:sega
1991, Sonic, tag:game, tag:sega
1988, Madden, tag:game, tag:ea
1996, N64, tag:console, tag:computer, tag:nintendo
1996, Mario 64, tag:game, tag:nintendo
1983, Mario bros., tag:game, tag:miyamoto, tag:yokoi, tag:arcade, tag:nintendo
1988, Mario 3, tag:game, tag:nes, japan release date, tag:miyamoto, tag:tezuka, tag:nintendo
1989, The Wizard, tag:film, tag:mario, tag:nintendo
### Early Software
1962, EDM Magic Slate, tag:ITEK, tag:graphics, tag:company, drafting corporation, see video from MIT c:"EDM a Magic slate" 1962 WGBH, mentions 'man machine barrier' (first guy interviewed).
1963, Sketchpad, tag:tech, tag:LincolnLab, tag:Sutherland, tag:MIT, tag:TX-2, size:3, tag:software, tag:graphics, tag:hci, tag:Shannon, shannon was sutherland's advisor
1970, IMLAC, PDS-1, tag:graphics, tag:terminal (add imlac to maze war)
1968-1974, Sutherland @ Utah, (students: Kay, Catmull, Gouraud, Crow).
1968, Evans & Sutherland, (employees included John Warnock—Adobe, and Jim Clark—SGI)
1968, NLS, (Mother of All Demos), tag:Engelbart, tag:Brand, tag:software, tag:hci
# HCI
1956, Magic #7, George Miller (lick colleague, worked on sage?)
#, Light gun, Everett, tag:HCI
1952, Light pen, lick (refined gun), tag:HCI, tag:everett, can light gun be separated from pen?, tag:gurley
1964, Mouse, Bill English, size:3
1922, CRT, tag:HCI, first commercial produact (c:W but unverified). has longer history...
1971, Floppy Disk, (8 inch IBM)
1959, MICR font, tag:sri, introduced in US on this date. sri designed US type (e-13b), french designed european CMC-7 font, c:W
1983.8, 'Direct Manipulation', Schneiderman paper cites games a ton, tag:academic-text, tag:hci
# Languages
1958, Lisp, tag:McCarthy, connect back to church lambda calculus, tag:language
1936, Lambda Calculus, tag:academic-text
1964, BASIC, on:GE225, later adapted by DEC, whose version was readapted for Altair. and apple ii. THE hobbyist language, or language of interactive programming., size:3, tag:software, tag:language, ahl (in Wolf) says edu games appear within months of the language.
1967, LOGO, tag:MIT, (part of MIT AI Lab; chronology from W is f-ed up)., size:3, tag:software, tag:language, tag:bbn
# more of a teaching tool
1960, Plato I, urbana of Indiana, needs primary research tag, on ILLIAC I, tag:CDC, tag:software, size:1, tag:plato
1961, Plato II, tag:software, size:1, tag:plato
1967, Plato III, tag:software, size:1, tag:plato
1972, Plato IV, tag:software, size:1, tag:plato
1980, Micro-PLATO, size:1, tag:plato
### MIT related stuff
1952, Theseus Electro-Mouse Maze, see MIT site and Time. Shannon made lots of electromechanical toys says MIT site !!!! (or 1950? Photo?); dyson and time say it influenced Internet switching, call routing !, tag:play
1952, Ultimate Machine, tag:shannon, tag:minsky, (turns self off), c:arthur clarke Harper’s 1958, http://frivolousengineering.com/?page_id=3959 has video of minsky describing them collaborating on “fantastic new gadgets”, and voice across the sea book, which describes this and learning eletronic mouse. 1952 date is from web site in here. another site http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/the_unspeakable.php has minksy quote saying 52., tag:at&t bell labs, tag:toy, tag:play, http://www.webofstories.com/play/53169,
1946, SRI
1963, SAIL, (McCarthy, left MIT for SAIL).
1968-1970, SHRDLU, tag:MIT, tag:software
1951, Project Lincoln, tag:club, tag:MIT, tag:lick
1963, Project MAC, (IPTO project), tag:arpa, tag:mit, tag:lick, tag:minsky, tag:corbato
1970, MIT AI Lab, direct spinoff from Project MAC (minsky was in both, left to found latter), tag:minsky
1962, Linc, tag:computer, tag:LincolnLab, tag:Clark, tag:mit
1966, Eliza, author:Weizenbaum, tag:MIT, tag:software, tag:play
1967, MIT Architecture Machine Group, tag:MIT
1985, MIT Media Lab, tag:MIT
2005, OLPC, tag:MIT
1946, TMRC, hybrid electromechanical, tag:mit, tag:club
#1980, Chaim born
1984, Neuromancer, tag:book, tag:pop
1889, Marufuku, tag:Nintendo, c:Kent
1951, Nintendo, tag:Nintendo, marfuku changes name to nintendo playing card co., c:Kent
1963, Nintendo drops 'Playing Card Co. Ltd.', tag:Nintendo
1966, Nintendo Ultra-Hand, tag:Nintendo
1972, Magnavox Odyssey, cite:W, tag:game, size:3
1974, Odyssey in Japan, cite:W, tag:Nintendo, tag:computer
1977, Color TV Game, tag:Nintendo, tag:computer
1980, Game & Watch, tag:Nintendo, tag:game
1983, Famicom, Released, tag:Nintendo, tag:computer, size:3, chip:6502
1985, NES, tag:Nintendo, tag:computer, chip:6502
1989, Game Boy, tag:Nintendo, tag:computer
1994, PlayStation, tag:computer, tag:sony
1956, Rosen Enterprises, tag:japan, tag:rosen, tag:sega, tag:company
1964, SEGA, tag:rosen, tag:japan
1966, Periscope, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, tag:arcade, tag:sega
1974, Wild Gunman, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, tag:arcade, tag:nintendo
1936, Ray-O-Lite, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, tag:arcade, tag:light gun
1931, Baffle Ball, tag:Gottleib, tag:Pinball, tag:game, tag:mechanical
1932, Ballyhoo, tag:Bally, tag:Pinball, tag:game, tag:mechanical, bingo gambling based
1933, Contact, tag:Pinball, tag:game, tag:Williams, first tilt mechanism, tag:electromechanical
1947, Humpty Dumpty, tag:Gottlieb, tag:pinball, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, adds flippers; 6, c:Kent
1948, Triple Action, tag:Genco, tag:pinball, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, 2 flippers; c:kent(?), 2 is cheaper than 6 is reason.
1951, Bright Lights, tag:Bally, tag:pinball, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, bingo style gambling
1956, Perky, tag:Bally, tag:pinball, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, 1st to use circuit boards, c:Ahl 2003
1948, Bat-A-Score, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, tag:baseball
1937, World Series, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, tag:baseball
1940, Ski-Ball, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, one of many released this year; this game style is older than this date according to W.
1928, Iron Claw, tag:game, tag:electromechanical, maybe not the first; but earliest in Marvin3m.com on wayback I can find (excellent electro-mechanical game index).
1929, Grandmothers Predictions, tag:play, tag:electromechanical, early fortune telling amusement
, SNES, tag:computer
, PS2, tag:computer
, PS3, tag:computer
# 80's Consoles & Computers
1964, Wang LOCI, first electronic calculator, c:Ceruzzi, tag:calculator, tag:computer
1972, HP-35, c:Ceruzzi, tag:calculator, tag:computer, tag:hp
1974, HP-65, called a 'personal comp', c:Ceruzzi, tag:calculator, first programmable pocket calc., tag:computer, tag:hp
1938, HP, tag:hp
# PC and dead-ends (from Ceruzzi's SCOT analysis of PC)
1974.12, Altair 8800, (got in mail dec, for jan 75 issue), tag:8080, tag:computer, size:3, tag:mits, borrows from: pdp-11, nova, dec basic
1969, MITS, tag:company, size:1
1973, MICRAL, (8080) (first PC, but not beyond industrial use), c:Ceruzzi, tag:computer
1974, Intellec 4, (intel dev system), tag:computer
1974.3, Scelbi-8H, hobbyist dead end, in QST mag, 8008, tag:computer
1974.7, Mark-8, hobbyist dead end, Radio Electronics mag, 8008, tag:computer
1973.9, TV-Typewriter, in radio electronics, tag:computer
1977, Atari VCS (2600), tag:computer, tag:tv, tag:console
1976, Channel F, tag:computer, tag:fairchild, tag:console
1977, CompIV, tag:computer, tag:game, tag:tv, tag:console, c:Reid-Green 2003, milton bradley mastermind
1983-1985, N.A. video game crash
1976, Apple I, tag:computer, tag:Apple, tag:jobs, tag:woz
1977, Apple II, tag:computer, size:3, tag:Apple, tag:Markulla, markulla came from intel, tag:jobs, tag:woz
1980, Apple III, tag:computer, tag:Apple
1980, Apple IPO, tag:Apple
1983, Lisa, (released), tag:computer, tag:Apple
1984, Macintosh, tag:tech, tag:computer, size:3, tag:Apple, tag:jobs
1992, Max IIvx, tag:computer, tag:Apple, first pc with a cdrom
2001, iPod, tag:computer, tag:Apple, tag:jobs
2007, iPhone, tag:computer, size:3, tag:Apple, tag:jobs
2010, iPad, tag:computer, tag:Apple, tag:jobs
1972, Wang 1200, word processor, tag:computer, repurposed calculator, tag:Wang
1976, Wang 1200 WPS, word processor, tag:computer, chip:8080, tag:Wang
1965, Wang Loci-2, tag:calculator, tag:Wang
1987, HyperCard, tag:Apple, tag:Macintosh
1983, VisiCalc, tag:software
1979, Apple Writer, tag:software
1972, DynaBook, tag:Vision, (note paper is in 1972; idea is claimed from 68, where?), tag:academic-text, tag:Kay
1979, Commercial Cell Phone (NTT), Cell phone
, Smart phone
# Culture
1972, People's Computer Company, who:Bob Albrecht
, Resource One, Brand/Whole Earth founded time share (home company of community memory terminal)
1973, Community Memory Terminal, (same as above?), url:http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/12/social-media-history/, XDS-940 time share and ASR-33 teletype
# Eames
1953, A Communications Primer, tag:film, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, tag:shannon, apparently shannon used it in his classes and ibm also used it for education
1957, The Information Machine, tag:film, by:eames, tag:ibm, (p222 Eames), c:EamesDesign
1960, Intro. to Feedback, tag:film, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, tag:cybernetics
1961, Mathematica, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, exhibit for California Museum of Science and Tech, tag:exhibit
1964, IBM/Eames World's Fair, new york world's fair, tag:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign. This is the exhibit with the suspended building., tag:exhibit
1968, A Computer Glossary, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, tag:film
1968, Babbage's Calculating Machine, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, tag:film
1968, IBM Museum & Presentation Center, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, tag:film, proposal for a museum, proposal and executed IBM presentation center space (with toys, mathematica exhibit materials, and more...); photos look like the AutoDesk space near Embarcedero
1971, A Computer Perspective, tag:exhibit, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, had an associated film, too. a history of computers from 1890-1950. looks amazing.
1973, A Computer Perspective, tag:book, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, from book, tag:popular-text
1972, Wallace J. Eckert, tag:exhibit, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, on astronomy and computers.
1973, Movable Feasts, tag:exhibit, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign
1973, On the Shoulders of Giants, tag:exhibit, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign
1974, Newton Cards, by:eames, tag:ibm, c:EamesDesign, card variants made for ibm dinner for nobel lauretes, tag:play
1977, IBM Corporate Exhibit, proposal ibm eames, tag:exhibit
### Ideas
1949, 'Giant Brains', by:E.Berkeley, cite:Aspray, tag:popular-text
1950, Squee, tag:computer, robotic squirrel, by:E.Berkeley, c:Sugimoto
1950, Simon, tag:computer, logic calculator, by:E.Berkeley, c:Sugimoto
1955, 'Geniacs', tag:computer, tag:kit, tag:toy, tag:hobbyist, by:E.Berkeley, tag:popular-text
1956, Relay Moe, tag:computer, tag:game, tic tac toe, by:E.Berkeley, c:Sugimoto
1959, 'Brainiacs', tag:computer, tag:kit, tag:toy, tag:hobbyist, by:E.Berkeley, tag:popular-text
1968-1972, Whole Earth Catalog, tag:Brand, tag:popular-text
1972.12.7, 'SpaceWar', tag:Brand, tag:popular-text
1975-1986, Homebrew Computer Club, tag:club, tag:social, tag:jobs, tag:woz
1973, 101 BASIC Computer Games, tag:Ahl, tag:popular-text
1975, PCC's First Book of Computer Games, tag:popular-text
1985, WELL, tag:Brand, tag:club, tag:social
1975, BYTE, tag:popular-text
1976, Dr. Dobb's, (originally outgrowth of People's Comp Company Tiny BASIC write in), tag:popular-text
1974, Creative Computing, tag:popular-text
1993, Wired, tag:popular-text
, Burning Man, tag:club, tag:social
1987, 'Media Lab: Inventing the Future', tag:Brand, tag:popular-text
1964, 'God and Golem Inc.', tag:Weiner, tag:academic-text
1964, Understanding Media, tag:academic-text
1965, Hypertext, tag:paper, tag:Nelson, tag:vision, tag:academic-text, tag:term
1975, Computer Lib/Dream Machines, tag:book, tag:vision, tag:Nelson, 1974?, tag:popular-text
1967, 'What is CS?', Allen & Newell & Perlis in Science, tag:academic-text
, time sharing (idea)
#
1971.11, 4004, cite:Wikipedia, (Hoff inspired by PDP-8, and ibm1620, small # of instructions, big applications)., cite:Ceruzzi, tag:Intel, size:3, tag:chip
1972, 8008, cite:Ceruzzi, tag:Intel, tag:chip
1974, 8080, cite:Ceruzzi, tag:Intel, tag:chip
, TM1000 (on sale 74, developed 71, so first microprocessor. c:W)., tag:chip
1976, Z80, tag:chip
1971, 'Silicon Valley', In Electronic News, tag:term
# IC
#1930, Geophysical Service, tag:company
#1951, Texas Instruments (was Geophysical Service), tag:company
1948, Transistor, tag:Bell, tag:transistor
1950, first IC, (military use, $50), ???
1955, Shockley Transistor Lab, itself breakaway from Bell in a sense, tag:transistor
1957, Fairchild Semiconductor, tag:transistor, tag:company
1965, Moore's Law, line:IC
1958, Integrated Circuit (TI), tag:tech, line:IC
1974, IC LSIs, tag:tech, line:IC, tag:transistor
, MOS
1968, Intel, (Fairchild spinoff), funded by Max Palevsky (SDS founder), tag:Intel, tag:company
1974, 6800, tag:chip
1974.11, 6502, (same designer as 6800), tag:chip
### Graphics/film
1960, DAC-1 (GM/IBM CAD)
1974, SIGGRAPH
1976, Artist and Computer, tag:book, tag:popular-text
1979, Pixar (in Lucasfilm), tag:Pixar
1986, Pixar (corp.), tag:Pixar
1982, Tron, tag:PDP-10, c:W, tag:film
1982, Star Trek II, tag:Pixar, tag:film
1995, Toy Story, tag:Pixar, tag:film
2006, Disney buys Pixar, tag:Pixar
2012, Wreck it Ralph, chaim thinks is spiritual successor to Tron
1992, OpenGL, tag:sgi
1996, 3dfx
1983, WarGames, tag:film
1968, 2001, tag:film, by:kubrick, by:clark
### BBN & MIT, Cybernetics; misc.
1940.10, MIT Rad Lab, tag:mit
1946, MIT RLE Lab, tag:mit, successor to rad lab
1946, Macy Conf., tag:cybernetics, wiener
1945.1.6-1945.1.7, Princeton Conf. before Macy, , tag:cybernetics, wiener, McCulloch, Pitts, goldstone, Aiken
1943, 'A logical calculus', WS McCulloch, W Pitts - Bulletin of mathematical biology, 1943 - Springer, tag:academic-text, A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity, neumann draws upon this in edvac report we think
1948, Bolt & Beranek, tag:company, tag:bbn
1950, BBN, tag:company, tag:bbn
1957, Lick @ BBN, tag:bbn
2009.10.29, Raytheon buys BBN, tag:bbn
#### Network stuff
1972.10, ICCC, (int conf on comp and comm), tag:net
1969, ARPANET, size:3, tag:internet, tag:arpa, tag:bbn
1974, TCP/IP, tag:internet, tag:arpa
1988, CERT/CC, tag:cmu, in re:morris worm, tag:darpa, tag:arpa, security program set up in response to worm
1988, Morris Worm, tag:internet, tag:cornell, tag:mit (was a cornell student, launched from mit; actually an experiment gone wrong supposedly)
1993, 'A Rape in Cyberspace', tag:internet, tag:mud, tag:moo, tag:lambdamoo, tag:popular-text
2004, Facebook, tag:internet
#, Twitter, tag:internet
1983.1.1, Arpanet on TCP/IP, tag:internet
1986, NSFNet, tag:tcp/ip, ncsa is supercomputer illinois one where browser mosaic andreeson was developed, tag:internet
1981, CSnet, tag:tcp/ip, tag:internet
1982, DNS, tag:tcp/ip, originally was hosts.txt at sri handmade, tag:internet
1980, Usenet, tag:internet
1982, Milnet, (spinoff of arpanet), tag:tcp/ip
1991, WWW, tag:internet
1993, Mosaic, size:3, tag:internet
#1994, Netscape, tag:internet
1964, Tymshare, tag:company, tag:timeshare
1969, Compu-Serv, tag:company, tag:timeshare
1989, Aol, inherits from AppleLink and Quantim Link, Steve Case,
1985, AppleLink, tag:MarkIII, tag:GE
# Academic play/game scholarship
1983, Shared Fantasy, tag:book, tag:academic-text
1941, Play & Seriousness, tag:paper, tag:academic-text
1938, Homo Ludens, tag:book, tag:academic-text, by:Huizinga
1958, Les Jeux et Les Hommes, by:Caillois, tag:book, tag:academic-text
1985, Interactive Fiction, author:Mary Ann Buckles, cite:NYT, tag:academic-text
1980, Mindstorms, tag:vision, tag:academic-text
1993, Computers as Theatre, tag:book, tag:academic-text, author:Brenda Laurel
1997, Hamlet on the Holodeck, tag:book, tag:academic-text
1997, Cybertext, tag:book, tag:academic-text
1983, Pilgrim in the Microworld, tag:Sudnow, tag:popular-text, tag:breakout, tag:atari
1983, Harvard games conf., tag:academic-text
1983, Psych. of V.G., tag:academic-text
1984, Second Self, tag:academic-text
2011, Reality is Broken, tag:popular-text, tag:progressive
2008, Fold It, tag:game, tag:progressive
2002, Serious Games Initiative, tag:progressive, tag:club, Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars
2004, Games for Health, tag:progressive, tag:club, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
1999, LeapPad, tag:progressive, tag:computer
#
1982, The Art of Computer Game Design, author:Crawford, tag:book, tag:vision, tag:popular-text
1987, The Journal of Computer Game Design, tag:Crawford, tag:gameindustry, tag:popular-text
1988, Computer Game Developers Conf. (first GDC), line:GDC, cite:W, tag:Crawford, tag:Brenda Laurel, tag:gameindustry, tag:conf
1999, GDC (CGDC drops 'Computer'), line:GDC, cite:W, tag:gameindustry, tag:conf
1977, International Computer-Chess Association, becomes ICGA in 2002.
1994, IDSA & ESRB
2003, ESA, renamed IDSA, size:1
1951-1987, Joint Computer Conf., tag:conf
1977-1987, TASP, tag:academic, tag:conf
1959, A formal analysis of game meaning, author:BSS, tag:academic-text
1979, Piaget; Play and Cognition; Revisited, author:BSS, tag:academic-text
1997, Ambiguity of Play, author:BSS, tag:academic-text
2003, Rules of Play, tag:academic-text
1998, CMU ETC, tag:academic-program
1998, DAC, tag:aarseth
2003, Digra, tag:academic-text
2001, Game Studies Journal, tag:academic-journal
1970, Simulation & Gaming, tag:academic-journal
1999, Mobile Internet (Japan), "i-mode", cite:Daliot-Bul, tag:net
#
2003, Beyond Productivity, tag:policy, tag:academic-text
2012, Media Systems Workshop, tag:academic-text