AggregatedMultiSource_ZipRAG.ipynb

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      "Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pip install langchain-openai==0.1.0\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "830342c3-cc49-4619-ad26-b9c6d34cd10e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
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      "Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pip install langchain-openai==0.1.0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "bd56d3a5-e57f-4ac2-a6c7-50f2354d08f8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Users\\vlad\\AppData\\Local\\Packages\\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\\LocalCache\\local-packages\\Python39\\site-packages\\huggingface_hub\\file_download.py:1132: FutureWarning: `resume_download` is deprecated and will be removed in version 1.0.0. Downloads always resume when possible. If you want to force a new download, use `force_download=True`.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\n",
      "C:\\Users\\vlad\\AppData\\Local\\Packages\\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.9_qbz5n2kfra8p0\\LocalCache\\local-packages\\Python39\\site-packages\\huggingface_hub\\file_download.py:1132: FutureWarning: `resume_download` is deprecated and will be removed in version 1.0.0. Downloads always resume when possible. If you want to force a new download, use `force_download=True`.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\n"
     ]
    },
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      "`embedding_function` is expected to be an Embeddings object, support for passing in a function will soon be removed.\n"
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   "source": [
    "import os\n",
    "from dotenv import load_dotenv, find_dotenv\n",
    "\n",
    "from langchain.chains import create_history_aware_retriever, create_retrieval_chain\n",
    "from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain\n",
    "from langchain.vectorstores import Chroma, FAISS\n",
    "from langchain_pinecone import PineconeVectorStore\n",
    "from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import ChatMessageHistory\n",
    "from langchain_core.chat_history import BaseChatMessageHistory\n",
    "from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder\n",
    "from langchain_core.runnables.history import RunnableWithMessageHistory\n",
    "from langchain_openai import AzureChatOpenAI\n",
    "from langchain_experimental.text_splitter import SemanticChunker\n",
    "from langchain.text_splitter import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter\n",
    "from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer\n",
    "from langchain.document_loaders.pdf import PyMuPDFLoader\n",
    "from langchain.retrievers import MultiQueryRetriever\n",
    "from typing import Dict, Any, List\n",
    "import pinecone\n",
    "from pinecone import ServerlessSpec\n",
    "\n",
    "# Load environment variables from .env file\n",
    "dotenv_path = find_dotenv()\n",
    "if not dotenv_path:\n",
    "    raise FileNotFoundError(\"Could not find .env file\")\n",
    "load_dotenv(dotenv_path)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Initialize the SentenceTransformer model\n",
    "model = SentenceTransformer('sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2')\n",
    "pinecone_api_key = os.getenv('PINECONE_API_KEY')\n",
    "index_name = \"vladch\"\n",
    "\n",
    "# Azure GPT-4 model parameters\n",
    "azure_api_key = os.getenv('AZURE_API_KEY')\n",
    "azure_api_version = os.getenv('AZURE_API_VERSION')\n",
    "azure_deployment = os.getenv('AZURE_DEPLOYMENT')\n",
    "azure_endpoint = os.getenv('AZURE_ENDPOINT')\n",
    "\n",
    "# Check if the environment variables are loaded correctly\n",
    "if not all([pinecone_api_key, azure_api_key, azure_api_version, azure_deployment, azure_endpoint]):\n",
    "    raise ValueError(\"One or more environment variables are missing.\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Define an embedding function\n",
    "class SentenceTransformerEmbeddings:\n",
    "    def __init__(self, model):\n",
    "        self.model = model\n",
    "\n",
    "    def embed_documents(self, documents):\n",
    "        return self.model.encode(documents, show_progress_bar=True).tolist()\n",
    "\n",
    "    def embed_query(self, query):\n",
    "        return self.model.encode(query, show_progress_bar=True).tolist()\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __call__(self, text):\n",
    "        return self.model.encode(text, show_progress_bar=True).tolist()\n",
    "\n",
    "embedding_function = SentenceTransformerEmbeddings(model)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Define the ChunkingHelper class\n",
    "class ChunkingHelper:\n",
    "    def __init__(self, file_path: str, chunking_method: str, embedding_function):\n",
    "        self.file_path = file_path\n",
    "        self.chunking_method = chunking_method\n",
    "        self.embedding_function = embedding_function\n",
    "        self.loader = PyMuPDFLoader(file_path=file_path)\n",
    "        self.docs = self.loader.load()\n",
    "        self.chunks = []\n",
    "\n",
    "    def chunk_document(self):\n",
    "        if self.chunking_method == 'standard_deviation':\n",
    "            text_splitter = SemanticChunker(self.embedding_function, breakpoint_threshold_type='standard_deviation')\n",
    "        elif self.chunking_method == 'recursive_character':\n",
    "            text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=1000, chunk_overlap=200)\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            raise ValueError(f\"Unknown chunking method: {self.chunking_method}\")\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.chunks = text_splitter.split_documents(self.docs)\n",
    "\n",
    "    def get_chunks(self):\n",
    "        if not self.chunks:\n",
    "            self.chunk_document()\n",
    "        return self.chunks\n",
    "\n",
    "# Paths to the directories containing the PDF files\n",
    "directories = {\n",
    "    'chroma': r\"E:\\RepoFisiereMulte\\FisiereTotal\",\n",
    "    'faiss': r\"E:\\RepoFisiereMulte\\FisiereTotal\",\n",
    "    'pinecone': r\"E:\\RepoFisiereMulte\\FisiereTotal\"\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "all_texts = {key: [] for key in directories}\n",
    "all_metadatas = {key: [] for key in directories}\n",
    "\n",
    "def process_pdfs(directory_path, all_texts, all_metadatas, chunking_method):\n",
    "    for filename in os.listdir(directory_path):\n",
    "        if filename.endswith(\".pdf\"):\n",
    "            file_path = os.path.join(directory_path, filename)\n",
    "            chunking_helper = ChunkingHelper(file_path, chunking_method, embedding_function)\n",
    "            splits = chunking_helper.get_chunks()\n",
    "            for i, split in enumerate(splits):\n",
    "                split.metadata['chunk_id'] = i\n",
    "                split.metadata['file'] = filename\n",
    "                all_texts.append(split)\n",
    "                all_metadatas.append(split.metadata)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Process PDFs with the specified chunking method\n",
    "chunking_method = 'standard_deviation'  # or 'recursive_character'\n",
    "for key, directory in directories.items():\n",
    "    process_pdfs(directory, all_texts[key], all_metadatas[key], chunking_method)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Define Azure GPT-4 model\n",
    "llm = AzureChatOpenAI(\n",
    "    openai_api_version=azure_api_version,\n",
    "    azure_deployment=azure_deployment,\n",
    "    api_key=azure_api_key,\n",
    "    azure_endpoint=azure_endpoint\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "def create_vector_store(store_type, documents, metadatas, index_name=None):\n",
    "    if store_type == 'chroma':\n",
    "        return Chroma.from_texts(texts=[doc.page_content for doc in documents], embedding=embedding_function, metadatas=metadatas)\n",
    "    elif store_type == 'faiss':\n",
    "        return FAISS.from_texts(texts=[doc.page_content for doc in documents], embedding=embedding_function, metadatas=metadatas)\n",
    "    elif store_type == 'pinecone':\n",
    "        return PineconeVectorStore.from_documents(documents, index_name=index_name, embedding=embedding_function)\n",
    "\n",
    "vector_stores = {key: create_vector_store(key, all_texts[key], all_metadatas[key], index_name) for key in directories}\n",
    "\n",
    "def create_retriever(store, llm):\n",
    "    return MultiQueryRetriever.from_llm(retriever=store.as_retriever(), llm=llm)\n",
    "\n",
    "retrievers = {key: create_retriever(store, llm) for key, store in vector_stores.items()}\n",
    "\n",
    "contextualize_q_system_prompt = \"\"\"Given a chat history and the latest user question \\\n",
    "which might reference context in the chat history, formulate a standalone question \\\n",
    "which can be understood without the chat history. Do NOT answer the question, \\\n",
    "just reformulate it if needed and otherwise return it as is.\"\"\"\n",
    "contextualize_q_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(\n",
    "    [\n",
    "        (\"system\", contextualize_q_system_prompt),\n",
    "        MessagesPlaceholder(\"chat_history\"),\n",
    "        (\"human\", \"{input}\"),\n",
    "    ]\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "history_aware_retrievers = {key: create_history_aware_retriever(llm, retriever, contextualize_q_prompt)\n",
    "                            for key, retriever in retrievers.items()}\n",
    "\n",
    "qa_system_prompt = \"\"\"You are an assistant for question-answering tasks. \\\n",
    "Use the following pieces of retrieved context to answer the question. \\\n",
    "If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know. \\\n",
    "Use three sentences maximum and keep the answer concise.\\\n",
    "\n",
    "{context}\"\"\"\n",
    "qa_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(\n",
    "    [\n",
    "        (\"system\", qa_system_prompt),\n",
    "        MessagesPlaceholder(\"chat_history\"),\n",
    "        (\"human\", \"{input}\"),\n",
    "    ]\n",
    ")\n",
    "question_answer_chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(llm, qa_prompt)\n",
    "\n",
    "rag_chains = {key: create_retrieval_chain(history_aware_retriever, question_answer_chain)\n",
    "              for key, history_aware_retriever in history_aware_retrievers.items()}\n",
    "\n",
    "store = {}\n",
    "\n",
    "def get_session_history(session_id: str) -> BaseChatMessageHistory:\n",
    "    if session_id not in store:\n",
    "        store[session_id] = ChatMessageHistory()\n",
    "    return store[session_id]\n",
    "\n",
    "def create_conversational_rag_chain(rag_chain):\n",
    "    return RunnableWithMessageHistory(\n",
    "        rag_chain,\n",
    "        get_session_history,\n",
    "        input_messages_key=\"input\",\n",
    "        history_messages_key=\"chat_history\",\n",
    "        output_messages_key=\"answer\",\n",
    "    )\n",
    "\n",
    "conversational_rag_chains = {key: create_conversational_rag_chain(rag_chain)\n",
    "                             for key, rag_chain in rag_chains.items()}\n",
    "\n",
    "def get_aggregated_answer_and_sources(input_question, session_id=\"abc123\"):\n",
    "    def is_invalid_answer(answer):\n",
    "        return \"I don't\" in answer or \"I'm sorry\" in answer\n",
    "\n",
    "    def get_response_and_sources(response, all_texts):\n",
    "        answer = response[\"answer\"]\n",
    "        context = response[\"context\"]\n",
    "        used_chunks = [doc for doc in all_texts if any(chunk.page_content in doc.page_content for chunk in context)]\n",
    "        sources = {(chunk.metadata['file'], chunk.metadata.get('page', 'Unknown')) for chunk in used_chunks}\n",
    "        return answer, context, sources\n",
    "\n",
    "    all_responses = {}\n",
    "    all_contexts = []\n",
    "    all_sources = set()\n",
    "\n",
    "    for key in ['chroma', 'faiss', 'pinecone']:\n",
    "        response = conversational_rag_chains[key].invoke(\n",
    "            {\"input\": input_question},\n",
    "            config={\"configurable\": {\"session_id\": session_id}},\n",
    "        )\n",
    "        if not is_invalid_answer(response[\"answer\"]):\n",
    "            answer, context, sources = get_response_and_sources(response, all_texts[key])\n",
    "            all_responses[key] = answer\n",
    "            all_contexts.extend(context)\n",
    "            all_sources.update(sources)\n",
    "\n",
    "    if not all_responses:\n",
    "        return \"I don't know the answer.\", {}, [], set()\n",
    "\n",
    "    # Combine all the valid responses into one, avoiding duplicates\n",
    "    unique_answer_parts = set()\n",
    "    for answer in all_responses.values():\n",
    "        unique_answer_parts.update(answer.split(\". \"))\n",
    "\n",
    "    aggregated_answer = \". \".join(sorted(unique_answer_parts))\n",
    "\n",
    "    return aggregated_answer, all_responses, all_contexts, all_sources\n",
    "\n",
    "def format_context(context: List[Any]) -> str:\n",
    "    formatted_context = \"\\n\\n\".join([\n",
    "        f\"File: {doc.metadata['file']}, Page {doc.metadata.get('page', 'Unknown')}: {doc.page_content}\"\n",
    "        for doc in context\n",
    "    ])\n",
    "    return formatted_context"
   ]
  },
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      "\n",
      "Final Aggregated Answer: Broadcast technicians perform tasks such as controlling audio equipment to regulate volume and sound quality, monitoring the strength, clarity, and reliability of incoming and outgoing signals and adjusting equipment as necessary, regulating the fidelity, brightness, and contrast of video transmissions, and ensuring that programs are airing correctly by observing monitors and communicating with station personnel. During radio and television broadcasts, broadcast technicians primarily maintain programming logs as required by station management and the Federal Communications Commission, control audio equipment to regulate volume and sound quality, monitor the strength, clarity, and reliability of incoming and outgoing signals and adjust equipment to maintain quality broadcasts, regulate the fidelity, brightness, and contrast of video transmissions, observe monitors to ensure programs are airing, preview scheduled programs for readiness, select sources for programming transmission, and report and address equipment problems.. During radio and television broadcasts, broadcast technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electronic equipment used to transmit the programs. They also maintain programming logs as required by regulations and are responsible for recording sound onto tape or film, checking its quality, and making adjustments as needed.. They also maintain programming logs as required by station management and the Federal Communications Commission.. They control audio equipment to regulate volume level and quality of sound, operate radio transmitters, monitor and adjust the strength and quality of signals, regulate video fidelity and brightness, ensure scheduled programs are ready for transmission, and make emergency repairs to equipment when necessary\n",
      "\n",
      "Intermediate Answers:\n",
      "Chroma: Broadcast technicians perform tasks such as controlling audio equipment to regulate volume and sound quality, monitoring the strength, clarity, and reliability of incoming and outgoing signals and adjusting equipment as necessary, regulating the fidelity, brightness, and contrast of video transmissions, and ensuring that programs are airing correctly by observing monitors and communicating with station personnel. They also maintain programming logs as required by station management and the Federal Communications Commission.\n",
      "FAISS: During radio and television broadcasts, broadcast technicians primarily maintain programming logs as required by station management and the Federal Communications Commission, control audio equipment to regulate volume and sound quality, monitor the strength, clarity, and reliability of incoming and outgoing signals and adjust equipment to maintain quality broadcasts, regulate the fidelity, brightness, and contrast of video transmissions, observe monitors to ensure programs are airing, preview scheduled programs for readiness, select sources for programming transmission, and report and address equipment problems.\n",
      "Pinecone: During radio and television broadcasts, broadcast technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electronic equipment used to transmit the programs. They control audio equipment to regulate volume level and quality of sound, operate radio transmitters, monitor and adjust the strength and quality of signals, regulate video fidelity and brightness, ensure scheduled programs are ready for transmission, and make emergency repairs to equipment when necessary. They also maintain programming logs as required by regulations and are responsible for recording sound onto tape or film, checking its quality, and making adjustments as needed.\n",
      "\n",
      "Context used for answer:\n",
      "File: 1_chroma.pdf, Page 0: Broadcast Technicians, page 1 of 3\n",
      "A CareerZone Occupational Brief for:\n",
      "Broadcast Technicians\n",
      "An occupation in Engineering and Technologies\n",
      "New York State Department of Labor\n",
      "David A. Paterson, Governor\n",
      "Job Description\n",
      "Set up, operate, and maintain the electronic equipment used to transmit radio and television programs. Control\n",
      "audio equipment to regulate volume level and quality of sound during radio and television broadcasts. Operate\n",
      "radio transmitter to broadcast radio and television programs. Interests\n",
      "Realistic - Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and\n",
      "solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of\n",
      "the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others. Tasks\n",
      "1. Maintain programming logs, as required by station management and the Federal Communications\n",
      "Commission. 2. Control audio equipment to regulate the volume and sound quality during radio and television broadcasts. 3. Monitor strength, clarity, and reliability of incoming and outgoing signals, and adjust equipment as necessary to\n",
      "maintain quality broadcasts. 4. Regulate the fidelity, brightness, and contrast of video transmissions, using video console control panels. 5. Observe monitors and converse with station personnel to determine audio and video levels and to ascertain\n",
      "that programs are airing. 6. Preview scheduled programs to ensure that signals are functioning and programs are ready for transmission. 7. Select sources from which programming will be received, or through which programming will be transmitted. 8. Report equipment problems, ensure that repairs are made, and make emergency repairs to equipment when\n",
      "necessary and possible. 9. Record sound onto tape or film for radio or television, checking its quality and making adjustments where\n",
      "necessary. 10. Align antennae with receiving dishes to obtain the clearest signal for transmission of broadcasts from field\n",
      "locations. 11. Substitute programs in cases where signals fail. Skills\n",
      "Operation Monitoring - Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly. Reading Comprehension - Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. Operation and Control - Controlling operations of equipment or systems. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 1_chroma.pdf, Page 1: Broadcast Technicians, page 2 of 3\n",
      "Troubleshooting - Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it. Active Listening - Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points\n",
      "being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times. Active Learning - Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving\n",
      "and decision-making. Critical Thinking - Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions,\n",
      "conclusions or approaches to problems. Knowledge\n",
      "Telecommunications - Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of\n",
      "telecommunications systems. Communications and Media - Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques\n",
      "and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media. Computers and Electronics - Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and\n",
      "computer hardware and software, including applications and programming. English Language - Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and\n",
      "spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar. Engineering and Technology - Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various\n",
      "goods and services. Education and Training - Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and\n",
      "instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects. Mechanical - Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance. Education\n",
      "Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed\n",
      "Education:Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or\n",
      "an associate's degree. Some may require a bachelor's degree. Training: Employees in these occupations usually need one or two years of training involving both on-the-job\n",
      "experience and informal training with experienced workers. School Programs\n",
      "Communications Technology/Technician. - A program that generally prepares individuals to function as\n",
      "workers and managers within communications industries. Includes instruction in business economics; basic\n",
      "management; principles of interpersonal and mediated communications; radio, television, and digital media\n",
      "production; and related aspects of technology and communications systems. Radio and Television Broadcasting Technology/Technician. - A program that prepares individuals to apply\n",
      "technical knowledge and skills to the production of radio and television programs, and related operations, under\n",
      "the supervision of broadcast and studio managers, directors, editors, and producers. Includes instruction in\n",
      "sound, lighting, and camera operation and maintenance; power and feed control; studio operations; production\n",
      "preparation; broadcast engineering; related computer applications; and specialized applications such as news,\n",
      "entertainment, live talk, sports, commercials, and taping. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 1_chroma.pdf, Page 2: Broadcast Technicians, page 3 of 3\n",
      "Audiovisual Communications Technologies/Technicians, Other. - Any instructional program in audiovisual\n",
      "communications technologies not listed above. Wages\n",
      "In NY the average wage for this occupation was:\n",
      "$33,030 for entry level workers, and $65,350 for experienced workers. Job Outlook\n",
      "Based on the total number of annual openings and its growth rate, the employment prospects for this occupation\n",
      "are described as Favorable. In 2006, employment for Broadcast Technicians in NY was: 3,630. It is anticipated that in the year 2016, employment in this area will number 3,930. There will be an increase of 30\n",
      "new positions annually (0.01%). In addition, 120 jobs per year (0.03%) will become available due to employee\n",
      "turnover. Similar Jobs\n",
      "Computer Support Specialists - Provide technical assistance to computer system users. Answer questions or\n",
      "resolve computer problems for clients in person, via telephone or from remote location. May provide assistance\n",
      "concerning the use of computer hardware and software, including printing, installation, word processing,\n",
      "electronic mail, and operating systems. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts - Analyze, design, test, and evaluate network systems,\n",
      "such as local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), Internet, intranet, and other data communications\n",
      "systems. Perform network modeling, analysis, and planning. Research and recommend network and data\n",
      "communications hardware and software. Includes telecommunications specialists who deal with the interfacing of\n",
      "computer and communications equipment. May supervise computer programmers. Radio Operators - Receive and transmit communications using radiotelegraph or radiotelephone equipment in\n",
      "accordance with government regulations. May repair equipment. Sound Engineering Technicians - Operate machines and equipment to record, synchronize, mix, or reproduce\n",
      "music, voices, or sound effects in sporting arenas, theater productions, recording studios, or movie and video\n",
      "productions. Film and Video Editors - Edit motion picture soundtracks, film, and video. Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers - Set-up, rearrange,\n",
      "or remove switching and dialing equipment used in central offices. Service or repair telephones and other\n",
      "communication equipment on customers' property. May install equipment in new locations or install wiring and\n",
      "telephone jacks in buildings under construction. Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers - Repair, adjust, or install audio or\n",
      "television receivers, stereo systems, camcorders, video systems, or other electronic home entertainment\n",
      "equipment. Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers - String and repair telephone and television cable,\n",
      "including fiber optics and other equipment for transmitting messages or television programming. Nuclear Power Reactor Operators - Control nuclear reactors. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 4_chroma.pdf, Page 0: 21 \n",
      "Department of Justice \n",
      "§ 0.29h \n",
      "(3) DOJ-OPR refers to the OIG allega-\n",
      "tions involving misconduct by Depart-\n",
      "ment attorneys or investigators that \n",
      "do not relate to the exercise of an at-\n",
      "torney’s authority to investigate, liti-\n",
      "gate, or provide legal advice. (4) The OIG and the FBI notify each \n",
      "other of the existence of criminal in-\n",
      "vestigations that fall within their joint \n",
      "jurisdiction to investigate crimes in-\n",
      "volving the operations of the Depart-\n",
      "ment, except where such notification \n",
      "could compromise the integrity of an \n",
      "investigation; \n",
      "(5) All Department components re-\n",
      "port to the OIG all non-frivolous alle-\n",
      "gations of criminal wrongdoing and se-\n",
      "rious administrative misconduct in-\n",
      "volving any of their employees except \n",
      "allegations involving Department at-\n",
      "torneys and investigators that relate \n",
      "to an attorney’s authority to litigate, \n",
      "investigate, or provide legal advice. (6) At the request of the Inspector \n",
      "General, the Deputy Attorney General \n",
      "may assign to the OIG a matter within \n",
      "the investigative jurisdiction of DOJ- \n",
      "OPR. In such instances, the OIG shall \n",
      "either: \n",
      "(i) Notify DOJ-OPR of its request to \n",
      "the Deputy Attorney General or \n",
      "(ii) Request that the Deputy Attor-\n",
      "ney General determine that such noti-\n",
      "fication would undermine the integrity \n",
      "of the investigation nor jeopardize the \n",
      "interests of the complainant. (7) While an issue of investigative ju-\n",
      "risdiction or assignment is pending be-\n",
      "fore the Deputy Attorney General, nei-\n",
      "ther the OIG DOJ-OPR shall undertake \n",
      "any investigative activity without au-\n",
      "thorization from the Deputy Attorney \n",
      "General. (b) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of potential criminal mis-\n",
      "conduct or civil liability are referred \n",
      "to the appropriate prosecutorial or \n",
      "litigative office. (c) The OIG advises DOJ-OPR of the \n",
      "existence and results of any investiga-\n",
      "tion that reflects upon the ethics, com-\n",
      "petence, or integrity of a Department \n",
      "attorney for appropriate action by \n",
      "DOJ-OPR. (d) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of administrative misconduct \n",
      "are reported to management for appro-\n",
      "priate disposition. [Order No. 2167–98, 63 FR 36847, July 8, 1998; 63 \n",
      "FR 40788, July 30, 1998, as amended by Order \n",
      "No. 2492–2001, 66 FR 37903, July 20, 2001] \n",
      "§ 0.29f\n",
      "Confidentiality. The Inspector General shall not, dur-\n",
      "ing the pendency of an investigation, \n",
      "disclose the identity of an employee \n",
      "who submits a complaint to the OIG \n",
      "without the employee’s consent, unless \n",
      "the Inspector General determines that \n",
      "such disclosure is unavoidable in the \n",
      "course of the investigation. § 0.29g\n",
      "Reprisals. Any employee who has authority to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "direct \n",
      "others \n",
      "to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "rec-\n",
      "ommend, or approve any personnel ac-\n",
      "tion shall not, with respect to such au-\n",
      "thority, take or threaten to take any \n",
      "action against any employee as a re-\n",
      "prisal for the employee making a com-\n",
      "plaint or disclosing information to the \n",
      "OIG unless the complaint was made or \n",
      "the information was disclosed with \n",
      "knowledge that it was false or with \n",
      "willful disregard for its truth or fal-\n",
      "sity. § 0.29h\n",
      "Specific authorities of the In-\n",
      "spector General. The Inspector General is authorized \n",
      "to: \n",
      "(a) Conduct investigations and issue \n",
      "reports relating to criminal wrong-\n",
      "doing and administrative misconduct \n",
      "of Department employees and adminis-\n",
      "tration of the programs and operations \n",
      "of the Department as are, in the judg-\n",
      "ment of the Inspector General, nec-\n",
      "essary or desirable; \n",
      "(b) Receive and investigate com-\n",
      "plaints or information from an em-\n",
      "ployee of the Department concerning \n",
      "the possible existence of an activity \n",
      "constituting a violation of law, rules, \n",
      "or regulations, or mismanagement, \n",
      "gross waste of funds, an abuse of au-\n",
      "thority, or a substantial and specific \n",
      "danger to the public health and safety; \n",
      "(c) Have direct and prompt access to \n",
      "the Attorney General when necessary \n",
      "for any purpose pertaining to the per-\n",
      "formance of the functions and respon-\n",
      "sibilities of the OIG; \n",
      "VerDate Aug<31>2005 \n",
      "10:11 Aug 04, 2008\n",
      "Jkt 214106\n",
      "PO 00000\n",
      "Frm 00031\n",
      "Fmt 8010\n",
      "Sfmt 8010\n",
      "Y:\\SGML\\214106.XXX\n",
      "214106\n",
      "rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 4_chroma.pdf, Page 1: 22 \n",
      "28 CFR Ch. I (7–1–08 Edition) \n",
      "§ 0.29i \n",
      "(d) Have access to all records, re-\n",
      "ports, audits, reviews, documents, pa-\n",
      "pers, recommendations, or other mate-\n",
      "rial available to the Department and \n",
      "its components that relate to programs \n",
      "and operations with respect to which \n",
      "the OIG has responsibilities unless the \n",
      "Attorney General notifies the Inspec-\n",
      "tor General, in writing, that such ac-\n",
      "cess shall not be available because it is \n",
      "necessary to prevent the disclosure of \n",
      "(1) Sensitive information concerning \n",
      "ongoing civil or criminal investiga-\n",
      "tions or proceedings; \n",
      "(2) Undercover operations; \n",
      "(3) \n",
      "The \n",
      "identity \n",
      "of \n",
      "confidential \n",
      "sources, including protected witnesses; \n",
      "(4) \n",
      "Intelligence \n",
      "or \n",
      "counterintel-\n",
      "ligence matters; or \n",
      "(5) Other matters the disclosure of \n",
      "which \n",
      "would \n",
      "constitute \n",
      "a \n",
      "serious \n",
      "threat to national security or signifi-\n",
      "cantly impair the national interests of \n",
      "the United States; \n",
      "(e) Request such information or as-\n",
      "sistance as may be necessary for car-\n",
      "rying out the duties and responsibil-\n",
      "ities of the OIG from any office, board, \n",
      "division, or component of the Depart-\n",
      "ment, and any Federal, State, or local \n",
      "governmental agency or unit thereof; \n",
      "(f) Issue subpoenas to individuals, \n",
      "and entities, other than Federal gov-\n",
      "ernment agencies, for the production of \n",
      "information, records, data, and other \n",
      "documentary evidence necessary to \n",
      "carry out the functions of the OIG; \n",
      "(g) Obtain information from Federal \n",
      "government agencies by means other \n",
      "than subpoena and advise the head of \n",
      "such agency whenever information is \n",
      "unreasonably refused or not provided; \n",
      "(h) Select, appoint, and employ such \n",
      "officers and employees as may be nec-\n",
      "essary for carrying out the functions, \n",
      "powers, and duties of the OIG; \n",
      "(i) Employ on a temporary basis such \n",
      "experts and consultants as may be nec-\n",
      "essary to carry out the duties of the \n",
      "OIG; \n",
      "(j) Enter into contracts and other ar-\n",
      "rangements for audits, studies, anal-\n",
      "yses, and other services with public \n",
      "agencies and with private persons, and \n",
      "to make such payments as may be nec-\n",
      "essary to carry out the duties of the \n",
      "OIG; \n",
      "(k) Take from any person an oath, af-\n",
      "firmation, or affidavit whenever nec-\n",
      "essary in the performance of the func-\n",
      "tions of the OIG. [Order No. 2167–98, 63 FR 36847, July 8, 1998, \n",
      "as amended by Order No. 2492–2001, 66 FR \n",
      "37903, July 20, 2001] \n",
      "§ 0.29i\n",
      "Audit, inspection, and review \n",
      "authority. The OIG is authorized to perform au-\n",
      "dits, inspections, and reviews of the \n",
      "programs and operations of the Depart-\n",
      "ment of Justice and of entities con-\n",
      "tracting with or obtaining benefits \n",
      "from the Department. § 0.29j\n",
      "Law enforcement authority. Subject to guidelines promulgated by \n",
      "the Attorney General, Special Agents \n",
      "of the Office of the Inspector General \n",
      "are authorized to: \n",
      "(a) Detect and assist in the prosecu-\n",
      "tion of crimes in violation of the laws \n",
      "of the United States and to conduct \n",
      "such other investigations regarding \n",
      "matters that are within the jurisdic-\n",
      "tion of the Inspector General; \n",
      "(b) Serve legal writs, summons, com-\n",
      "plaints, and subpoenas issued by the \n",
      "Inspector General or by a Federal \n",
      "grand jury; \n",
      "(c) Receive, transport, and provide \n",
      "safekeeping of arrestees and other per-\n",
      "sons in the custody of the Attorney \n",
      "General or detained aliens; \n",
      "(d) Arrest without warrant any per-\n",
      "son for an offense against the United \n",
      "States committed in the presence of \n",
      "the Special Agent or whom the Special \n",
      "Agent has reasonable grounds to be-\n",
      "lieve has committed or is committing a \n",
      "felony cognizable under the laws of the \n",
      "United States; \n",
      "(e) Seek and execute search and ar-\n",
      "rest warrants; \n",
      "(f) Carry firearms while on-duty; and \n",
      "(g) Carry firearms while off-duty as \n",
      "authorized by the Inspector General. [Order No. 2835–2006, 71 FR 54413, Sept. 15, \n",
      "2006] \n",
      "Subpart F—Community Relations \n",
      "Service \n",
      "§ 0.30\n",
      "General functions. The following-described matters are \n",
      "assigned to, and shall be conducted, \n",
      "handled, or supervised by, the Director \n",
      "of the Community Relations Service: \n",
      "VerDate Aug<31>2005 \n",
      "10:11 Aug 04, 2008\n",
      "Jkt 214106\n",
      "PO 00000\n",
      "Frm 00032\n",
      "Fmt 8010\n",
      "Sfmt 8010\n",
      "Y:\\SGML\\214106.XXX\n",
      "214106\n",
      "rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 1_chroma.pdf, Page 0: Broadcast Technicians, page 1 of 3\n",
      "A CareerZone Occupational Brief for:\n",
      "Broadcast Technicians\n",
      "An occupation in Engineering and Technologies\n",
      "New York State Department of Labor\n",
      "David A. Paterson, Governor\n",
      "Job Description\n",
      "Set up, operate, and maintain the electronic equipment used to transmit radio and television programs. Control\n",
      "audio equipment to regulate volume level and quality of sound during radio and television broadcasts. Operate\n",
      "radio transmitter to broadcast radio and television programs. Interests\n",
      "Realistic - Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and\n",
      "solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of\n",
      "the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others. Tasks\n",
      "1. Maintain programming logs, as required by station management and the Federal Communications\n",
      "Commission. 2. Control audio equipment to regulate the volume and sound quality during radio and television broadcasts. 3. Monitor strength, clarity, and reliability of incoming and outgoing signals, and adjust equipment as necessary to\n",
      "maintain quality broadcasts. 4. Regulate the fidelity, brightness, and contrast of video transmissions, using video console control panels. 5. Observe monitors and converse with station personnel to determine audio and video levels and to ascertain\n",
      "that programs are airing. 6. Preview scheduled programs to ensure that signals are functioning and programs are ready for transmission. 7. Select sources from which programming will be received, or through which programming will be transmitted. 8. Report equipment problems, ensure that repairs are made, and make emergency repairs to equipment when\n",
      "necessary and possible. 9. Record sound onto tape or film for radio or television, checking its quality and making adjustments where\n",
      "necessary. 10. Align antennae with receiving dishes to obtain the clearest signal for transmission of broadcasts from field\n",
      "locations. 11. Substitute programs in cases where signals fail. Skills\n",
      "Operation Monitoring - Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly. Reading Comprehension - Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. Operation and Control - Controlling operations of equipment or systems. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 1_chroma.pdf, Page 1: Broadcast Technicians, page 2 of 3\n",
      "Troubleshooting - Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it. Active Listening - Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points\n",
      "being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times. Active Learning - Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving\n",
      "and decision-making. Critical Thinking - Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions,\n",
      "conclusions or approaches to problems. Knowledge\n",
      "Telecommunications - Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of\n",
      "telecommunications systems. Communications and Media - Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques\n",
      "and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media. Computers and Electronics - Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and\n",
      "computer hardware and software, including applications and programming. English Language - Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and\n",
      "spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar. Engineering and Technology - Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various\n",
      "goods and services. Education and Training - Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and\n",
      "instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects. Mechanical - Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance. Education\n",
      "Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed\n",
      "Education:Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or\n",
      "an associate's degree. Some may require a bachelor's degree. Training: Employees in these occupations usually need one or two years of training involving both on-the-job\n",
      "experience and informal training with experienced workers. School Programs\n",
      "Communications Technology/Technician. - A program that generally prepares individuals to function as\n",
      "workers and managers within communications industries. Includes instruction in business economics; basic\n",
      "management; principles of interpersonal and mediated communications; radio, television, and digital media\n",
      "production; and related aspects of technology and communications systems. Radio and Television Broadcasting Technology/Technician. - A program that prepares individuals to apply\n",
      "technical knowledge and skills to the production of radio and television programs, and related operations, under\n",
      "the supervision of broadcast and studio managers, directors, editors, and producers. Includes instruction in\n",
      "sound, lighting, and camera operation and maintenance; power and feed control; studio operations; production\n",
      "preparation; broadcast engineering; related computer applications; and specialized applications such as news,\n",
      "entertainment, live talk, sports, commercials, and taping. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 1_chroma.pdf, Page 2: Broadcast Technicians, page 3 of 3\n",
      "Audiovisual Communications Technologies/Technicians, Other. - Any instructional program in audiovisual\n",
      "communications technologies not listed above. Wages\n",
      "In NY the average wage for this occupation was:\n",
      "$33,030 for entry level workers, and $65,350 for experienced workers. Job Outlook\n",
      "Based on the total number of annual openings and its growth rate, the employment prospects for this occupation\n",
      "are described as Favorable. In 2006, employment for Broadcast Technicians in NY was: 3,630. It is anticipated that in the year 2016, employment in this area will number 3,930. There will be an increase of 30\n",
      "new positions annually (0.01%). In addition, 120 jobs per year (0.03%) will become available due to employee\n",
      "turnover. Similar Jobs\n",
      "Computer Support Specialists - Provide technical assistance to computer system users. Answer questions or\n",
      "resolve computer problems for clients in person, via telephone or from remote location. May provide assistance\n",
      "concerning the use of computer hardware and software, including printing, installation, word processing,\n",
      "electronic mail, and operating systems. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts - Analyze, design, test, and evaluate network systems,\n",
      "such as local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), Internet, intranet, and other data communications\n",
      "systems. Perform network modeling, analysis, and planning. Research and recommend network and data\n",
      "communications hardware and software. Includes telecommunications specialists who deal with the interfacing of\n",
      "computer and communications equipment. May supervise computer programmers. Radio Operators - Receive and transmit communications using radiotelegraph or radiotelephone equipment in\n",
      "accordance with government regulations. May repair equipment. Sound Engineering Technicians - Operate machines and equipment to record, synchronize, mix, or reproduce\n",
      "music, voices, or sound effects in sporting arenas, theater productions, recording studios, or movie and video\n",
      "productions. Film and Video Editors - Edit motion picture soundtracks, film, and video. Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers - Set-up, rearrange,\n",
      "or remove switching and dialing equipment used in central offices. Service or repair telephones and other\n",
      "communication equipment on customers' property. May install equipment in new locations or install wiring and\n",
      "telephone jacks in buildings under construction. Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers - Repair, adjust, or install audio or\n",
      "television receivers, stereo systems, camcorders, video systems, or other electronic home entertainment\n",
      "equipment. Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers - String and repair telephone and television cable,\n",
      "including fiber optics and other equipment for transmitting messages or television programming. Nuclear Power Reactor Operators - Control nuclear reactors. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 4_chroma.pdf, Page 0: 21 \n",
      "Department of Justice \n",
      "§ 0.29h \n",
      "(3) DOJ-OPR refers to the OIG allega-\n",
      "tions involving misconduct by Depart-\n",
      "ment attorneys or investigators that \n",
      "do not relate to the exercise of an at-\n",
      "torney’s authority to investigate, liti-\n",
      "gate, or provide legal advice. (4) The OIG and the FBI notify each \n",
      "other of the existence of criminal in-\n",
      "vestigations that fall within their joint \n",
      "jurisdiction to investigate crimes in-\n",
      "volving the operations of the Depart-\n",
      "ment, except where such notification \n",
      "could compromise the integrity of an \n",
      "investigation; \n",
      "(5) All Department components re-\n",
      "port to the OIG all non-frivolous alle-\n",
      "gations of criminal wrongdoing and se-\n",
      "rious administrative misconduct in-\n",
      "volving any of their employees except \n",
      "allegations involving Department at-\n",
      "torneys and investigators that relate \n",
      "to an attorney’s authority to litigate, \n",
      "investigate, or provide legal advice. (6) At the request of the Inspector \n",
      "General, the Deputy Attorney General \n",
      "may assign to the OIG a matter within \n",
      "the investigative jurisdiction of DOJ- \n",
      "OPR. In such instances, the OIG shall \n",
      "either: \n",
      "(i) Notify DOJ-OPR of its request to \n",
      "the Deputy Attorney General or \n",
      "(ii) Request that the Deputy Attor-\n",
      "ney General determine that such noti-\n",
      "fication would undermine the integrity \n",
      "of the investigation nor jeopardize the \n",
      "interests of the complainant. (7) While an issue of investigative ju-\n",
      "risdiction or assignment is pending be-\n",
      "fore the Deputy Attorney General, nei-\n",
      "ther the OIG DOJ-OPR shall undertake \n",
      "any investigative activity without au-\n",
      "thorization from the Deputy Attorney \n",
      "General. (b) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of potential criminal mis-\n",
      "conduct or civil liability are referred \n",
      "to the appropriate prosecutorial or \n",
      "litigative office. (c) The OIG advises DOJ-OPR of the \n",
      "existence and results of any investiga-\n",
      "tion that reflects upon the ethics, com-\n",
      "petence, or integrity of a Department \n",
      "attorney for appropriate action by \n",
      "DOJ-OPR. (d) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of administrative misconduct \n",
      "are reported to management for appro-\n",
      "priate disposition. [Order No. 2167–98, 63 FR 36847, July 8, 1998; 63 \n",
      "FR 40788, July 30, 1998, as amended by Order \n",
      "No. 2492–2001, 66 FR 37903, July 20, 2001] \n",
      "§ 0.29f\n",
      "Confidentiality. The Inspector General shall not, dur-\n",
      "ing the pendency of an investigation, \n",
      "disclose the identity of an employee \n",
      "who submits a complaint to the OIG \n",
      "without the employee’s consent, unless \n",
      "the Inspector General determines that \n",
      "such disclosure is unavoidable in the \n",
      "course of the investigation. § 0.29g\n",
      "Reprisals. Any employee who has authority to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "direct \n",
      "others \n",
      "to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "rec-\n",
      "ommend, or approve any personnel ac-\n",
      "tion shall not, with respect to such au-\n",
      "thority, take or threaten to take any \n",
      "action against any employee as a re-\n",
      "prisal for the employee making a com-\n",
      "plaint or disclosing information to the \n",
      "OIG unless the complaint was made or \n",
      "the information was disclosed with \n",
      "knowledge that it was false or with \n",
      "willful disregard for its truth or fal-\n",
      "sity. § 0.29h\n",
      "Specific authorities of the In-\n",
      "spector General. The Inspector General is authorized \n",
      "to: \n",
      "(a) Conduct investigations and issue \n",
      "reports relating to criminal wrong-\n",
      "doing and administrative misconduct \n",
      "of Department employees and adminis-\n",
      "tration of the programs and operations \n",
      "of the Department as are, in the judg-\n",
      "ment of the Inspector General, nec-\n",
      "essary or desirable; \n",
      "(b) Receive and investigate com-\n",
      "plaints or information from an em-\n",
      "ployee of the Department concerning \n",
      "the possible existence of an activity \n",
      "constituting a violation of law, rules, \n",
      "or regulations, or mismanagement, \n",
      "gross waste of funds, an abuse of au-\n",
      "thority, or a substantial and specific \n",
      "danger to the public health and safety; \n",
      "(c) Have direct and prompt access to \n",
      "the Attorney General when necessary \n",
      "for any purpose pertaining to the per-\n",
      "formance of the functions and respon-\n",
      "sibilities of the OIG; \n",
      "VerDate Aug<31>2005 \n",
      "10:11 Aug 04, 2008\n",
      "Jkt 214106\n",
      "PO 00000\n",
      "Frm 00031\n",
      "Fmt 8010\n",
      "Sfmt 8010\n",
      "Y:\\SGML\\214106.XXX\n",
      "214106\n",
      "rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 4_chroma.pdf, Page 1: 22 \n",
      "28 CFR Ch. I (7–1–08 Edition) \n",
      "§ 0.29i \n",
      "(d) Have access to all records, re-\n",
      "ports, audits, reviews, documents, pa-\n",
      "pers, recommendations, or other mate-\n",
      "rial available to the Department and \n",
      "its components that relate to programs \n",
      "and operations with respect to which \n",
      "the OIG has responsibilities unless the \n",
      "Attorney General notifies the Inspec-\n",
      "tor General, in writing, that such ac-\n",
      "cess shall not be available because it is \n",
      "necessary to prevent the disclosure of \n",
      "(1) Sensitive information concerning \n",
      "ongoing civil or criminal investiga-\n",
      "tions or proceedings; \n",
      "(2) Undercover operations; \n",
      "(3) \n",
      "The \n",
      "identity \n",
      "of \n",
      "confidential \n",
      "sources, including protected witnesses; \n",
      "(4) \n",
      "Intelligence \n",
      "or \n",
      "counterintel-\n",
      "ligence matters; or \n",
      "(5) Other matters the disclosure of \n",
      "which \n",
      "would \n",
      "constitute \n",
      "a \n",
      "serious \n",
      "threat to national security or signifi-\n",
      "cantly impair the national interests of \n",
      "the United States; \n",
      "(e) Request such information or as-\n",
      "sistance as may be necessary for car-\n",
      "rying out the duties and responsibil-\n",
      "ities of the OIG from any office, board, \n",
      "division, or component of the Depart-\n",
      "ment, and any Federal, State, or local \n",
      "governmental agency or unit thereof; \n",
      "(f) Issue subpoenas to individuals, \n",
      "and entities, other than Federal gov-\n",
      "ernment agencies, for the production of \n",
      "information, records, data, and other \n",
      "documentary evidence necessary to \n",
      "carry out the functions of the OIG; \n",
      "(g) Obtain information from Federal \n",
      "government agencies by means other \n",
      "than subpoena and advise the head of \n",
      "such agency whenever information is \n",
      "unreasonably refused or not provided; \n",
      "(h) Select, appoint, and employ such \n",
      "officers and employees as may be nec-\n",
      "essary for carrying out the functions, \n",
      "powers, and duties of the OIG; \n",
      "(i) Employ on a temporary basis such \n",
      "experts and consultants as may be nec-\n",
      "essary to carry out the duties of the \n",
      "OIG; \n",
      "(j) Enter into contracts and other ar-\n",
      "rangements for audits, studies, anal-\n",
      "yses, and other services with public \n",
      "agencies and with private persons, and \n",
      "to make such payments as may be nec-\n",
      "essary to carry out the duties of the \n",
      "OIG; \n",
      "(k) Take from any person an oath, af-\n",
      "firmation, or affidavit whenever nec-\n",
      "essary in the performance of the func-\n",
      "tions of the OIG. [Order No. 2167–98, 63 FR 36847, July 8, 1998, \n",
      "as amended by Order No. 2492–2001, 66 FR \n",
      "37903, July 20, 2001] \n",
      "§ 0.29i\n",
      "Audit, inspection, and review \n",
      "authority. The OIG is authorized to perform au-\n",
      "dits, inspections, and reviews of the \n",
      "programs and operations of the Depart-\n",
      "ment of Justice and of entities con-\n",
      "tracting with or obtaining benefits \n",
      "from the Department. § 0.29j\n",
      "Law enforcement authority. Subject to guidelines promulgated by \n",
      "the Attorney General, Special Agents \n",
      "of the Office of the Inspector General \n",
      "are authorized to: \n",
      "(a) Detect and assist in the prosecu-\n",
      "tion of crimes in violation of the laws \n",
      "of the United States and to conduct \n",
      "such other investigations regarding \n",
      "matters that are within the jurisdic-\n",
      "tion of the Inspector General; \n",
      "(b) Serve legal writs, summons, com-\n",
      "plaints, and subpoenas issued by the \n",
      "Inspector General or by a Federal \n",
      "grand jury; \n",
      "(c) Receive, transport, and provide \n",
      "safekeeping of arrestees and other per-\n",
      "sons in the custody of the Attorney \n",
      "General or detained aliens; \n",
      "(d) Arrest without warrant any per-\n",
      "son for an offense against the United \n",
      "States committed in the presence of \n",
      "the Special Agent or whom the Special \n",
      "Agent has reasonable grounds to be-\n",
      "lieve has committed or is committing a \n",
      "felony cognizable under the laws of the \n",
      "United States; \n",
      "(e) Seek and execute search and ar-\n",
      "rest warrants; \n",
      "(f) Carry firearms while on-duty; and \n",
      "(g) Carry firearms while off-duty as \n",
      "authorized by the Inspector General. [Order No. 2835–2006, 71 FR 54413, Sept. 15, \n",
      "2006] \n",
      "Subpart F—Community Relations \n",
      "Service \n",
      "§ 0.30\n",
      "General functions. The following-described matters are \n",
      "assigned to, and shall be conducted, \n",
      "handled, or supervised by, the Director \n",
      "of the Community Relations Service: \n",
      "VerDate Aug<31>2005 \n",
      "10:11 Aug 04, 2008\n",
      "Jkt 214106\n",
      "PO 00000\n",
      "Frm 00032\n",
      "Fmt 8010\n",
      "Sfmt 8010\n",
      "Y:\\SGML\\214106.XXX\n",
      "214106\n",
      "rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 10: DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "Larry Kolb, retired, SFRWQCB:\n",
      "“Marcia is one of those rare people whom\n",
      "everybody respects, everybody likes, and\n",
      "everybody enjoys working with. In all her\n",
      "achievements, Marcia has been utterly mod-\n",
      "est, unassuming, and always reluctant to\n",
      "accept credit.”\n",
      "Sam Ziegler, USEPA:\n",
      "“She was a role model for me back when I\n",
      "was relatively new in my career. The cool\n",
      "thing was that she could have been my\n",
      "mother, but she wasn’t—here she was doing\n",
      "this great environmental work, and she was\n",
      "totally dedicated and competent, and in\n",
      "many ways mirrored the things I wanted to\n",
      "achieve, which was to stay committed to\n",
      "what you believe in.To believe that you could\n",
      "make a difference. She was, and remains, a\n",
      "total inspiration.”\n",
      "Ellen Johnck, Bay Planning Coalition:\n",
      "“Marcia is the emblem and spirit of the SFEP\n",
      ". That spirit means keeping the flock together\n",
      "to take care of the Bay—she kept the\n",
      "momentum going by being persistent, diligent,\n",
      "and organized.This was no mean feat, as all\n",
      "the participants come from different walks of\n",
      "life and are busy in their own jobs. But she\n",
      "carried us all with great aplomb and verve.”\n",
      "Ann Riley, SFRWQCB:\n",
      "“I first met Marcia when working for non-\n",
      "profits trying to restore little loved urban\n",
      "creeks, and what astonished me about her\n",
      "was she was extremely concerned about\n",
      "getting seed money to citizen groups in a\n",
      "user-friendly way that was responsive to their\n",
      "needs.This was a foreign concept back then\n",
      "for those of us working to get grants from\n",
      "larger agencies —a light in the wilderness. Now that I work in the same building I see\n",
      "that she’s here on weekends, here at night,\n",
      "bears an incredible workload without com-\n",
      "plaint, and always says ‘yes’ if you ask her for\n",
      "help. She’s created a standard that none of\n",
      "us can ever hope to attain.”\n",
      "Leo Winternitz, Delta Vision:\n",
      "“Marcia is a great lady, classy and charming. She has always been a joy to work with.And\n",
      "she obviously has a passion for her work,\n",
      "which makes her very effective. I will miss her.”\n",
      "local creek group, spend more time\n",
      "with her grandkids, and read all her\n",
      "back issues of The New Yorker. Looking\n",
      "back, she says the most rewarding thing\n",
      "about her experience has been the\n",
      "growth of her personal understanding\n",
      "of the science, and of what it means to\n",
      "have a healthy estuary. “I think I’ve\n",
      "had some small role it trying to make\n",
      "that happen, make a better place for\n",
      "future generations that live around the\n",
      "Bay. I don’t really know if that will\n",
      "really be the outcome, but I sure hope\n",
      "it will.”\n",
      "—ARO\n",
      "David Lewis, Save the Bay:\n",
      "“Marcia's patient stewardship of the Estuary\n",
      "Project is the number one reason its work\n",
      "enjoys such broad support among an enor-\n",
      "mous group of diverse partners who care\n",
      "about the Bay.”\n",
      "Arthur Feinstein, Citizens Committee\n",
      "to Complete the Refuge:\n",
      "“For a non-regulatory document, the CCMP\n",
      "has had more impact than most because it\n",
      "was so inclusive and had so much buy-in, and\n",
      "this gave the agencies the freedom to move\n",
      "forward and do good things. Marcia played a\n",
      "key role in bringing everybody together as\n",
      "years went by, in keeping the collaborative\n",
      "element of the CCMP alive and the working\n",
      "atmosphere comfortable and functional.”\n",
      "Rainer Hoenicke, SFEI:\n",
      "“During the early phases of the National\n",
      "Estuary Program, few had heard of, let alone\n",
      "were familiar with, using stakeholder processes\n",
      "in environmental planning and decision-making. Marcia was instrumental in demonstrating\n",
      "how meeting process and content can and\n",
      "should be appropriately balanced to get\n",
      "people with various backgrounds to arrive at\n",
      "tangible outcomes. Later, those of us who\n",
      "were looking for what to emulate and what\n",
      "to avoid in establishing the Santa Monica Bay\n",
      "Restoration Project finally just relied on\n",
      "Marcia for guidance. Our motto was:‘When\n",
      "in doubt, just call Marcia at SFEP\n",
      ".’ \"\n",
      "Steve Ritchie, Coastal Conservancy:\n",
      "“Marcia was non-threatening in a way that\n",
      "wasn’t trying to advance Marcia Brockbank,\n",
      "as in not trying to climb to some higher\n",
      "position or achieve some special reputation. She never had any hidden agenda, she just\n",
      "wanted to do the right thing. She made the\n",
      "Estuary Project a safe place where we could\n",
      "talk and try to work things out. She was also\n",
      "always able to maintain the right ties with\n",
      "the right people at EPA to keep SFEP tied to\n",
      "its origins.“\n",
      "1 1\n",
      "Amy Zimpfer, USEPA:\n",
      "“In the early days, she was the critical third\n",
      "leg in the Estuary Project’s 3-legged stool—\n",
      "1/3 science, 1/3 process and planning, 1/3\n",
      "public outreach. Her outreach brought credi-\n",
      "bility with the public to our project, and\n",
      "almost everything she started—ESTUARY\n",
      "newsletter, the non-profit friends, the educa-\n",
      "tional campaigns, are still going strong today. She was never afraid to take a stand on\n",
      "something, but she would express it in a way\n",
      "that made people listen and give thought to\n",
      "her views long after the exchange, a unique\n",
      "skill. She’s one of the most gracious and\n",
      "hard-working people I know.”\n",
      "Richard Morat, USFWS:\n",
      "“People would fall on their sword for\n",
      "Marcia—she has built tremendous social\n",
      "capital in the Bay and watershed community. She has been genuine to all, whether with\n",
      "individual stewards or in the boardrooms of\n",
      "NGOs. She’s a good listener, yet a warrior\n",
      "with many of us in mission. After a recent\n",
      "trip to India, she gave many \"partners in\n",
      "mission\" small figures of Ganesh, \"the Hindu\n",
      "remover of obstacles\"...Telling huh?\"\n",
      "Will Travis, BCDC:\n",
      "“I don’t know of any other institutionalized\n",
      "arrangement—in this case the CCMP—so\n",
      "personified by one person. Marcia has been\n",
      "the driving force, the master architect, the\n",
      "kibutzer who keeps us going, and the charmer\n",
      "who keeps us all working together.”\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 1_chroma.pdf, Page 0.0: Broadcast Technicians, page 1 of 3\n",
      "A CareerZone Occupational Brief for:\n",
      "Broadcast Technicians\n",
      "An occupation in Engineering and Technologies\n",
      "New York State Department of Labor\n",
      "David A. Paterson, Governor\n",
      "Job Description\n",
      "Set up, operate, and maintain the electronic equipment used to transmit radio and television programs. Control\n",
      "audio equipment to regulate volume level and quality of sound during radio and television broadcasts. Operate\n",
      "radio transmitter to broadcast radio and television programs. Interests\n",
      "Realistic - Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and\n",
      "solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of\n",
      "the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others. Tasks\n",
      "1. Maintain programming logs, as required by station management and the Federal Communications\n",
      "Commission. 2. Control audio equipment to regulate the volume and sound quality during radio and television broadcasts. 3. Monitor strength, clarity, and reliability of incoming and outgoing signals, and adjust equipment as necessary to\n",
      "maintain quality broadcasts. 4. Regulate the fidelity, brightness, and contrast of video transmissions, using video console control panels. 5. Observe monitors and converse with station personnel to determine audio and video levels and to ascertain\n",
      "that programs are airing. 6. Preview scheduled programs to ensure that signals are functioning and programs are ready for transmission. 7. Select sources from which programming will be received, or through which programming will be transmitted. 8. Report equipment problems, ensure that repairs are made, and make emergency repairs to equipment when\n",
      "necessary and possible. 9. Record sound onto tape or film for radio or television, checking its quality and making adjustments where\n",
      "necessary. 10. Align antennae with receiving dishes to obtain the clearest signal for transmission of broadcasts from field\n",
      "locations. 11. Substitute programs in cases where signals fail. Skills\n",
      "Operation Monitoring - Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly. Reading Comprehension - Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. Operation and Control - Controlling operations of equipment or systems. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 1.pdf, Page 0.0: Broadcast Technicians, page 1 of 3\n",
      "A CareerZone Occupational Brief for:\n",
      "Broadcast Technicians\n",
      "An occupation in Engineering and Technologies\n",
      "New York State Department of Labor\n",
      "David A. Paterson, Governor\n",
      "Job Description\n",
      "Set up, operate, and maintain the electronic equipment used to transmit radio and television programs. Control\n",
      "audio equipment to regulate volume level and quality of sound during radio and television broadcasts. Operate\n",
      "radio transmitter to broadcast radio and television programs. Interests\n",
      "Realistic - Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and\n",
      "solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of\n",
      "the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others. Tasks\n",
      "1. Maintain programming logs, as required by station management and the Federal Communications\n",
      "Commission. 2. Control audio equipment to regulate the volume and sound quality during radio and television broadcasts. 3. Monitor strength, clarity, and reliability of incoming and outgoing signals, and adjust equipment as necessary to\n",
      "maintain quality broadcasts. 4. Regulate the fidelity, brightness, and contrast of video transmissions, using video console control panels. 5. Observe monitors and converse with station personnel to determine audio and video levels and to ascertain\n",
      "that programs are airing. 6. Preview scheduled programs to ensure that signals are functioning and programs are ready for transmission. 7. Select sources from which programming will be received, or through which programming will be transmitted. 8. Report equipment problems, ensure that repairs are made, and make emergency repairs to equipment when\n",
      "necessary and possible. 9. Record sound onto tape or film for radio or television, checking its quality and making adjustments where\n",
      "necessary. 10. Align antennae with receiving dishes to obtain the clearest signal for transmission of broadcasts from field\n",
      "locations. 11. Substitute programs in cases where signals fail. Skills\n",
      "Operation Monitoring - Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly. Reading Comprehension - Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. Operation and Control - Controlling operations of equipment or systems. \n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Usage Example\n",
    "question = \"What are the primary tasks performed by broadcast technicians during radio and television broadcasts?\"\n",
    "aggregated_answer, all_responses, context, sources = get_aggregated_answer_and_sources(question)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Format the output in a readable way\n",
    "formatted_context = \"\\n\\n\".join([f\"File: {doc.metadata['file']}, Page {doc.metadata.get('page', 'Unknown')}: {doc.page_content}\" for doc in context])\n",
    "\n",
    "output = f\"\"\"\n",
    "Final Aggregated Answer: {aggregated_answer}\n",
    "\n",
    "Intermediate Answers:\n",
    "Chroma: {all_responses.get('chroma', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "FAISS: {all_responses.get('faiss', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "Pinecone: {all_responses.get('pinecone', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "\n",
    "Context used for answer:\n",
    "{formatted_context}\n",
    "\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "print(output)\n"
   ]
  },
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      "\n",
      "Final Aggregated Answer: Conduct investigations and issue reports relating to criminal wrongdoing and administrative misconduct of DOJ employees, and administration of the department's programs and operations.\n",
      "2. Conducting investigations and issuing reports relating to criminal wrongdoing and administrative misconduct of Department employees and the administration of the programs and operations of the DOJ.\n",
      "2. Ensure that no reprisals are taken against any employee for making a complaint or disclosing information to the OIG, unless the complaint or information was disclosed with knowledge of its falsity or with willful disregard for its truth or falsity.\n",
      "\n",
      "These authorities and responsibilities enable the Inspector General to act as an independent and objective unit within the DOJ to conduct audits, inspections, and investigations aimed at promoting efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability.. Entering into contracts and other arrangements for audits, studies, analyses, and other services with public agencies and private persons to carry out the duties of the OIG.\n",
      "9. Exercising law enforcement authority to detect and assist in the prosecution of crimes against the United States, serve legal writs, make arrests, execute search and arrest warrants, and carry firearms.\n",
      "\n",
      "These authorities are outlined in the DOJ's regulatory framework and provide the Inspector General with the ability to independently and effectively oversee the programs and personnel of the DOJ to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and misconduct.. Have direct and prompt access to the Attorney General when necessary for any purpose pertaining to the performance of the functions and responsibilities of the OIG.\n",
      "4. Having access to all records and materials available to the DOJ that relate to programs and operations with respect to which the OIG has responsibilities.\n",
      "5. Having direct and prompt access to the Attorney General for any purposes pertaining to the performance of the functions and responsibilities of the OIG.\n",
      "4. Issuing subpoenas for information, records, data, and other documentary evidence necessary to carry out the functions of the OIG.\n",
      "7. Maintain confidentiality and not disclose the identity of an employee who submits a complaint to the OIG without the employee's consent, unless such disclosure is unavoidable in the course of the investigation.\n",
      "5. Performing audits, inspections, and reviews of the programs and operations of the DOJ and of entities contracting with or obtaining benefits from the DOJ.\n",
      "11. Receive and investigate complaints or information from DOJ employees concerning possible violations of laws, rules, or regulations, or mismanagement, gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health and safety.\n",
      "3. Receiving and investigating complaints or information from DOJ employees concerning possible violations of law, rules, or regulations, or mismanagement, gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or substantial and specific danger to the public health and safety.\n",
      "3. Requesting information or assistance necessary for carrying out the duties and responsibilities of the OIG from any Federal, State, or local governmental agency or unit thereof.\n",
      "6. Selecting, appointing, and employing officers and employees as necessary to carry out the functions, powers, and duties of the OIG, as well as temporarily employing experts and consultants.\n",
      "8. Taking oaths, affirmations, or affidavits when necessary in the performance of the functions of the OIG.\n",
      "10. The Inspector General within the Department of Justice (DOJ) has several specific authorities and responsibilities which include:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. The OIG's role is to provide independent oversight to detect and prevent waste, fraud, abuse, and misconduct, and to promote economy and efficiency in the department's operations.. The specific authorities and responsibilities of the Inspector General within the Department of Justice (DOJ) include:\n",
      "\n",
      "(a) Conducting investigations and issuing reports on criminal wrongdoing and administrative misconduct of DOJ employees, as well as the administration of programs and operations within the DOJ.\n",
      "(b) Receiving and investigating complaints or information from DOJ employees about potential illegal activities, mismanagement, gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or substantial and specific dangers to public health and safety.\n",
      "(c) Having direct and prompt access to the Attorney General when necessary for the performance of the OIG's functions and responsibilities.\n",
      "(d) Having access to all records, reports, audits, reviews, documents, papers, recommendations, or other material available to the DOJ that relate to programs and operations within the OIG's jurisdiction.\n",
      "(e) Requesting information or assistance from any office, board, division, or component of the DOJ, and any Federal, State, or local governmental agency or unit thereof.\n",
      "(f) Issuing subpoenas for the production of information, records, data, and other documentary evidence necessary to carry out the OIG's functions.\n",
      "(g) Obtaining information from Federal government agencies by means other than a subpoena and advising the head of such agency whenever information is unreasonably refused or not provided.\n",
      "(h) Selecting, appointing, and employing officers and employees as may be necessary for carrying out the functions, powers, and duties of the OIG.\n",
      "(i) Employing temporary experts and consultants as necessary to carry out the duties of the OIG.\n",
      "(j) Entering into contracts and other arrangements for audits, studies, analyses, and other services with public agencies and with private persons, and making payments as necessary to carry out the duties of the OIG.\n",
      "(k) Taking oaths, affirmations, or affidavits whenever necessary for the performance of the functions of the OIG.\n",
      "\n",
      "Additionally, the Inspector General is authorized to perform audits, inspections, and reviews of DOJ programs and operations, and has law enforcement authority, including the ability to make arrests, execute search and arrest warrants, and carry firearms. The specific authorities and responsibilities of the Inspector General within the Department of Justice are to:\n",
      "\n",
      "1\n",
      "\n",
      "Intermediate Answers:\n",
      "Chroma: The Inspector General within the Department of Justice (DOJ) has several specific authorities and responsibilities which include:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. Conducting investigations and issuing reports relating to criminal wrongdoing and administrative misconduct of Department employees and the administration of the programs and operations of the DOJ.\n",
      "2. Receiving and investigating complaints or information from DOJ employees concerning possible violations of law, rules, or regulations, or mismanagement, gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or substantial and specific danger to the public health and safety.\n",
      "3. Having direct and prompt access to the Attorney General for any purposes pertaining to the performance of the functions and responsibilities of the OIG.\n",
      "4. Having access to all records and materials available to the DOJ that relate to programs and operations with respect to which the OIG has responsibilities.\n",
      "5. Requesting information or assistance necessary for carrying out the duties and responsibilities of the OIG from any Federal, State, or local governmental agency or unit thereof.\n",
      "6. Issuing subpoenas for information, records, data, and other documentary evidence necessary to carry out the functions of the OIG.\n",
      "7. Selecting, appointing, and employing officers and employees as necessary to carry out the functions, powers, and duties of the OIG, as well as temporarily employing experts and consultants.\n",
      "8. Entering into contracts and other arrangements for audits, studies, analyses, and other services with public agencies and private persons to carry out the duties of the OIG.\n",
      "9. Taking oaths, affirmations, or affidavits when necessary in the performance of the functions of the OIG.\n",
      "10. Performing audits, inspections, and reviews of the programs and operations of the DOJ and of entities contracting with or obtaining benefits from the DOJ.\n",
      "11. Exercising law enforcement authority to detect and assist in the prosecution of crimes against the United States, serve legal writs, make arrests, execute search and arrest warrants, and carry firearms.\n",
      "\n",
      "These authorities are outlined in the DOJ's regulatory framework and provide the Inspector General with the ability to independently and effectively oversee the programs and personnel of the DOJ to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and misconduct.\n",
      "FAISS: The specific authorities and responsibilities of the Inspector General within the Department of Justice (DOJ) include:\n",
      "\n",
      "(a) Conducting investigations and issuing reports on criminal wrongdoing and administrative misconduct of DOJ employees, as well as the administration of programs and operations within the DOJ.\n",
      "(b) Receiving and investigating complaints or information from DOJ employees about potential illegal activities, mismanagement, gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or substantial and specific dangers to public health and safety.\n",
      "(c) Having direct and prompt access to the Attorney General when necessary for the performance of the OIG's functions and responsibilities.\n",
      "(d) Having access to all records, reports, audits, reviews, documents, papers, recommendations, or other material available to the DOJ that relate to programs and operations within the OIG's jurisdiction.\n",
      "(e) Requesting information or assistance from any office, board, division, or component of the DOJ, and any Federal, State, or local governmental agency or unit thereof.\n",
      "(f) Issuing subpoenas for the production of information, records, data, and other documentary evidence necessary to carry out the OIG's functions.\n",
      "(g) Obtaining information from Federal government agencies by means other than a subpoena and advising the head of such agency whenever information is unreasonably refused or not provided.\n",
      "(h) Selecting, appointing, and employing officers and employees as may be necessary for carrying out the functions, powers, and duties of the OIG.\n",
      "(i) Employing temporary experts and consultants as necessary to carry out the duties of the OIG.\n",
      "(j) Entering into contracts and other arrangements for audits, studies, analyses, and other services with public agencies and with private persons, and making payments as necessary to carry out the duties of the OIG.\n",
      "(k) Taking oaths, affirmations, or affidavits whenever necessary for the performance of the functions of the OIG.\n",
      "\n",
      "Additionally, the Inspector General is authorized to perform audits, inspections, and reviews of DOJ programs and operations, and has law enforcement authority, including the ability to make arrests, execute search and arrest warrants, and carry firearms. The OIG's role is to provide independent oversight to detect and prevent waste, fraud, abuse, and misconduct, and to promote economy and efficiency in the department's operations.\n",
      "Pinecone: The specific authorities and responsibilities of the Inspector General within the Department of Justice are to:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. Conduct investigations and issue reports relating to criminal wrongdoing and administrative misconduct of DOJ employees, and administration of the department's programs and operations.\n",
      "2. Receive and investigate complaints or information from DOJ employees concerning possible violations of laws, rules, or regulations, or mismanagement, gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health and safety.\n",
      "3. Have direct and prompt access to the Attorney General when necessary for any purpose pertaining to the performance of the functions and responsibilities of the OIG.\n",
      "4. Maintain confidentiality and not disclose the identity of an employee who submits a complaint to the OIG without the employee's consent, unless such disclosure is unavoidable in the course of the investigation.\n",
      "5. Ensure that no reprisals are taken against any employee for making a complaint or disclosing information to the OIG, unless the complaint or information was disclosed with knowledge of its falsity or with willful disregard for its truth or falsity.\n",
      "\n",
      "These authorities and responsibilities enable the Inspector General to act as an independent and objective unit within the DOJ to conduct audits, inspections, and investigations aimed at promoting efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability.\n",
      "\n",
      "Context used for answer:\n",
      "File: 4_chroma.pdf, Page 0: 21 \n",
      "Department of Justice \n",
      "§ 0.29h \n",
      "(3) DOJ-OPR refers to the OIG allega-\n",
      "tions involving misconduct by Depart-\n",
      "ment attorneys or investigators that \n",
      "do not relate to the exercise of an at-\n",
      "torney’s authority to investigate, liti-\n",
      "gate, or provide legal advice. (4) The OIG and the FBI notify each \n",
      "other of the existence of criminal in-\n",
      "vestigations that fall within their joint \n",
      "jurisdiction to investigate crimes in-\n",
      "volving the operations of the Depart-\n",
      "ment, except where such notification \n",
      "could compromise the integrity of an \n",
      "investigation; \n",
      "(5) All Department components re-\n",
      "port to the OIG all non-frivolous alle-\n",
      "gations of criminal wrongdoing and se-\n",
      "rious administrative misconduct in-\n",
      "volving any of their employees except \n",
      "allegations involving Department at-\n",
      "torneys and investigators that relate \n",
      "to an attorney’s authority to litigate, \n",
      "investigate, or provide legal advice. (6) At the request of the Inspector \n",
      "General, the Deputy Attorney General \n",
      "may assign to the OIG a matter within \n",
      "the investigative jurisdiction of DOJ- \n",
      "OPR. In such instances, the OIG shall \n",
      "either: \n",
      "(i) Notify DOJ-OPR of its request to \n",
      "the Deputy Attorney General or \n",
      "(ii) Request that the Deputy Attor-\n",
      "ney General determine that such noti-\n",
      "fication would undermine the integrity \n",
      "of the investigation nor jeopardize the \n",
      "interests of the complainant. (7) While an issue of investigative ju-\n",
      "risdiction or assignment is pending be-\n",
      "fore the Deputy Attorney General, nei-\n",
      "ther the OIG DOJ-OPR shall undertake \n",
      "any investigative activity without au-\n",
      "thorization from the Deputy Attorney \n",
      "General. (b) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of potential criminal mis-\n",
      "conduct or civil liability are referred \n",
      "to the appropriate prosecutorial or \n",
      "litigative office. (c) The OIG advises DOJ-OPR of the \n",
      "existence and results of any investiga-\n",
      "tion that reflects upon the ethics, com-\n",
      "petence, or integrity of a Department \n",
      "attorney for appropriate action by \n",
      "DOJ-OPR. (d) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of administrative misconduct \n",
      "are reported to management for appro-\n",
      "priate disposition. [Order No. 2167–98, 63 FR 36847, July 8, 1998; 63 \n",
      "FR 40788, July 30, 1998, as amended by Order \n",
      "No. 2492–2001, 66 FR 37903, July 20, 2001] \n",
      "§ 0.29f\n",
      "Confidentiality. The Inspector General shall not, dur-\n",
      "ing the pendency of an investigation, \n",
      "disclose the identity of an employee \n",
      "who submits a complaint to the OIG \n",
      "without the employee’s consent, unless \n",
      "the Inspector General determines that \n",
      "such disclosure is unavoidable in the \n",
      "course of the investigation. § 0.29g\n",
      "Reprisals. Any employee who has authority to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "direct \n",
      "others \n",
      "to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "rec-\n",
      "ommend, or approve any personnel ac-\n",
      "tion shall not, with respect to such au-\n",
      "thority, take or threaten to take any \n",
      "action against any employee as a re-\n",
      "prisal for the employee making a com-\n",
      "plaint or disclosing information to the \n",
      "OIG unless the complaint was made or \n",
      "the information was disclosed with \n",
      "knowledge that it was false or with \n",
      "willful disregard for its truth or fal-\n",
      "sity. § 0.29h\n",
      "Specific authorities of the In-\n",
      "spector General. The Inspector General is authorized \n",
      "to: \n",
      "(a) Conduct investigations and issue \n",
      "reports relating to criminal wrong-\n",
      "doing and administrative misconduct \n",
      "of Department employees and adminis-\n",
      "tration of the programs and operations \n",
      "of the Department as are, in the judg-\n",
      "ment of the Inspector General, nec-\n",
      "essary or desirable; \n",
      "(b) Receive and investigate com-\n",
      "plaints or information from an em-\n",
      "ployee of the Department concerning \n",
      "the possible existence of an activity \n",
      "constituting a violation of law, rules, \n",
      "or regulations, or mismanagement, \n",
      "gross waste of funds, an abuse of au-\n",
      "thority, or a substantial and specific \n",
      "danger to the public health and safety; \n",
      "(c) Have direct and prompt access to \n",
      "the Attorney General when necessary \n",
      "for any purpose pertaining to the per-\n",
      "formance of the functions and respon-\n",
      "sibilities of the OIG; \n",
      "VerDate Aug<31>2005 \n",
      "10:11 Aug 04, 2008\n",
      "Jkt 214106\n",
      "PO 00000\n",
      "Frm 00031\n",
      "Fmt 8010\n",
      "Sfmt 8010\n",
      "Y:\\SGML\\214106.XXX\n",
      "214106\n",
      "rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 4_chroma.pdf, Page 1: 22 \n",
      "28 CFR Ch. I (7–1–08 Edition) \n",
      "§ 0.29i \n",
      "(d) Have access to all records, re-\n",
      "ports, audits, reviews, documents, pa-\n",
      "pers, recommendations, or other mate-\n",
      "rial available to the Department and \n",
      "its components that relate to programs \n",
      "and operations with respect to which \n",
      "the OIG has responsibilities unless the \n",
      "Attorney General notifies the Inspec-\n",
      "tor General, in writing, that such ac-\n",
      "cess shall not be available because it is \n",
      "necessary to prevent the disclosure of \n",
      "(1) Sensitive information concerning \n",
      "ongoing civil or criminal investiga-\n",
      "tions or proceedings; \n",
      "(2) Undercover operations; \n",
      "(3) \n",
      "The \n",
      "identity \n",
      "of \n",
      "confidential \n",
      "sources, including protected witnesses; \n",
      "(4) \n",
      "Intelligence \n",
      "or \n",
      "counterintel-\n",
      "ligence matters; or \n",
      "(5) Other matters the disclosure of \n",
      "which \n",
      "would \n",
      "constitute \n",
      "a \n",
      "serious \n",
      "threat to national security or signifi-\n",
      "cantly impair the national interests of \n",
      "the United States; \n",
      "(e) Request such information or as-\n",
      "sistance as may be necessary for car-\n",
      "rying out the duties and responsibil-\n",
      "ities of the OIG from any office, board, \n",
      "division, or component of the Depart-\n",
      "ment, and any Federal, State, or local \n",
      "governmental agency or unit thereof; \n",
      "(f) Issue subpoenas to individuals, \n",
      "and entities, other than Federal gov-\n",
      "ernment agencies, for the production of \n",
      "information, records, data, and other \n",
      "documentary evidence necessary to \n",
      "carry out the functions of the OIG; \n",
      "(g) Obtain information from Federal \n",
      "government agencies by means other \n",
      "than subpoena and advise the head of \n",
      "such agency whenever information is \n",
      "unreasonably refused or not provided; \n",
      "(h) Select, appoint, and employ such \n",
      "officers and employees as may be nec-\n",
      "essary for carrying out the functions, \n",
      "powers, and duties of the OIG; \n",
      "(i) Employ on a temporary basis such \n",
      "experts and consultants as may be nec-\n",
      "essary to carry out the duties of the \n",
      "OIG; \n",
      "(j) Enter into contracts and other ar-\n",
      "rangements for audits, studies, anal-\n",
      "yses, and other services with public \n",
      "agencies and with private persons, and \n",
      "to make such payments as may be nec-\n",
      "essary to carry out the duties of the \n",
      "OIG; \n",
      "(k) Take from any person an oath, af-\n",
      "firmation, or affidavit whenever nec-\n",
      "essary in the performance of the func-\n",
      "tions of the OIG. [Order No. 2167–98, 63 FR 36847, July 8, 1998, \n",
      "as amended by Order No. 2492–2001, 66 FR \n",
      "37903, July 20, 2001] \n",
      "§ 0.29i\n",
      "Audit, inspection, and review \n",
      "authority. The OIG is authorized to perform au-\n",
      "dits, inspections, and reviews of the \n",
      "programs and operations of the Depart-\n",
      "ment of Justice and of entities con-\n",
      "tracting with or obtaining benefits \n",
      "from the Department. § 0.29j\n",
      "Law enforcement authority. Subject to guidelines promulgated by \n",
      "the Attorney General, Special Agents \n",
      "of the Office of the Inspector General \n",
      "are authorized to: \n",
      "(a) Detect and assist in the prosecu-\n",
      "tion of crimes in violation of the laws \n",
      "of the United States and to conduct \n",
      "such other investigations regarding \n",
      "matters that are within the jurisdic-\n",
      "tion of the Inspector General; \n",
      "(b) Serve legal writs, summons, com-\n",
      "plaints, and subpoenas issued by the \n",
      "Inspector General or by a Federal \n",
      "grand jury; \n",
      "(c) Receive, transport, and provide \n",
      "safekeeping of arrestees and other per-\n",
      "sons in the custody of the Attorney \n",
      "General or detained aliens; \n",
      "(d) Arrest without warrant any per-\n",
      "son for an offense against the United \n",
      "States committed in the presence of \n",
      "the Special Agent or whom the Special \n",
      "Agent has reasonable grounds to be-\n",
      "lieve has committed or is committing a \n",
      "felony cognizable under the laws of the \n",
      "United States; \n",
      "(e) Seek and execute search and ar-\n",
      "rest warrants; \n",
      "(f) Carry firearms while on-duty; and \n",
      "(g) Carry firearms while off-duty as \n",
      "authorized by the Inspector General. [Order No. 2835–2006, 71 FR 54413, Sept. 15, \n",
      "2006] \n",
      "Subpart F—Community Relations \n",
      "Service \n",
      "§ 0.30\n",
      "General functions. The following-described matters are \n",
      "assigned to, and shall be conducted, \n",
      "handled, or supervised by, the Director \n",
      "of the Community Relations Service: \n",
      "VerDate Aug<31>2005 \n",
      "10:11 Aug 04, 2008\n",
      "Jkt 214106\n",
      "PO 00000\n",
      "Frm 00032\n",
      "Fmt 8010\n",
      "Sfmt 8010\n",
      "Y:\\SGML\\214106.XXX\n",
      "214106\n",
      "rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 15_pinecone.pdf, Page 3:                                                          IBLA 88-181\n",
      "The Deputy Director continued:\n",
      "The Appellant states that the MMS Payor Handbook does not explain this\n",
      "incompatibility and that Exxon has never been notified that the use of ARC 34 for this\n",
      "kind of reporting is incorrect. The MMS Fiscal Accounting Division, in the field report on this appeal\n",
      "prepared pursuant to 30 CFR 290.3(b) (1986), states that Exxon's errors were\n",
      "avoidable because the adjustments made by Exxon (the reversals of TC 01 and 06)\n",
      "were unwarranted and unnecessary. The Fiscal Accounting Division further states that\n",
      "Exxon was notified in November 1984 that this type of reporting was inappropriate. The record supports the finding that Exxon had been notified of the\n",
      "incompatibility of TC 01 and ARC 34. Based on the record before me, I conclude the Fiscal Accounting Division acted\n",
      "correctly with respect to the subject assessment. The Appellant has offered no\n",
      "arguments which would justify the waiver of these charges. Accordingly, the subject\n",
      "appeal is denied. (Decision at 2). In its statement of reasons (SOR), Exxon initially asks the Board to disregard the Deputy\n",
      "Director's conclusion that the record supports the finding that Exxon had been notified of the incompatibility\n",
      "of ARC 34 and TC 01 and TC 06. This request derives from MMS' failure to provide a copy of the Fiscal\n",
      "Accounting Division field report to Exxon or refer to any document of record supporting the MMS\n",
      "notification claim. Exxon also repeats the arguments it presented in its appeal to the Director. Exxon notes that its\n",
      "royalty reporting consists of two components--valuation and transportation allowances--and that the asserted\n",
      "errors stem from its retroactive adjustment of the transportation allowance for \n",
      "its Hondo lease. Exxon then explains that when it made the transportation allowance adjustments on Form\n",
      "MMS-2014, it attempted to set out the transportation adjustments in a straightforward manner, using ARC\n",
      "34 with the basic valuation lines TC 01 and TC 06. Exxon asserts that there are no regulations, guidelines,\n",
      "directives, or notices of any kind supporting the MMS position that ARC 34 cannot be used on\n",
      "non-transportation lines, and that Exxon should have used ARC 38. Exxon argues that the only written guidance for proper ARC designation was the 1982 Handbook\n",
      "and that the instructions in the Handbook support its use of ARC 34. Exxon elaborates:\n",
      "113 IBLA 202\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 15_pinecone.pdf, Page 0: EXXON COMPANY, U.S.A. IBLA 88-181\n",
      "Decided February 21, 1990\n",
      "Appeal from a decision of the Deputy Director, Minerals Management Service, affirming an order\n",
      "assessing charges for erroneous reporting. MMS 87-0222-O&G. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded. 1. Administrative Practice--Administrative Procedure: Decisions\n",
      "When issuing a formal decision one must do more than ensure that the\n",
      "decision is supported by a rational basis. The basis for that decision\n",
      "must be stated \n",
      "in the written decision and demonstrated in the administrative record\n",
      "accompanying the decision. The recipient of the decision deserves a\n",
      "reasoned and factual explanation of the rationale for the decision, and\n",
      "must be given some basis for understanding it and accepting it or,\n",
      "alternatively, for appealing and disputing it. 2. Administrative Procedure: Generally--Federal Oil and Gas Royalty\n",
      "Management Act of 1982: Generally--Federal Oil and Gas Royalty\n",
      "Management Act of 1982: Assessments--Oil and Gas Leases: Royalties:\n",
      "Generally--Regulations: Generally--Regulations: Applicability--\n",
      "Regulations: Interpretation\n",
      "A regulation should be sufficiently clear that there is no basis for an oil\n",
      "and gas lessee's noncompliance with the regulation before that regulation\n",
      "is interpreted to the detriment of a lessee. If a regulation is ambiguous,\n",
      "any doubt as to its meaning should be resolved favorably to the lessee. The need for clarity is even more imperative when MMS attempts to\n",
      "base a significant monetary assessment on a lessee's failure to properly\n",
      "apply provisions of its Oil and Gas Payor Handbook, because that\n",
      "Handbook lacks the force and effect of \n",
      "law enjoyed by a statute or regulation. APPEARANCES:  Salvatore J. Casamassima, Esq., Houston, Texas, for appel- lant; Peter J. Schaumberg,\n",
      "Esq., Geoffrey Heath, Esq., and Howard W. Chalker, Esq., Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of the\n",
      "Interior, Washington, D.C., for the Minerals Management Service. 113 IBLA 199\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 10_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: Revised January 10, 2014 \n",
      " \n",
      "JUDICIAL INTERN HIRING INFORMATION \n",
      "Lorna G. Schofield, United States District Judge \n",
      " \n",
      "Chambers Contact Information:   \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      "  \n",
      "United States District Court  \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      "Southern District of New York            \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      "40 Centre Street, Room 201   \n",
      " \n",
      "  \n",
      "New York, NY  10007 \n",
      "(212) 805-0288 \n",
      " \n",
      "Positions:  Judge Schofield hires first- and second-year law students as interns during the school \n",
      "year and for summer employment. During the school year, interns must be available for a \n",
      "semester at least 20 hours a week. During the summer, interns must be available to work full \n",
      "time for at least eight weeks. Applications:  Applications should include a resume, transcript and writing sample. First-year \n",
      "students should not apply until they have received grades from all of their first semester classes. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 9_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA\n",
      "Monday                  \n",
      "Historic Courtroom\n",
      "April 18, 2016            \n",
      "605 West Fourth Avenue\n",
      "Page 1                                                  Anchorage, Alaska\n",
      "CALENDAR OF BANKRUPTCY JUDGE GARY SPRAKER\n",
      "------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "  TIME      \n",
      "  CASE/ADVERSARY NUMBER, NAME, and CHAPTER\n",
      "                       TYPE OF PROCEEDING and COUNSEL\n",
      "1:45 p.m. Case No. A14-00065-GS, In re DAVID M. DECKER and MARILYN\n",
      "L. DECKER, Debtors. Ch 11. TELEPHONIC Scheduling Hearing on Disclosure\n",
      "Statement (DE# 93) and Chapter 11 Plan (DE# 92). Robert Crowther for the Debtors; Thomas Buford at\n",
      "(206)553-2000 ext. 229 for the U.S. Trustee. 2:00 p.m. Case No. A15-00279-GS, In re SEWARD SHIP’S DRYDOCK,\n",
      "INC., Debtor. Ch 11. Hearing on Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss (DE# 43). David Bundy for the Debtor; Gary Sleeper for\n",
      "Alaska Marine Highway System; Thomas Buford for\n",
      "the U.S. Trustee. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 4_chroma.pdf, Page 0: 21 \n",
      "Department of Justice \n",
      "§ 0.29h \n",
      "(3) DOJ-OPR refers to the OIG allega-\n",
      "tions involving misconduct by Depart-\n",
      "ment attorneys or investigators that \n",
      "do not relate to the exercise of an at-\n",
      "torney’s authority to investigate, liti-\n",
      "gate, or provide legal advice. (4) The OIG and the FBI notify each \n",
      "other of the existence of criminal in-\n",
      "vestigations that fall within their joint \n",
      "jurisdiction to investigate crimes in-\n",
      "volving the operations of the Depart-\n",
      "ment, except where such notification \n",
      "could compromise the integrity of an \n",
      "investigation; \n",
      "(5) All Department components re-\n",
      "port to the OIG all non-frivolous alle-\n",
      "gations of criminal wrongdoing and se-\n",
      "rious administrative misconduct in-\n",
      "volving any of their employees except \n",
      "allegations involving Department at-\n",
      "torneys and investigators that relate \n",
      "to an attorney’s authority to litigate, \n",
      "investigate, or provide legal advice. (6) At the request of the Inspector \n",
      "General, the Deputy Attorney General \n",
      "may assign to the OIG a matter within \n",
      "the investigative jurisdiction of DOJ- \n",
      "OPR. In such instances, the OIG shall \n",
      "either: \n",
      "(i) Notify DOJ-OPR of its request to \n",
      "the Deputy Attorney General or \n",
      "(ii) Request that the Deputy Attor-\n",
      "ney General determine that such noti-\n",
      "fication would undermine the integrity \n",
      "of the investigation nor jeopardize the \n",
      "interests of the complainant. (7) While an issue of investigative ju-\n",
      "risdiction or assignment is pending be-\n",
      "fore the Deputy Attorney General, nei-\n",
      "ther the OIG DOJ-OPR shall undertake \n",
      "any investigative activity without au-\n",
      "thorization from the Deputy Attorney \n",
      "General. (b) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of potential criminal mis-\n",
      "conduct or civil liability are referred \n",
      "to the appropriate prosecutorial or \n",
      "litigative office. (c) The OIG advises DOJ-OPR of the \n",
      "existence and results of any investiga-\n",
      "tion that reflects upon the ethics, com-\n",
      "petence, or integrity of a Department \n",
      "attorney for appropriate action by \n",
      "DOJ-OPR. (d) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of administrative misconduct \n",
      "are reported to management for appro-\n",
      "priate disposition. [Order No. 2167–98, 63 FR 36847, July 8, 1998; 63 \n",
      "FR 40788, July 30, 1998, as amended by Order \n",
      "No. 2492–2001, 66 FR 37903, July 20, 2001] \n",
      "§ 0.29f\n",
      "Confidentiality. The Inspector General shall not, dur-\n",
      "ing the pendency of an investigation, \n",
      "disclose the identity of an employee \n",
      "who submits a complaint to the OIG \n",
      "without the employee’s consent, unless \n",
      "the Inspector General determines that \n",
      "such disclosure is unavoidable in the \n",
      "course of the investigation. § 0.29g\n",
      "Reprisals. Any employee who has authority to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "direct \n",
      "others \n",
      "to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "rec-\n",
      "ommend, or approve any personnel ac-\n",
      "tion shall not, with respect to such au-\n",
      "thority, take or threaten to take any \n",
      "action against any employee as a re-\n",
      "prisal for the employee making a com-\n",
      "plaint or disclosing information to the \n",
      "OIG unless the complaint was made or \n",
      "the information was disclosed with \n",
      "knowledge that it was false or with \n",
      "willful disregard for its truth or fal-\n",
      "sity. § 0.29h\n",
      "Specific authorities of the In-\n",
      "spector General. The Inspector General is authorized \n",
      "to: \n",
      "(a) Conduct investigations and issue \n",
      "reports relating to criminal wrong-\n",
      "doing and administrative misconduct \n",
      "of Department employees and adminis-\n",
      "tration of the programs and operations \n",
      "of the Department as are, in the judg-\n",
      "ment of the Inspector General, nec-\n",
      "essary or desirable; \n",
      "(b) Receive and investigate com-\n",
      "plaints or information from an em-\n",
      "ployee of the Department concerning \n",
      "the possible existence of an activity \n",
      "constituting a violation of law, rules, \n",
      "or regulations, or mismanagement, \n",
      "gross waste of funds, an abuse of au-\n",
      "thority, or a substantial and specific \n",
      "danger to the public health and safety; \n",
      "(c) Have direct and prompt access to \n",
      "the Attorney General when necessary \n",
      "for any purpose pertaining to the per-\n",
      "formance of the functions and respon-\n",
      "sibilities of the OIG; \n",
      "VerDate Aug<31>2005 \n",
      "10:11 Aug 04, 2008\n",
      "Jkt 214106\n",
      "PO 00000\n",
      "Frm 00031\n",
      "Fmt 8010\n",
      "Sfmt 8010\n",
      "Y:\\SGML\\214106.XXX\n",
      "214106\n",
      "rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 4_chroma.pdf, Page 1: 22 \n",
      "28 CFR Ch. I (7–1–08 Edition) \n",
      "§ 0.29i \n",
      "(d) Have access to all records, re-\n",
      "ports, audits, reviews, documents, pa-\n",
      "pers, recommendations, or other mate-\n",
      "rial available to the Department and \n",
      "its components that relate to programs \n",
      "and operations with respect to which \n",
      "the OIG has responsibilities unless the \n",
      "Attorney General notifies the Inspec-\n",
      "tor General, in writing, that such ac-\n",
      "cess shall not be available because it is \n",
      "necessary to prevent the disclosure of \n",
      "(1) Sensitive information concerning \n",
      "ongoing civil or criminal investiga-\n",
      "tions or proceedings; \n",
      "(2) Undercover operations; \n",
      "(3) \n",
      "The \n",
      "identity \n",
      "of \n",
      "confidential \n",
      "sources, including protected witnesses; \n",
      "(4) \n",
      "Intelligence \n",
      "or \n",
      "counterintel-\n",
      "ligence matters; or \n",
      "(5) Other matters the disclosure of \n",
      "which \n",
      "would \n",
      "constitute \n",
      "a \n",
      "serious \n",
      "threat to national security or signifi-\n",
      "cantly impair the national interests of \n",
      "the United States; \n",
      "(e) Request such information or as-\n",
      "sistance as may be necessary for car-\n",
      "rying out the duties and responsibil-\n",
      "ities of the OIG from any office, board, \n",
      "division, or component of the Depart-\n",
      "ment, and any Federal, State, or local \n",
      "governmental agency or unit thereof; \n",
      "(f) Issue subpoenas to individuals, \n",
      "and entities, other than Federal gov-\n",
      "ernment agencies, for the production of \n",
      "information, records, data, and other \n",
      "documentary evidence necessary to \n",
      "carry out the functions of the OIG; \n",
      "(g) Obtain information from Federal \n",
      "government agencies by means other \n",
      "than subpoena and advise the head of \n",
      "such agency whenever information is \n",
      "unreasonably refused or not provided; \n",
      "(h) Select, appoint, and employ such \n",
      "officers and employees as may be nec-\n",
      "essary for carrying out the functions, \n",
      "powers, and duties of the OIG; \n",
      "(i) Employ on a temporary basis such \n",
      "experts and consultants as may be nec-\n",
      "essary to carry out the duties of the \n",
      "OIG; \n",
      "(j) Enter into contracts and other ar-\n",
      "rangements for audits, studies, anal-\n",
      "yses, and other services with public \n",
      "agencies and with private persons, and \n",
      "to make such payments as may be nec-\n",
      "essary to carry out the duties of the \n",
      "OIG; \n",
      "(k) Take from any person an oath, af-\n",
      "firmation, or affidavit whenever nec-\n",
      "essary in the performance of the func-\n",
      "tions of the OIG. [Order No. 2167–98, 63 FR 36847, July 8, 1998, \n",
      "as amended by Order No. 2492–2001, 66 FR \n",
      "37903, July 20, 2001] \n",
      "§ 0.29i\n",
      "Audit, inspection, and review \n",
      "authority. The OIG is authorized to perform au-\n",
      "dits, inspections, and reviews of the \n",
      "programs and operations of the Depart-\n",
      "ment of Justice and of entities con-\n",
      "tracting with or obtaining benefits \n",
      "from the Department. § 0.29j\n",
      "Law enforcement authority. Subject to guidelines promulgated by \n",
      "the Attorney General, Special Agents \n",
      "of the Office of the Inspector General \n",
      "are authorized to: \n",
      "(a) Detect and assist in the prosecu-\n",
      "tion of crimes in violation of the laws \n",
      "of the United States and to conduct \n",
      "such other investigations regarding \n",
      "matters that are within the jurisdic-\n",
      "tion of the Inspector General; \n",
      "(b) Serve legal writs, summons, com-\n",
      "plaints, and subpoenas issued by the \n",
      "Inspector General or by a Federal \n",
      "grand jury; \n",
      "(c) Receive, transport, and provide \n",
      "safekeeping of arrestees and other per-\n",
      "sons in the custody of the Attorney \n",
      "General or detained aliens; \n",
      "(d) Arrest without warrant any per-\n",
      "son for an offense against the United \n",
      "States committed in the presence of \n",
      "the Special Agent or whom the Special \n",
      "Agent has reasonable grounds to be-\n",
      "lieve has committed or is committing a \n",
      "felony cognizable under the laws of the \n",
      "United States; \n",
      "(e) Seek and execute search and ar-\n",
      "rest warrants; \n",
      "(f) Carry firearms while on-duty; and \n",
      "(g) Carry firearms while off-duty as \n",
      "authorized by the Inspector General. [Order No. 2835–2006, 71 FR 54413, Sept. 15, \n",
      "2006] \n",
      "Subpart F—Community Relations \n",
      "Service \n",
      "§ 0.30\n",
      "General functions. The following-described matters are \n",
      "assigned to, and shall be conducted, \n",
      "handled, or supervised by, the Director \n",
      "of the Community Relations Service: \n",
      "VerDate Aug<31>2005 \n",
      "10:11 Aug 04, 2008\n",
      "Jkt 214106\n",
      "PO 00000\n",
      "Frm 00032\n",
      "Fmt 8010\n",
      "Sfmt 8010\n",
      "Y:\\SGML\\214106.XXX\n",
      "214106\n",
      "rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 15_pinecone.pdf, Page 3:                                                          IBLA 88-181\n",
      "The Deputy Director continued:\n",
      "The Appellant states that the MMS Payor Handbook does not explain this\n",
      "incompatibility and that Exxon has never been notified that the use of ARC 34 for this\n",
      "kind of reporting is incorrect. The MMS Fiscal Accounting Division, in the field report on this appeal\n",
      "prepared pursuant to 30 CFR 290.3(b) (1986), states that Exxon's errors were\n",
      "avoidable because the adjustments made by Exxon (the reversals of TC 01 and 06)\n",
      "were unwarranted and unnecessary. The Fiscal Accounting Division further states that\n",
      "Exxon was notified in November 1984 that this type of reporting was inappropriate. The record supports the finding that Exxon had been notified of the\n",
      "incompatibility of TC 01 and ARC 34. Based on the record before me, I conclude the Fiscal Accounting Division acted\n",
      "correctly with respect to the subject assessment. The Appellant has offered no\n",
      "arguments which would justify the waiver of these charges. Accordingly, the subject\n",
      "appeal is denied. (Decision at 2). In its statement of reasons (SOR), Exxon initially asks the Board to disregard the Deputy\n",
      "Director's conclusion that the record supports the finding that Exxon had been notified of the incompatibility\n",
      "of ARC 34 and TC 01 and TC 06. This request derives from MMS' failure to provide a copy of the Fiscal\n",
      "Accounting Division field report to Exxon or refer to any document of record supporting the MMS\n",
      "notification claim. Exxon also repeats the arguments it presented in its appeal to the Director. Exxon notes that its\n",
      "royalty reporting consists of two components--valuation and transportation allowances--and that the asserted\n",
      "errors stem from its retroactive adjustment of the transportation allowance for \n",
      "its Hondo lease. Exxon then explains that when it made the transportation allowance adjustments on Form\n",
      "MMS-2014, it attempted to set out the transportation adjustments in a straightforward manner, using ARC\n",
      "34 with the basic valuation lines TC 01 and TC 06. Exxon asserts that there are no regulations, guidelines,\n",
      "directives, or notices of any kind supporting the MMS position that ARC 34 cannot be used on\n",
      "non-transportation lines, and that Exxon should have used ARC 38. Exxon argues that the only written guidance for proper ARC designation was the 1982 Handbook\n",
      "and that the instructions in the Handbook support its use of ARC 34. Exxon elaborates:\n",
      "113 IBLA 202\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 15_pinecone.pdf, Page 0: EXXON COMPANY, U.S.A. IBLA 88-181\n",
      "Decided February 21, 1990\n",
      "Appeal from a decision of the Deputy Director, Minerals Management Service, affirming an order\n",
      "assessing charges for erroneous reporting. MMS 87-0222-O&G. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded. 1. Administrative Practice--Administrative Procedure: Decisions\n",
      "When issuing a formal decision one must do more than ensure that the\n",
      "decision is supported by a rational basis. The basis for that decision\n",
      "must be stated \n",
      "in the written decision and demonstrated in the administrative record\n",
      "accompanying the decision. The recipient of the decision deserves a\n",
      "reasoned and factual explanation of the rationale for the decision, and\n",
      "must be given some basis for understanding it and accepting it or,\n",
      "alternatively, for appealing and disputing it. 2. Administrative Procedure: Generally--Federal Oil and Gas Royalty\n",
      "Management Act of 1982: Generally--Federal Oil and Gas Royalty\n",
      "Management Act of 1982: Assessments--Oil and Gas Leases: Royalties:\n",
      "Generally--Regulations: Generally--Regulations: Applicability--\n",
      "Regulations: Interpretation\n",
      "A regulation should be sufficiently clear that there is no basis for an oil\n",
      "and gas lessee's noncompliance with the regulation before that regulation\n",
      "is interpreted to the detriment of a lessee. If a regulation is ambiguous,\n",
      "any doubt as to its meaning should be resolved favorably to the lessee. The need for clarity is even more imperative when MMS attempts to\n",
      "base a significant monetary assessment on a lessee's failure to properly\n",
      "apply provisions of its Oil and Gas Payor Handbook, because that\n",
      "Handbook lacks the force and effect of \n",
      "law enjoyed by a statute or regulation. APPEARANCES:  Salvatore J. Casamassima, Esq., Houston, Texas, for appel- lant; Peter J. Schaumberg,\n",
      "Esq., Geoffrey Heath, Esq., and Howard W. Chalker, Esq., Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of the\n",
      "Interior, Washington, D.C., for the Minerals Management Service. 113 IBLA 199\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 10_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: Revised January 10, 2014 \n",
      " \n",
      "JUDICIAL INTERN HIRING INFORMATION \n",
      "Lorna G. Schofield, United States District Judge \n",
      " \n",
      "Chambers Contact Information:   \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      "  \n",
      "United States District Court  \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      "Southern District of New York            \n",
      " \n",
      " \n",
      "40 Centre Street, Room 201   \n",
      " \n",
      "  \n",
      "New York, NY  10007 \n",
      "(212) 805-0288 \n",
      " \n",
      "Positions:  Judge Schofield hires first- and second-year law students as interns during the school \n",
      "year and for summer employment. During the school year, interns must be available for a \n",
      "semester at least 20 hours a week. During the summer, interns must be available to work full \n",
      "time for at least eight weeks. Applications:  Applications should include a resume, transcript and writing sample. First-year \n",
      "students should not apply until they have received grades from all of their first semester classes. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 9_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA\n",
      "Monday                  \n",
      "Historic Courtroom\n",
      "April 18, 2016            \n",
      "605 West Fourth Avenue\n",
      "Page 1                                                  Anchorage, Alaska\n",
      "CALENDAR OF BANKRUPTCY JUDGE GARY SPRAKER\n",
      "------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "  TIME      \n",
      "  CASE/ADVERSARY NUMBER, NAME, and CHAPTER\n",
      "                       TYPE OF PROCEEDING and COUNSEL\n",
      "1:45 p.m. Case No. A14-00065-GS, In re DAVID M. DECKER and MARILYN\n",
      "L. DECKER, Debtors. Ch 11. TELEPHONIC Scheduling Hearing on Disclosure\n",
      "Statement (DE# 93) and Chapter 11 Plan (DE# 92). Robert Crowther for the Debtors; Thomas Buford at\n",
      "(206)553-2000 ext. 229 for the U.S. Trustee. 2:00 p.m. Case No. A15-00279-GS, In re SEWARD SHIP’S DRYDOCK,\n",
      "INC., Debtor. Ch 11. Hearing on Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss (DE# 43). David Bundy for the Debtor; Gary Sleeper for\n",
      "Alaska Marine Highway System; Thomas Buford for\n",
      "the U.S. Trustee. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 4_chroma.pdf, Page 0.0: 21 \n",
      "Department of Justice \n",
      "§ 0.29h \n",
      "(3) DOJ-OPR refers to the OIG allega-\n",
      "tions involving misconduct by Depart-\n",
      "ment attorneys or investigators that \n",
      "do not relate to the exercise of an at-\n",
      "torney’s authority to investigate, liti-\n",
      "gate, or provide legal advice. (4) The OIG and the FBI notify each \n",
      "other of the existence of criminal in-\n",
      "vestigations that fall within their joint \n",
      "jurisdiction to investigate crimes in-\n",
      "volving the operations of the Depart-\n",
      "ment, except where such notification \n",
      "could compromise the integrity of an \n",
      "investigation; \n",
      "(5) All Department components re-\n",
      "port to the OIG all non-frivolous alle-\n",
      "gations of criminal wrongdoing and se-\n",
      "rious administrative misconduct in-\n",
      "volving any of their employees except \n",
      "allegations involving Department at-\n",
      "torneys and investigators that relate \n",
      "to an attorney’s authority to litigate, \n",
      "investigate, or provide legal advice. (6) At the request of the Inspector \n",
      "General, the Deputy Attorney General \n",
      "may assign to the OIG a matter within \n",
      "the investigative jurisdiction of DOJ- \n",
      "OPR. In such instances, the OIG shall \n",
      "either: \n",
      "(i) Notify DOJ-OPR of its request to \n",
      "the Deputy Attorney General or \n",
      "(ii) Request that the Deputy Attor-\n",
      "ney General determine that such noti-\n",
      "fication would undermine the integrity \n",
      "of the investigation nor jeopardize the \n",
      "interests of the complainant. (7) While an issue of investigative ju-\n",
      "risdiction or assignment is pending be-\n",
      "fore the Deputy Attorney General, nei-\n",
      "ther the OIG DOJ-OPR shall undertake \n",
      "any investigative activity without au-\n",
      "thorization from the Deputy Attorney \n",
      "General. (b) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of potential criminal mis-\n",
      "conduct or civil liability are referred \n",
      "to the appropriate prosecutorial or \n",
      "litigative office. (c) The OIG advises DOJ-OPR of the \n",
      "existence and results of any investiga-\n",
      "tion that reflects upon the ethics, com-\n",
      "petence, or integrity of a Department \n",
      "attorney for appropriate action by \n",
      "DOJ-OPR. (d) OIG investigations that result in \n",
      "findings of administrative misconduct \n",
      "are reported to management for appro-\n",
      "priate disposition. [Order No. 2167–98, 63 FR 36847, July 8, 1998; 63 \n",
      "FR 40788, July 30, 1998, as amended by Order \n",
      "No. 2492–2001, 66 FR 37903, July 20, 2001] \n",
      "§ 0.29f\n",
      "Confidentiality. The Inspector General shall not, dur-\n",
      "ing the pendency of an investigation, \n",
      "disclose the identity of an employee \n",
      "who submits a complaint to the OIG \n",
      "without the employee’s consent, unless \n",
      "the Inspector General determines that \n",
      "such disclosure is unavoidable in the \n",
      "course of the investigation. § 0.29g\n",
      "Reprisals. Any employee who has authority to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "direct \n",
      "others \n",
      "to \n",
      "take, \n",
      "rec-\n",
      "ommend, or approve any personnel ac-\n",
      "tion shall not, with respect to such au-\n",
      "thority, take or threaten to take any \n",
      "action against any employee as a re-\n",
      "prisal for the employee making a com-\n",
      "plaint or disclosing information to the \n",
      "OIG unless the complaint was made or \n",
      "the information was disclosed with \n",
      "knowledge that it was false or with \n",
      "willful disregard for its truth or fal-\n",
      "sity. § 0.29h\n",
      "Specific authorities of the In-\n",
      "spector General. The Inspector General is authorized \n",
      "to: \n",
      "(a) Conduct investigations and issue \n",
      "reports relating to criminal wrong-\n",
      "doing and administrative misconduct \n",
      "of Department employees and adminis-\n",
      "tration of the programs and operations \n",
      "of the Department as are, in the judg-\n",
      "ment of the Inspector General, nec-\n",
      "essary or desirable; \n",
      "(b) Receive and investigate com-\n",
      "plaints or information from an em-\n",
      "ployee of the Department concerning \n",
      "the possible existence of an activity \n",
      "constituting a violation of law, rules, \n",
      "or regulations, or mismanagement, \n",
      "gross waste of funds, an abuse of au-\n",
      "thority, or a substantial and specific \n",
      "danger to the public health and safety; \n",
      "(c) Have direct and prompt access to \n",
      "the Attorney General when necessary \n",
      "for any purpose pertaining to the per-\n",
      "formance of the functions and respon-\n",
      "sibilities of the OIG; \n",
      "VerDate Aug<31>2005 \n",
      "10:11 Aug 04, 2008\n",
      "Jkt 214106\n",
      "PO 00000\n",
      "Frm 00031\n",
      "Fmt 8010\n",
      "Sfmt 8010\n",
      "Y:\\SGML\\214106.XXX\n",
      "214106\n",
      "rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Use the get_aggregated_answer_and_sources function with the specified question\n",
    "question = \"What are the specific authorities and responsibilities of the Inspector General within the Department of Justice?\"\n",
    "aggregated_answer, all_responses, context, sources = get_aggregated_answer_and_sources(question)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Format the output in a readable way\n",
    "formatted_context = \"\\n\\n\".join([f\"File: {doc.metadata['file']}, Page {doc.metadata.get('page', 'Unknown')}: {doc.page_content}\" for doc in context])\n",
    "\n",
    "output = f\"\"\"\n",
    "Final Aggregated Answer: {aggregated_answer}\n",
    "\n",
    "Intermediate Answers:\n",
    "Chroma: {all_responses.get('chroma', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "FAISS: {all_responses.get('faiss', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "Pinecone: {all_responses.get('pinecone', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "\n",
    "Context used for answer:\n",
    "{formatted_context}\n",
    "\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "print(output)"
   ]
  },
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     "text": [
      "\n",
      "Final Aggregated Answer: The forecasts for U.S. crude oil from the previous to the current forecast for the fourth quarter of 2016.. crude oil production from the previous forecast to the current forecast for the fourth quarter of 2016.. crude oil production in the fourth quarter of 2016 were as follows:\n",
      "\n",
      "- According to the current forecast (as of December 6, 2016): 8.94 million barrels per day.\n",
      "- According to the previous forecast (as of November 8, 2016): 8.87 million barrels per day.\n",
      "\n",
      "This indicates a slight increase in the forecasted production from the previous to the current forecast for that period.. crude oil production in the fourth quarter of 2016 were:\n",
      "\n",
      "- According to the current forecast (as of December 6, 2016): 8.94 million barrels per day.\n",
      "- According to the previous forecast (as of November 8, 2016): 8.87 million barrels per day.\n",
      "\n",
      "This shows a slight increase in the forecasted U.S. crude oil production in the fourth quarter of 2016 were:\n",
      "\n",
      "- Current forecast: 8.94 million barrels per day.\n",
      "- Previous forecast: 8.87 million barrels per day.\n",
      "\n",
      "These numbers indicate a slight increase in the forecasted production of U.S\n",
      "\n",
      "Intermediate Answers:\n",
      "Chroma: The forecasts for U.S. crude oil production in the fourth quarter of 2016 were as follows:\n",
      "\n",
      "- According to the current forecast (as of December 6, 2016): 8.94 million barrels per day.\n",
      "- According to the previous forecast (as of November 8, 2016): 8.87 million barrels per day.\n",
      "\n",
      "This indicates a slight increase in the forecasted production from the previous to the current forecast for that period.\n",
      "FAISS: The forecasts for U.S. crude oil production in the fourth quarter of 2016 were:\n",
      "\n",
      "- According to the current forecast (as of December 6, 2016): 8.94 million barrels per day.\n",
      "- According to the previous forecast (as of November 8, 2016): 8.87 million barrels per day.\n",
      "\n",
      "This shows a slight increase in the forecasted U.S. crude oil production from the previous forecast to the current forecast for the fourth quarter of 2016.\n",
      "Pinecone: The forecasts for U.S. crude oil production in the fourth quarter of 2016 were:\n",
      "\n",
      "- Current forecast: 8.94 million barrels per day.\n",
      "- Previous forecast: 8.87 million barrels per day.\n",
      "\n",
      "These numbers indicate a slight increase in the forecasted production of U.S. crude oil from the previous to the current forecast for the fourth quarter of 2016.\n",
      "\n",
      "Context used for answer:\n",
      "File: 6_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: Current Forecast: December 6, 2016; Previous Forecast: November 8, 2016\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "2014\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "2014-2015\n",
      "2015-2016\n",
      "2016-2017\n",
      "U.S. Energy Supply\n",
      "   U.S. Crude Oil Production (million barrels per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.74\n",
      "8.70\n",
      "8.94\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.86\n",
      "8.78\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-5.9%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.71\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.87\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.84\n",
      "8.73\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-6.1%\n",
      "-1.3%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Dry Natural Gas Production (billion cubic feet per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "73.44\n",
      "74.50\n",
      "74.51\n",
      "74.08\n",
      "73.77\n",
      "72.38\n",
      "71.89\n",
      "71.94\n",
      "73.22\n",
      "74.48\n",
      "75.34\n",
      "76.13\n",
      "70.93\n",
      "74.14\n",
      "72.49\n",
      "74.80\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "-2.2%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "73.44\n",
      "74.50\n",
      "74.51\n",
      "74.08\n",
      "73.77\n",
      "72.38\n",
      "71.73\n",
      "71.51\n",
      "73.06\n",
      "74.41\n",
      "75.81\n",
      "76.93\n",
      "70.93\n",
      "74.14\n",
      "72.34\n",
      "75.06\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "-2.4%\n",
      "3.8%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "   U.S. Coal Production (million short tons)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "240.3\n",
      "212.5\n",
      "237.0\n",
      "207.2\n",
      "173.0\n",
      "160.5\n",
      "204.6\n",
      "220.2\n",
      "194.4\n",
      "175.9\n",
      "200.4\n",
      "201.5\n",
      "1000.0\n",
      "897.0\n",
      "758.4\n",
      "772.1\n",
      "-10.3%\n",
      "-15.5%\n",
      "1.8%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "240.3\n",
      "212.5\n",
      "237.0\n",
      "207.2\n",
      "173.0\n",
      "160.5\n",
      "204.6\n",
      "208.4\n",
      "198.1\n",
      "174.8\n",
      "199.7\n",
      "195.1\n",
      "1000.0\n",
      "897.0\n",
      "746.5\n",
      "767.7\n",
      "-10.3%\n",
      "-16.8%\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "5.7%\n",
      "-1.8%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "3.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "U.S. Energy Consumption\n",
      "   U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels Consumption (million barrels per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.88\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.69\n",
      "20.10\n",
      "20.28\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.66\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.79\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.55\n",
      "19.73\n",
      "20.12\n",
      "20.21\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.64\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   U.S. Natural Gas Consumption (billion cubic feet per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "95.88\n",
      "63.40\n",
      "65.48\n",
      "74.19\n",
      "89.30\n",
      "66.81\n",
      "69.24\n",
      "75.57\n",
      "91.73\n",
      "65.84\n",
      "67.89\n",
      "78.59\n",
      "72.86\n",
      "74.65\n",
      "75.22\n",
      "75.96\n",
      "2.5%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "95.94\n",
      "63.57\n",
      "65.73\n",
      "74.34\n",
      "89.38\n",
      "66.89\n",
      "69.54\n",
      "76.90\n",
      "92.26\n",
      "65.97\n",
      "67.85\n",
      "78.06\n",
      "72.86\n",
      "74.81\n",
      "75.66\n",
      "75.97\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-1.7%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   U.S. Electricity Retail Sales (million kilowatthours per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "10,498\n",
      "9,769\n",
      "11,488\n",
      "9,438\n",
      "9,805\n",
      "9,583\n",
      "11,692\n",
      "9,681\n",
      "10,058\n",
      "9,726\n",
      "11,494\n",
      "9,761\n",
      "10,314\n",
      "10,299\n",
      "10,193\n",
      "10,262\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "10,374\n",
      "9,685\n",
      "11,402\n",
      "9,354\n",
      "9,829\n",
      "9,589\n",
      "11,774\n",
      "9,682\n",
      "10,221\n",
      "9,766\n",
      "11,490\n",
      "9,620\n",
      "10,314\n",
      "10,204\n",
      "10,221\n",
      "10,276\n",
      "-1.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-1.6%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "   U.S. Total Energy Consumption (quadrillion Btu)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "26.34\n",
      "23.04\n",
      "24.47\n",
      "23.70\n",
      "25.32\n",
      "23.02\n",
      "24.73\n",
      "24.17\n",
      "25.26\n",
      "22.95\n",
      "24.31\n",
      "24.67\n",
      "98.32\n",
      "97.55\n",
      "97.24\n",
      "97.19\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "26.30\n",
      "23.01\n",
      "24.44\n",
      "23.67\n",
      "25.28\n",
      "22.99\n",
      "24.56\n",
      "24.18\n",
      "25.33\n",
      "22.91\n",
      "24.27\n",
      "24.47\n",
      "98.30\n",
      "97.42\n",
      "97.01\n",
      "96.97\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "U.S. Macroeconomic and Weather\n",
      "   U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product  (billion chained 2009 dollars) \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "16,269\n",
      "16,374\n",
      "16,455\n",
      "16,491\n",
      "16,525\n",
      "16,583\n",
      "16,702\n",
      "16,786\n",
      "16,880\n",
      "16,968\n",
      "17,060\n",
      "17,142\n",
      "15,982\n",
      "16,397\n",
      "16,649\n",
      "17,013\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "16,269\n",
      "16,374\n",
      "16,455\n",
      "16,491\n",
      "16,525\n",
      "16,583\n",
      "16,657\n",
      "16,738\n",
      "16,834\n",
      "16,931\n",
      "17,031\n",
      "17,116\n",
      "15,982\n",
      "16,397\n",
      "16,626\n",
      "16,978\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "2.1%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "   U.S. Manufacturing  Production Index (index 2012 = 100) \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "103.2\n",
      "103.4\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.7\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "104.3\n",
      "104.5\n",
      "105.1\n",
      "106.0\n",
      "102.5\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.8\n",
      "105.0\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "103.2\n",
      "103.4\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.7\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "104.2\n",
      "104.6\n",
      "105.0\n",
      "106.0\n",
      "106.9\n",
      "102.5\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "105.6\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Heating Degree Days\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2,340\n",
      "442\n",
      "49\n",
      "1,252\n",
      "1,946\n",
      "480\n",
      "51\n",
      "1,379\n",
      "2,087\n",
      "455\n",
      "68\n",
      "1,495\n",
      "4,549\n",
      "4,084\n",
      "3,856\n",
      "4,106\n",
      "-10.2%\n",
      "-5.6%\n",
      "6.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2,340\n",
      "443\n",
      "49\n",
      "1,253\n",
      "1,947\n",
      "481\n",
      "50\n",
      "1,426\n",
      "2,090\n",
      "462\n",
      "70\n",
      "1,495\n",
      "4,549\n",
      "4,085\n",
      "3,903\n",
      "4,117\n",
      "-10.2%\n",
      "-4.4%\n",
      "5.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "1.8%\n",
      "-3.3%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-1.5%\n",
      "-2.8%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-1.2%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "   U.S. Cooling Degree Days\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "46\n",
      "435\n",
      "875\n",
      "134\n",
      "54\n",
      "411\n",
      "966\n",
      "125\n",
      "45\n",
      "417\n",
      "871\n",
      "97\n",
      "1,299\n",
      "1,490\n",
      "1,556\n",
      "1,429\n",
      "14.7%\n",
      "4.4%\n",
      "-8.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "46\n",
      "434\n",
      "875\n",
      "133\n",
      "54\n",
      "410\n",
      "969\n",
      "128\n",
      "45\n",
      "413\n",
      "863\n",
      "97\n",
      "1,299\n",
      "1,489\n",
      "1,562\n",
      "1,417\n",
      "14.7%\n",
      "4.9%\n",
      "-9.2%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-3.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "Source: Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (http://www.eia/doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html)\n",
      "STEO Current/Previous Forecast Comparisons: U.S. Energy Supply and Demand Summary\n",
      "Year\n",
      "Growth Rate\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 6_FAISS.pdf, Page 3: Current Forecast: December 6, 2016; Previous Forecast: November 8, 2016\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "2014\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "2014-2015\n",
      "2015-2016\n",
      "2016-2017\n",
      "U.S. Supply  (million barrels per day)\n",
      "   U.S. Crude Oil Production \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.74\n",
      "8.70\n",
      "8.94\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.86\n",
      "8.78\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-5.9%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.71\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.87\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.84\n",
      "8.73\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-6.1%\n",
      "-1.3%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "3.15\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.40\n",
      "3.47\n",
      "3.38\n",
      "3.57\n",
      "3.46\n",
      "3.49\n",
      "3.46\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "3.91\n",
      "4.03\n",
      "3.01\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.48\n",
      "3.78\n",
      "10.9%\n",
      "4.1%\n",
      "8.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "3.15\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.40\n",
      "3.47\n",
      "3.38\n",
      "3.57\n",
      "3.48\n",
      "3.51\n",
      "3.53\n",
      "3.70\n",
      "3.93\n",
      "4.06\n",
      "3.01\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.48\n",
      "3.81\n",
      "10.9%\n",
      "4.3%\n",
      "9.2%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-2.1%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "   U.S. Ethanol Production\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.97\n",
      "1.01\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.01\n",
      "0.93\n",
      "0.97\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "3.5%\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.97\n",
      "1.01\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.98\n",
      "0.93\n",
      "0.97\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "3.5%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "2.5%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "   U.S. Total Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuel Net Imports \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "5.03\n",
      "4.68\n",
      "4.83\n",
      "4.32\n",
      "4.97\n",
      "4.68\n",
      "5.15\n",
      "4.59\n",
      "4.45\n",
      "4.91\n",
      "4.83\n",
      "4.04\n",
      "5.07\n",
      "4.71\n",
      "4.85\n",
      "4.56\n",
      "-7.0%\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "-6.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "5.03\n",
      "4.68\n",
      "4.83\n",
      "4.32\n",
      "4.97\n",
      "4.68\n",
      "5.07\n",
      "4.56\n",
      "4.53\n",
      "5.01\n",
      "4.89\n",
      "4.03\n",
      "5.07\n",
      "4.71\n",
      "4.82\n",
      "4.62\n",
      "-7.0%\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "-4.2%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "-1.9%\n",
      "-2.1%\n",
      "-1.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-1.3%\n",
      "U.S. Consumption (million barrels per day)\n",
      "   U.S. Gasoline \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "8.84\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "9.09\n",
      "9.44\n",
      "9.56\n",
      "9.16\n",
      "9.07\n",
      "9.52\n",
      "9.54\n",
      "9.37\n",
      "8.92\n",
      "9.18\n",
      "9.31\n",
      "9.37\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "8.84\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "9.09\n",
      "9.44\n",
      "9.51\n",
      "9.25\n",
      "9.08\n",
      "9.51\n",
      "9.53\n",
      "9.36\n",
      "8.92\n",
      "9.18\n",
      "9.32\n",
      "9.37\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   U.S. Distillate \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "4.26\n",
      "3.90\n",
      "3.96\n",
      "3.86\n",
      "3.90\n",
      "3.80\n",
      "3.79\n",
      "4.02\n",
      "4.01\n",
      "3.88\n",
      "3.85\n",
      "4.02\n",
      "4.04\n",
      "4.00\n",
      "3.88\n",
      "3.94\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "-3.0%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "4.26\n",
      "3.90\n",
      "3.96\n",
      "3.86\n",
      "3.90\n",
      "3.80\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "3.98\n",
      "4.03\n",
      "3.88\n",
      "3.80\n",
      "3.98\n",
      "4.04\n",
      "4.00\n",
      "3.85\n",
      "3.92\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "-3.7%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "2.1%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "   U.S. Jet Fuel \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "1.46\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.50\n",
      "1.61\n",
      "1.68\n",
      "1.65\n",
      "1.52\n",
      "1.58\n",
      "1.64\n",
      "1.64\n",
      "1.47\n",
      "1.55\n",
      "1.61\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "5.3%\n",
      "4.1%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "1.46\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.50\n",
      "1.61\n",
      "1.68\n",
      "1.58\n",
      "1.48\n",
      "1.58\n",
      "1.64\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.47\n",
      "1.55\n",
      "1.59\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "5.3%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "-1.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "2.5%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "1.8%\n",
      "   U.S. Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.78\n",
      "2.37\n",
      "2.39\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "2.73\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.40\n",
      "2.68\n",
      "2.73\n",
      "2.35\n",
      "2.54\n",
      "2.93\n",
      "2.45\n",
      "2.55\n",
      "2.51\n",
      "2.64\n",
      "4.1%\n",
      "-1.4%\n",
      "5.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.78\n",
      "2.37\n",
      "2.39\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "2.73\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.32\n",
      "2.71\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.37\n",
      "2.62\n",
      "2.99\n",
      "2.45\n",
      "2.55\n",
      "2.50\n",
      "2.68\n",
      "4.1%\n",
      "-1.7%\n",
      "7.1%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "-1.4%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "-2.9%\n",
      "-1.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "-1.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Total Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.88\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.69\n",
      "20.10\n",
      "20.28\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.66\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.79\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.55\n",
      "19.73\n",
      "20.12\n",
      "20.21\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.64\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "U.S. Closing Stocks (million barrels)\n",
      "   U.S. Crude Oil \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "443.2\n",
      "438.8\n",
      "429.1\n",
      "449.2\n",
      "501.5\n",
      "498.0\n",
      "469.1\n",
      "474.5\n",
      "491.4\n",
      "474.8\n",
      "452.7\n",
      "439.8\n",
      "360.9\n",
      "449.2\n",
      "474.5\n",
      "439.8\n",
      "24.5%\n",
      "5.6%\n",
      "-7.3%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "443.2\n",
      "438.8\n",
      "429.1\n",
      "449.2\n",
      "501.5\n",
      "498.0\n",
      "469.8\n",
      "467.9\n",
      "486.8\n",
      "471.5\n",
      "450.4\n",
      "438.0\n",
      "360.9\n",
      "449.2\n",
      "467.9\n",
      "438.0\n",
      "24.5%\n",
      "4.2%\n",
      "-6.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "   U.S. Total Gasoline \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "232.9\n",
      "221.1\n",
      "225.2\n",
      "235.5\n",
      "243.3\n",
      "242.1\n",
      "227.0\n",
      "237.7\n",
      "233.7\n",
      "229.5\n",
      "228.8\n",
      "240.5\n",
      "240.4\n",
      "235.5\n",
      "237.7\n",
      "240.5\n",
      "-2.0%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "232.9\n",
      "221.1\n",
      "225.2\n",
      "235.5\n",
      "243.3\n",
      "242.1\n",
      "227.1\n",
      "239.5\n",
      "233.6\n",
      "229.8\n",
      "228.9\n",
      "240.8\n",
      "240.4\n",
      "235.5\n",
      "239.5\n",
      "240.8\n",
      "-2.0%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "   U.S. Distillate Fuel Oil\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "128.7\n",
      "139.6\n",
      "149.4\n",
      "161.3\n",
      "160.6\n",
      "149.2\n",
      "160.4\n",
      "160.1\n",
      "141.9\n",
      "144.7\n",
      "151.6\n",
      "151.5\n",
      "136.3\n",
      "161.3\n",
      "160.1\n",
      "151.5\n",
      "18.4%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "-5.4%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "128.7\n",
      "139.6\n",
      "149.4\n",
      "161.3\n",
      "160.6\n",
      "149.2\n",
      "160.2\n",
      "157.5\n",
      "138.7\n",
      "141.4\n",
      "148.3\n",
      "148.5\n",
      "136.3\n",
      "161.3\n",
      "157.5\n",
      "148.5\n",
      "18.4%\n",
      "-2.4%\n",
      "-5.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "Source: Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (http://www.eia/doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html)\n",
      "STEO Current/Previous Forecast Comparisons: U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "Year\n",
      "Growth Rate\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 6_FAISS.pdf, Page 2: Current Forecast: December 6, 2016; Previous Forecast: November 8, 2016\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "2014\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "2014-2015\n",
      "2015-2016\n",
      "2016-2017\n",
      "World Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Supply (million barrels per day)\n",
      "   OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Supply\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "26.76\n",
      "26.51\n",
      "26.89\n",
      "27.12\n",
      "26.97\n",
      "25.92\n",
      "26.25\n",
      "26.53\n",
      "26.43\n",
      "26.56\n",
      "26.55\n",
      "27.14\n",
      "25.81\n",
      "26.82\n",
      "26.41\n",
      "26.67\n",
      "3.9%\n",
      "-1.5%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "26.76\n",
      "26.51\n",
      "26.89\n",
      "27.12\n",
      "26.97\n",
      "25.91\n",
      "26.21\n",
      "26.48\n",
      "26.47\n",
      "26.52\n",
      "26.52\n",
      "27.07\n",
      "25.81\n",
      "26.82\n",
      "26.39\n",
      "26.65\n",
      "3.9%\n",
      "-1.6%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "   OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) Supply\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "37.59\n",
      "38.30\n",
      "38.76\n",
      "38.56\n",
      "38.38\n",
      "39.07\n",
      "39.68\n",
      "40.02\n",
      "39.87\n",
      "40.18\n",
      "40.42\n",
      "40.42\n",
      "37.45\n",
      "38.31\n",
      "39.29\n",
      "40.22\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "37.59\n",
      "38.30\n",
      "38.76\n",
      "38.56\n",
      "38.38\n",
      "39.08\n",
      "39.66\n",
      "39.97\n",
      "39.90\n",
      "40.17\n",
      "40.42\n",
      "40.42\n",
      "37.45\n",
      "38.31\n",
      "39.28\n",
      "40.23\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "2.5%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   Non-OPEC Supply\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "57.13\n",
      "57.16\n",
      "57.68\n",
      "57.92\n",
      "57.14\n",
      "56.42\n",
      "56.63\n",
      "57.19\n",
      "56.54\n",
      "57.29\n",
      "57.32\n",
      "57.63\n",
      "55.88\n",
      "57.48\n",
      "56.85\n",
      "57.20\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "-1.1%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "57.14\n",
      "57.18\n",
      "57.70\n",
      "57.94\n",
      "57.16\n",
      "56.43\n",
      "56.60\n",
      "57.34\n",
      "56.58\n",
      "57.25\n",
      "57.28\n",
      "57.68\n",
      "55.90\n",
      "57.49\n",
      "56.88\n",
      "57.20\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "-1.1%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   Total World Supply\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "94.72\n",
      "95.46\n",
      "96.44\n",
      "96.49\n",
      "95.52\n",
      "95.50\n",
      "96.31\n",
      "97.21\n",
      "96.41\n",
      "97.47\n",
      "97.75\n",
      "98.05\n",
      "93.34\n",
      "95.78\n",
      "96.14\n",
      "97.42\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "94.73\n",
      "95.48\n",
      "96.46\n",
      "96.50\n",
      "95.53\n",
      "95.51\n",
      "96.26\n",
      "97.31\n",
      "96.49\n",
      "97.42\n",
      "97.70\n",
      "98.10\n",
      "93.35\n",
      "95.80\n",
      "96.16\n",
      "97.43\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "World Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Consumption (million barrels per day)\n",
      "   OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Consumption\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "46.63\n",
      "45.64\n",
      "46.92\n",
      "46.46\n",
      "46.72\n",
      "45.97\n",
      "46.64\n",
      "47.13\n",
      "47.02\n",
      "45.95\n",
      "46.90\n",
      "47.58\n",
      "45.86\n",
      "46.41\n",
      "46.62\n",
      "46.87\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "46.63\n",
      "45.64\n",
      "46.92\n",
      "46.46\n",
      "46.72\n",
      "45.98\n",
      "46.52\n",
      "47.15\n",
      "46.97\n",
      "45.91\n",
      "46.84\n",
      "47.44\n",
      "45.86\n",
      "46.41\n",
      "46.59\n",
      "46.79\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "   Non-OECD Consumption\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "46.71\n",
      "47.82\n",
      "48.28\n",
      "47.81\n",
      "47.46\n",
      "49.31\n",
      "49.52\n",
      "48.93\n",
      "48.79\n",
      "50.57\n",
      "50.88\n",
      "50.24\n",
      "46.72\n",
      "47.66\n",
      "48.81\n",
      "50.13\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "46.44\n",
      "48.03\n",
      "48.35\n",
      "47.80\n",
      "47.46\n",
      "49.31\n",
      "49.52\n",
      "48.93\n",
      "48.79\n",
      "50.57\n",
      "50.88\n",
      "50.24\n",
      "46.72\n",
      "47.66\n",
      "48.81\n",
      "50.13\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   China Consumption\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "11.13\n",
      "11.26\n",
      "11.35\n",
      "11.38\n",
      "11.25\n",
      "11.87\n",
      "11.72\n",
      "11.77\n",
      "11.56\n",
      "12.20\n",
      "12.15\n",
      "12.09\n",
      "10.85\n",
      "11.28\n",
      "11.65\n",
      "12.00\n",
      "4.0%\n",
      "3.3%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "10.87\n",
      "11.46\n",
      "11.42\n",
      "11.37\n",
      "11.25\n",
      "11.87\n",
      "11.72\n",
      "11.77\n",
      "11.56\n",
      "12.20\n",
      "12.15\n",
      "12.09\n",
      "10.85\n",
      "11.28\n",
      "11.65\n",
      "12.00\n",
      "4.0%\n",
      "3.3%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "-1.8%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   Total World Consumption\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "93.34\n",
      "93.46\n",
      "95.19\n",
      "94.26\n",
      "94.18\n",
      "95.29\n",
      "96.16\n",
      "96.06\n",
      "95.81\n",
      "96.52\n",
      "97.78\n",
      "97.83\n",
      "92.58\n",
      "94.07\n",
      "95.43\n",
      "96.99\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "93.08\n",
      "93.66\n",
      "95.26\n",
      "94.26\n",
      "94.18\n",
      "95.29\n",
      "96.04\n",
      "96.08\n",
      "95.75\n",
      "96.48\n",
      "97.73\n",
      "97.69\n",
      "92.58\n",
      "94.07\n",
      "95.40\n",
      "96.92\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "Closing Stocks (million barrels)\n",
      "   OECD Commercial Inventory  \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2,772\n",
      "2,859\n",
      "2,934\n",
      "2,967\n",
      "2,997\n",
      "3,041\n",
      "3,046\n",
      "3,057\n",
      "3,059\n",
      "3,105\n",
      "3,106\n",
      "3,077\n",
      "2,688\n",
      "2,967\n",
      "3,057\n",
      "3,077\n",
      "10.4%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2,772\n",
      "2,859\n",
      "2,934\n",
      "2,967\n",
      "2,997\n",
      "3,041\n",
      "3,049\n",
      "3,054\n",
      "3,064\n",
      "3,111\n",
      "3,112\n",
      "3,088\n",
      "2,688\n",
      "2,967\n",
      "3,054\n",
      "3,088\n",
      "10.4%\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "OPEC Surplus Production Capacity and World Macroeconomic \n",
      "   OPEC Surplus Crude OIl Production Capacity (million barrels per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "1.94\n",
      "1.56\n",
      "1.34\n",
      "1.56\n",
      "1.85\n",
      "1.26\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "1.14\n",
      "1.42\n",
      "1.18\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.17\n",
      "2.08\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "1.30\n",
      "1.19\n",
      "-23.3%\n",
      "-18.6%\n",
      "-8.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "1.94\n",
      "1.56\n",
      "1.34\n",
      "1.56\n",
      "1.84\n",
      "1.27\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "1.15\n",
      "1.38\n",
      "1.17\n",
      "0.98\n",
      "1.17\n",
      "2.08\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "1.30\n",
      "1.17\n",
      "-23.3%\n",
      "-18.4%\n",
      "-9.9%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "   World Oil-Consumption-Weighted GDP Growth (annualized percent change)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.82\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.48\n",
      "2.23\n",
      "2.10\n",
      "2.16\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.41\n",
      "2.54\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.72\n",
      "2.81\n",
      "2.54\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.80\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.45\n",
      "2.20\n",
      "2.07\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.32\n",
      "2.46\n",
      "2.56\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.73\n",
      "2.78\n",
      "2.52\n",
      "2.16\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "Source: Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (http://www.eia/doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html)\n",
      "STEO Current/Previous Forecast Comparisons: International Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "Year\n",
      "Growth Rate\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 6_FAISS.pdf, Page 1: Current Forecast: December 6, 2016; Previous Forecast: November 8, 2016\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "2014\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "2014-2015\n",
      "2015-2016\n",
      "2016-2017\n",
      "U.S. Petroleum\n",
      "   WTI spot ($/barrel)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "48.48\n",
      "57.85\n",
      "46.55\n",
      "41.94\n",
      "33.35\n",
      "45.46\n",
      "44.85\n",
      "48.18\n",
      "49.00\n",
      "49.00\n",
      "51.00\n",
      "53.65\n",
      "93.17\n",
      "48.67\n",
      "43.07\n",
      "50.66\n",
      "-47.8%\n",
      "-11.5%\n",
      "17.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "48.48\n",
      "57.85\n",
      "46.55\n",
      "41.94\n",
      "33.35\n",
      "45.46\n",
      "44.85\n",
      "47.24\n",
      "47.00\n",
      "48.03\n",
      "51.00\n",
      "53.65\n",
      "93.17\n",
      "48.67\n",
      "42.84\n",
      "49.91\n",
      "-47.8%\n",
      "-12.0%\n",
      "16.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "4.3%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "  Refiner composite crude oil  acquisition cost ($/barrel)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "47.94\n",
      "57.47\n",
      "47.67\n",
      "40.48\n",
      "30.84\n",
      "42.23\n",
      "43.18\n",
      "47.17\n",
      "48.00\n",
      "48.00\n",
      "49.98\n",
      "52.67\n",
      "92.05\n",
      "48.40\n",
      "40.92\n",
      "49.70\n",
      "-47.4%\n",
      "-15.5%\n",
      "21.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "47.94\n",
      "57.47\n",
      "47.67\n",
      "40.48\n",
      "30.84\n",
      "42.23\n",
      "43.53\n",
      "46.22\n",
      "46.00\n",
      "47.01\n",
      "49.98\n",
      "52.67\n",
      "92.05\n",
      "48.40\n",
      "40.78\n",
      "48.98\n",
      "-47.4%\n",
      "-15.8%\n",
      "20.1%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "2.1%\n",
      "4.3%\n",
      "2.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "  Brent spot average ($/barrel)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "53.91\n",
      "61.65\n",
      "50.43\n",
      "43.55\n",
      "33.89\n",
      "45.57\n",
      "45.80\n",
      "48.11\n",
      "50.00\n",
      "50.00\n",
      "52.00\n",
      "54.65\n",
      "98.89\n",
      "52.32\n",
      "43.46\n",
      "51.66\n",
      "-47.1%\n",
      "-16.9%\n",
      "18.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "53.91\n",
      "61.65\n",
      "50.43\n",
      "43.55\n",
      "33.89\n",
      "45.57\n",
      "45.80\n",
      "47.50\n",
      "48.00\n",
      "49.03\n",
      "52.00\n",
      "54.65\n",
      "98.89\n",
      "52.32\n",
      "43.30\n",
      "50.91\n",
      "-47.1%\n",
      "-17.2%\n",
      "17.6%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "4.2%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "   Gasoline, regular-grade retail including taxes ($/gallon)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "2.60\n",
      "2.16\n",
      "1.90\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.38\n",
      "2.40\n",
      "2.26\n",
      "3.36\n",
      "2.43\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.30\n",
      "-27.8%\n",
      "-11.7%\n",
      "7.3%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "2.60\n",
      "2.16\n",
      "1.90\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.05\n",
      "2.35\n",
      "2.40\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "3.36\n",
      "2.43\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "-27.8%\n",
      "-12.3%\n",
      "6.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "4.9%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "   Diesel, retail including taxes ($/gallon)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.92\n",
      "2.85\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.43\n",
      "2.08\n",
      "2.30\n",
      "2.38\n",
      "2.48\n",
      "2.64\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.70\n",
      "2.81\n",
      "3.83\n",
      "2.71\n",
      "2.31\n",
      "2.70\n",
      "-29.3%\n",
      "-14.5%\n",
      "16.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.92\n",
      "2.85\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.43\n",
      "2.08\n",
      "2.30\n",
      "2.38\n",
      "2.50\n",
      "2.60\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.70\n",
      "2.82\n",
      "3.83\n",
      "2.71\n",
      "2.32\n",
      "2.69\n",
      "-29.3%\n",
      "-14.4%\n",
      "15.9%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "   Heating Oil, residential retail including taxes ($/gallon)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.88\n",
      "2.76\n",
      "2.47\n",
      "2.24\n",
      "1.95\n",
      "2.05\n",
      "2.11\n",
      "2.39\n",
      "2.58\n",
      "2.53\n",
      "2.57\n",
      "2.71\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.62\n",
      "-28.7%\n",
      "-20.0%\n",
      "23.3%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.88\n",
      "2.76\n",
      "2.47\n",
      "2.24\n",
      "1.95\n",
      "2.05\n",
      "2.11\n",
      "2.38\n",
      "2.55\n",
      "2.50\n",
      "2.57\n",
      "2.72\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.60\n",
      "-28.7%\n",
      "-20.1%\n",
      "22.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "U.S. Natural Gas\n",
      "   Henry Hub spot ($ per million Btu)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.90\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.76\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.00\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.88\n",
      "2.93\n",
      "3.36\n",
      "3.21\n",
      "3.19\n",
      "3.32\n",
      "4.39\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.49\n",
      "3.27\n",
      "-40.1%\n",
      "-5.5%\n",
      "31.4%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.90\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.76\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.00\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.88\n",
      "2.99\n",
      "3.25\n",
      "3.00\n",
      "3.02\n",
      "3.20\n",
      "4.39\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.50\n",
      "3.12\n",
      "-40.1%\n",
      "-4.8%\n",
      "24.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-2.3%\n",
      "3.4%\n",
      "7.0%\n",
      "5.5%\n",
      "3.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "4.9%\n",
      "   Residential Retail ($ per thousand cubic feet)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "12.02\n",
      "16.52\n",
      "10.08\n",
      "8.53\n",
      "11.16\n",
      "16.99\n",
      "10.80\n",
      "9.84\n",
      "12.45\n",
      "16.68\n",
      "10.89\n",
      "10.94\n",
      "10.36\n",
      "10.24\n",
      "11.02\n",
      "-5.3%\n",
      "-1.2%\n",
      "7.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "12.02\n",
      "16.52\n",
      "10.08\n",
      "8.53\n",
      "11.16\n",
      "16.82\n",
      "10.51\n",
      "9.68\n",
      "12.27\n",
      "16.45\n",
      "10.71\n",
      "10.94\n",
      "10.36\n",
      "10.15\n",
      "10.85\n",
      "-5.3%\n",
      "-2.0%\n",
      "6.9%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "U.S. Electric Utilities Fuel Costs ($ per million Btu)\n",
      "   Coal  \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.19\n",
      "2.17\n",
      "2.20\n",
      "2.23\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.36\n",
      "2.23\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "-5.8%\n",
      "-3.7%\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.20\n",
      "2.19\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.36\n",
      "2.23\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "-5.9%\n",
      "-3.3%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-1.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "   Natural Gas \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "4.10\n",
      "3.12\n",
      "3.10\n",
      "2.72\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.51\n",
      "3.00\n",
      "3.62\n",
      "4.25\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "3.52\n",
      "4.00\n",
      "4.98\n",
      "3.23\n",
      "2.94\n",
      "3.83\n",
      "-35.2%\n",
      "-9.1%\n",
      "30.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "4.09\n",
      "3.12\n",
      "3.09\n",
      "2.72\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.51\n",
      "3.01\n",
      "3.59\n",
      "4.12\n",
      "3.49\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.87\n",
      "4.98\n",
      "3.22\n",
      "2.94\n",
      "3.67\n",
      "-35.3%\n",
      "-8.8%\n",
      "24.8%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "6.4%\n",
      "5.4%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "   Residual Fuel Oil\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "10.82\n",
      "11.64\n",
      "10.49\n",
      "7.76\n",
      "6.15\n",
      "8.51\n",
      "9.85\n",
      "8.98\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "10.07\n",
      "9.82\n",
      "10.03\n",
      "19.19\n",
      "10.36\n",
      "8.44\n",
      "9.80\n",
      "-46.0%\n",
      "-18.6%\n",
      "16.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "10.82\n",
      "11.64\n",
      "10.48\n",
      "7.76\n",
      "6.15\n",
      "8.51\n",
      "10.78\n",
      "9.36\n",
      "9.11\n",
      "9.80\n",
      "9.73\n",
      "10.01\n",
      "19.19\n",
      "10.36\n",
      "8.82\n",
      "9.65\n",
      "-46.0%\n",
      "-14.9%\n",
      "9.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-8.7%\n",
      "-4.0%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-4.3%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "U.S. Residential Retail Electricity (cents per kilowatthour)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "12.23\n",
      "12.83\n",
      "12.96\n",
      "12.57\n",
      "12.20\n",
      "12.66\n",
      "12.81\n",
      "12.36\n",
      "12.33\n",
      "12.93\n",
      "13.32\n",
      "12.84\n",
      "12.52\n",
      "12.65\n",
      "12.53\n",
      "12.87\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "12.24\n",
      "12.85\n",
      "12.99\n",
      "12.59\n",
      "12.21\n",
      "12.67\n",
      "12.82\n",
      "12.43\n",
      "12.41\n",
      "13.00\n",
      "13.34\n",
      "12.93\n",
      "12.52\n",
      "12.67\n",
      "12.55\n",
      "12.93\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "Source: Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (http://www.eia/doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html)\n",
      "STEO Current/Previous Forecast Comparisons: Energy Prices\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "Year\n",
      "Growth Rate\n",
      "Prices are not adjusted for inflation. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 6_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: Current Forecast: December 6, 2016; Previous Forecast: November 8, 2016\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "2014\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "2014-2015\n",
      "2015-2016\n",
      "2016-2017\n",
      "U.S. Energy Supply\n",
      "   U.S. Crude Oil Production (million barrels per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.74\n",
      "8.70\n",
      "8.94\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.86\n",
      "8.78\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-5.9%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.71\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.87\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.84\n",
      "8.73\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-6.1%\n",
      "-1.3%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Dry Natural Gas Production (billion cubic feet per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "73.44\n",
      "74.50\n",
      "74.51\n",
      "74.08\n",
      "73.77\n",
      "72.38\n",
      "71.89\n",
      "71.94\n",
      "73.22\n",
      "74.48\n",
      "75.34\n",
      "76.13\n",
      "70.93\n",
      "74.14\n",
      "72.49\n",
      "74.80\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "-2.2%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "73.44\n",
      "74.50\n",
      "74.51\n",
      "74.08\n",
      "73.77\n",
      "72.38\n",
      "71.73\n",
      "71.51\n",
      "73.06\n",
      "74.41\n",
      "75.81\n",
      "76.93\n",
      "70.93\n",
      "74.14\n",
      "72.34\n",
      "75.06\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "-2.4%\n",
      "3.8%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "   U.S. Coal Production (million short tons)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "240.3\n",
      "212.5\n",
      "237.0\n",
      "207.2\n",
      "173.0\n",
      "160.5\n",
      "204.6\n",
      "220.2\n",
      "194.4\n",
      "175.9\n",
      "200.4\n",
      "201.5\n",
      "1000.0\n",
      "897.0\n",
      "758.4\n",
      "772.1\n",
      "-10.3%\n",
      "-15.5%\n",
      "1.8%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "240.3\n",
      "212.5\n",
      "237.0\n",
      "207.2\n",
      "173.0\n",
      "160.5\n",
      "204.6\n",
      "208.4\n",
      "198.1\n",
      "174.8\n",
      "199.7\n",
      "195.1\n",
      "1000.0\n",
      "897.0\n",
      "746.5\n",
      "767.7\n",
      "-10.3%\n",
      "-16.8%\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "5.7%\n",
      "-1.8%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "3.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "U.S. Energy Consumption\n",
      "   U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels Consumption (million barrels per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.88\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.69\n",
      "20.10\n",
      "20.28\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.66\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.79\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.55\n",
      "19.73\n",
      "20.12\n",
      "20.21\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.64\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   U.S. Natural Gas Consumption (billion cubic feet per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "95.88\n",
      "63.40\n",
      "65.48\n",
      "74.19\n",
      "89.30\n",
      "66.81\n",
      "69.24\n",
      "75.57\n",
      "91.73\n",
      "65.84\n",
      "67.89\n",
      "78.59\n",
      "72.86\n",
      "74.65\n",
      "75.22\n",
      "75.96\n",
      "2.5%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "95.94\n",
      "63.57\n",
      "65.73\n",
      "74.34\n",
      "89.38\n",
      "66.89\n",
      "69.54\n",
      "76.90\n",
      "92.26\n",
      "65.97\n",
      "67.85\n",
      "78.06\n",
      "72.86\n",
      "74.81\n",
      "75.66\n",
      "75.97\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-1.7%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   U.S. Electricity Retail Sales (million kilowatthours per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "10,498\n",
      "9,769\n",
      "11,488\n",
      "9,438\n",
      "9,805\n",
      "9,583\n",
      "11,692\n",
      "9,681\n",
      "10,058\n",
      "9,726\n",
      "11,494\n",
      "9,761\n",
      "10,314\n",
      "10,299\n",
      "10,193\n",
      "10,262\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "10,374\n",
      "9,685\n",
      "11,402\n",
      "9,354\n",
      "9,829\n",
      "9,589\n",
      "11,774\n",
      "9,682\n",
      "10,221\n",
      "9,766\n",
      "11,490\n",
      "9,620\n",
      "10,314\n",
      "10,204\n",
      "10,221\n",
      "10,276\n",
      "-1.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-1.6%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "   U.S. Total Energy Consumption (quadrillion Btu)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "26.34\n",
      "23.04\n",
      "24.47\n",
      "23.70\n",
      "25.32\n",
      "23.02\n",
      "24.73\n",
      "24.17\n",
      "25.26\n",
      "22.95\n",
      "24.31\n",
      "24.67\n",
      "98.32\n",
      "97.55\n",
      "97.24\n",
      "97.19\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "26.30\n",
      "23.01\n",
      "24.44\n",
      "23.67\n",
      "25.28\n",
      "22.99\n",
      "24.56\n",
      "24.18\n",
      "25.33\n",
      "22.91\n",
      "24.27\n",
      "24.47\n",
      "98.30\n",
      "97.42\n",
      "97.01\n",
      "96.97\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "U.S. Macroeconomic and Weather\n",
      "   U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product  (billion chained 2009 dollars) \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "16,269\n",
      "16,374\n",
      "16,455\n",
      "16,491\n",
      "16,525\n",
      "16,583\n",
      "16,702\n",
      "16,786\n",
      "16,880\n",
      "16,968\n",
      "17,060\n",
      "17,142\n",
      "15,982\n",
      "16,397\n",
      "16,649\n",
      "17,013\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "16,269\n",
      "16,374\n",
      "16,455\n",
      "16,491\n",
      "16,525\n",
      "16,583\n",
      "16,657\n",
      "16,738\n",
      "16,834\n",
      "16,931\n",
      "17,031\n",
      "17,116\n",
      "15,982\n",
      "16,397\n",
      "16,626\n",
      "16,978\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "2.1%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "   U.S. Manufacturing  Production Index (index 2012 = 100) \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "103.2\n",
      "103.4\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.7\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "104.3\n",
      "104.5\n",
      "105.1\n",
      "106.0\n",
      "102.5\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.8\n",
      "105.0\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "103.2\n",
      "103.4\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.7\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "104.2\n",
      "104.6\n",
      "105.0\n",
      "106.0\n",
      "106.9\n",
      "102.5\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "105.6\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Heating Degree Days\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2,340\n",
      "442\n",
      "49\n",
      "1,252\n",
      "1,946\n",
      "480\n",
      "51\n",
      "1,379\n",
      "2,087\n",
      "455\n",
      "68\n",
      "1,495\n",
      "4,549\n",
      "4,084\n",
      "3,856\n",
      "4,106\n",
      "-10.2%\n",
      "-5.6%\n",
      "6.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2,340\n",
      "443\n",
      "49\n",
      "1,253\n",
      "1,947\n",
      "481\n",
      "50\n",
      "1,426\n",
      "2,090\n",
      "462\n",
      "70\n",
      "1,495\n",
      "4,549\n",
      "4,085\n",
      "3,903\n",
      "4,117\n",
      "-10.2%\n",
      "-4.4%\n",
      "5.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "1.8%\n",
      "-3.3%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-1.5%\n",
      "-2.8%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-1.2%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "   U.S. Cooling Degree Days\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "46\n",
      "435\n",
      "875\n",
      "134\n",
      "54\n",
      "411\n",
      "966\n",
      "125\n",
      "45\n",
      "417\n",
      "871\n",
      "97\n",
      "1,299\n",
      "1,490\n",
      "1,556\n",
      "1,429\n",
      "14.7%\n",
      "4.4%\n",
      "-8.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "46\n",
      "434\n",
      "875\n",
      "133\n",
      "54\n",
      "410\n",
      "969\n",
      "128\n",
      "45\n",
      "413\n",
      "863\n",
      "97\n",
      "1,299\n",
      "1,489\n",
      "1,562\n",
      "1,417\n",
      "14.7%\n",
      "4.9%\n",
      "-9.2%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-3.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "Source: Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (http://www.eia/doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html)\n",
      "STEO Current/Previous Forecast Comparisons: U.S. Energy Supply and Demand Summary\n",
      "Year\n",
      "Growth Rate\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 6_FAISS.pdf, Page 3: Current Forecast: December 6, 2016; Previous Forecast: November 8, 2016\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "2014\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "2014-2015\n",
      "2015-2016\n",
      "2016-2017\n",
      "U.S. Supply  (million barrels per day)\n",
      "   U.S. Crude Oil Production \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.74\n",
      "8.70\n",
      "8.94\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.86\n",
      "8.78\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-5.9%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.71\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.87\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.84\n",
      "8.73\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-6.1%\n",
      "-1.3%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "3.15\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.40\n",
      "3.47\n",
      "3.38\n",
      "3.57\n",
      "3.46\n",
      "3.49\n",
      "3.46\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "3.91\n",
      "4.03\n",
      "3.01\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.48\n",
      "3.78\n",
      "10.9%\n",
      "4.1%\n",
      "8.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "3.15\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.40\n",
      "3.47\n",
      "3.38\n",
      "3.57\n",
      "3.48\n",
      "3.51\n",
      "3.53\n",
      "3.70\n",
      "3.93\n",
      "4.06\n",
      "3.01\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.48\n",
      "3.81\n",
      "10.9%\n",
      "4.3%\n",
      "9.2%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-2.1%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "   U.S. Ethanol Production\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.97\n",
      "1.01\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.01\n",
      "0.93\n",
      "0.97\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "3.5%\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.97\n",
      "1.01\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.98\n",
      "0.93\n",
      "0.97\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "0.99\n",
      "3.5%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "2.5%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "   U.S. Total Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuel Net Imports \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "5.03\n",
      "4.68\n",
      "4.83\n",
      "4.32\n",
      "4.97\n",
      "4.68\n",
      "5.15\n",
      "4.59\n",
      "4.45\n",
      "4.91\n",
      "4.83\n",
      "4.04\n",
      "5.07\n",
      "4.71\n",
      "4.85\n",
      "4.56\n",
      "-7.0%\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "-6.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "5.03\n",
      "4.68\n",
      "4.83\n",
      "4.32\n",
      "4.97\n",
      "4.68\n",
      "5.07\n",
      "4.56\n",
      "4.53\n",
      "5.01\n",
      "4.89\n",
      "4.03\n",
      "5.07\n",
      "4.71\n",
      "4.82\n",
      "4.62\n",
      "-7.0%\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "-4.2%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "-1.9%\n",
      "-2.1%\n",
      "-1.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-1.3%\n",
      "U.S. Consumption (million barrels per day)\n",
      "   U.S. Gasoline \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "8.84\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "9.09\n",
      "9.44\n",
      "9.56\n",
      "9.16\n",
      "9.07\n",
      "9.52\n",
      "9.54\n",
      "9.37\n",
      "8.92\n",
      "9.18\n",
      "9.31\n",
      "9.37\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "8.84\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "9.09\n",
      "9.44\n",
      "9.51\n",
      "9.25\n",
      "9.08\n",
      "9.51\n",
      "9.53\n",
      "9.36\n",
      "8.92\n",
      "9.18\n",
      "9.32\n",
      "9.37\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   U.S. Distillate \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "4.26\n",
      "3.90\n",
      "3.96\n",
      "3.86\n",
      "3.90\n",
      "3.80\n",
      "3.79\n",
      "4.02\n",
      "4.01\n",
      "3.88\n",
      "3.85\n",
      "4.02\n",
      "4.04\n",
      "4.00\n",
      "3.88\n",
      "3.94\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "-3.0%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "4.26\n",
      "3.90\n",
      "3.96\n",
      "3.86\n",
      "3.90\n",
      "3.80\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "3.98\n",
      "4.03\n",
      "3.88\n",
      "3.80\n",
      "3.98\n",
      "4.04\n",
      "4.00\n",
      "3.85\n",
      "3.92\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "-3.7%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "2.1%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "   U.S. Jet Fuel \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "1.46\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.50\n",
      "1.61\n",
      "1.68\n",
      "1.65\n",
      "1.52\n",
      "1.58\n",
      "1.64\n",
      "1.64\n",
      "1.47\n",
      "1.55\n",
      "1.61\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "5.3%\n",
      "4.1%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "1.46\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.50\n",
      "1.61\n",
      "1.68\n",
      "1.58\n",
      "1.48\n",
      "1.58\n",
      "1.64\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "1.47\n",
      "1.55\n",
      "1.59\n",
      "1.57\n",
      "5.3%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "-1.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "2.5%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "1.8%\n",
      "   U.S. Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.78\n",
      "2.37\n",
      "2.39\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "2.73\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.40\n",
      "2.68\n",
      "2.73\n",
      "2.35\n",
      "2.54\n",
      "2.93\n",
      "2.45\n",
      "2.55\n",
      "2.51\n",
      "2.64\n",
      "4.1%\n",
      "-1.4%\n",
      "5.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.78\n",
      "2.37\n",
      "2.39\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "2.73\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.32\n",
      "2.71\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.37\n",
      "2.62\n",
      "2.99\n",
      "2.45\n",
      "2.55\n",
      "2.50\n",
      "2.68\n",
      "4.1%\n",
      "-1.7%\n",
      "7.1%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "-1.4%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "-2.9%\n",
      "-1.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "-1.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Total Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.88\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.69\n",
      "20.10\n",
      "20.28\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.66\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.79\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.55\n",
      "19.73\n",
      "20.12\n",
      "20.21\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.64\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "U.S. Closing Stocks (million barrels)\n",
      "   U.S. Crude Oil \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "443.2\n",
      "438.8\n",
      "429.1\n",
      "449.2\n",
      "501.5\n",
      "498.0\n",
      "469.1\n",
      "474.5\n",
      "491.4\n",
      "474.8\n",
      "452.7\n",
      "439.8\n",
      "360.9\n",
      "449.2\n",
      "474.5\n",
      "439.8\n",
      "24.5%\n",
      "5.6%\n",
      "-7.3%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "443.2\n",
      "438.8\n",
      "429.1\n",
      "449.2\n",
      "501.5\n",
      "498.0\n",
      "469.8\n",
      "467.9\n",
      "486.8\n",
      "471.5\n",
      "450.4\n",
      "438.0\n",
      "360.9\n",
      "449.2\n",
      "467.9\n",
      "438.0\n",
      "24.5%\n",
      "4.2%\n",
      "-6.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "   U.S. Total Gasoline \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "232.9\n",
      "221.1\n",
      "225.2\n",
      "235.5\n",
      "243.3\n",
      "242.1\n",
      "227.0\n",
      "237.7\n",
      "233.7\n",
      "229.5\n",
      "228.8\n",
      "240.5\n",
      "240.4\n",
      "235.5\n",
      "237.7\n",
      "240.5\n",
      "-2.0%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "232.9\n",
      "221.1\n",
      "225.2\n",
      "235.5\n",
      "243.3\n",
      "242.1\n",
      "227.1\n",
      "239.5\n",
      "233.6\n",
      "229.8\n",
      "228.9\n",
      "240.8\n",
      "240.4\n",
      "235.5\n",
      "239.5\n",
      "240.8\n",
      "-2.0%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "   U.S. Distillate Fuel Oil\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "128.7\n",
      "139.6\n",
      "149.4\n",
      "161.3\n",
      "160.6\n",
      "149.2\n",
      "160.4\n",
      "160.1\n",
      "141.9\n",
      "144.7\n",
      "151.6\n",
      "151.5\n",
      "136.3\n",
      "161.3\n",
      "160.1\n",
      "151.5\n",
      "18.4%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "-5.4%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "128.7\n",
      "139.6\n",
      "149.4\n",
      "161.3\n",
      "160.6\n",
      "149.2\n",
      "160.2\n",
      "157.5\n",
      "138.7\n",
      "141.4\n",
      "148.3\n",
      "148.5\n",
      "136.3\n",
      "161.3\n",
      "157.5\n",
      "148.5\n",
      "18.4%\n",
      "-2.4%\n",
      "-5.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "Source: Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (http://www.eia/doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html)\n",
      "STEO Current/Previous Forecast Comparisons: U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "Year\n",
      "Growth Rate\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 6_FAISS.pdf, Page 2: Current Forecast: December 6, 2016; Previous Forecast: November 8, 2016\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "2014\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "2014-2015\n",
      "2015-2016\n",
      "2016-2017\n",
      "World Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Supply (million barrels per day)\n",
      "   OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Supply\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "26.76\n",
      "26.51\n",
      "26.89\n",
      "27.12\n",
      "26.97\n",
      "25.92\n",
      "26.25\n",
      "26.53\n",
      "26.43\n",
      "26.56\n",
      "26.55\n",
      "27.14\n",
      "25.81\n",
      "26.82\n",
      "26.41\n",
      "26.67\n",
      "3.9%\n",
      "-1.5%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "26.76\n",
      "26.51\n",
      "26.89\n",
      "27.12\n",
      "26.97\n",
      "25.91\n",
      "26.21\n",
      "26.48\n",
      "26.47\n",
      "26.52\n",
      "26.52\n",
      "27.07\n",
      "25.81\n",
      "26.82\n",
      "26.39\n",
      "26.65\n",
      "3.9%\n",
      "-1.6%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "   OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) Supply\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "37.59\n",
      "38.30\n",
      "38.76\n",
      "38.56\n",
      "38.38\n",
      "39.07\n",
      "39.68\n",
      "40.02\n",
      "39.87\n",
      "40.18\n",
      "40.42\n",
      "40.42\n",
      "37.45\n",
      "38.31\n",
      "39.29\n",
      "40.22\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "37.59\n",
      "38.30\n",
      "38.76\n",
      "38.56\n",
      "38.38\n",
      "39.08\n",
      "39.66\n",
      "39.97\n",
      "39.90\n",
      "40.17\n",
      "40.42\n",
      "40.42\n",
      "37.45\n",
      "38.31\n",
      "39.28\n",
      "40.23\n",
      "2.3%\n",
      "2.5%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   Non-OPEC Supply\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "57.13\n",
      "57.16\n",
      "57.68\n",
      "57.92\n",
      "57.14\n",
      "56.42\n",
      "56.63\n",
      "57.19\n",
      "56.54\n",
      "57.29\n",
      "57.32\n",
      "57.63\n",
      "55.88\n",
      "57.48\n",
      "56.85\n",
      "57.20\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "-1.1%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "57.14\n",
      "57.18\n",
      "57.70\n",
      "57.94\n",
      "57.16\n",
      "56.43\n",
      "56.60\n",
      "57.34\n",
      "56.58\n",
      "57.25\n",
      "57.28\n",
      "57.68\n",
      "55.90\n",
      "57.49\n",
      "56.88\n",
      "57.20\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "-1.1%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   Total World Supply\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "94.72\n",
      "95.46\n",
      "96.44\n",
      "96.49\n",
      "95.52\n",
      "95.50\n",
      "96.31\n",
      "97.21\n",
      "96.41\n",
      "97.47\n",
      "97.75\n",
      "98.05\n",
      "93.34\n",
      "95.78\n",
      "96.14\n",
      "97.42\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "94.73\n",
      "95.48\n",
      "96.46\n",
      "96.50\n",
      "95.53\n",
      "95.51\n",
      "96.26\n",
      "97.31\n",
      "96.49\n",
      "97.42\n",
      "97.70\n",
      "98.10\n",
      "93.35\n",
      "95.80\n",
      "96.16\n",
      "97.43\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "World Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Consumption (million barrels per day)\n",
      "   OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Consumption\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "46.63\n",
      "45.64\n",
      "46.92\n",
      "46.46\n",
      "46.72\n",
      "45.97\n",
      "46.64\n",
      "47.13\n",
      "47.02\n",
      "45.95\n",
      "46.90\n",
      "47.58\n",
      "45.86\n",
      "46.41\n",
      "46.62\n",
      "46.87\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "46.63\n",
      "45.64\n",
      "46.92\n",
      "46.46\n",
      "46.72\n",
      "45.98\n",
      "46.52\n",
      "47.15\n",
      "46.97\n",
      "45.91\n",
      "46.84\n",
      "47.44\n",
      "45.86\n",
      "46.41\n",
      "46.59\n",
      "46.79\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "   Non-OECD Consumption\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "46.71\n",
      "47.82\n",
      "48.28\n",
      "47.81\n",
      "47.46\n",
      "49.31\n",
      "49.52\n",
      "48.93\n",
      "48.79\n",
      "50.57\n",
      "50.88\n",
      "50.24\n",
      "46.72\n",
      "47.66\n",
      "48.81\n",
      "50.13\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "46.44\n",
      "48.03\n",
      "48.35\n",
      "47.80\n",
      "47.46\n",
      "49.31\n",
      "49.52\n",
      "48.93\n",
      "48.79\n",
      "50.57\n",
      "50.88\n",
      "50.24\n",
      "46.72\n",
      "47.66\n",
      "48.81\n",
      "50.13\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   China Consumption\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "11.13\n",
      "11.26\n",
      "11.35\n",
      "11.38\n",
      "11.25\n",
      "11.87\n",
      "11.72\n",
      "11.77\n",
      "11.56\n",
      "12.20\n",
      "12.15\n",
      "12.09\n",
      "10.85\n",
      "11.28\n",
      "11.65\n",
      "12.00\n",
      "4.0%\n",
      "3.3%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "10.87\n",
      "11.46\n",
      "11.42\n",
      "11.37\n",
      "11.25\n",
      "11.87\n",
      "11.72\n",
      "11.77\n",
      "11.56\n",
      "12.20\n",
      "12.15\n",
      "12.09\n",
      "10.85\n",
      "11.28\n",
      "11.65\n",
      "12.00\n",
      "4.0%\n",
      "3.3%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "-1.8%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   Total World Consumption\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "93.34\n",
      "93.46\n",
      "95.19\n",
      "94.26\n",
      "94.18\n",
      "95.29\n",
      "96.16\n",
      "96.06\n",
      "95.81\n",
      "96.52\n",
      "97.78\n",
      "97.83\n",
      "92.58\n",
      "94.07\n",
      "95.43\n",
      "96.99\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "93.08\n",
      "93.66\n",
      "95.26\n",
      "94.26\n",
      "94.18\n",
      "95.29\n",
      "96.04\n",
      "96.08\n",
      "95.75\n",
      "96.48\n",
      "97.73\n",
      "97.69\n",
      "92.58\n",
      "94.07\n",
      "95.40\n",
      "96.92\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "Closing Stocks (million barrels)\n",
      "   OECD Commercial Inventory  \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2,772\n",
      "2,859\n",
      "2,934\n",
      "2,967\n",
      "2,997\n",
      "3,041\n",
      "3,046\n",
      "3,057\n",
      "3,059\n",
      "3,105\n",
      "3,106\n",
      "3,077\n",
      "2,688\n",
      "2,967\n",
      "3,057\n",
      "3,077\n",
      "10.4%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2,772\n",
      "2,859\n",
      "2,934\n",
      "2,967\n",
      "2,997\n",
      "3,041\n",
      "3,049\n",
      "3,054\n",
      "3,064\n",
      "3,111\n",
      "3,112\n",
      "3,088\n",
      "2,688\n",
      "2,967\n",
      "3,054\n",
      "3,088\n",
      "10.4%\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "OPEC Surplus Production Capacity and World Macroeconomic \n",
      "   OPEC Surplus Crude OIl Production Capacity (million barrels per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "1.94\n",
      "1.56\n",
      "1.34\n",
      "1.56\n",
      "1.85\n",
      "1.26\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "1.14\n",
      "1.42\n",
      "1.18\n",
      "1.00\n",
      "1.17\n",
      "2.08\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "1.30\n",
      "1.19\n",
      "-23.3%\n",
      "-18.6%\n",
      "-8.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "1.94\n",
      "1.56\n",
      "1.34\n",
      "1.56\n",
      "1.84\n",
      "1.27\n",
      "0.96\n",
      "1.15\n",
      "1.38\n",
      "1.17\n",
      "0.98\n",
      "1.17\n",
      "2.08\n",
      "1.60\n",
      "1.30\n",
      "1.17\n",
      "-23.3%\n",
      "-18.4%\n",
      "-9.9%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "2.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "   World Oil-Consumption-Weighted GDP Growth (annualized percent change)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.82\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.48\n",
      "2.23\n",
      "2.10\n",
      "2.16\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.41\n",
      "2.54\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.72\n",
      "2.81\n",
      "2.54\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.80\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.45\n",
      "2.20\n",
      "2.07\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.32\n",
      "2.46\n",
      "2.56\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.73\n",
      "2.78\n",
      "2.52\n",
      "2.16\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "Source: Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (http://www.eia/doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html)\n",
      "STEO Current/Previous Forecast Comparisons: International Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "Year\n",
      "Growth Rate\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 6_FAISS.pdf, Page 1: Current Forecast: December 6, 2016; Previous Forecast: November 8, 2016\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "2014\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "2014-2015\n",
      "2015-2016\n",
      "2016-2017\n",
      "U.S. Petroleum\n",
      "   WTI spot ($/barrel)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "48.48\n",
      "57.85\n",
      "46.55\n",
      "41.94\n",
      "33.35\n",
      "45.46\n",
      "44.85\n",
      "48.18\n",
      "49.00\n",
      "49.00\n",
      "51.00\n",
      "53.65\n",
      "93.17\n",
      "48.67\n",
      "43.07\n",
      "50.66\n",
      "-47.8%\n",
      "-11.5%\n",
      "17.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "48.48\n",
      "57.85\n",
      "46.55\n",
      "41.94\n",
      "33.35\n",
      "45.46\n",
      "44.85\n",
      "47.24\n",
      "47.00\n",
      "48.03\n",
      "51.00\n",
      "53.65\n",
      "93.17\n",
      "48.67\n",
      "42.84\n",
      "49.91\n",
      "-47.8%\n",
      "-12.0%\n",
      "16.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "4.3%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "  Refiner composite crude oil  acquisition cost ($/barrel)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "47.94\n",
      "57.47\n",
      "47.67\n",
      "40.48\n",
      "30.84\n",
      "42.23\n",
      "43.18\n",
      "47.17\n",
      "48.00\n",
      "48.00\n",
      "49.98\n",
      "52.67\n",
      "92.05\n",
      "48.40\n",
      "40.92\n",
      "49.70\n",
      "-47.4%\n",
      "-15.5%\n",
      "21.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "47.94\n",
      "57.47\n",
      "47.67\n",
      "40.48\n",
      "30.84\n",
      "42.23\n",
      "43.53\n",
      "46.22\n",
      "46.00\n",
      "47.01\n",
      "49.98\n",
      "52.67\n",
      "92.05\n",
      "48.40\n",
      "40.78\n",
      "48.98\n",
      "-47.4%\n",
      "-15.8%\n",
      "20.1%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "2.1%\n",
      "4.3%\n",
      "2.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "  Brent spot average ($/barrel)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "53.91\n",
      "61.65\n",
      "50.43\n",
      "43.55\n",
      "33.89\n",
      "45.57\n",
      "45.80\n",
      "48.11\n",
      "50.00\n",
      "50.00\n",
      "52.00\n",
      "54.65\n",
      "98.89\n",
      "52.32\n",
      "43.46\n",
      "51.66\n",
      "-47.1%\n",
      "-16.9%\n",
      "18.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "53.91\n",
      "61.65\n",
      "50.43\n",
      "43.55\n",
      "33.89\n",
      "45.57\n",
      "45.80\n",
      "47.50\n",
      "48.00\n",
      "49.03\n",
      "52.00\n",
      "54.65\n",
      "98.89\n",
      "52.32\n",
      "43.30\n",
      "50.91\n",
      "-47.1%\n",
      "-17.2%\n",
      "17.6%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "4.2%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "   Gasoline, regular-grade retail including taxes ($/gallon)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "2.60\n",
      "2.16\n",
      "1.90\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.38\n",
      "2.40\n",
      "2.26\n",
      "3.36\n",
      "2.43\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.30\n",
      "-27.8%\n",
      "-11.7%\n",
      "7.3%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "2.66\n",
      "2.60\n",
      "2.16\n",
      "1.90\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.05\n",
      "2.35\n",
      "2.40\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "3.36\n",
      "2.43\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "-27.8%\n",
      "-12.3%\n",
      "6.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "4.9%\n",
      "1.3%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "   Diesel, retail including taxes ($/gallon)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.92\n",
      "2.85\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.43\n",
      "2.08\n",
      "2.30\n",
      "2.38\n",
      "2.48\n",
      "2.64\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.70\n",
      "2.81\n",
      "3.83\n",
      "2.71\n",
      "2.31\n",
      "2.70\n",
      "-29.3%\n",
      "-14.5%\n",
      "16.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.92\n",
      "2.85\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.43\n",
      "2.08\n",
      "2.30\n",
      "2.38\n",
      "2.50\n",
      "2.60\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.70\n",
      "2.82\n",
      "3.83\n",
      "2.71\n",
      "2.32\n",
      "2.69\n",
      "-29.3%\n",
      "-14.4%\n",
      "15.9%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "   Heating Oil, residential retail including taxes ($/gallon)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.88\n",
      "2.76\n",
      "2.47\n",
      "2.24\n",
      "1.95\n",
      "2.05\n",
      "2.11\n",
      "2.39\n",
      "2.58\n",
      "2.53\n",
      "2.57\n",
      "2.71\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.62\n",
      "-28.7%\n",
      "-20.0%\n",
      "23.3%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.88\n",
      "2.76\n",
      "2.47\n",
      "2.24\n",
      "1.95\n",
      "2.05\n",
      "2.11\n",
      "2.38\n",
      "2.55\n",
      "2.50\n",
      "2.57\n",
      "2.72\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.60\n",
      "-28.7%\n",
      "-20.1%\n",
      "22.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "U.S. Natural Gas\n",
      "   Henry Hub spot ($ per million Btu)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.90\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.76\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.00\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.88\n",
      "2.93\n",
      "3.36\n",
      "3.21\n",
      "3.19\n",
      "3.32\n",
      "4.39\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.49\n",
      "3.27\n",
      "-40.1%\n",
      "-5.5%\n",
      "31.4%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.90\n",
      "2.75\n",
      "2.76\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.00\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.88\n",
      "2.99\n",
      "3.25\n",
      "3.00\n",
      "3.02\n",
      "3.20\n",
      "4.39\n",
      "2.63\n",
      "2.50\n",
      "3.12\n",
      "-40.1%\n",
      "-4.8%\n",
      "24.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-2.3%\n",
      "3.4%\n",
      "7.0%\n",
      "5.5%\n",
      "3.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "4.9%\n",
      "   Residential Retail ($ per thousand cubic feet)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "12.02\n",
      "16.52\n",
      "10.08\n",
      "8.53\n",
      "11.16\n",
      "16.99\n",
      "10.80\n",
      "9.84\n",
      "12.45\n",
      "16.68\n",
      "10.89\n",
      "10.94\n",
      "10.36\n",
      "10.24\n",
      "11.02\n",
      "-5.3%\n",
      "-1.2%\n",
      "7.6%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "12.02\n",
      "16.52\n",
      "10.08\n",
      "8.53\n",
      "11.16\n",
      "16.82\n",
      "10.51\n",
      "9.68\n",
      "12.27\n",
      "16.45\n",
      "10.71\n",
      "10.94\n",
      "10.36\n",
      "10.15\n",
      "10.85\n",
      "-5.3%\n",
      "-2.0%\n",
      "6.9%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "U.S. Electric Utilities Fuel Costs ($ per million Btu)\n",
      "   Coal  \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.12\n",
      "2.19\n",
      "2.17\n",
      "2.20\n",
      "2.23\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "2.36\n",
      "2.23\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.21\n",
      "-5.8%\n",
      "-3.7%\n",
      "2.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2.27\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.13\n",
      "2.14\n",
      "2.20\n",
      "2.19\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.25\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "2.36\n",
      "2.23\n",
      "2.15\n",
      "2.22\n",
      "-5.9%\n",
      "-3.3%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-1.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "   Natural Gas \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "4.10\n",
      "3.12\n",
      "3.10\n",
      "2.72\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.51\n",
      "3.00\n",
      "3.62\n",
      "4.25\n",
      "3.71\n",
      "3.52\n",
      "4.00\n",
      "4.98\n",
      "3.23\n",
      "2.94\n",
      "3.83\n",
      "-35.2%\n",
      "-9.1%\n",
      "30.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "4.09\n",
      "3.12\n",
      "3.09\n",
      "2.72\n",
      "2.65\n",
      "2.51\n",
      "3.01\n",
      "3.59\n",
      "4.12\n",
      "3.49\n",
      "3.34\n",
      "3.87\n",
      "4.98\n",
      "3.22\n",
      "2.94\n",
      "3.67\n",
      "-35.3%\n",
      "-8.8%\n",
      "24.8%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "6.4%\n",
      "5.4%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "   Residual Fuel Oil\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "10.82\n",
      "11.64\n",
      "10.49\n",
      "7.76\n",
      "6.15\n",
      "8.51\n",
      "9.85\n",
      "8.98\n",
      "9.29\n",
      "10.07\n",
      "9.82\n",
      "10.03\n",
      "19.19\n",
      "10.36\n",
      "8.44\n",
      "9.80\n",
      "-46.0%\n",
      "-18.6%\n",
      "16.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "10.82\n",
      "11.64\n",
      "10.48\n",
      "7.76\n",
      "6.15\n",
      "8.51\n",
      "10.78\n",
      "9.36\n",
      "9.11\n",
      "9.80\n",
      "9.73\n",
      "10.01\n",
      "19.19\n",
      "10.36\n",
      "8.82\n",
      "9.65\n",
      "-46.0%\n",
      "-14.9%\n",
      "9.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-8.7%\n",
      "-4.0%\n",
      "2.0%\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-4.3%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "U.S. Residential Retail Electricity (cents per kilowatthour)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "12.23\n",
      "12.83\n",
      "12.96\n",
      "12.57\n",
      "12.20\n",
      "12.66\n",
      "12.81\n",
      "12.36\n",
      "12.33\n",
      "12.93\n",
      "13.32\n",
      "12.84\n",
      "12.52\n",
      "12.65\n",
      "12.53\n",
      "12.87\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "12.24\n",
      "12.85\n",
      "12.99\n",
      "12.59\n",
      "12.21\n",
      "12.67\n",
      "12.82\n",
      "12.43\n",
      "12.41\n",
      "13.00\n",
      "13.34\n",
      "12.93\n",
      "12.52\n",
      "12.67\n",
      "12.55\n",
      "12.93\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "3.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "Source: Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (http://www.eia/doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html)\n",
      "STEO Current/Previous Forecast Comparisons: Energy Prices\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "Year\n",
      "Growth Rate\n",
      "Prices are not adjusted for inflation. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 6_FAISS.pdf, Page 0.0: Current Forecast: December 6, 2016; Previous Forecast: November 8, 2016\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "Q1\n",
      "Q2\n",
      "Q3\n",
      "Q4\n",
      "2014\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "2014-2015\n",
      "2015-2016\n",
      "2016-2017\n",
      "U.S. Energy Supply\n",
      "   U.S. Crude Oil Production (million barrels per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.75\n",
      "8.74\n",
      "8.70\n",
      "8.94\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.86\n",
      "8.78\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-5.9%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "9.49\n",
      "9.47\n",
      "9.41\n",
      "9.30\n",
      "9.17\n",
      "8.85\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.68\n",
      "8.71\n",
      "8.67\n",
      "8.87\n",
      "8.76\n",
      "9.42\n",
      "8.84\n",
      "8.73\n",
      "7.4%\n",
      "-6.1%\n",
      "-1.3%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Dry Natural Gas Production (billion cubic feet per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "73.44\n",
      "74.50\n",
      "74.51\n",
      "74.08\n",
      "73.77\n",
      "72.38\n",
      "71.89\n",
      "71.94\n",
      "73.22\n",
      "74.48\n",
      "75.34\n",
      "76.13\n",
      "70.93\n",
      "74.14\n",
      "72.49\n",
      "74.80\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "-2.2%\n",
      "3.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "73.44\n",
      "74.50\n",
      "74.51\n",
      "74.08\n",
      "73.77\n",
      "72.38\n",
      "71.73\n",
      "71.51\n",
      "73.06\n",
      "74.41\n",
      "75.81\n",
      "76.93\n",
      "70.93\n",
      "74.14\n",
      "72.34\n",
      "75.06\n",
      "4.5%\n",
      "-2.4%\n",
      "3.8%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "   U.S. Coal Production (million short tons)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "240.3\n",
      "212.5\n",
      "237.0\n",
      "207.2\n",
      "173.0\n",
      "160.5\n",
      "204.6\n",
      "220.2\n",
      "194.4\n",
      "175.9\n",
      "200.4\n",
      "201.5\n",
      "1000.0\n",
      "897.0\n",
      "758.4\n",
      "772.1\n",
      "-10.3%\n",
      "-15.5%\n",
      "1.8%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "240.3\n",
      "212.5\n",
      "237.0\n",
      "207.2\n",
      "173.0\n",
      "160.5\n",
      "204.6\n",
      "208.4\n",
      "198.1\n",
      "174.8\n",
      "199.7\n",
      "195.1\n",
      "1000.0\n",
      "897.0\n",
      "746.5\n",
      "767.7\n",
      "-10.3%\n",
      "-16.8%\n",
      "2.8%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "5.7%\n",
      "-1.8%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "3.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.6%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "U.S. Energy Consumption\n",
      "   U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels Consumption (million barrels per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.88\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.69\n",
      "20.10\n",
      "20.28\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.66\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "19.41\n",
      "19.47\n",
      "19.83\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.45\n",
      "19.42\n",
      "19.79\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "19.55\n",
      "19.73\n",
      "20.12\n",
      "20.21\n",
      "19.11\n",
      "19.53\n",
      "19.64\n",
      "19.90\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.6%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   U.S. Natural Gas Consumption (billion cubic feet per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "95.88\n",
      "63.40\n",
      "65.48\n",
      "74.19\n",
      "89.30\n",
      "66.81\n",
      "69.24\n",
      "75.57\n",
      "91.73\n",
      "65.84\n",
      "67.89\n",
      "78.59\n",
      "72.86\n",
      "74.65\n",
      "75.22\n",
      "75.96\n",
      "2.5%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "95.94\n",
      "63.57\n",
      "65.73\n",
      "74.34\n",
      "89.38\n",
      "66.89\n",
      "69.54\n",
      "76.90\n",
      "92.26\n",
      "65.97\n",
      "67.85\n",
      "78.06\n",
      "72.86\n",
      "74.81\n",
      "75.66\n",
      "75.97\n",
      "2.7%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "0.4%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-1.7%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "   U.S. Electricity Retail Sales (million kilowatthours per day)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "10,498\n",
      "9,769\n",
      "11,488\n",
      "9,438\n",
      "9,805\n",
      "9,583\n",
      "11,692\n",
      "9,681\n",
      "10,058\n",
      "9,726\n",
      "11,494\n",
      "9,761\n",
      "10,314\n",
      "10,299\n",
      "10,193\n",
      "10,262\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-1.0%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "10,374\n",
      "9,685\n",
      "11,402\n",
      "9,354\n",
      "9,829\n",
      "9,589\n",
      "11,774\n",
      "9,682\n",
      "10,221\n",
      "9,766\n",
      "11,490\n",
      "9,620\n",
      "10,314\n",
      "10,204\n",
      "10,221\n",
      "10,276\n",
      "-1.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "1.2%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-1.6%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "   U.S. Total Energy Consumption (quadrillion Btu)\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "26.34\n",
      "23.04\n",
      "24.47\n",
      "23.70\n",
      "25.32\n",
      "23.02\n",
      "24.73\n",
      "24.17\n",
      "25.26\n",
      "22.95\n",
      "24.31\n",
      "24.67\n",
      "98.32\n",
      "97.55\n",
      "97.24\n",
      "97.19\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "26.30\n",
      "23.01\n",
      "24.44\n",
      "23.67\n",
      "25.28\n",
      "22.99\n",
      "24.56\n",
      "24.18\n",
      "25.33\n",
      "22.91\n",
      "24.27\n",
      "24.47\n",
      "98.30\n",
      "97.42\n",
      "97.01\n",
      "96.97\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.7%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "U.S. Macroeconomic and Weather\n",
      "   U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product  (billion chained 2009 dollars) \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "16,269\n",
      "16,374\n",
      "16,455\n",
      "16,491\n",
      "16,525\n",
      "16,583\n",
      "16,702\n",
      "16,786\n",
      "16,880\n",
      "16,968\n",
      "17,060\n",
      "17,142\n",
      "15,982\n",
      "16,397\n",
      "16,649\n",
      "17,013\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "1.5%\n",
      "2.2%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "16,269\n",
      "16,374\n",
      "16,455\n",
      "16,491\n",
      "16,525\n",
      "16,583\n",
      "16,657\n",
      "16,738\n",
      "16,834\n",
      "16,931\n",
      "17,031\n",
      "17,116\n",
      "15,982\n",
      "16,397\n",
      "16,626\n",
      "16,978\n",
      "2.6%\n",
      "1.4%\n",
      "2.1%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "   U.S. Manufacturing  Production Index (index 2012 = 100) \n",
      "      Current\n",
      "103.2\n",
      "103.4\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.7\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "104.3\n",
      "104.5\n",
      "105.1\n",
      "106.0\n",
      "102.5\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.8\n",
      "105.0\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "103.2\n",
      "103.4\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.7\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "104.2\n",
      "104.6\n",
      "105.0\n",
      "106.0\n",
      "106.9\n",
      "102.5\n",
      "103.6\n",
      "103.9\n",
      "105.6\n",
      "1.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "1.7%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-0.5%\n",
      "-0.9%\n",
      "-0.8%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-0.6%\n",
      "   U.S. Heating Degree Days\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "2,340\n",
      "442\n",
      "49\n",
      "1,252\n",
      "1,946\n",
      "480\n",
      "51\n",
      "1,379\n",
      "2,087\n",
      "455\n",
      "68\n",
      "1,495\n",
      "4,549\n",
      "4,084\n",
      "3,856\n",
      "4,106\n",
      "-10.2%\n",
      "-5.6%\n",
      "6.5%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "2,340\n",
      "443\n",
      "49\n",
      "1,253\n",
      "1,947\n",
      "481\n",
      "50\n",
      "1,426\n",
      "2,090\n",
      "462\n",
      "70\n",
      "1,495\n",
      "4,549\n",
      "4,085\n",
      "3,903\n",
      "4,117\n",
      "-10.2%\n",
      "-4.4%\n",
      "5.5%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-0.2%\n",
      "1.8%\n",
      "-3.3%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "-1.5%\n",
      "-2.8%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "-1.2%\n",
      "-0.3%\n",
      "   U.S. Cooling Degree Days\n",
      "      Current\n",
      "46\n",
      "435\n",
      "875\n",
      "134\n",
      "54\n",
      "411\n",
      "966\n",
      "125\n",
      "45\n",
      "417\n",
      "871\n",
      "97\n",
      "1,299\n",
      "1,490\n",
      "1,556\n",
      "1,429\n",
      "14.7%\n",
      "4.4%\n",
      "-8.1%\n",
      "      Previous\n",
      "46\n",
      "434\n",
      "875\n",
      "133\n",
      "54\n",
      "410\n",
      "969\n",
      "128\n",
      "45\n",
      "413\n",
      "863\n",
      "97\n",
      "1,299\n",
      "1,489\n",
      "1,562\n",
      "1,417\n",
      "14.7%\n",
      "4.9%\n",
      "-9.2%\n",
      "         Percent Change\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "0.3%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "-3.0%\n",
      "0.2%\n",
      "1.0%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "-0.1%\n",
      "0.0%\n",
      "0.1%\n",
      "-0.4%\n",
      "0.9%\n",
      "Source: Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (http://www.eia/doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html)\n",
      "STEO Current/Previous Forecast Comparisons: U.S. Energy Supply and Demand Summary\n",
      "Year\n",
      "Growth Rate\n",
      "2015\n",
      "2016\n",
      "2017\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Use the get_aggregated_answer_and_sources function with the specified question\n",
    "question = \"What were the forecasts for U.S. crude oil production in the fourth quarter of 2016?\"\n",
    "aggregated_answer, all_responses, context, sources = get_aggregated_answer_and_sources(question)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Format the output in a readable way\n",
    "formatted_context = \"\\n\\n\".join([f\"File: {doc.metadata['file']}, Page {doc.metadata.get('page', 'Unknown')}: {doc.page_content}\" for doc in context])\n",
    "\n",
    "output = f\"\"\"\n",
    "Final Aggregated Answer: {aggregated_answer}\n",
    "\n",
    "Intermediate Answers:\n",
    "Chroma: {all_responses.get('chroma', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "FAISS: {all_responses.get('faiss', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "Pinecone: {all_responses.get('pinecone', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "\n",
    "Context used for answer:\n",
    "{formatted_context}\n",
    "\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "print(output)\n"
   ]
  },
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      "\n",
      "Final Aggregated Answer: Based on the retrieved context indicating Chapter 11 filings in Connecticut, there was a general downward trend in the number of filings from 1994 to 2004. Between 1994 and 2004, the number of Chapter 11 filings in Connecticut decreased. If you have access to the data or can provide the numbers for those years, I could assist in analyzing the change.. In 1994, there were 216 filings, and by 2004 the number had gone down to 84 filings. In 1994, there were 216 filings, and by 2004, the number had decreased to 84 filings. The retrieved context does not provide specific numerical data on the number of Chapter 11 filings in Connecticut between 1994 and 2004. Therefore, I am unable to determine the change in Chapter 11 filings in Connecticut during that period based on the information provided. This represents a decrease of 132 filings over the 10-year period.. This shows a significant reduction in Chapter 11 filings over that ten-year period.\n",
      "\n",
      "Intermediate Answers:\n",
      "Chroma: The retrieved context does not provide specific numerical data on the number of Chapter 11 filings in Connecticut between 1994 and 2004. Therefore, I am unable to determine the change in Chapter 11 filings in Connecticut during that period based on the information provided. If you have access to the data or can provide the numbers for those years, I could assist in analyzing the change.\n",
      "FAISS: Based on the retrieved context indicating Chapter 11 filings in Connecticut, there was a general downward trend in the number of filings from 1994 to 2004. In 1994, there were 216 filings, and by 2004, the number had decreased to 84 filings. This shows a significant reduction in Chapter 11 filings over that ten-year period.\n",
      "Pinecone: Between 1994 and 2004, the number of Chapter 11 filings in Connecticut decreased. In 1994, there were 216 filings, and by 2004 the number had gone down to 84 filings. This represents a decrease of 132 filings over the 10-year period.\n",
      "\n",
      "Context used for answer:\n",
      "File: 7_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: 0\n",
      "50\n",
      "100\n",
      "150\n",
      "200\n",
      "250\n",
      "CHAPTER 11 FILINGS\n",
      "1994\n",
      "1995\n",
      "1996\n",
      "1997\n",
      "1998\n",
      "1999\n",
      "2000\n",
      "2001\n",
      "2002\n",
      "2003\n",
      "2004\n",
      "CALENDAR YEAR\n",
      "216\n",
      "178\n",
      "166\n",
      "134\n",
      "97\n",
      "90\n",
      "79\n",
      "88\n",
      "125\n",
      "103\n",
      "84\n",
      "CHAPTER 11 FILINGS IN CONNECTICUT\n",
      "CALENDAR YEARS   1994 --  2004\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 9_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA\n",
      "Monday                  \n",
      "Historic Courtroom\n",
      "April 18, 2016            \n",
      "605 West Fourth Avenue\n",
      "Page 1                                                  Anchorage, Alaska\n",
      "CALENDAR OF BANKRUPTCY JUDGE GARY SPRAKER\n",
      "------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "  TIME      \n",
      "  CASE/ADVERSARY NUMBER, NAME, and CHAPTER\n",
      "                       TYPE OF PROCEEDING and COUNSEL\n",
      "1:45 p.m. Case No. A14-00065-GS, In re DAVID M. DECKER and MARILYN\n",
      "L. DECKER, Debtors. Ch 11. TELEPHONIC Scheduling Hearing on Disclosure\n",
      "Statement (DE# 93) and Chapter 11 Plan (DE# 92). Robert Crowther for the Debtors; Thomas Buford at\n",
      "(206)553-2000 ext. 229 for the U.S. Trustee. 2:00 p.m. Case No. A15-00279-GS, In re SEWARD SHIP’S DRYDOCK,\n",
      "INC., Debtor. Ch 11. Hearing on Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss (DE# 43). David Bundy for the Debtor; Gary Sleeper for\n",
      "Alaska Marine Highway System; Thomas Buford for\n",
      "the U.S. Trustee. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 15_pinecone.pdf, Page 3:                                                          IBLA 88-181\n",
      "The Deputy Director continued:\n",
      "The Appellant states that the MMS Payor Handbook does not explain this\n",
      "incompatibility and that Exxon has never been notified that the use of ARC 34 for this\n",
      "kind of reporting is incorrect. The MMS Fiscal Accounting Division, in the field report on this appeal\n",
      "prepared pursuant to 30 CFR 290.3(b) (1986), states that Exxon's errors were\n",
      "avoidable because the adjustments made by Exxon (the reversals of TC 01 and 06)\n",
      "were unwarranted and unnecessary. The Fiscal Accounting Division further states that\n",
      "Exxon was notified in November 1984 that this type of reporting was inappropriate. The record supports the finding that Exxon had been notified of the\n",
      "incompatibility of TC 01 and ARC 34. Based on the record before me, I conclude the Fiscal Accounting Division acted\n",
      "correctly with respect to the subject assessment. The Appellant has offered no\n",
      "arguments which would justify the waiver of these charges. Accordingly, the subject\n",
      "appeal is denied. (Decision at 2). In its statement of reasons (SOR), Exxon initially asks the Board to disregard the Deputy\n",
      "Director's conclusion that the record supports the finding that Exxon had been notified of the incompatibility\n",
      "of ARC 34 and TC 01 and TC 06. This request derives from MMS' failure to provide a copy of the Fiscal\n",
      "Accounting Division field report to Exxon or refer to any document of record supporting the MMS\n",
      "notification claim. Exxon also repeats the arguments it presented in its appeal to the Director. Exxon notes that its\n",
      "royalty reporting consists of two components--valuation and transportation allowances--and that the asserted\n",
      "errors stem from its retroactive adjustment of the transportation allowance for \n",
      "its Hondo lease. Exxon then explains that when it made the transportation allowance adjustments on Form\n",
      "MMS-2014, it attempted to set out the transportation adjustments in a straightforward manner, using ARC\n",
      "34 with the basic valuation lines TC 01 and TC 06. Exxon asserts that there are no regulations, guidelines,\n",
      "directives, or notices of any kind supporting the MMS position that ARC 34 cannot be used on\n",
      "non-transportation lines, and that Exxon should have used ARC 38. Exxon argues that the only written guidance for proper ARC designation was the 1982 Handbook\n",
      "and that the instructions in the Handbook support its use of ARC 34. Exxon elaborates:\n",
      "113 IBLA 202\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 15_pinecone.pdf, Page 6: The basis for that decision must be stated\n",
      "in the written decision and demonstrated in the administrative record accompanying the decision. Eddleman\n",
      "Community Property Trust, 106 IBLA 376, 377 (1989); Roger K. Ogden, 77 IBLA 4, 7, 90 I.D 481, 483\n",
      "(1983). The recipient of a decision deserves a reasoned and factual explanation of the rationale for the\n",
      "decision, and must be given some basis for understanding it and accepting it or, alternatively, for appealing\n",
      "and disputing it. Eddleman Community Property Trust, supra; Southern Union Exploration Co., 51 IBLA\n",
      "89, 92 (1980) (and cases cited therein). It is readily apparent from Exxon's submissions on appeal that Exxon did not know that the\n",
      "October 1984 Form MMS-2014 corrections were the basis for the MMS holding that Exxon had prior notice. The Deputy Director's sole explanation for his finding that \"[t]he record supports the finding that Exxon had\n",
      "been notified of the incompatibility of TC 01 and ARC 34\" \n",
      "is his statement that \"[t]he Fiscal Accounting Division further states \n",
      "that Exxon was notified in November 1984 that this type of reporting was inappropriate\" (Decision at 2). This statement gives no clue regarding \n",
      "how Exxon was given notice, what constituted that notice, or how that document placed Exxon on notice,\n",
      "and does not provide an adequate explanation for his determination. Our concern goes further than noting that the Deputy Director's decision fails to sufficiently\n",
      "apprise Exxon of the basis for the notice conclusion. The Fiscal Accounting Division field report which was\n",
      "the principal source for the MMS determination that Exxon had notice of the incompatibility of ARC 34 and\n",
      "TC 01 and TC 06 was never made available \n",
      "to Exxon. Exxon was prejudiced by MMS' failure to provide necessary information concerning the basis for\n",
      "its decision. See Southern Union Exploration Co., supra at 93. However, as will be seen, our resolution \n",
      "of this appeal moots the question of how to remedy this prejudice. [2]  The regulations in effect when Exxon filed its Form MMS-2014 authorized MMS to assess\n",
      "$10 per day \"for each report received by the designated due date but which is incorrectly completed.\"\n",
      "30 CFR 218.40(b) (1986). The regulations further defined a report \"as each line item on a Form\n",
      "MMS-2014.\"  30 CFR 218.40(c) (1986). Thus MMS clearly has the authority to assess Exxon for reporting\n",
      "errors, and Exxon does not challenge that general authority. Rather, Exxon contends that it did not err when\n",
      "using ARC 34 with TC 01 and TC 06 because, based on the information it had, its use of that ARC number\n",
      "was reasonable and appropriate. Appendix B.4 of the 1982 Handbook provides the following descriptions for the relevant\n",
      "adjustment reason codes:\n",
      "113 IBLA 205\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 7_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: 0\n",
      "50\n",
      "100\n",
      "150\n",
      "200\n",
      "250\n",
      "CHAPTER 11 FILINGS\n",
      "1994\n",
      "1995\n",
      "1996\n",
      "1997\n",
      "1998\n",
      "1999\n",
      "2000\n",
      "2001\n",
      "2002\n",
      "2003\n",
      "2004\n",
      "CALENDAR YEAR\n",
      "216\n",
      "178\n",
      "166\n",
      "134\n",
      "97\n",
      "90\n",
      "79\n",
      "88\n",
      "125\n",
      "103\n",
      "84\n",
      "CHAPTER 11 FILINGS IN CONNECTICUT\n",
      "CALENDAR YEARS   1994 --  2004\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 9_FAISS.pdf, Page 0: UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA\n",
      "Monday                  \n",
      "Historic Courtroom\n",
      "April 18, 2016            \n",
      "605 West Fourth Avenue\n",
      "Page 1                                                  Anchorage, Alaska\n",
      "CALENDAR OF BANKRUPTCY JUDGE GARY SPRAKER\n",
      "------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "  TIME      \n",
      "  CASE/ADVERSARY NUMBER, NAME, and CHAPTER\n",
      "                       TYPE OF PROCEEDING and COUNSEL\n",
      "1:45 p.m. Case No. A14-00065-GS, In re DAVID M. DECKER and MARILYN\n",
      "L. DECKER, Debtors. Ch 11. TELEPHONIC Scheduling Hearing on Disclosure\n",
      "Statement (DE# 93) and Chapter 11 Plan (DE# 92). Robert Crowther for the Debtors; Thomas Buford at\n",
      "(206)553-2000 ext. 229 for the U.S. Trustee. 2:00 p.m. Case No. A15-00279-GS, In re SEWARD SHIP’S DRYDOCK,\n",
      "INC., Debtor. Ch 11. Hearing on Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss (DE# 43). David Bundy for the Debtor; Gary Sleeper for\n",
      "Alaska Marine Highway System; Thomas Buford for\n",
      "the U.S. Trustee. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 15_pinecone.pdf, Page 3:                                                          IBLA 88-181\n",
      "The Deputy Director continued:\n",
      "The Appellant states that the MMS Payor Handbook does not explain this\n",
      "incompatibility and that Exxon has never been notified that the use of ARC 34 for this\n",
      "kind of reporting is incorrect. The MMS Fiscal Accounting Division, in the field report on this appeal\n",
      "prepared pursuant to 30 CFR 290.3(b) (1986), states that Exxon's errors were\n",
      "avoidable because the adjustments made by Exxon (the reversals of TC 01 and 06)\n",
      "were unwarranted and unnecessary. The Fiscal Accounting Division further states that\n",
      "Exxon was notified in November 1984 that this type of reporting was inappropriate. The record supports the finding that Exxon had been notified of the\n",
      "incompatibility of TC 01 and ARC 34. Based on the record before me, I conclude the Fiscal Accounting Division acted\n",
      "correctly with respect to the subject assessment. The Appellant has offered no\n",
      "arguments which would justify the waiver of these charges. Accordingly, the subject\n",
      "appeal is denied. (Decision at 2). In its statement of reasons (SOR), Exxon initially asks the Board to disregard the Deputy\n",
      "Director's conclusion that the record supports the finding that Exxon had been notified of the incompatibility\n",
      "of ARC 34 and TC 01 and TC 06. This request derives from MMS' failure to provide a copy of the Fiscal\n",
      "Accounting Division field report to Exxon or refer to any document of record supporting the MMS\n",
      "notification claim. Exxon also repeats the arguments it presented in its appeal to the Director. Exxon notes that its\n",
      "royalty reporting consists of two components--valuation and transportation allowances--and that the asserted\n",
      "errors stem from its retroactive adjustment of the transportation allowance for \n",
      "its Hondo lease. Exxon then explains that when it made the transportation allowance adjustments on Form\n",
      "MMS-2014, it attempted to set out the transportation adjustments in a straightforward manner, using ARC\n",
      "34 with the basic valuation lines TC 01 and TC 06. Exxon asserts that there are no regulations, guidelines,\n",
      "directives, or notices of any kind supporting the MMS position that ARC 34 cannot be used on\n",
      "non-transportation lines, and that Exxon should have used ARC 38. Exxon argues that the only written guidance for proper ARC designation was the 1982 Handbook\n",
      "and that the instructions in the Handbook support its use of ARC 34. Exxon elaborates:\n",
      "113 IBLA 202\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 15_pinecone.pdf, Page 6: The basis for that decision must be stated\n",
      "in the written decision and demonstrated in the administrative record accompanying the decision. Eddleman\n",
      "Community Property Trust, 106 IBLA 376, 377 (1989); Roger K. Ogden, 77 IBLA 4, 7, 90 I.D 481, 483\n",
      "(1983). The recipient of a decision deserves a reasoned and factual explanation of the rationale for the\n",
      "decision, and must be given some basis for understanding it and accepting it or, alternatively, for appealing\n",
      "and disputing it. Eddleman Community Property Trust, supra; Southern Union Exploration Co., 51 IBLA\n",
      "89, 92 (1980) (and cases cited therein). It is readily apparent from Exxon's submissions on appeal that Exxon did not know that the\n",
      "October 1984 Form MMS-2014 corrections were the basis for the MMS holding that Exxon had prior notice. The Deputy Director's sole explanation for his finding that \"[t]he record supports the finding that Exxon had\n",
      "been notified of the incompatibility of TC 01 and ARC 34\" \n",
      "is his statement that \"[t]he Fiscal Accounting Division further states \n",
      "that Exxon was notified in November 1984 that this type of reporting was inappropriate\" (Decision at 2). This statement gives no clue regarding \n",
      "how Exxon was given notice, what constituted that notice, or how that document placed Exxon on notice,\n",
      "and does not provide an adequate explanation for his determination. Our concern goes further than noting that the Deputy Director's decision fails to sufficiently\n",
      "apprise Exxon of the basis for the notice conclusion. The Fiscal Accounting Division field report which was\n",
      "the principal source for the MMS determination that Exxon had notice of the incompatibility of ARC 34 and\n",
      "TC 01 and TC 06 was never made available \n",
      "to Exxon. Exxon was prejudiced by MMS' failure to provide necessary information concerning the basis for\n",
      "its decision. See Southern Union Exploration Co., supra at 93. However, as will be seen, our resolution \n",
      "of this appeal moots the question of how to remedy this prejudice. [2]  The regulations in effect when Exxon filed its Form MMS-2014 authorized MMS to assess\n",
      "$10 per day \"for each report received by the designated due date but which is incorrectly completed.\"\n",
      "30 CFR 218.40(b) (1986). The regulations further defined a report \"as each line item on a Form\n",
      "MMS-2014.\"  30 CFR 218.40(c) (1986). Thus MMS clearly has the authority to assess Exxon for reporting\n",
      "errors, and Exxon does not challenge that general authority. Rather, Exxon contends that it did not err when\n",
      "using ARC 34 with TC 01 and TC 06 because, based on the information it had, its use of that ARC number\n",
      "was reasonable and appropriate. Appendix B.4 of the 1982 Handbook provides the following descriptions for the relevant\n",
      "adjustment reason codes:\n",
      "113 IBLA 205\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 11_pinecone.pdf, Page 0: \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 11_pinecone.pdf, Page 1: \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 11_pinecone.pdf, Page 2: \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 11_pinecone.pdf, Page 3: \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 7_FAISS.pdf, Page 0.0: 0\n",
      "50\n",
      "100\n",
      "150\n",
      "200\n",
      "250\n",
      "CHAPTER 11 FILINGS\n",
      "1994\n",
      "1995\n",
      "1996\n",
      "1997\n",
      "1998\n",
      "1999\n",
      "2000\n",
      "2001\n",
      "2002\n",
      "2003\n",
      "2004\n",
      "CALENDAR YEAR\n",
      "216\n",
      "178\n",
      "166\n",
      "134\n",
      "97\n",
      "90\n",
      "79\n",
      "88\n",
      "125\n",
      "103\n",
      "84\n",
      "CHAPTER 11 FILINGS IN CONNECTICUT\n",
      "CALENDAR YEARS   1994 --  2004\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Use the get_aggregated_answer_and_sources function with the specified question\n",
    "question = \"How did the number of Chapter 11 filings in Connecticut change between 1994 and 2004?\"\n",
    "aggregated_answer, all_responses, context, sources = get_aggregated_answer_and_sources(question)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Format the output in a readable way\n",
    "formatted_context = \"\\n\\n\".join([f\"File: {doc.metadata['file']}, Page {doc.metadata.get('page', 'Unknown')}: {doc.page_content}\" for doc in context])\n",
    "\n",
    "output = f\"\"\"\n",
    "Final Aggregated Answer: {aggregated_answer}\n",
    "\n",
    "Intermediate Answers:\n",
    "Chroma: {all_responses.get('chroma', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "FAISS: {all_responses.get('faiss', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "Pinecone: {all_responses.get('pinecone', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "\n",
    "Context used for answer:\n",
    "{formatted_context}\n",
    "\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "print(output)\n"
   ]
  },
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      "\n",
      "Final Aggregated Answer: At Hoffman Marsh, they found oiled birds being chased by dogs with no official response, so they took charge of the situation by organizing bird-rescue networks, closing off the shoreline, and reporting oiled birds along with catching and transporting them.\n",
      "\n",
      "Their grassroots response supplemented official efforts and showcased the community's dedication to wildlife affected by the spill.. At Hoffman Marsh, they took charge of the situation by organizing a network for bird rescue, including activities such as closing off the shoreline, reporting oiled birds, and catching and transporting birds.\n",
      "\n",
      "These immediate and self-initiated actions by Powell and her fellow volunteers played a critical role in the response to the environmental crisis.. Expanding their efforts to Albany, where they rescued additional birds and transported birds caught by homeless people.\n",
      "6. Following the Cosco Busan oil spill in San Francisco Bay, Nancy Powell and other volunteers took immediate actions such as:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. Following the Cosco Busan oil spill in San Francisco Bay, Nancy Powell and other volunteers:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. In the immediate aftermath of the Cosco Busan oil spill in San Francisco Bay, Nancy Powell and other volunteers took several actions:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. More volunteers arrived, and they collectively began rescuing birds, despite the lack of official presence or equipment.\n",
      "4. Nancy Powell decided to walk north along the Bay from Emeryville, assessing the impact and looking for oil or birds to clean or save.\n",
      "2. Organizing transportation for the rescued birds to the Cordelia wildlife center.\n",
      "5. Powell and the volunteers purchased fishing nets and towels with their own money and used these improvised tools to rescue birds.\n",
      "5. Powell walked along the Bay to assess the presence of oil and check on wildlife, finding six oiled birds in Berkeley which she protected until more help arrived.\n",
      "2. Protecting oiled birds they found from further harm.\n",
      "3. Recruiting additional volunteers, purchasing over $500 worth of fishing nets and towels from local stores, and spending the day assisting with bird rescue efforts in Berkeley.\n",
      "4. She and other volunteers who showed up purchased over $500 worth of fishing nets and towels from local stores to aid in the rescue of oiled birds.\n",
      "3. She found six oiled birds in Berkeley, across from Shorebird Park, and stayed with them to provide protection.\n",
      "3. The ad hoc group continued their efforts in Albany, rescuing birds and coordinating with homeless individuals who were catching oiled birds.\n",
      "7. They formed an impromptu bird rescue network, taking on tasks such as closing off the shoreline to protect wildlife, reporting sightings of oiled birds, and capturing and transporting them for care.\n",
      "\n",
      "These initial actions were in response to the lack of official presence and coordination in the early hours and days following the spill. They organized transportation for the birds to the Cordelia wildlife rescue center.\n",
      "6. Volunteers like Powell stepped in to fill the gap and provide immediate assistance to affected wildlife.. Walking along the Bay from Emeryville to identify areas with oil and birds in need of rescue.\n",
      "2\n",
      "\n",
      "Intermediate Answers:\n",
      "Chroma: Following the Cosco Busan oil spill in San Francisco Bay, Nancy Powell and other volunteers took immediate actions such as:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. Walking along the Bay from Emeryville to identify areas with oil and birds in need of rescue.\n",
      "2. Protecting oiled birds they found from further harm.\n",
      "3. Recruiting additional volunteers, purchasing over $500 worth of fishing nets and towels from local stores, and spending the day assisting with bird rescue efforts in Berkeley.\n",
      "4. Organizing transportation for the rescued birds to the Cordelia wildlife center.\n",
      "5. Expanding their efforts to Albany, where they rescued additional birds and transported birds caught by homeless people.\n",
      "6. At Hoffman Marsh, they found oiled birds being chased by dogs with no official response, so they took charge of the situation by organizing bird-rescue networks, closing off the shoreline, and reporting oiled birds along with catching and transporting them.\n",
      "\n",
      "Their grassroots response supplemented official efforts and showcased the community's dedication to wildlife affected by the spill.\n",
      "FAISS: Following the Cosco Busan oil spill in San Francisco Bay, Nancy Powell and other volunteers:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. Nancy Powell decided to walk north along the Bay from Emeryville, assessing the impact and looking for oil or birds to clean or save.\n",
      "2. She found six oiled birds in Berkeley, across from Shorebird Park, and stayed with them to provide protection.\n",
      "3. More volunteers arrived, and they collectively began rescuing birds, despite the lack of official presence or equipment.\n",
      "4. Powell and the volunteers purchased fishing nets and towels with their own money and used these improvised tools to rescue birds.\n",
      "5. They organized transportation for the birds to the Cordelia wildlife rescue center.\n",
      "6. The ad hoc group continued their efforts in Albany, rescuing birds and coordinating with homeless individuals who were catching oiled birds.\n",
      "7. At Hoffman Marsh, they took charge of the situation by organizing a network for bird rescue, including activities such as closing off the shoreline, reporting oiled birds, and catching and transporting birds.\n",
      "\n",
      "These immediate and self-initiated actions by Powell and her fellow volunteers played a critical role in the response to the environmental crisis.\n",
      "Pinecone: In the immediate aftermath of the Cosco Busan oil spill in San Francisco Bay, Nancy Powell and other volunteers took several actions:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. Powell walked along the Bay to assess the presence of oil and check on wildlife, finding six oiled birds in Berkeley which she protected until more help arrived.\n",
      "2. She and other volunteers who showed up purchased over $500 worth of fishing nets and towels from local stores to aid in the rescue of oiled birds.\n",
      "3. They formed an impromptu bird rescue network, taking on tasks such as closing off the shoreline to protect wildlife, reporting sightings of oiled birds, and capturing and transporting them for care.\n",
      "\n",
      "These initial actions were in response to the lack of official presence and coordination in the early hours and days following the spill. Volunteers like Powell stepped in to fill the gap and provide immediate assistance to affected wildlife.\n",
      "\n",
      "Context used for answer:\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 0: A GREENER BLUE? Conference wrapup . . . . . . . . .3\n",
      "POLLUTION\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .6\n",
      "RESTORATION\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .8\n",
      "LAND USE\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .9\n",
      "LADY LINCHPIN\n",
      "RETIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10\n",
      "INSIDE\n",
      "SOILED\n",
      "Shortly before 8:30 a.m. on Wednesday,\n",
      "November 7, the cargo ship Cosco Busan—en\n",
      "route to South Korea from the Port of Oakland—\n",
      "ran into a support post for the Bay Bridge,\n",
      "gashing its fuel tank and sending 58,000 gallons\n",
      "of oil into San Francisco Bay. Initial reports by the\n",
      "shipping company put the size of the spill at 400\n",
      "gallons. Twelve hours later, local officials learned\n",
      "the results of an initial investigation by state and\n",
      "federal agencies—that the spill was over 100\n",
      "times the size first reported. When those first oily drops hit the water, no\n",
      "booms were in place around the ship. So swirling\n",
      "Bay currents spread the oil far and wide—hitting\n",
      "shorelines from San Francisco to Berkeley to\n",
      "Richmond to Marin—affecting birds, fish and\n",
      "other wildlife throughout the Bay and as far out\n",
      "as the Farallons. The spill couldn’t have come at a worse time:\n",
      "thousands of migratory birds spend their winter\n",
      "months in the Estuary. Three weeks after the spill,\n",
      "the official tally of oiled birds (dead and alive)\n",
      "totaled close to 3,000, with potential bird mortal-\n",
      "ity as high as 22,000 (see sidebar). More than\n",
      "half of the birds accounted for died from expo-\n",
      "sure to the oil. Pictures of oiled ducks and other birds\n",
      "appeared on page 1 of local papers, and these\n",
      "images drove many people, like Nancy Powell of\n",
      "Albany, to action. She decided on November 9—\n",
      "a Friday—to walk north along the Bay from\n",
      "Emeryville to see if there was oil to clean or birds\n",
      "to save. She found six oiled birds in Berkeley,\n",
      "across from Shorebird Park. No one was tending\n",
      "to them, so she stood there to protect them. While she stood by the birds, more concerned\n",
      "people showed up, including a kayaker who ran\n",
      "up from the water carrying an oiled bird. Nearby,\n",
      "officials were busy discussing the proper way to\n",
      "wear a Hazmat suit. Powell noticed that autho-\n",
      "rized bird capture teams that were hastily being\n",
      "assembled (consisting of state and federal\n",
      "employees) were poorly equipped. “They had a\n",
      "few trainees, no nets. No towels to put in boxes\n",
      "to take the birds anywhere,” says Powell. “They\n",
      "borrowed nets from the Shorebird Nature Center,\n",
      "and they were able to catch a couple of birds on\n",
      "that beach.”\n",
      "Powell had seen a spill on the Bay ten years\n",
      "ago, and she had helped cleaning oiled birds. So\n",
      "she had experience, and serendipitously, she\n",
      "found other would-be volunteers that morning at\n",
      "Shorebird Park with backgrounds in wildlife res-\n",
      "cue and a strong desire to do something. The\n",
      "volunteers bought over $500 worth of fishing\n",
      "nets and towels from local stores, and spent the\n",
      "day helping rescue birds in Berkeley. The group\n",
      "also recruited drivers to take birds to the Cordelia\n",
      "wildlife center. Later, the unofficial group (warned\n",
      "that they could be arrested) moved to Albany,\n",
      "where they rescued birds and transported birds\n",
      "being caught by homeless people. When the group arrived at Hoffman Marsh on\n",
      "the stretch of shoreline curving between Point\n",
      "Isabelle and the Richmond Inner Harbor the third\n",
      "day following the spill, they found oiled birds on\n",
      "the rocks and beaches being chased by dogs and\n",
      "their owners, but no one taking charge of the sit-\n",
      "uation—not even to do crowd control. “A Richmond fire truck was there, and he said,\n",
      "‘Yeah, I really think this trail should be closed off,\n",
      "but I don’t have the authority to do it,’” said\n",
      "Powell, who, along with other members of her\n",
      "group, again took matters into their own hands. They organized a bird-rescue network with peo-\n",
      "ple handling tasks such as closing off the\n",
      "shoreline, taking reports of oiled birds along the\n",
      "shore, and catching and transporting birds. Over\n",
      "the course of a week, says Powell, her group res-\n",
      "cued over 50 birds. “The person running the Oiled Wildlife Care\n",
      "Network command center kept trying to tell me,\n",
      "‘You know, there is unauthorized collection of\n",
      "birds going on,’” explains an incredulous Powell. “And the message I kept sending back was that\n",
      "‘you get authorized people out here to cover this\n",
      "waterfront, and we are gone immediately.’”\n",
      "Powell and others working the Richmond\n",
      "shoreline those first days after the spill say there\n",
      "were a few authorized people on the waterfront\n",
      "in Richmond—but only one or two people in a\n",
      "truck with no cleanup—or bird capture—equip-\n",
      "D E C E M B E R 2 0 0 7\n",
      "V O L U M E 1 6 , N O . 6\n",
      "Y O U R I N D E P E N D E N T S O U R C E F O R B A Y - D E L T A N E W S & V I E W S\n",
      "THE PRICE OF OIL\n",
      "The Cosco Busan\n",
      "spill claimed the lives\n",
      "of at least 45 species\n",
      "of birds, ranging from\n",
      "the pelagic northern\n",
      "fulmar and parasitic\n",
      "jaeger to the shore-\n",
      "bound fox sparrow. Some were hit harder\n",
      "than others. First\n",
      "impressions that most of\n",
      "the oiled birds were surf scoters are sup-\n",
      "ported by preliminary data from the\n",
      "International Bird Rescue Research Center. As of November 20, according to UC Davis\n",
      "spokesperson Sylvia Wright, more than\n",
      "twice as many surf scoters had been\n",
      "brought in alive as the next most frequent\n",
      "species, the western grebe. The scoters also\n",
      "headed the list of species found dead, fol-\n",
      "lowed again by western grebe. The top ten species found alive also\n",
      "included eared, horned, and Clark’s grebes,\n",
      "greater and lesser scaup, and ruddy duck,\n",
      "common loon, and common murre. All\n",
      "these birds forage by diving from the sur-\n",
      "face of the water (grebes, cormorants, and\n",
      "murres are fish-eaters, while the three ducks\n",
      "eat benthic mollusks and other aquatic\n",
      "invertebrates.) Other foraging guilds—for\n",
      "example, plunge-divers like terns and peli-\n",
      "cans—appear to have been less affected. The main exceptions: western gulls and\n",
      "northern fulmars, significant numbers of\n",
      "which were found dead. The surf scoter is one of the most abun-\n",
      "dant birds in San Francisco Bay in fall and\n",
      "winter; over 75% of the North American\n",
      "population congregates here. But local\n",
      "Audubon Society Christmas Bird Counts\n",
      "report higher totals for greater scaup than\n",
      "for scoter, along with substantial numbers\n",
      "for ruddy duck and bufflehead. Location\n",
      "may account for some apparent patterns in\n",
      "the spill. Southern Marin had the highest\n",
      "CBC numbers for western grebe, which\n",
      "ranked second to surf scoter among spill\n",
      "victims; eared grebes, concentrated in the\n",
      "South Bay, had fewer spill casualties. continued page 2\n",
      "continued page 2\n",
      "Photo by Chris Clarke\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 1: THE PRICE OF OIL, CONTINUED\n",
      "SOILED, CONTINUED\n",
      "DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "ment. In some cases, agency represen-\n",
      "tatives were lost and needed\n",
      "directions—and offered little in the way\n",
      "of help. Late Saturday afternoon, a\n",
      "truck of workers from the Contra Costa\n",
      "Hazardous Materials Program came on\n",
      "their own authority to clean the county\n",
      "beaches and boom off the shoreline. “They are real heroes in my book,”\n",
      "says Powell. “Because the Coast Guard\n",
      "apparently told all of the local agencies\n",
      "to wait for direction from them and\n",
      "Contra Costa said, ‘Nope.’”\n",
      "But because this was the third day\n",
      "after the spill, some of the work of the\n",
      "county hazardous materials workers\n",
      "had little effect—booms they were able\n",
      "to put into the Bay actually hemmed in the oil\n",
      "along the shoreline. Powell and others say these\n",
      "workers were frustrated at not hearing sooner\n",
      "about the extent of the spill. And they were ham-\n",
      "strung by a lack of proper equipment. “They\n",
      "actually wanted to boom off the Richmond\n",
      "marsh, but they couldn’t get a boat,” says Powell. The California Office of Oil Spill Prevention and\n",
      "Response (“OSPR”)—under the aegis of Cal Fish\n",
      "& Game—created a map of the Bay showing the\n",
      "areas hardest hit by the spill. Richmond, which, at\n",
      "32 miles of shoreline, is the city with the longest\n",
      "coastline on San Francisco Bay, is identified on the\n",
      "map as among those areas. Hot spots included\n",
      "Brooks Island, home to a bird sanctuary, and\n",
      "Barbara and Jay Vincent Park, one of the locations\n",
      "where Powell and her fellow volunteers worked. With the exception of two bird capturers from\n",
      "International Bird Rescue who showed up on\n",
      "Monday and her grassroots group, says Powell,\n",
      "no one from state or federal agencies rescued\n",
      "birds in Richmond that first weekend. The experiences of Powell and the others in\n",
      "Richmond is a microcosm of the situation else-\n",
      "where. The Environmental Water Caucus’ David\n",
      "Nesmith reported a similar fiasco along the\n",
      "Oakland shoreline. “It’s a scandal to have all of\n",
      "this human infrastructure potential [volunteers]\n",
      "out there and to not have used it. I think OSPR\n",
      "completely screwed up on this.” Local officials\n",
      "including Berkeley Assemblywoman Loni Hancock\n",
      "also wanted to know why events unfolded the\n",
      "way they did; Hancock convened the first hearing\n",
      "looking into the spill in Emeryville on November\n",
      "15, nine days after the spill. Present at this hearing was Greg Hurner,\n",
      "deputy director of OSPR. He brought a four-inch\n",
      "thick binder and recited chapter and verse from it\n",
      "regarding the procedures followed by the agency,\n",
      "the gallons of oil recovered, the numbers of skim-\n",
      "mers on the Bay, and even the amount of boom\n",
      "deployed. Still, none of that placated Hancock. What she wanted was accountability. “So my question to you, really, would be ... in\n",
      "your best professional judgment, what went\n",
      "wrong?” Hurner replied, “I’m not saying that any-\n",
      "thing went wrong.”\n",
      "Members of the packed audience gasped and\n",
      "shook their heads in dismay at his response. Hurner was not alone in this assessment. Four\n",
      "days later, at a hearing in San Francisco’s Presidio,\n",
      "a U.S. Congressional delegation that included\n",
      "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-San Francisco) and\n",
      "Congressman George Miller (D-Martinez), U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Craig Bone deemed the\n",
      "cleanup effort, “one of the most successful\n",
      "cleanups I’ve ever experienced.” Sylvia Wright,\n",
      "with the Oiled Wildlife Care Network at UC Davis,\n",
      "said that “While questions remain to be answered\n",
      "about the spill response itself, there is no doubt\n",
      "that the wildlife rescue effort was as successful as it\n",
      "could possibly have been, thanks to long-range\n",
      "planning and advance training of 1,000 wildlife\n",
      "rescue individuals from throughout the state.”\n",
      "Pelosi did not agree. “The people we represent are\n",
      "not satisfied with this response,” she said. Nor were some of the authorized wildlife\n",
      "responders on the shoreline who spoke anony-\n",
      "mously out of fear of losing their jobs. Said one,\n",
      "“I really, really, really don’t want to be left in the\n",
      "field again in California with only one dipnet for\n",
      "equipment with 20 miles of shoreline to patrol\n",
      "with hundreds of oiled birds everywhere I look. Fish and Game has million of dollars to care for\n",
      "these birds, and I get one lousy dipnet?”\n",
      "As ESTUARY went to press, Hancock was hold-\n",
      "ing another hearing and Pelosi pledged that\n",
      "Congress would continue its probe; five Assembly\n",
      "members have drafted new spill legislation while\n",
      "five senators have demanded an independent\n",
      "audit of Cal Fish & Game. Unified Command—a\n",
      "joint agency made up of the Coast Guard, Cal\n",
      "Fish & Game, and O’Brien Group, the firm hired\n",
      "by the shipping company to deal with the spill—\n",
      "began cleaning the Richmond Shoreline on\n",
      "November 15, nine days after the accident. KC\n",
      "2\n",
      "Photo by Ron Sullivan\n",
      "Other variables may include how sus-\n",
      "ceptible different species are to bunker oil. Compared with crude oil, little is known\n",
      "about the toxicity and persistence of\n",
      "bunker oil, although it has been shown to\n",
      "damage the reproductive systems of labo-\n",
      "ratory mink. It varies chemically from batch\n",
      "to batch; the exact content of the Cosco\n",
      "Busan’s fuel is not yet known. One study\n",
      "found that major oil spills in western\n",
      "Europe doubled the winter mortality of\n",
      "common murres, whether the culprit was\n",
      "crude or bunker oil. Endangered species affected by the spill\n",
      "include marbled murrelet, western snowy\n",
      "plover, and brown pelican. Several\n",
      "Important Bird Areas, including Richardson\n",
      "Bay, East Shore Wetlands, and Brooks Island\n",
      "were impacted; Brooks Island’s breeding\n",
      "Caspian terns were not home. UC Davis researchers headed by Michael\n",
      "Ziccardi and Greg Massey are using the\n",
      "catastrophe to learn more about care and\n",
      "survival of oiled birds. They plan to analyze\n",
      "blood samples to determine the best pre-\n",
      "dictors of survival and clarify the causes of\n",
      "anemia in spill victims. Up to 30 birds will\n",
      "be equipped with external radio transmit-\n",
      "ters so their travels and survival can be\n",
      "monitored once they’re released. By November 30,\n",
      "338 rehabilitated\n",
      "birds had been\n",
      "returned to oil-free\n",
      "shorelines in San\n",
      "Mateo and Marin\n",
      "Counties. The IBRRC\n",
      "said 1,704 had\n",
      "been found dead in\n",
      "the field (977 visibly\n",
      "oiled); another 586 had died or been euth-\n",
      "anized at the rescue center. Many others\n",
      "may have sunk in the Bay or the ocean, or\n",
      "been eaten by predators and scavengers. If,\n",
      "as is likely, only one of every ten casualties\n",
      "is being retrieved, deaths resulting from\n",
      "the spill could exceed 22,000. CONTACT: Sylvia Wright,\n",
      "swright@ucdavis.edu.\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 9: DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "“Hardworking” is the first word most\n",
      "people use to describe Marcia, followed\n",
      "closely by “dedicated.” She has always\n",
      "answered her own phone, usually\n",
      "returns calls or emails within hours,\n",
      "and never fails to ask about the kids. At the eleventh hour of any inter-\n",
      "minable meeting, she can always\n",
      "muster a twinkle in her eye, a wide\n",
      "smile and a good joke, not to mention\n",
      "a knowing look that hints at the wis-\n",
      "dom she’s gathered in all these years of\n",
      "educating the community about the\n",
      "Bay and Delta. “There were a lot of people who\n",
      "thought the Project would not con-\n",
      "tinue after it finished the CCMP in\n",
      "1993,” she says. “The Bay-Delta\n",
      "Accord was signed the following year,\n",
      "and CALFED was launched with much\n",
      "support and hoopla from the state and\n",
      "feds. Since then, in all honesty, the\n",
      "hardest thing has been to keep the\n",
      "interest of stakeholder groups and\n",
      "agencies in implementing the\n",
      "CCMP—keeping it among their priori-\n",
      "ties. I’ve been able to do it through\n",
      "personal contact, making sure that peo-\n",
      "ple understand how the CCMP is\n",
      "valuable to them, and not saying ‘no’\n",
      "when people ask for help.”\n",
      "Marcia’s investment over the years—\n",
      "not to mention the hard work of her\n",
      "staff, the Implementation Committee\n",
      "and Friends of the Estuary—all paid off\n",
      "in 2007, when the Project undertook\n",
      "to update the CCMP. “What’s been\n",
      "amazing is that over the last 18\n",
      "months, we’ve seen phenomenal\n",
      "involvement from many different inter-\n",
      "ests and agencies. We’ve had 85 people\n",
      "working on 6-7 different committees\n",
      "attending constant meetings to hash\n",
      "out what needed to be changed,” she\n",
      "says. “The willingness of people to go\n",
      "“Essssssssssstuary....” says a sultry-voiced\n",
      "woman over the radio, daring her man\n",
      "to define it. “A rare middle eastern\n",
      "spice? Formal evening attire?” he offers,\n",
      "led on by the suggestiveness of her\n",
      "tone. This 1988 public service\n",
      "announcement to enhance local aware-\n",
      "ness of what an estuary is—the radio\n",
      "diva soon douses her man in a cold\n",
      "shower of fresh and salt water explana-\n",
      "tions—was one of Marcia Brockbank’s\n",
      "earliest products as public outreach\n",
      "manager for the San Francisco Estuary\n",
      "Project. At the time, the project’s\n",
      "umbrella agency, the U.S. EPA, com-\n",
      "mented that the PSA “wasn’t serious\n",
      "enough.” But Marcia’s irreverent sense\n",
      "of humor is one of the things everyone\n",
      "will miss most when she retires at the\n",
      "end of 2007 after 20 years as champion\n",
      "of the Estuary. “She’s a gem,” says one\n",
      "former co-worker. “She’s done so much\n",
      "and taken credit for so little,” says\n",
      "another. Hired in 1986 to organize a public\n",
      "education program and stakeholder\n",
      "committees to craft a consensus-based\n",
      "plan for estuarine protection, Marcia\n",
      "and her team are single-handedly\n",
      "responsible for the fact that few people\n",
      "in the California water worlds stumble\n",
      "over the word “estuary” any more, let\n",
      "alone think it has something to do\n",
      "with horses. She came to the Project\n",
      "after producing a number of environ-\n",
      "mental and political spots for Channel\n",
      "2 and the League of Women Voters,\n",
      "working as a technical editor, and hav-\n",
      "ing three kids. In 1994, she took over\n",
      "management of the entire project and\n",
      "went on to work harder and longer on\n",
      "championing the CCMP, the manage-\n",
      "ment plan for the Estuary completed\n",
      "in 1993, than anyone could have\n",
      "imagined. through the process once again is strik-\n",
      "ing, to meet numerous times and use\n",
      "their professional judgement and pas-\n",
      "sion to fight the necessary battles and\n",
      "come to agreement. Clearly the values\n",
      "and goals that we so eloquently\n",
      "reached back in 1993 and then again\n",
      "in 2007 remain important.”\n",
      "Asked about her own personal passion,\n",
      "Marcia points to freshwater flows. She\n",
      "became interested in the flows issue\n",
      "when following the 1980s Bay-Delta\n",
      "hearings, and hoped, in her words, to\n",
      "“have some sort of role in seeing that\n",
      "come to a worthwhile end.” Now 20\n",
      "years later, she sees enormous progress\n",
      "on dredging, wetlands restoration, pub-\n",
      "lic awareness about not dumping in\n",
      "storm drains, and creek activism, but\n",
      "not on flows. “We can’t just stand by\n",
      "and let the Delta become a freshwater\n",
      "lake, we’ll lose all our estuarine species\n",
      "and diversity,” she says. As for her retirement, Marcia says no\n",
      "single thing inspired the decision. “For\n",
      "many years I’ve been trying to build a\n",
      "place for SFEP and the CCMP and I\n",
      "think we’re pretty much there. But I\n",
      "see lots of things that need to be done,\n",
      "and it feels like the right time to turn\n",
      "things over to someone else. I think it’s\n",
      "healthy for an organization to have\n",
      "someone new come in with a different\n",
      "vision and skill set.”\n",
      "With her new free time, Marcia plans\n",
      "to join some boards, work with her\n",
      "1 0\n",
      "Lady Linchpin Retires\n",
      "Tom Graff, winner of the Jean Auer award, and Marcia\n",
      "Brockbank at October’s conference. \n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 10: DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "Larry Kolb, retired, SFRWQCB:\n",
      "“Marcia is one of those rare people whom\n",
      "everybody respects, everybody likes, and\n",
      "everybody enjoys working with. In all her\n",
      "achievements, Marcia has been utterly mod-\n",
      "est, unassuming, and always reluctant to\n",
      "accept credit.”\n",
      "Sam Ziegler, USEPA:\n",
      "“She was a role model for me back when I\n",
      "was relatively new in my career. The cool\n",
      "thing was that she could have been my\n",
      "mother, but she wasn’t—here she was doing\n",
      "this great environmental work, and she was\n",
      "totally dedicated and competent, and in\n",
      "many ways mirrored the things I wanted to\n",
      "achieve, which was to stay committed to\n",
      "what you believe in.To believe that you could\n",
      "make a difference. She was, and remains, a\n",
      "total inspiration.”\n",
      "Ellen Johnck, Bay Planning Coalition:\n",
      "“Marcia is the emblem and spirit of the SFEP\n",
      ". That spirit means keeping the flock together\n",
      "to take care of the Bay—she kept the\n",
      "momentum going by being persistent, diligent,\n",
      "and organized.This was no mean feat, as all\n",
      "the participants come from different walks of\n",
      "life and are busy in their own jobs. But she\n",
      "carried us all with great aplomb and verve.”\n",
      "Ann Riley, SFRWQCB:\n",
      "“I first met Marcia when working for non-\n",
      "profits trying to restore little loved urban\n",
      "creeks, and what astonished me about her\n",
      "was she was extremely concerned about\n",
      "getting seed money to citizen groups in a\n",
      "user-friendly way that was responsive to their\n",
      "needs.This was a foreign concept back then\n",
      "for those of us working to get grants from\n",
      "larger agencies —a light in the wilderness. Now that I work in the same building I see\n",
      "that she’s here on weekends, here at night,\n",
      "bears an incredible workload without com-\n",
      "plaint, and always says ‘yes’ if you ask her for\n",
      "help. She’s created a standard that none of\n",
      "us can ever hope to attain.”\n",
      "Leo Winternitz, Delta Vision:\n",
      "“Marcia is a great lady, classy and charming. She has always been a joy to work with.And\n",
      "she obviously has a passion for her work,\n",
      "which makes her very effective. I will miss her.”\n",
      "local creek group, spend more time\n",
      "with her grandkids, and read all her\n",
      "back issues of The New Yorker. Looking\n",
      "back, she says the most rewarding thing\n",
      "about her experience has been the\n",
      "growth of her personal understanding\n",
      "of the science, and of what it means to\n",
      "have a healthy estuary. “I think I’ve\n",
      "had some small role it trying to make\n",
      "that happen, make a better place for\n",
      "future generations that live around the\n",
      "Bay. I don’t really know if that will\n",
      "really be the outcome, but I sure hope\n",
      "it will.”\n",
      "—ARO\n",
      "David Lewis, Save the Bay:\n",
      "“Marcia's patient stewardship of the Estuary\n",
      "Project is the number one reason its work\n",
      "enjoys such broad support among an enor-\n",
      "mous group of diverse partners who care\n",
      "about the Bay.”\n",
      "Arthur Feinstein, Citizens Committee\n",
      "to Complete the Refuge:\n",
      "“For a non-regulatory document, the CCMP\n",
      "has had more impact than most because it\n",
      "was so inclusive and had so much buy-in, and\n",
      "this gave the agencies the freedom to move\n",
      "forward and do good things. Marcia played a\n",
      "key role in bringing everybody together as\n",
      "years went by, in keeping the collaborative\n",
      "element of the CCMP alive and the working\n",
      "atmosphere comfortable and functional.”\n",
      "Rainer Hoenicke, SFEI:\n",
      "“During the early phases of the National\n",
      "Estuary Program, few had heard of, let alone\n",
      "were familiar with, using stakeholder processes\n",
      "in environmental planning and decision-making. Marcia was instrumental in demonstrating\n",
      "how meeting process and content can and\n",
      "should be appropriately balanced to get\n",
      "people with various backgrounds to arrive at\n",
      "tangible outcomes. Later, those of us who\n",
      "were looking for what to emulate and what\n",
      "to avoid in establishing the Santa Monica Bay\n",
      "Restoration Project finally just relied on\n",
      "Marcia for guidance. Our motto was:‘When\n",
      "in doubt, just call Marcia at SFEP\n",
      ".’ \"\n",
      "Steve Ritchie, Coastal Conservancy:\n",
      "“Marcia was non-threatening in a way that\n",
      "wasn’t trying to advance Marcia Brockbank,\n",
      "as in not trying to climb to some higher\n",
      "position or achieve some special reputation. She never had any hidden agenda, she just\n",
      "wanted to do the right thing. She made the\n",
      "Estuary Project a safe place where we could\n",
      "talk and try to work things out. She was also\n",
      "always able to maintain the right ties with\n",
      "the right people at EPA to keep SFEP tied to\n",
      "its origins.“\n",
      "1 1\n",
      "Amy Zimpfer, USEPA:\n",
      "“In the early days, she was the critical third\n",
      "leg in the Estuary Project’s 3-legged stool—\n",
      "1/3 science, 1/3 process and planning, 1/3\n",
      "public outreach. Her outreach brought credi-\n",
      "bility with the public to our project, and\n",
      "almost everything she started—ESTUARY\n",
      "newsletter, the non-profit friends, the educa-\n",
      "tional campaigns, are still going strong today. She was never afraid to take a stand on\n",
      "something, but she would express it in a way\n",
      "that made people listen and give thought to\n",
      "her views long after the exchange, a unique\n",
      "skill. She’s one of the most gracious and\n",
      "hard-working people I know.”\n",
      "Richard Morat, USFWS:\n",
      "“People would fall on their sword for\n",
      "Marcia—she has built tremendous social\n",
      "capital in the Bay and watershed community. She has been genuine to all, whether with\n",
      "individual stewards or in the boardrooms of\n",
      "NGOs. She’s a good listener, yet a warrior\n",
      "with many of us in mission. After a recent\n",
      "trip to India, she gave many \"partners in\n",
      "mission\" small figures of Ganesh, \"the Hindu\n",
      "remover of obstacles\"...Telling huh?\"\n",
      "Will Travis, BCDC:\n",
      "“I don’t know of any other institutionalized\n",
      "arrangement—in this case the CCMP—so\n",
      "personified by one person. Marcia has been\n",
      "the driving force, the master architect, the\n",
      "kibutzer who keeps us going, and the charmer\n",
      "who keeps us all working together.”\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 12_pinecone.pdf, Page 0: OC representative introduces bill to allow offshore drilling - OC Register\n",
      "Rep. Ken Calvert introduced a bill Thursday to allow drilling off the coast of California. Rep. Dana Rohrabacher this week put in a measure to exempt solar projects from environmental\n",
      "rules. Both Orange County lawmakers aren't expected to be able to get these bills through this\n",
      "year because o... Rep. Ken Calvert introduced a bill Thursday to allow drilling off the coast of California. Rep. Dana Rohrabacher this week put in a measure to exempt solar projects from environmental\n",
      "rules. Both Orange County lawmakers aren't expected to be able to get these bills through this year\n",
      "because of Democratic opposition. But both said such measures are needed to begin\n",
      "addressing the current pain at the pump. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said that offshore drilling is \"off the table.'' And Democrats have\n",
      "been consistently unwilling to bend the kind of environmental rules Rohrabacher, R-Huntington\n",
      "Beach, wants to circumvent. Pelosi made those comments as Republicans blocked a move by the Democrats to pass a bill\n",
      "that would have pushed drilling on federal lands already leased by oil companies. Rohrabacher, Calvert and Reps. Ed Royce, R-Fullerton and John Campbell, Irvine, voted\n",
      "against the Democratic bill – called the Drill Act. Reps. Gary Miller, R-Diamond Bar and Loretta\n",
      "Sanchez, D-Garden Grove, had family emergencies and were not on Capitol Hill for the vote. Although the Democrats' bill received a majority of votes, it didn't meet the two-thirds majority it\n",
      "needed because the bill was brought up outside of the regular procedures. \"All of us are frustrated,'' said Calvert. \"I go home and people are absolutely beside themselves\n",
      " 1 / 3\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 11: I\n",
      "tomers how to cut down on landscape water-\n",
      "ing. “It’s the low-hanging fruit, but it helps,”\n",
      "said EBMUD’s Richard Harris. Michele Pla of the Bay Area Clean Water\n",
      "Agencies explained that using more recycled\n",
      "water lowers the need to treat water, brings down\n",
      "energy consumption, and curbs pollutant loads to\n",
      "the Bay. “We’re at the end of the road of the sys-\n",
      "tem of using water once and spending a half a\n",
      "billion dollars to treat and put it back,” said Pla. Linda Fiack of the Delta Protection Comm-ission\n",
      "compared the Delta and its water supply to the\n",
      "country cows that provide milk for city folks. “Most\n",
      "people don’t know where their water comes\n",
      "from,” she noted. “The Delta is that cow in the\n",
      "country.” But regional and county planners do\n",
      "know where their water comes from, and they’re\n",
      "planning for it now. Fiack explained how five Delta\n",
      "counties of Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Sacramento,\n",
      "Solano, and Yolo—all revamping their general\n",
      "plans—are including a Delta element. And Benicia\n",
      "mayor Elizabeth Patterson, who said her city has\n",
      "integrated watershed restoration into its general\n",
      "plan, wrapped up the session by describing the\n",
      "importance of connecting small grassroots water-\n",
      "shed groups with movers and shakers. “We need\n",
      "to get their ideas to where the power is.” KC\n",
      "which often means negotiating for fewer parking\n",
      "spaces in conjunction with development or\n",
      "redevelopment. Even a small reduction in the\n",
      "number of parking spaces can often make a crit-\n",
      "ical difference for a city stream. Riley’s lesson:\n",
      "“Don’t accept a plan as given.”\n",
      "But one given is that cities have infrastruc-\n",
      "ture—like stormdrains—that greatly affects their\n",
      "watersheds, so planners are finding ways to\n",
      "reduce pollution through greener solutions. The\n",
      "SFPUC’s Rosey Jenks spoke of her agency’s\n",
      "efforts to reduce the number of impervious sur-\n",
      "faces that carry pollution to watersheds. When\n",
      "roads are repaved, for example, their imperme-\n",
      "ability can be reduced so they can act as filters. Jenks also described how green roofs—like the\n",
      "new one at the California Academy of Sciences\n",
      "—are helping reduce runoff. The idea of green building is currently popu-\n",
      "lar among architects and developers, noted Paul\n",
      "Okamoto of Okamoto Saijo Architecture. But\n",
      "more needs to be done in light of global climate\n",
      "change. Three design concepts should be inte-\n",
      "grated into green building. First is the 2030\n",
      "Initiative (a standard where all buildings shall be\n",
      "carbon-neutral by 2030), which has already\n",
      "been adopted by the U.S. Conference of Mayors\n",
      "Y O U R I N D E P E N D E N T S O U R C E F O R B A Y - D E L T A N E W S & V I E W S\n",
      "DECEMBER 2007\n",
      "VOLUME 16, NO. 6\n",
      "Editorial Office:\n",
      "PO Box 791\n",
      "Oakland, CA 94604\n",
      "lowensvi@sbcglobal.net\n",
      "Estuary Web site at\n",
      "www.estuarynewsletter.com\n",
      "To subscribe to/questions about ESTUARY:\n",
      "(510)622-2499\n",
      "ESTUARY is a bimonthly publication dedicated to providing an\n",
      "independent news source on Bay-Delta water issues, estuarine\n",
      "restoration efforts and implementation of the S.F. Estuary Project’s\n",
      "Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP). It\n",
      "seeks to represent the many voices and viewpoints that con-\n",
      "tributed to the CCMP’s development. ESTUARY is funded by\n",
      "individual and organizational subscriptions and by grants from\n",
      "diverse state and federal government agencies and local interest\n",
      "groups. Administrative services are provided by the S.F. Estuary\n",
      "Project and Friends of the S.F. Estuary, a nonprofit corporation. Views expressed may not necessarily reflect those of staff, advisors\n",
      "or committee members.\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 1: THE PRICE OF OIL, CONTINUED\n",
      "SOILED, CONTINUED\n",
      "DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "ment. In some cases, agency represen-\n",
      "tatives were lost and needed\n",
      "directions—and offered little in the way\n",
      "of help. Late Saturday afternoon, a\n",
      "truck of workers from the Contra Costa\n",
      "Hazardous Materials Program came on\n",
      "their own authority to clean the county\n",
      "beaches and boom off the shoreline. “They are real heroes in my book,”\n",
      "says Powell. “Because the Coast Guard\n",
      "apparently told all of the local agencies\n",
      "to wait for direction from them and\n",
      "Contra Costa said, ‘Nope.’”\n",
      "But because this was the third day\n",
      "after the spill, some of the work of the\n",
      "county hazardous materials workers\n",
      "had little effect—booms they were able\n",
      "to put into the Bay actually hemmed in the oil\n",
      "along the shoreline. Powell and others say these\n",
      "workers were frustrated at not hearing sooner\n",
      "about the extent of the spill. And they were ham-\n",
      "strung by a lack of proper equipment. “They\n",
      "actually wanted to boom off the Richmond\n",
      "marsh, but they couldn’t get a boat,” says Powell. The California Office of Oil Spill Prevention and\n",
      "Response (“OSPR”)—under the aegis of Cal Fish\n",
      "& Game—created a map of the Bay showing the\n",
      "areas hardest hit by the spill. Richmond, which, at\n",
      "32 miles of shoreline, is the city with the longest\n",
      "coastline on San Francisco Bay, is identified on the\n",
      "map as among those areas. Hot spots included\n",
      "Brooks Island, home to a bird sanctuary, and\n",
      "Barbara and Jay Vincent Park, one of the locations\n",
      "where Powell and her fellow volunteers worked. With the exception of two bird capturers from\n",
      "International Bird Rescue who showed up on\n",
      "Monday and her grassroots group, says Powell,\n",
      "no one from state or federal agencies rescued\n",
      "birds in Richmond that first weekend. The experiences of Powell and the others in\n",
      "Richmond is a microcosm of the situation else-\n",
      "where. The Environmental Water Caucus’ David\n",
      "Nesmith reported a similar fiasco along the\n",
      "Oakland shoreline. “It’s a scandal to have all of\n",
      "this human infrastructure potential [volunteers]\n",
      "out there and to not have used it. I think OSPR\n",
      "completely screwed up on this.” Local officials\n",
      "including Berkeley Assemblywoman Loni Hancock\n",
      "also wanted to know why events unfolded the\n",
      "way they did; Hancock convened the first hearing\n",
      "looking into the spill in Emeryville on November\n",
      "15, nine days after the spill. Present at this hearing was Greg Hurner,\n",
      "deputy director of OSPR. He brought a four-inch\n",
      "thick binder and recited chapter and verse from it\n",
      "regarding the procedures followed by the agency,\n",
      "the gallons of oil recovered, the numbers of skim-\n",
      "mers on the Bay, and even the amount of boom\n",
      "deployed. Still, none of that placated Hancock. What she wanted was accountability. “So my question to you, really, would be ... in\n",
      "your best professional judgment, what went\n",
      "wrong?” Hurner replied, “I’m not saying that any-\n",
      "thing went wrong.”\n",
      "Members of the packed audience gasped and\n",
      "shook their heads in dismay at his response. Hurner was not alone in this assessment. Four\n",
      "days later, at a hearing in San Francisco’s Presidio,\n",
      "a U.S. Congressional delegation that included\n",
      "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-San Francisco) and\n",
      "Congressman George Miller (D-Martinez), U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Craig Bone deemed the\n",
      "cleanup effort, “one of the most successful\n",
      "cleanups I’ve ever experienced.” Sylvia Wright,\n",
      "with the Oiled Wildlife Care Network at UC Davis,\n",
      "said that “While questions remain to be answered\n",
      "about the spill response itself, there is no doubt\n",
      "that the wildlife rescue effort was as successful as it\n",
      "could possibly have been, thanks to long-range\n",
      "planning and advance training of 1,000 wildlife\n",
      "rescue individuals from throughout the state.”\n",
      "Pelosi did not agree. “The people we represent are\n",
      "not satisfied with this response,” she said. Nor were some of the authorized wildlife\n",
      "responders on the shoreline who spoke anony-\n",
      "mously out of fear of losing their jobs. Said one,\n",
      "“I really, really, really don’t want to be left in the\n",
      "field again in California with only one dipnet for\n",
      "equipment with 20 miles of shoreline to patrol\n",
      "with hundreds of oiled birds everywhere I look. Fish and Game has million of dollars to care for\n",
      "these birds, and I get one lousy dipnet?”\n",
      "As ESTUARY went to press, Hancock was hold-\n",
      "ing another hearing and Pelosi pledged that\n",
      "Congress would continue its probe; five Assembly\n",
      "members have drafted new spill legislation while\n",
      "five senators have demanded an independent\n",
      "audit of Cal Fish & Game. Unified Command—a\n",
      "joint agency made up of the Coast Guard, Cal\n",
      "Fish & Game, and O’Brien Group, the firm hired\n",
      "by the shipping company to deal with the spill—\n",
      "began cleaning the Richmond Shoreline on\n",
      "November 15, nine days after the accident. KC\n",
      "2\n",
      "Photo by Ron Sullivan\n",
      "Other variables may include how sus-\n",
      "ceptible different species are to bunker oil. Compared with crude oil, little is known\n",
      "about the toxicity and persistence of\n",
      "bunker oil, although it has been shown to\n",
      "damage the reproductive systems of labo-\n",
      "ratory mink. It varies chemically from batch\n",
      "to batch; the exact content of the Cosco\n",
      "Busan’s fuel is not yet known. One study\n",
      "found that major oil spills in western\n",
      "Europe doubled the winter mortality of\n",
      "common murres, whether the culprit was\n",
      "crude or bunker oil. Endangered species affected by the spill\n",
      "include marbled murrelet, western snowy\n",
      "plover, and brown pelican. Several\n",
      "Important Bird Areas, including Richardson\n",
      "Bay, East Shore Wetlands, and Brooks Island\n",
      "were impacted; Brooks Island’s breeding\n",
      "Caspian terns were not home. UC Davis researchers headed by Michael\n",
      "Ziccardi and Greg Massey are using the\n",
      "catastrophe to learn more about care and\n",
      "survival of oiled birds. They plan to analyze\n",
      "blood samples to determine the best pre-\n",
      "dictors of survival and clarify the causes of\n",
      "anemia in spill victims. Up to 30 birds will\n",
      "be equipped with external radio transmit-\n",
      "ters so their travels and survival can be\n",
      "monitored once they’re released. By November 30,\n",
      "338 rehabilitated\n",
      "birds had been\n",
      "returned to oil-free\n",
      "shorelines in San\n",
      "Mateo and Marin\n",
      "Counties. The IBRRC\n",
      "said 1,704 had\n",
      "been found dead in\n",
      "the field (977 visibly\n",
      "oiled); another 586 had died or been euth-\n",
      "anized at the rescue center. Many others\n",
      "may have sunk in the Bay or the ocean, or\n",
      "been eaten by predators and scavengers. If,\n",
      "as is likely, only one of every ten casualties\n",
      "is being retrieved, deaths resulting from\n",
      "the spill could exceed 22,000. CONTACT: Sylvia Wright,\n",
      "swright@ucdavis.edu.\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 0: A GREENER BLUE? Conference wrapup . . . . . . . . .3\n",
      "POLLUTION\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .6\n",
      "RESTORATION\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .8\n",
      "LAND USE\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .9\n",
      "LADY LINCHPIN\n",
      "RETIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10\n",
      "INSIDE\n",
      "SOILED\n",
      "Shortly before 8:30 a.m. on Wednesday,\n",
      "November 7, the cargo ship Cosco Busan—en\n",
      "route to South Korea from the Port of Oakland—\n",
      "ran into a support post for the Bay Bridge,\n",
      "gashing its fuel tank and sending 58,000 gallons\n",
      "of oil into San Francisco Bay. Initial reports by the\n",
      "shipping company put the size of the spill at 400\n",
      "gallons. Twelve hours later, local officials learned\n",
      "the results of an initial investigation by state and\n",
      "federal agencies—that the spill was over 100\n",
      "times the size first reported. When those first oily drops hit the water, no\n",
      "booms were in place around the ship. So swirling\n",
      "Bay currents spread the oil far and wide—hitting\n",
      "shorelines from San Francisco to Berkeley to\n",
      "Richmond to Marin—affecting birds, fish and\n",
      "other wildlife throughout the Bay and as far out\n",
      "as the Farallons. The spill couldn’t have come at a worse time:\n",
      "thousands of migratory birds spend their winter\n",
      "months in the Estuary. Three weeks after the spill,\n",
      "the official tally of oiled birds (dead and alive)\n",
      "totaled close to 3,000, with potential bird mortal-\n",
      "ity as high as 22,000 (see sidebar). More than\n",
      "half of the birds accounted for died from expo-\n",
      "sure to the oil. Pictures of oiled ducks and other birds\n",
      "appeared on page 1 of local papers, and these\n",
      "images drove many people, like Nancy Powell of\n",
      "Albany, to action. She decided on November 9—\n",
      "a Friday—to walk north along the Bay from\n",
      "Emeryville to see if there was oil to clean or birds\n",
      "to save. She found six oiled birds in Berkeley,\n",
      "across from Shorebird Park. No one was tending\n",
      "to them, so she stood there to protect them. While she stood by the birds, more concerned\n",
      "people showed up, including a kayaker who ran\n",
      "up from the water carrying an oiled bird. Nearby,\n",
      "officials were busy discussing the proper way to\n",
      "wear a Hazmat suit. Powell noticed that autho-\n",
      "rized bird capture teams that were hastily being\n",
      "assembled (consisting of state and federal\n",
      "employees) were poorly equipped. “They had a\n",
      "few trainees, no nets. No towels to put in boxes\n",
      "to take the birds anywhere,” says Powell. “They\n",
      "borrowed nets from the Shorebird Nature Center,\n",
      "and they were able to catch a couple of birds on\n",
      "that beach.”\n",
      "Powell had seen a spill on the Bay ten years\n",
      "ago, and she had helped cleaning oiled birds. So\n",
      "she had experience, and serendipitously, she\n",
      "found other would-be volunteers that morning at\n",
      "Shorebird Park with backgrounds in wildlife res-\n",
      "cue and a strong desire to do something. The\n",
      "volunteers bought over $500 worth of fishing\n",
      "nets and towels from local stores, and spent the\n",
      "day helping rescue birds in Berkeley. The group\n",
      "also recruited drivers to take birds to the Cordelia\n",
      "wildlife center. Later, the unofficial group (warned\n",
      "that they could be arrested) moved to Albany,\n",
      "where they rescued birds and transported birds\n",
      "being caught by homeless people. When the group arrived at Hoffman Marsh on\n",
      "the stretch of shoreline curving between Point\n",
      "Isabelle and the Richmond Inner Harbor the third\n",
      "day following the spill, they found oiled birds on\n",
      "the rocks and beaches being chased by dogs and\n",
      "their owners, but no one taking charge of the sit-\n",
      "uation—not even to do crowd control. “A Richmond fire truck was there, and he said,\n",
      "‘Yeah, I really think this trail should be closed off,\n",
      "but I don’t have the authority to do it,’” said\n",
      "Powell, who, along with other members of her\n",
      "group, again took matters into their own hands. They organized a bird-rescue network with peo-\n",
      "ple handling tasks such as closing off the\n",
      "shoreline, taking reports of oiled birds along the\n",
      "shore, and catching and transporting birds. Over\n",
      "the course of a week, says Powell, her group res-\n",
      "cued over 50 birds. “The person running the Oiled Wildlife Care\n",
      "Network command center kept trying to tell me,\n",
      "‘You know, there is unauthorized collection of\n",
      "birds going on,’” explains an incredulous Powell. “And the message I kept sending back was that\n",
      "‘you get authorized people out here to cover this\n",
      "waterfront, and we are gone immediately.’”\n",
      "Powell and others working the Richmond\n",
      "shoreline those first days after the spill say there\n",
      "were a few authorized people on the waterfront\n",
      "in Richmond—but only one or two people in a\n",
      "truck with no cleanup—or bird capture—equip-\n",
      "D E C E M B E R 2 0 0 7\n",
      "V O L U M E 1 6 , N O . 6\n",
      "Y O U R I N D E P E N D E N T S O U R C E F O R B A Y - D E L T A N E W S & V I E W S\n",
      "THE PRICE OF OIL\n",
      "The Cosco Busan\n",
      "spill claimed the lives\n",
      "of at least 45 species\n",
      "of birds, ranging from\n",
      "the pelagic northern\n",
      "fulmar and parasitic\n",
      "jaeger to the shore-\n",
      "bound fox sparrow. Some were hit harder\n",
      "than others. First\n",
      "impressions that most of\n",
      "the oiled birds were surf scoters are sup-\n",
      "ported by preliminary data from the\n",
      "International Bird Rescue Research Center. As of November 20, according to UC Davis\n",
      "spokesperson Sylvia Wright, more than\n",
      "twice as many surf scoters had been\n",
      "brought in alive as the next most frequent\n",
      "species, the western grebe. The scoters also\n",
      "headed the list of species found dead, fol-\n",
      "lowed again by western grebe. The top ten species found alive also\n",
      "included eared, horned, and Clark’s grebes,\n",
      "greater and lesser scaup, and ruddy duck,\n",
      "common loon, and common murre. All\n",
      "these birds forage by diving from the sur-\n",
      "face of the water (grebes, cormorants, and\n",
      "murres are fish-eaters, while the three ducks\n",
      "eat benthic mollusks and other aquatic\n",
      "invertebrates.) Other foraging guilds—for\n",
      "example, plunge-divers like terns and peli-\n",
      "cans—appear to have been less affected. The main exceptions: western gulls and\n",
      "northern fulmars, significant numbers of\n",
      "which were found dead. The surf scoter is one of the most abun-\n",
      "dant birds in San Francisco Bay in fall and\n",
      "winter; over 75% of the North American\n",
      "population congregates here. But local\n",
      "Audubon Society Christmas Bird Counts\n",
      "report higher totals for greater scaup than\n",
      "for scoter, along with substantial numbers\n",
      "for ruddy duck and bufflehead. Location\n",
      "may account for some apparent patterns in\n",
      "the spill. Southern Marin had the highest\n",
      "CBC numbers for western grebe, which\n",
      "ranked second to surf scoter among spill\n",
      "victims; eared grebes, concentrated in the\n",
      "South Bay, had fewer spill casualties. continued page 2\n",
      "continued page 2\n",
      "Photo by Chris Clarke\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 7: Her conclu-\n",
      "sion? “We would like to find the key answer but\n",
      "I believe the solution is a combination.”\n",
      "Estes was followed by Mark Cuneo of Santa\n",
      "Monica, who, after assuring the largely Bay Area\n",
      "audience that, unlike the stereotype of a\n",
      "Southern California water-sucking city, Santa\n",
      "Monica plans to be 80% independent from\n",
      "imported water by 2010, described his city’s\n",
      "efforts to tackle stormwater pollution. Santa\n",
      "Monica only receives 14 inches of rain per year,\n",
      "but, surrounded on three sides by Los Angeles\n",
      "County, it receives plenty of trash in runoff. Ballona Creek and the Los Angeles River have\n",
      "been put on the 303(d) list of impaired water-\n",
      "ways due to trash (their mouths have had trash\n",
      "booms installed), and a trash TMDL has been\n",
      "put in place. “If you can avoid litigation over\n",
      "TMDLs and regulations, you’re way ahead of the\n",
      "game,” he advised. Over the past 10 years,\n",
      "Santa Monica has spent $120 million installing\n",
      "catch basin insets and screens, and a state-of-\n",
      "the-art stormwater treatment plant. In dry years,\n",
      "the city also “boards over” storm drain inlets to\n",
      "keep trash out. “But trash doesn’t magically dis-\n",
      "appear out of these things; we have to do the\n",
      "maintenance,” said Cuneo. The afternoon session segued from trash back\n",
      "to other pollutants and what to do about them. SFEI’s Lester McKee reported on our state of\n",
      "knowledge about pollutants in the Bay, citing\n",
      "PBDEs here as among the highest in the world. Pollutants in stormwater continue to prevent the\n",
      "Bay from achieving better water quality, said\n",
      "McKee, and though recent TMDLs call for signifi-\n",
      "cant reductions in mercury and PCBs, we do not\n",
      "have enough information about where the highest\n",
      "concentrations occur and how they cycle through\n",
      "the urban environment. However, he added,\n",
      "recent, first-of-their-kind studies have demon-\n",
      "strated that PCBs probably linger in greater\n",
      "concentrations in older industrial areas in the Bay\n",
      "Area, a clue that can tell regulators where to focus. Alameda Countywide Clean Water Program’s\n",
      "Jim Scanlin spoke of the challenges in trying to\n",
      "comply with the new TMDLs for mercury and\n",
      "PCBs. To do its part in reducing total mercury\n",
      "inputs to the Bay by 50%, Alameda County\n",
      "would need to reduce its mercury inputs by 78\n",
      "kilograms per year; similarly it would have to\n",
      "reduce PCBs by about nine kilograms per year. “Can we get there from here?” asked Scanlin,\n",
      "adding that his agency has found frequent street\n",
      "sweeping to be more effective than is generally\n",
      "thought at removing mercury. EBMUD’s Gayle Tupper described her agency’s\n",
      "successes in working with dental offices to install\n",
      "amalgam separators that remove mercury, and in\n",
      "collecting mercury thermometers from residents,\n",
      "hospitals, and schools. Seventy-five pounds of\n",
      "mercury was collected from East Bay residents in\n",
      "take-back events last year, said Tupper. An ongo-\n",
      "ing challenge is the pharmaceuticals that make\n",
      "their way into the Bay after being flushed or\n",
      "dumped down drains. “We’re looking for ways to\n",
      "control these substances and raise awareness to\n",
      "convince people [the substances] shouldn’t go\n",
      "down the drain,” said Tupper. Concluding the pollution session, UCLA’s\n",
      "Mike Stenstrom told the crowd that “for better\n",
      "or worse, TMDLs are the driving force” behind\n",
      "cleanup efforts. He described modeling tools\n",
      "and data being used to evaluate alternatives for\n",
      "meeting TMDLs in the upper Ballona Creek\n",
      "watershed. Because so many heavy metals and\n",
      "other urban pollutants lodge in sediment, said\n",
      "Stenstrom, “we ought to be looking at getting\n",
      "sediment out of stormwater.” To that end, he\n",
      "described some of the low-tech, green, “biofil-\n",
      "tration” solutions that places like Seattle have\n",
      "implemented using vegetation—swales and\n",
      "stormwater planters (aka “infiltration trenches”),\n",
      "among others. LOV\n",
      "RESTORATION: DIVERSE\n",
      "ECOSYSTEMS AND CHALLENGES\n",
      "Assessing progress on the Baylands Ecosystem\n",
      "Habitat Goals, Carl Wilcox of Cal Fish & Game\n",
      "recalled a colleague’s optimism in 1995: “We’ll\n",
      "do this in six months and 50 pages or less.”\n",
      "Four years and countless meetings later, the\n",
      "goals—a biologically based vision for ecosystem\n",
      "restoration—launched a new era in Bay conser-\n",
      "vation, providing guidance for the S.F. Bay Joint\n",
      "Venture, the South Bay Salt Ponds Restoration\n",
      "Project, and county-level Habitat Conservation\n",
      "Plans. Next step: linkage with anticipated\n",
      "Subtidal, Upland, and Streams Habitat Goals,\n",
      "and with CALFED’s Ecosystem Restoration\n",
      "Program. NOAA Fisheries’ Korie Schaeffer gave an\n",
      "update on the process of establishing goals for\n",
      "managing and restoring S.F. Bay’s “hidden” sub-\n",
      "tidal habitat. “The focus will be on habitats we\n",
      "want to see more of or in better condition,” she\n",
      "said. Her group is factoring in human stressors. “We can’t just wave our arms and come up with\n",
      "8\n",
      "some goals without realizing past impacts are\n",
      "still active,” she said. A final goals document is\n",
      "expected by December 2008. Nancy Schaefer of Land Conservation\n",
      "Services, Stuart Weiss of the Center for Earth\n",
      "Observation, and Ryan Branciforte of GreenInfo\n",
      "Network discussed another goal-setting project,\n",
      "this one for upland habitat. Phase 1 involves\n",
      "identifying how much land in what kind of con-\n",
      "dition will be needed to conserve the Bay Area’s\n",
      "upland biodiversity, racing against urban sprawl. Vegetation mapping is already completed. Weiss\n",
      "said goals include preserving 90% of globally\n",
      "rare habitat and allowing room for ecosystems\n",
      "to change. He foresaw partnerships with private\n",
      "landowners, including ranchers. “In grassland, a\n",
      "moderate amount of grazing is really the key to\n",
      "management over large areas,” he said. U.S. Fish & Wildlife’s Eric Tattersall took on the\n",
      "contentious subject of habitat conservation plan-\n",
      "ning. “If regional HCP is done the right way, we\n",
      "end up preserving large functioning ecosystems,”\n",
      "he said, while project-by-project approaches lead\n",
      "to fragmented habitat. Tattersall described\n",
      "recently permitted plans in Santa Clara County\n",
      "and east Contra Costa County, and a pending\n",
      "plan in Solano County. “Every successful plan\n",
      "has a political champion who can bring it to\n",
      "fruition,” he concluded. Turning to the past, SFEI’s Robin Grossinger\n",
      "looked at historical ecosystems as guides to\n",
      "restoration. “The historical landscape may be\n",
      "even more directly relevant than we had real-\n",
      "ized,” he said. “Our society took over this\n",
      "landscape quite suddenly. We didn’t ask for the\n",
      "owner’s manual.” Using old maps and written\n",
      "records, Grossinger is attempting to identify the\n",
      "wet and dry places, the intermittent streams,\n",
      "and the overlooked “B-side” habitat types, like\n",
      "sycamore alluvial woodland. Remnant seasonal\n",
      "wetlands in Santa Clara and Napa counties “are\n",
      "tiny fragments of former perennial wetlands. If\n",
      "you’re interested in wetland restoration, historic\n",
      "wetlands show you where to look.”\n",
      "If ecological history can be obscure, the\n",
      "future of estuarine environments is up for\n",
      "grabs—with climate change a prime source of\n",
      "uncertainty. PWA’s Jeremy Lowe said S.F. Bay’s\n",
      "marshes have handled historic sea level rises\n",
      "well. “But sea level rise will accelerate. Will the\n",
      "marshes keep up?” he asked. As the waters rise,\n",
      "mudflat and marsh systems tend to move land-\n",
      "ward—if enough sediment is available. In the\n",
      "long-term, we may need to recharge mudflats\n",
      "with dredge soil. Lowe discussed tradeoffs\n",
      "between leaving levees in place for wave protec-\n",
      "tion and reconnecting marsh and mudflat, and\n",
      "possible engineering fixes. Naomi Feger of the S.F. Regional Board and\n",
      "Roger Leventhal of FarWest Restoration Engineer-\n",
      "ing titled their joint presentation “Sediment—the\n",
      "Good, the Bad and the Buried.” Feger presented\n",
      "case studies of three remediation efforts using\n",
      "Steve Moore\n",
      "S.F. REGIONAL BOARD TRASH RAPID ASSESSMENT RESULTS\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 4: DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "recreation, and hunting, among others. With the\n",
      "housing market slowing down at least temporar-\n",
      "ily, said Hanak, there might be a short-term\n",
      "opportunity to make changes in the system. “There’s the real possibility that we could\n",
      "encounter big problems in the Delta before a\n",
      "new management strategy is in place. There’s a\n",
      "two-thirds risk of a catastrophic failure over the\n",
      "next 50 years, with earthquakes and sea level\n",
      "rise. What this means in terms of those services\n",
      "is that the ‘bowls’ [described by PWA’s Phil\n",
      "Williams, see below] in the Delta would be filled\n",
      "with water coming from the Bay. We would\n",
      "have to shut down the pumps for a while. We\n",
      "can’t go back to the Delta of 150 years ago, but\n",
      "we can’t stand still either,” said Hanak. “The\n",
      "Delta’s fragility is California’s central water man-\n",
      "agement challenge.” Hanak concluded by\n",
      "predicting that “everyone will not get better\n",
      "together in the Delta of the future.”\n",
      "USGS’s Dan Cayan told the crowd that sea\n",
      "level rise in S.F. Bay has followed the historical\n",
      "patterns of global sea level rise, predicting that\n",
      "“we can expect both a drier and a more haz-\n",
      "ardous water future, and a saltier Bay-Delta\n",
      "environment compared with the historic envi-\n",
      "ronment.” Cayan also predicted that a sediment\n",
      "deficit will probably be a characteristic of the\n",
      "future Delta and said that warming tempera-\n",
      "tures are approaching lethal limits for fish. “For\n",
      "some fish species in the Delta, an increase of a\n",
      "couple of degrees could catapult the situation\n",
      "into catastrophe.”\n",
      "DWR’s Ralph Svetich described the ongoing\n",
      "Delta Risk Management Strategy study examin-\n",
      "ing the fragility of the Delta’s levees. Phase 1\n",
      "examined the risk to Delta levees from earth-\n",
      "quakes, floods, sea level rise, subsidence, and a\n",
      "combination of all of those occurrences. An\n",
      "independent review panel was critical of the\n",
      "report, and a revision is pending. Phase 2 will\n",
      "evaluate individual risk reduction strategies\n",
      "based on risks found in Phase 1. So far, said\n",
      "Svetich, the preliminary phase 1 results show a\n",
      "risk of island inundation in flood events, with a\n",
      "high probability of failure for western and cen-\n",
      "tral Delta islands, a finding that closely matches\n",
      "U.S. Army Corps models. The Suisun Resource Conservation District’s\n",
      "Steve Chappell reminded the audience of the\n",
      "importance of Suisun Marsh, the “forgotten\n",
      "link” between the Bay and Delta. Chappell\n",
      "described the river otters, salt marsh harvest\n",
      "mice, short-eared owls, Suisun thistle, and other\n",
      "native and non-native species, including fish,\n",
      "that live in and around the marsh, and the many\n",
      "migratory waterfowl and diving ducks that use\n",
      "it. Chappell also described the programmatic\n",
      "CEQA/NEPA process underway for a Suisun\n",
      "Marsh management plan that includes some\n",
      "tidal marsh restoration. “Opportunities are bet-\n",
      "ter in Suisun Marsh for restoration than in the\n",
      "Delta,” said Chappell. “It is not as subsided.” Of\n",
      "course all restoration is predicated on willing\n",
      "sellers, stressed Chappell. “Salinity intrusion is a\n",
      "big issue,” said Chappell. “As are mercury and\n",
      "carbon. We have to consider those in plan\n",
      "implementation.”\n",
      "Following on the carbon theme, USGS’s\n",
      "Roger Fujii described how a pilot project at\n",
      "Twitchell Island flooded tules to encourage\n",
      "decomposition, and rebuilt subsided soils at the\n",
      "same time. As the tules die and decay, the\n",
      "marsh sequesters carbon dioxide at higher rates\n",
      "than agricultural fields. With microbial decom-\n",
      "position offset by biomass accretion, the land\n",
      "surface builds back up. Fujii reported elevation\n",
      "gains of up to four inches per year. By increasing\n",
      "accretion rates to nine inches per year, the\n",
      "Delta’s accommodation space (the “huge hole”\n",
      "described below) could be reduced by 70% in\n",
      "five years, said Fujii. The amount of carbon diox-\n",
      "ide sequestered would equal the reduction in\n",
      "emissions if all the SUVs in California were\n",
      "swapped for Priuses, said Fujii. The afternoon session broadened the focus to\n",
      "the question of how to integrate restoration into\n",
      "managing watersheds for flood protection,\n",
      "recreation, water supply, and a laundry list of\n",
      "other beneficial human uses. First up was PWA’s\n",
      "Phil Williams, who stressed that any manage-\n",
      "ment actions taken to improve the Delta will\n",
      "also affect the rest of the Estuary. “We’ve created\n",
      "a massive hole—up to 20 feet below sea level—\n",
      "on 340,000 acres of farmland behind levees in\n",
      "the Delta,” said Williams. “I don’t believe we’ve\n",
      "fully grasped how this will affect physical\n",
      "processes and how that will affect the rest of the\n",
      "Estuary.” That huge hole is subsiding about six\n",
      "times faster than sea level is rising, said Williams,\n",
      "which means that, in a “doomsday” scenario, a\n",
      "large portion of this volume could end up in\n",
      "tidal waters. “The whole tidal Estuary could get\n",
      "a lot bigger,” said Williams. “The area of San\n",
      "Francisco Bay would be doubled, but just as\n",
      "important, the physical processes—the tides, the\n",
      "movement of saltwater and sediment that sus-\n",
      "tains the Bay—could be significantly altered.”\n",
      "U.C. Berkeley’s Mark Stacey moved south, to\n",
      "the salt pond restoration project, discussing its\n",
      "possible effects on the rest of the South Bay. In a\n",
      "study of the island ponds adjoining Coyote\n",
      "Creek, Stacey found that as more water moved\n",
      "up the creek through the breaches into the\n",
      "ponds, there was an increase in the tidal prism,\n",
      "but the effects of the changes were different\n",
      "across different phases of the tides. “When you\n",
      "open up the restoration sites to tidal action, it\n",
      "dissipates the funnel effect that characterizes the\n",
      "far South Bay, which could change the inunda-\n",
      "tion regime for high marsh habitat,” said Stacey. A decrease in amplification is good for diminish-\n",
      "ing flooding, but bad for marsh habitat. And\n",
      "because sources of sediment for the restoration\n",
      "project are “down Estuary,” the restoration sites\n",
      "are not going to capture much sediment, said\n",
      "Stacey. There is very little sediment coming in\n",
      "directly from the watershed; instead the sedi-\n",
      "ment that does reach the restoration sites is\n",
      "likely to be coming from the far South Bay via\n",
      "recycling by tides and winds. Moving to the North Bay, the Sonoma Land\n",
      "Trust’s John Brosnan discussed the realities of trying\n",
      "to integrate watershed and wetlands restoration\n",
      "planning. Brosnan said his agency is trying to\n",
      "achieve the goals set forth in the Baylands\n",
      "Ecosystem Habitat Goals Report and the CCMP. Yet, using the ongoing Sears Point Restoration\n",
      "Project as a case study, he showed how con-\n",
      "straints like flood protection, invasives control,\n",
      "remediation, multiple users, sea level rise, and\n",
      "physical infrastructure—in this case Highway 37\n",
      "and a rail line—are not only splitting up the land-\n",
      "scape, but also “dictating what we can and can’t\n",
      "do with integrating wetlands and tidal wet-\n",
      "lands.” Having a rail line there triples the cost of\n",
      "restoration, said Brosnan. “Once the agricultural\n",
      "levees are taken down [for restoration], we have\n",
      "to build bigger, stronger levees for the railroad\n",
      "and Highway 37 because of sea level rise.”\n",
      "Despite “huge buy-in” from neighbors, ranchers,\n",
      "and farmers, said Brosnan, “the highway and rail-\n",
      "road [which refuses to help defray the costs] are\n",
      "driving the outcome.”\n",
      "SFEI’s Letitia Grenier stressed the need to give\n",
      "wildlife conservation equal stance with flood\n",
      "protection and clean water supply. “It’s all part\n",
      "of the same goal,” said Grenier. “Wildlife inhabit\n",
      "landscapes. What we do in the Bay affects the\n",
      "whole flyway. There are four to five million birds\n",
      "coming through here. How can we act on a\n",
      "landscape scale to keep them here?” Our\n",
      "modern landscape has seen a huge loss of con-\n",
      "nectivity, she said. “We have the tools to plan for\n",
      "providing better connecting habitat for wildlife,\n",
      "but we lack a common vision. We haven’t really\n",
      "specified what our wildlife goals are. Instead, we\n",
      "are stuck waiting for a crisis. How can we invest\n",
      "earlier in landscapes for wildlife?”\n",
      "Citizens Committee to Complete the Refuge’s\n",
      "Arthur Feinstein offered a pragmatic perspective\n",
      "5\n",
      "PWA\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 5: DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "of wildlife conservation around the Bay. “What’s\n",
      "not to be thrilled about?” asked Feinstein. “We\n",
      "have over 100 species of wildlife and plants listed\n",
      "as endangered or threatened. No Bay Area\n",
      "species has yet been delisted.” As solutions,\n",
      "Feinstein suggested that we need to focus on\n",
      "habitat diversity, links between habitats, bigger\n",
      "areas of habitat, and freedom from human\n",
      "harassment. Public access has had a negative\n",
      "impact on wildlife, said Feinstein, citing birders\n",
      "who harass the birds they are watching and\n",
      "boaters who disturb resting ducks on the Bay, as\n",
      "well as development near sensitive areas, such as\n",
      "the least tern habitat at the old Alameda Naval\n",
      "Air Station. “Once you get people into wild\n",
      "areas, even urban areas, you’re going to lose\n",
      "your diversity,” said Feinstein. “Even in very\n",
      "dense areas, if you keep people away, there are\n",
      "nice wildlife effects. If we want full environmental\n",
      "restoration and large diverse habitats,” con-\n",
      "cluded Feinstein, “we also need to control us.”\n",
      "Coastal plant ecologist Peter Baye addressed\n",
      "the fact that many of our tidal marsh restoration\n",
      "projects have not included rare plants that could\n",
      "be collected from remnant sites and propagated,\n",
      "helping to ensure their survival as species. One\n",
      "example is a rare salt marsh owl’s clover that still\n",
      "exists in Whittell Marsh near Point Pinole. “Almost none of these rare species are finding\n",
      "homes in tidal marsh restoration sites,” said\n",
      "Baye. “Even where there are well-developed\n",
      "marsh plains and channels, 30 years later [these\n",
      "restoration projects] still support only the most\n",
      "common tidal marsh species.” Discussing the\n",
      "restored Muzzi Marsh, Baye pointed out that no\n",
      "uncommon species have dispersed from nearby\n",
      "Heerdt Marsh, the oldest prehistoric marsh in\n",
      "the area, to colonize Muzzi. Baye ended with a\n",
      "series of recommendations for encouraging\n",
      "diversity, including designing restoration\n",
      "marshes more creatively. Creativity has been critical in restoring the\n",
      "Napa River, according to Napa County Flood\n",
      "Control’s Richard Thomasser, who described the\n",
      "history of this multiyear, multi-stakeholder, multi-\n",
      "objective effort. After the Army Corps presented a\n",
      "plan to channelize the river in concrete in the\n",
      "1960s (and again in the 1990s), the community\n",
      "demanded that any plan for flood control also be\n",
      "a plan for a “living river” that would connect the\n",
      "river to its historical floodplain. As a result, the\n",
      "consensus-based project includes a geomorphic\n",
      "channel design that will restore proper sediment\n",
      "transport balance, and the creation of 650 acres\n",
      "of wetlands. Five major bridges are being made\n",
      "higher and longer to free up hydraulic constric-\n",
      "tions, and to span the channel and the new\n",
      "marshplains, said Thomasser; two bridges were\n",
      "completely rebuilt. “The river and habitat now\n",
      "have some room to move.”\n",
      "The S.F. Regional Board’s Bruce Wolfe gave an\n",
      "overview of his agency’s efforts to protect both\n",
      "rivers and marshes. “We’re better regulating\n",
      "development of upland areas,” said Wolfe. “We\n",
      "are now trying to manage flows better than we\n",
      "have and the changes in runoff patterns that\n",
      "development causes.” Wolfe said his agency no\n",
      "longer takes water quality-based effluent limits\n",
      "from a national list, but instead tackles them on\n",
      "a statewide and regional basis. “TMDLs are\n",
      "really watershed plans,” said Wolfe. “We are\n",
      "now looking at wetlands and streams as a physi-\n",
      "cal unit. Wetlands are really the deltas of riparian\n",
      "systems.” Another change at his agency, said\n",
      "Wolfe, is recognizing that riparian zones have\n",
      "many benefits. The Coastal Conservancy’s Steve Ritchie built\n",
      "upon the “deltas” idea. As the salt pond restora-\n",
      "tion project nears the end of its five-year\n",
      "planning process, said Ritchie, “what about the\n",
      "ponds’ connection to local watersheds?” But\n",
      "making that connection might be complicated. “It’s flood protection with restoration, not just a\n",
      "fun little restoration project,” said Ritchie. Perhaps the most poignant example of trying\n",
      "to integrate restoration into watershed manage-\n",
      "ment and water supply was that of the long-term\n",
      "efforts to restore steelhead to Alameda Creek,\n",
      "the focus of the afternoon session. The National\n",
      "Marine Fisheries Services’ Maura Moody started\n",
      "off by describing the recovery plan being drafted\n",
      "for Central California Coast salmon and steel-\n",
      "head. The Center for Ecosystem Management\n",
      "and Restoration’s Andy Gunther said that the\n",
      "creeks that connect to the Bay are under\n",
      "increasing pressure. “Choosing restoration will\n",
      "require that we conduct experiments on how to\n",
      "restore steelhead trout. Their fight upstream is\n",
      "both mysterious and inspiring. Returning these\n",
      "wild creatures provides something to us as well,”\n",
      "said Gunther. The lifecycle and impact these fish\n",
      "have had over time, said Gunther, give them the\n",
      "cultural status of “charismatic megafauna. Steel-\n",
      "head can drive ecosystem management: They use\n",
      "an entire watershed in their lifecycle. They can\n",
      "help preserve the landscape for future genera-\n",
      "tions,” said Gunther. The Alameda County Water District’s Eric\n",
      "Cartwright described some of the physical barri-\n",
      "ers that will need to be addressed to restore\n",
      "passage for these fish. “The question is how to\n",
      "provide passage through the flood control chan-\n",
      "nel while keeping the existing benefits the\n",
      "channel provides,” said Cartwright. When the\n",
      "Army Corps built the channel, it did not provide\n",
      "for fish passage, said Cartwright. However, the\n",
      "Water District has decided after conducting sev-\n",
      "eral studies that the District can remove the\n",
      "lowest rubber dam and keep it out of the chan-\n",
      "nel permanently. At the upper rubber dam, the\n",
      "District will build a fish ladder and install fish\n",
      "screens at several intake structures. Other chal-\n",
      "lenges include funding and instream flows. The Alameda Creek Alliance’s Jeff Miller gave\n",
      "an historical overview of steelhead presence in\n",
      "the watershed, describing how Calaveras Dam,\n",
      "built in 1925, cut off access to the best habitat. The watershed also supported coho and\n",
      "Chinook salmon at one time, said Miller, and\n",
      "remnant steelhead runs persisted until 1964. Today, steelhead are still trying to make it up the\n",
      "creek, despite its obstacle course. But attitudes\n",
      "have changed during the last two decades, and\n",
      "during the last decade, 27 fish were successfully\n",
      "caught and moved upstream by volunteers,\n",
      "dramatizing the need for fish passage improve-\n",
      "ments. “The visibility and persistence of these\n",
      "fish in showing up every year has galvanized\n",
      "us,” said Miller. The Alliance now has more than\n",
      "1,500 members and more than 15 agencies\n",
      "cooperating in restoration. Genetic analysis of\n",
      "landlocked fish and anadromous fish below the\n",
      "dams show that their genes are closely related. “The biggest question is whether there will be\n",
      "enough water left in the stream,” said Miller. “Right now, none of the agencies releases flows\n",
      "for fish. The draft EIR [for the Calaveras Dam\n",
      "replacement] does not allow for minimum flows\n",
      "for fish. We’re hoping to work with the SFPUC\n",
      "to address the impacts of these dams.”\n",
      "LOV\n",
      "POLLUTION: CAN WE CLEAN IT UP? First off on Thursday morning, the Marine\n",
      "Mammal Center’s Denise Greig described her\n",
      "studies of Bay harbor seals and emerging contami-\n",
      "nants. “They eat at the same trophic level humans\n",
      "do,” said Greig. “PBDEs in San Francisco Bay seals\n",
      "increased between 1989 and 1998. They also\n",
      "have mercury, lead, PCBs, and DDT in their bod-\n",
      "ies.” Between 1989 and 1998, the PBDE levels\n",
      "were higher even than those of contaminated\n",
      "Baltic Sea seals, said Greig, adding that PCB con-\n",
      "centrations in healthy Bay seals appear to be\n",
      "decreasing, while DDT metabolites are increasing. “So even though those contaminents are banned\n",
      "now, they get stirred up from the sediment, are\n",
      "present in harbor seals, and passed from mother\n",
      "to pup,” explained Greig. The latest worry is\n",
      "6\n",
      "“Their fight\n",
      "upstream is both\n",
      "mysterious and\n",
      "inspiring. Returning these\n",
      "wild creatures\n",
      "provides something\n",
      "to us as well.”\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 11: I\n",
      "tomers how to cut down on landscape water-\n",
      "ing. “It’s the low-hanging fruit, but it helps,”\n",
      "said EBMUD’s Richard Harris. Michele Pla of the Bay Area Clean Water\n",
      "Agencies explained that using more recycled\n",
      "water lowers the need to treat water, brings down\n",
      "energy consumption, and curbs pollutant loads to\n",
      "the Bay. “We’re at the end of the road of the sys-\n",
      "tem of using water once and spending a half a\n",
      "billion dollars to treat and put it back,” said Pla. Linda Fiack of the Delta Protection Comm-ission\n",
      "compared the Delta and its water supply to the\n",
      "country cows that provide milk for city folks. “Most\n",
      "people don’t know where their water comes\n",
      "from,” she noted. “The Delta is that cow in the\n",
      "country.” But regional and county planners do\n",
      "know where their water comes from, and they’re\n",
      "planning for it now. Fiack explained how five Delta\n",
      "counties of Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Sacramento,\n",
      "Solano, and Yolo—all revamping their general\n",
      "plans—are including a Delta element. And Benicia\n",
      "mayor Elizabeth Patterson, who said her city has\n",
      "integrated watershed restoration into its general\n",
      "plan, wrapped up the session by describing the\n",
      "importance of connecting small grassroots water-\n",
      "shed groups with movers and shakers. “We need\n",
      "to get their ideas to where the power is.” KC\n",
      "which often means negotiating for fewer parking\n",
      "spaces in conjunction with development or\n",
      "redevelopment. Even a small reduction in the\n",
      "number of parking spaces can often make a crit-\n",
      "ical difference for a city stream. Riley’s lesson:\n",
      "“Don’t accept a plan as given.”\n",
      "But one given is that cities have infrastruc-\n",
      "ture—like stormdrains—that greatly affects their\n",
      "watersheds, so planners are finding ways to\n",
      "reduce pollution through greener solutions. The\n",
      "SFPUC’s Rosey Jenks spoke of her agency’s\n",
      "efforts to reduce the number of impervious sur-\n",
      "faces that carry pollution to watersheds. When\n",
      "roads are repaved, for example, their imperme-\n",
      "ability can be reduced so they can act as filters. Jenks also described how green roofs—like the\n",
      "new one at the California Academy of Sciences\n",
      "—are helping reduce runoff. The idea of green building is currently popu-\n",
      "lar among architects and developers, noted Paul\n",
      "Okamoto of Okamoto Saijo Architecture. But\n",
      "more needs to be done in light of global climate\n",
      "change. Three design concepts should be inte-\n",
      "grated into green building. First is the 2030\n",
      "Initiative (a standard where all buildings shall be\n",
      "carbon-neutral by 2030), which has already\n",
      "been adopted by the U.S. Conference of Mayors\n",
      "Y O U R I N D E P E N D E N T S O U R C E F O R B A Y - D E L T A N E W S & V I E W S\n",
      "DECEMBER 2007\n",
      "VOLUME 16, NO. 6\n",
      "Editorial Office:\n",
      "PO Box 791\n",
      "Oakland, CA 94604\n",
      "lowensvi@sbcglobal.net\n",
      "Estuary Web site at\n",
      "www.estuarynewsletter.com\n",
      "To subscribe to/questions about ESTUARY:\n",
      "(510)622-2499\n",
      "ESTUARY is a bimonthly publication dedicated to providing an\n",
      "independent news source on Bay-Delta water issues, estuarine\n",
      "restoration efforts and implementation of the S.F. Estuary Project’s\n",
      "Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP). It\n",
      "seeks to represent the many voices and viewpoints that con-\n",
      "tributed to the CCMP’s development. ESTUARY is funded by\n",
      "individual and organizational subscriptions and by grants from\n",
      "diverse state and federal government agencies and local interest\n",
      "groups. Administrative services are provided by the S.F. Estuary\n",
      "Project and Friends of the S.F. Estuary, a nonprofit corporation. Views expressed may not necessarily reflect those of staff, advisors\n",
      "or committee members.\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 2: CONFERENCE WRAPUP: A GREENER BLUE? CONFERENCE WRAPUP: A GREENER BLUE? DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "plishment.” But the frontier has closed, said\n",
      "Nelson. There are alternatives—cheaper ones—\n",
      "to pumping more water, he said. “We could\n",
      "divert less, invest in recycled water, and save\n",
      "energy and greenhouse gases. We need to ask\n",
      "ourselves whether we are entering the era of\n",
      "sustainability or collapse.”\n",
      "Redefining Progress’s Gelobter drew parallels\n",
      "between Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans\n",
      "and the potential for similar disaster in the Delta\n",
      "if we don’t take action to prevent it. If we were\n",
      "to be pro-active in fixing the Delta, said\n",
      "Gelobter, “we could be a model for the world.”\n",
      "The panel session concluded with Gardner ask-\n",
      "ing what the business community can do to\n",
      "help protect the Bay and Delta. Wunderman\n",
      "responded that we need to focus on better inte-\n",
      "grating transit and development. “We made a\n",
      "mistake,” said Wunderman. “We screwed it up\n",
      "by not having the proper balance between\n",
      "housing and public transit. But we’re beginning\n",
      "to get it. It’s time to focus on the urban core\n",
      "and develop a transit system that supports it. We have to figure out how to overcome the\n",
      "resistance to change that is inherent in the busi-\n",
      "ness community.”\n",
      "The late morning and afternoon sessions were\n",
      "devoted to presentations on important changes\n",
      "in the Estuary and how they will be managed. The S.F. Regional Board’s Tom Mumley sug-\n",
      "gested that with new pollutants constantly\n",
      "emerging and possibly affecting water quality,\n",
      "the state should consider adopting a “California\n",
      "product stewardship council” that would require\n",
      "manufacturers to adopt a “cradle-to-cradle”\n",
      "approach for their products in order to reduce\n",
      "waste and pollution. The Board’s Richard Looker\n",
      "built on that theme, pointing out how many\n",
      "societal benefits have a parallel environmental\n",
      "impact: controlling pests can equal aquatic toxi-\n",
      "city; preventing fires can lead to PBDEs in the\n",
      "Bay and its wildlife; health and beauty products\n",
      "not removed in wastewater treatment can dis-\n",
      "rupt endocrine and other functions in fish; the\n",
      "products and processes leading to economic\n",
      "health have often led to long-lived environmen-\n",
      "tal contaminants. Another emerging challenge for Estuary\n",
      "resource managers is climate change (and asso-\n",
      "ciated sea level rise). The SFPUC’s Michael Carlin\n",
      "discussed how urban water managers are trying\n",
      "to cope. “The San Francisco water supply is\n",
      "going to be rain dominated instead of snow\n",
      "dominated,” said Carlin. The SFPUC plans to\n",
      "diversify its water sources, he said, by becoming\n",
      "part of a Bay Area-wide regional desalination\n",
      "project, by relying more on groundwater, and\n",
      "by using graywater to flush toilets. U.C. Berkeley’s Matt Kondolf also discussed\n",
      "the impacts climate change will have, particu-\n",
      "larly on the Delta, which he warned could be\n",
      "“New Orleans East.” “We have created the same\n",
      "3\n",
      "The theme of this year’s State of the Estuary\n",
      "conference was “A Greener Shade of Blue,” and\n",
      "the conference returned a mixed verdict on\n",
      "whether or not the Estuary and its watershed are\n",
      "in fact “greener.” On an unusually rainy October\n",
      "morning, Oakland city council president Jean\n",
      "Fong welcomed a crowd of nearly 600 people to\n",
      "the Scottish Rite Center on Lake Merritt’s shores,\n",
      "reminding them that water quality and restora-\n",
      "tion are a priority for Oakland, which was\n",
      "recently named the country’s fifth-most-sustain-\n",
      "able city and has passed Measure DD, which\n",
      "provides $200 million to restore Lake Merritt and\n",
      "Oakland’s creeks. Following Fong, ABAG’s Henry\n",
      "Gardner, the Bay Area Council’s Jim Wunderman,\n",
      "NRDC’s Barry Nelson, Delta Vision Blue Ribbon\n",
      "Task Force’s Phil Isenberg, BCDC’s Will Travis, and\n",
      "Redefining Progress’s Michel Gelobter brain-\n",
      "stormed about the role of the Delta in the future\n",
      "of the Bay Area. “How can we balance social justice, sustain-\n",
      "able development, and the environment while\n",
      "moving forward with the Bay-Delta?” asked\n",
      "Gardner. “Many cities granted conditional use\n",
      "permits in the communities closest to the Bay in\n",
      "low-income and minority communities to sup-\n",
      "port a variety of business activities. That had a\n",
      "devastating impact on some of those communi-\n",
      "ties, conditions that persist today.”\n",
      "Wunderman spoke of the Bay’s importance,\n",
      "both as a draw for tourists, with 260,000 area\n",
      "jobs devoted to tourism, and as a major attractor\n",
      "of new residents. He also spoke of the Port of\n",
      "Oakland’s importance as the fifth-largest port in\n",
      "the United States and as a provider of blue-collar\n",
      "jobs. “The Port of Oakland has tremendous\n",
      "expansion capabilities consistent with the envi-\n",
      "ronmental sustainability of the Bay,” Wunderman\n",
      "declared. “It’s underutilized as a transportation\n",
      "mechanism.” Wunderman assured the crowd\n",
      "that the business community sees the health of\n",
      "the Bay-Delta as critical. BCDC’s Travis jumped right to climate\n",
      "change. He predicted that all of the Bay previ-\n",
      "ously lost to fill will eventually be reclaimed by\n",
      "Bay waters. Other manifestations of climate\n",
      "change will include more frequent storm surges,\n",
      "heavy rains, high tides, and high winds, plus\n",
      "extended droughts and wildfires, he warned. “[Climate change] will have profound local\n",
      "impacts. We need a plan that anticipates that.”\n",
      "But the devil is in the details, he admitted. “How\n",
      "do we plan a region and a Bay that will surely\n",
      "get bigger? We are going to have to build a lot\n",
      "of levees that are big enough and strong\n",
      "enough to hold back floods around the airports. We also need to take a hard look at where it\n",
      "might be most cost-effective to remove existing\n",
      "developments and replace them with wetlands,\n",
      "which absorb floods and sequester carbon.” Also\n",
      "on Travis’s to do list: “abandon any future plans\n",
      "to develop low-lying areas.” Said Travis, “We\n",
      "need a plan for the Estuary that is bold and\n",
      "audacious. We’ve got to stop talking about how\n",
      "to restore it to the way it was; we need to\n",
      "design for different elevations, chemistry,\n",
      "species, to do proactive management. The issue\n",
      "is not whether we are playing God—we are\n",
      "already doing that—but how to get it right.”\n",
      "Isenberg addressed the Estuary’s political\n",
      "geography. “Why are the Bay and Delta two dif-\n",
      "ferent political regions despite being connected? I say it is a pure artifact of notions of regional\n",
      "self-importance—it’s human nature that each of\n",
      "us is the center of the universe.” Isenberg told\n",
      "the largely Bay Area crowd “your strength is\n",
      "your weakness. You agreed on what it meant to\n",
      "save the Bay, playing to the strength of regional\n",
      "importance.” But now, the forgotten Delta must\n",
      "take center stage, said Isenberg. The Delta Vision\n",
      "Task Force was charged with creating a plan to\n",
      "protect and improve the Delta ecosystem, said\n",
      "Isenberg, while at the same time protecting and\n",
      "improving the state’s water supply system. “The\n",
      "Delta ecosystem is going to hell. Not one person\n",
      "or organization has said that the Delta is in good\n",
      "shape. [The Delta issue] is collectively much\n",
      "more than the Bay Area because it’s the transfer\n",
      "point of all the water that comes in. Where\n",
      "should the state go on the question of the\n",
      "ecosystem?” Isenberg pointed out that it is not\n",
      "just the swimming pools of Southern California\n",
      "and Coachella Valley taking water from the\n",
      "Delta; it is also—and has been for a long time—\n",
      "the Bay Area. “It can’t be ‘our water projects are\n",
      "good, and theirs are bad.’”\n",
      "NRDC’s Nelson presented himself as the\n",
      "“panel historian,” taking the crowd through key\n",
      "dates in the Bay’s history and how its role has\n",
      "changed from when it was discovered by\n",
      "Europeans to mining and commercial interests\n",
      "to the building of the Central Valley Project,\n",
      "which he christened “the dawn of the golden\n",
      "age of the hydraulic frontier. We built the high-\n",
      "est dam in America, the most elaborate\n",
      "plumbing system, and the largest pumps on the\n",
      "face of the planet. It was an astonishing accom-\n",
      "“The issue is not\n",
      "whether we are\n",
      "playing God—we\n",
      "are already doing\n",
      "that—but how to\n",
      "get it right.”\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 0.0: A GREENER BLUE? Conference wrapup . . . . . . . . .3\n",
      "POLLUTION\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .6\n",
      "RESTORATION\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .8\n",
      "LAND USE\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .9\n",
      "LADY LINCHPIN\n",
      "RETIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10\n",
      "INSIDE\n",
      "SOILED\n",
      "Shortly before 8:30 a.m. on Wednesday,\n",
      "November 7, the cargo ship Cosco Busan—en\n",
      "route to South Korea from the Port of Oakland—\n",
      "ran into a support post for the Bay Bridge,\n",
      "gashing its fuel tank and sending 58,000 gallons\n",
      "of oil into San Francisco Bay. Initial reports by the\n",
      "shipping company put the size of the spill at 400\n",
      "gallons. Twelve hours later, local officials learned\n",
      "the results of an initial investigation by state and\n",
      "federal agencies—that the spill was over 100\n",
      "times the size first reported. When those first oily drops hit the water, no\n",
      "booms were in place around the ship. So swirling\n",
      "Bay currents spread the oil far and wide—hitting\n",
      "shorelines from San Francisco to Berkeley to\n",
      "Richmond to Marin—affecting birds, fish and\n",
      "other wildlife throughout the Bay and as far out\n",
      "as the Farallons. The spill couldn’t have come at a worse time:\n",
      "thousands of migratory birds spend their winter\n",
      "months in the Estuary. Three weeks after the spill,\n",
      "the official tally of oiled birds (dead and alive)\n",
      "totaled close to 3,000, with potential bird mortal-\n",
      "ity as high as 22,000 (see sidebar). More than\n",
      "half of the birds accounted for died from expo-\n",
      "sure to the oil. Pictures of oiled ducks and other birds\n",
      "appeared on page 1 of local papers, and these\n",
      "images drove many people, like Nancy Powell of\n",
      "Albany, to action. She decided on November 9—\n",
      "a Friday—to walk north along the Bay from\n",
      "Emeryville to see if there was oil to clean or birds\n",
      "to save. She found six oiled birds in Berkeley,\n",
      "across from Shorebird Park. No one was tending\n",
      "to them, so she stood there to protect them. While she stood by the birds, more concerned\n",
      "people showed up, including a kayaker who ran\n",
      "up from the water carrying an oiled bird. Nearby,\n",
      "officials were busy discussing the proper way to\n",
      "wear a Hazmat suit. Powell noticed that autho-\n",
      "rized bird capture teams that were hastily being\n",
      "assembled (consisting of state and federal\n",
      "employees) were poorly equipped. “They had a\n",
      "few trainees, no nets. No towels to put in boxes\n",
      "to take the birds anywhere,” says Powell. “They\n",
      "borrowed nets from the Shorebird Nature Center,\n",
      "and they were able to catch a couple of birds on\n",
      "that beach.”\n",
      "Powell had seen a spill on the Bay ten years\n",
      "ago, and she had helped cleaning oiled birds. So\n",
      "she had experience, and serendipitously, she\n",
      "found other would-be volunteers that morning at\n",
      "Shorebird Park with backgrounds in wildlife res-\n",
      "cue and a strong desire to do something. The\n",
      "volunteers bought over $500 worth of fishing\n",
      "nets and towels from local stores, and spent the\n",
      "day helping rescue birds in Berkeley. The group\n",
      "also recruited drivers to take birds to the Cordelia\n",
      "wildlife center. Later, the unofficial group (warned\n",
      "that they could be arrested) moved to Albany,\n",
      "where they rescued birds and transported birds\n",
      "being caught by homeless people. When the group arrived at Hoffman Marsh on\n",
      "the stretch of shoreline curving between Point\n",
      "Isabelle and the Richmond Inner Harbor the third\n",
      "day following the spill, they found oiled birds on\n",
      "the rocks and beaches being chased by dogs and\n",
      "their owners, but no one taking charge of the sit-\n",
      "uation—not even to do crowd control. “A Richmond fire truck was there, and he said,\n",
      "‘Yeah, I really think this trail should be closed off,\n",
      "but I don’t have the authority to do it,’” said\n",
      "Powell, who, along with other members of her\n",
      "group, again took matters into their own hands. They organized a bird-rescue network with peo-\n",
      "ple handling tasks such as closing off the\n",
      "shoreline, taking reports of oiled birds along the\n",
      "shore, and catching and transporting birds. Over\n",
      "the course of a week, says Powell, her group res-\n",
      "cued over 50 birds. “The person running the Oiled Wildlife Care\n",
      "Network command center kept trying to tell me,\n",
      "‘You know, there is unauthorized collection of\n",
      "birds going on,’” explains an incredulous Powell. “And the message I kept sending back was that\n",
      "‘you get authorized people out here to cover this\n",
      "waterfront, and we are gone immediately.’”\n",
      "Powell and others working the Richmond\n",
      "shoreline those first days after the spill say there\n",
      "were a few authorized people on the waterfront\n",
      "in Richmond—but only one or two people in a\n",
      "truck with no cleanup—or bird capture—equip-\n",
      "D E C E M B E R 2 0 0 7\n",
      "V O L U M E 1 6 , N O . 6\n",
      "Y O U R I N D E P E N D E N T S O U R C E F O R B A Y - D E L T A N E W S & V I E W S\n",
      "THE PRICE OF OIL\n",
      "The Cosco Busan\n",
      "spill claimed the lives\n",
      "of at least 45 species\n",
      "of birds, ranging from\n",
      "the pelagic northern\n",
      "fulmar and parasitic\n",
      "jaeger to the shore-\n",
      "bound fox sparrow. Some were hit harder\n",
      "than others. First\n",
      "impressions that most of\n",
      "the oiled birds were surf scoters are sup-\n",
      "ported by preliminary data from the\n",
      "International Bird Rescue Research Center. As of November 20, according to UC Davis\n",
      "spokesperson Sylvia Wright, more than\n",
      "twice as many surf scoters had been\n",
      "brought in alive as the next most frequent\n",
      "species, the western grebe. The scoters also\n",
      "headed the list of species found dead, fol-\n",
      "lowed again by western grebe. The top ten species found alive also\n",
      "included eared, horned, and Clark’s grebes,\n",
      "greater and lesser scaup, and ruddy duck,\n",
      "common loon, and common murre. All\n",
      "these birds forage by diving from the sur-\n",
      "face of the water (grebes, cormorants, and\n",
      "murres are fish-eaters, while the three ducks\n",
      "eat benthic mollusks and other aquatic\n",
      "invertebrates.) Other foraging guilds—for\n",
      "example, plunge-divers like terns and peli-\n",
      "cans—appear to have been less affected. The main exceptions: western gulls and\n",
      "northern fulmars, significant numbers of\n",
      "which were found dead. The surf scoter is one of the most abun-\n",
      "dant birds in San Francisco Bay in fall and\n",
      "winter; over 75% of the North American\n",
      "population congregates here. But local\n",
      "Audubon Society Christmas Bird Counts\n",
      "report higher totals for greater scaup than\n",
      "for scoter, along with substantial numbers\n",
      "for ruddy duck and bufflehead. Location\n",
      "may account for some apparent patterns in\n",
      "the spill. Southern Marin had the highest\n",
      "CBC numbers for western grebe, which\n",
      "ranked second to surf scoter among spill\n",
      "victims; eared grebes, concentrated in the\n",
      "South Bay, had fewer spill casualties. continued page 2\n",
      "continued page 2\n",
      "Photo by Chris Clarke\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 0.0: A GREENER BLUE? Conference wrapup . . . . . . . . .3\n",
      "POLLUTION\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .6\n",
      "RESTORATION\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .8\n",
      "LAND USE\n",
      "Conference, cont’d . . . . . . . . . .9\n",
      "LADY LINCHPIN\n",
      "RETIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10\n",
      "INSIDE\n",
      "SOILED\n",
      "Shortly before 8:30 a.m. on Wednesday,\n",
      "November 7, the cargo ship Cosco Busan—en\n",
      "route to South Korea from the Port of Oakland—\n",
      "ran into a support post for the Bay Bridge,\n",
      "gashing its fuel tank and sending 58,000 gallons\n",
      "of oil into San Francisco Bay. Initial reports by the\n",
      "shipping company put the size of the spill at 400\n",
      "gallons. Twelve hours later, local officials learned\n",
      "the results of an initial investigation by state and\n",
      "federal agencies—that the spill was over 100\n",
      "times the size first reported. When those first oily drops hit the water, no\n",
      "booms were in place around the ship. So swirling\n",
      "Bay currents spread the oil far and wide—hitting\n",
      "shorelines from San Francisco to Berkeley to\n",
      "Richmond to Marin—affecting birds, fish and\n",
      "other wildlife throughout the Bay and as far out\n",
      "as the Farallons. The spill couldn’t have come at a worse time:\n",
      "thousands of migratory birds spend their winter\n",
      "months in the Estuary. Three weeks after the spill,\n",
      "the official tally of oiled birds (dead and alive)\n",
      "totaled close to 3,000, with potential bird mortal-\n",
      "ity as high as 22,000 (see sidebar). More than\n",
      "half of the birds accounted for died from expo-\n",
      "sure to the oil. Pictures of oiled ducks and other birds\n",
      "appeared on page 1 of local papers, and these\n",
      "images drove many people, like Nancy Powell of\n",
      "Albany, to action. She decided on November 9—\n",
      "a Friday—to walk north along the Bay from\n",
      "Emeryville to see if there was oil to clean or birds\n",
      "to save. She found six oiled birds in Berkeley,\n",
      "across from Shorebird Park. No one was tending\n",
      "to them, so she stood there to protect them. While she stood by the birds, more concerned\n",
      "people showed up, including a kayaker who ran\n",
      "up from the water carrying an oiled bird. Nearby,\n",
      "officials were busy discussing the proper way to\n",
      "wear a Hazmat suit. Powell noticed that autho-\n",
      "rized bird capture teams that were hastily being\n",
      "assembled (consisting of state and federal\n",
      "employees) were poorly equipped. “They had a\n",
      "few trainees, no nets. No towels to put in boxes\n",
      "to take the birds anywhere,” says Powell. “They\n",
      "borrowed nets from the Shorebird Nature Center,\n",
      "and they were able to catch a couple of birds on\n",
      "that beach.”\n",
      "Powell had seen a spill on the Bay ten years\n",
      "ago, and she had helped cleaning oiled birds. So\n",
      "she had experience, and serendipitously, she\n",
      "found other would-be volunteers that morning at\n",
      "Shorebird Park with backgrounds in wildlife res-\n",
      "cue and a strong desire to do something. The\n",
      "volunteers bought over $500 worth of fishing\n",
      "nets and towels from local stores, and spent the\n",
      "day helping rescue birds in Berkeley. The group\n",
      "also recruited drivers to take birds to the Cordelia\n",
      "wildlife center. Later, the unofficial group (warned\n",
      "that they could be arrested) moved to Albany,\n",
      "where they rescued birds and transported birds\n",
      "being caught by homeless people. When the group arrived at Hoffman Marsh on\n",
      "the stretch of shoreline curving between Point\n",
      "Isabelle and the Richmond Inner Harbor the third\n",
      "day following the spill, they found oiled birds on\n",
      "the rocks and beaches being chased by dogs and\n",
      "their owners, but no one taking charge of the sit-\n",
      "uation—not even to do crowd control. “A Richmond fire truck was there, and he said,\n",
      "‘Yeah, I really think this trail should be closed off,\n",
      "but I don’t have the authority to do it,’” said\n",
      "Powell, who, along with other members of her\n",
      "group, again took matters into their own hands. They organized a bird-rescue network with peo-\n",
      "ple handling tasks such as closing off the\n",
      "shoreline, taking reports of oiled birds along the\n",
      "shore, and catching and transporting birds. Over\n",
      "the course of a week, says Powell, her group res-\n",
      "cued over 50 birds. “The person running the Oiled Wildlife Care\n",
      "Network command center kept trying to tell me,\n",
      "‘You know, there is unauthorized collection of\n",
      "birds going on,’” explains an incredulous Powell. “And the message I kept sending back was that\n",
      "‘you get authorized people out here to cover this\n",
      "waterfront, and we are gone immediately.’”\n",
      "Powell and others working the Richmond\n",
      "shoreline those first days after the spill say there\n",
      "were a few authorized people on the waterfront\n",
      "in Richmond—but only one or two people in a\n",
      "truck with no cleanup—or bird capture—equip-\n",
      "D E C E M B E R 2 0 0 7\n",
      "V O L U M E 1 6 , N O . 6\n",
      "Y O U R I N D E P E N D E N T S O U R C E F O R B A Y - D E L T A N E W S & V I E W S\n",
      "THE PRICE OF OIL\n",
      "The Cosco Busan\n",
      "spill claimed the lives\n",
      "of at least 45 species\n",
      "of birds, ranging from\n",
      "the pelagic northern\n",
      "fulmar and parasitic\n",
      "jaeger to the shore-\n",
      "bound fox sparrow. Some were hit harder\n",
      "than others. First\n",
      "impressions that most of\n",
      "the oiled birds were surf scoters are sup-\n",
      "ported by preliminary data from the\n",
      "International Bird Rescue Research Center. As of November 20, according to UC Davis\n",
      "spokesperson Sylvia Wright, more than\n",
      "twice as many surf scoters had been\n",
      "brought in alive as the next most frequent\n",
      "species, the western grebe. The scoters also\n",
      "headed the list of species found dead, fol-\n",
      "lowed again by western grebe. The top ten species found alive also\n",
      "included eared, horned, and Clark’s grebes,\n",
      "greater and lesser scaup, and ruddy duck,\n",
      "common loon, and common murre. All\n",
      "these birds forage by diving from the sur-\n",
      "face of the water (grebes, cormorants, and\n",
      "murres are fish-eaters, while the three ducks\n",
      "eat benthic mollusks and other aquatic\n",
      "invertebrates.) Other foraging guilds—for\n",
      "example, plunge-divers like terns and peli-\n",
      "cans—appear to have been less affected. The main exceptions: western gulls and\n",
      "northern fulmars, significant numbers of\n",
      "which were found dead. The surf scoter is one of the most abun-\n",
      "dant birds in San Francisco Bay in fall and\n",
      "winter; over 75% of the North American\n",
      "population congregates here. But local\n",
      "Audubon Society Christmas Bird Counts\n",
      "report higher totals for greater scaup than\n",
      "for scoter, along with substantial numbers\n",
      "for ruddy duck and bufflehead. Location\n",
      "may account for some apparent patterns in\n",
      "the spill. Southern Marin had the highest\n",
      "CBC numbers for western grebe, which\n",
      "ranked second to surf scoter among spill\n",
      "victims; eared grebes, concentrated in the\n",
      "South Bay, had fewer spill casualties. continued page 2\n",
      "continued page 2\n",
      "Photo by Chris Clarke\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 1.0: THE PRICE OF OIL, CONTINUED\n",
      "SOILED, CONTINUED\n",
      "DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "ment. In some cases, agency represen-\n",
      "tatives were lost and needed\n",
      "directions—and offered little in the way\n",
      "of help. Late Saturday afternoon, a\n",
      "truck of workers from the Contra Costa\n",
      "Hazardous Materials Program came on\n",
      "their own authority to clean the county\n",
      "beaches and boom off the shoreline. “They are real heroes in my book,”\n",
      "says Powell. “Because the Coast Guard\n",
      "apparently told all of the local agencies\n",
      "to wait for direction from them and\n",
      "Contra Costa said, ‘Nope.’”\n",
      "But because this was the third day\n",
      "after the spill, some of the work of the\n",
      "county hazardous materials workers\n",
      "had little effect—booms they were able\n",
      "to put into the Bay actually hemmed in the oil\n",
      "along the shoreline. Powell and others say these\n",
      "workers were frustrated at not hearing sooner\n",
      "about the extent of the spill. And they were ham-\n",
      "strung by a lack of proper equipment. “They\n",
      "actually wanted to boom off the Richmond\n",
      "marsh, but they couldn’t get a boat,” says Powell. The California Office of Oil Spill Prevention and\n",
      "Response (“OSPR”)—under the aegis of Cal Fish\n",
      "& Game—created a map of the Bay showing the\n",
      "areas hardest hit by the spill. Richmond, which, at\n",
      "32 miles of shoreline, is the city with the longest\n",
      "coastline on San Francisco Bay, is identified on the\n",
      "map as among those areas. Hot spots included\n",
      "Brooks Island, home to a bird sanctuary, and\n",
      "Barbara and Jay Vincent Park, one of the locations\n",
      "where Powell and her fellow volunteers worked. With the exception of two bird capturers from\n",
      "International Bird Rescue who showed up on\n",
      "Monday and her grassroots group, says Powell,\n",
      "no one from state or federal agencies rescued\n",
      "birds in Richmond that first weekend. The experiences of Powell and the others in\n",
      "Richmond is a microcosm of the situation else-\n",
      "where. The Environmental Water Caucus’ David\n",
      "Nesmith reported a similar fiasco along the\n",
      "Oakland shoreline. “It’s a scandal to have all of\n",
      "this human infrastructure potential [volunteers]\n",
      "out there and to not have used it. I think OSPR\n",
      "completely screwed up on this.” Local officials\n",
      "including Berkeley Assemblywoman Loni Hancock\n",
      "also wanted to know why events unfolded the\n",
      "way they did; Hancock convened the first hearing\n",
      "looking into the spill in Emeryville on November\n",
      "15, nine days after the spill. Present at this hearing was Greg Hurner,\n",
      "deputy director of OSPR. He brought a four-inch\n",
      "thick binder and recited chapter and verse from it\n",
      "regarding the procedures followed by the agency,\n",
      "the gallons of oil recovered, the numbers of skim-\n",
      "mers on the Bay, and even the amount of boom\n",
      "deployed. Still, none of that placated Hancock. What she wanted was accountability. “So my question to you, really, would be ... in\n",
      "your best professional judgment, what went\n",
      "wrong?” Hurner replied, “I’m not saying that any-\n",
      "thing went wrong.”\n",
      "Members of the packed audience gasped and\n",
      "shook their heads in dismay at his response. Hurner was not alone in this assessment. Four\n",
      "days later, at a hearing in San Francisco’s Presidio,\n",
      "a U.S. Congressional delegation that included\n",
      "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-San Francisco) and\n",
      "Congressman George Miller (D-Martinez), U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Craig Bone deemed the\n",
      "cleanup effort, “one of the most successful\n",
      "cleanups I’ve ever experienced.” Sylvia Wright,\n",
      "with the Oiled Wildlife Care Network at UC Davis,\n",
      "said that “While questions remain to be answered\n",
      "about the spill response itself, there is no doubt\n",
      "that the wildlife rescue effort was as successful as it\n",
      "could possibly have been, thanks to long-range\n",
      "planning and advance training of 1,000 wildlife\n",
      "rescue individuals from throughout the state.”\n",
      "Pelosi did not agree. “The people we represent are\n",
      "not satisfied with this response,” she said. Nor were some of the authorized wildlife\n",
      "responders on the shoreline who spoke anony-\n",
      "mously out of fear of losing their jobs. Said one,\n",
      "“I really, really, really don’t want to be left in the\n",
      "field again in California with only one dipnet for\n",
      "equipment with 20 miles of shoreline to patrol\n",
      "with hundreds of oiled birds everywhere I look. Fish and Game has million of dollars to care for\n",
      "these birds, and I get one lousy dipnet?”\n",
      "As ESTUARY went to press, Hancock was hold-\n",
      "ing another hearing and Pelosi pledged that\n",
      "Congress would continue its probe; five Assembly\n",
      "members have drafted new spill legislation while\n",
      "five senators have demanded an independent\n",
      "audit of Cal Fish & Game. Unified Command—a\n",
      "joint agency made up of the Coast Guard, Cal\n",
      "Fish & Game, and O’Brien Group, the firm hired\n",
      "by the shipping company to deal with the spill—\n",
      "began cleaning the Richmond Shoreline on\n",
      "November 15, nine days after the accident. KC\n",
      "2\n",
      "Photo by Ron Sullivan\n",
      "Other variables may include how sus-\n",
      "ceptible different species are to bunker oil. Compared with crude oil, little is known\n",
      "about the toxicity and persistence of\n",
      "bunker oil, although it has been shown to\n",
      "damage the reproductive systems of labo-\n",
      "ratory mink. It varies chemically from batch\n",
      "to batch; the exact content of the Cosco\n",
      "Busan’s fuel is not yet known. One study\n",
      "found that major oil spills in western\n",
      "Europe doubled the winter mortality of\n",
      "common murres, whether the culprit was\n",
      "crude or bunker oil. Endangered species affected by the spill\n",
      "include marbled murrelet, western snowy\n",
      "plover, and brown pelican. Several\n",
      "Important Bird Areas, including Richardson\n",
      "Bay, East Shore Wetlands, and Brooks Island\n",
      "were impacted; Brooks Island’s breeding\n",
      "Caspian terns were not home. UC Davis researchers headed by Michael\n",
      "Ziccardi and Greg Massey are using the\n",
      "catastrophe to learn more about care and\n",
      "survival of oiled birds. They plan to analyze\n",
      "blood samples to determine the best pre-\n",
      "dictors of survival and clarify the causes of\n",
      "anemia in spill victims. Up to 30 birds will\n",
      "be equipped with external radio transmit-\n",
      "ters so their travels and survival can be\n",
      "monitored once they’re released. By November 30,\n",
      "338 rehabilitated\n",
      "birds had been\n",
      "returned to oil-free\n",
      "shorelines in San\n",
      "Mateo and Marin\n",
      "Counties. The IBRRC\n",
      "said 1,704 had\n",
      "been found dead in\n",
      "the field (977 visibly\n",
      "oiled); another 586 had died or been euth-\n",
      "anized at the rescue center. Many others\n",
      "may have sunk in the Bay or the ocean, or\n",
      "been eaten by predators and scavengers. If,\n",
      "as is likely, only one of every ten casualties\n",
      "is being retrieved, deaths resulting from\n",
      "the spill could exceed 22,000. CONTACT: Sylvia Wright,\n",
      "swright@ucdavis.edu.\n",
      "\n",
      "File: 14_pinecone.pdf, Page 1.0: THE PRICE OF OIL, CONTINUED\n",
      "SOILED, CONTINUED\n",
      "DEC\n",
      "2007\n",
      "ment. In some cases, agency represen-\n",
      "tatives were lost and needed\n",
      "directions—and offered little in the way\n",
      "of help. Late Saturday afternoon, a\n",
      "truck of workers from the Contra Costa\n",
      "Hazardous Materials Program came on\n",
      "their own authority to clean the county\n",
      "beaches and boom off the shoreline. “They are real heroes in my book,”\n",
      "says Powell. “Because the Coast Guard\n",
      "apparently told all of the local agencies\n",
      "to wait for direction from them and\n",
      "Contra Costa said, ‘Nope.’”\n",
      "But because this was the third day\n",
      "after the spill, some of the work of the\n",
      "county hazardous materials workers\n",
      "had little effect—booms they were able\n",
      "to put into the Bay actually hemmed in the oil\n",
      "along the shoreline. Powell and others say these\n",
      "workers were frustrated at not hearing sooner\n",
      "about the extent of the spill. And they were ham-\n",
      "strung by a lack of proper equipment. “They\n",
      "actually wanted to boom off the Richmond\n",
      "marsh, but they couldn’t get a boat,” says Powell. The California Office of Oil Spill Prevention and\n",
      "Response (“OSPR”)—under the aegis of Cal Fish\n",
      "& Game—created a map of the Bay showing the\n",
      "areas hardest hit by the spill. Richmond, which, at\n",
      "32 miles of shoreline, is the city with the longest\n",
      "coastline on San Francisco Bay, is identified on the\n",
      "map as among those areas. Hot spots included\n",
      "Brooks Island, home to a bird sanctuary, and\n",
      "Barbara and Jay Vincent Park, one of the locations\n",
      "where Powell and her fellow volunteers worked. With the exception of two bird capturers from\n",
      "International Bird Rescue who showed up on\n",
      "Monday and her grassroots group, says Powell,\n",
      "no one from state or federal agencies rescued\n",
      "birds in Richmond that first weekend. The experiences of Powell and the others in\n",
      "Richmond is a microcosm of the situation else-\n",
      "where. The Environmental Water Caucus’ David\n",
      "Nesmith reported a similar fiasco along the\n",
      "Oakland shoreline. “It’s a scandal to have all of\n",
      "this human infrastructure potential [volunteers]\n",
      "out there and to not have used it. I think OSPR\n",
      "completely screwed up on this.” Local officials\n",
      "including Berkeley Assemblywoman Loni Hancock\n",
      "also wanted to know why events unfolded the\n",
      "way they did; Hancock convened the first hearing\n",
      "looking into the spill in Emeryville on November\n",
      "15, nine days after the spill. Present at this hearing was Greg Hurner,\n",
      "deputy director of OSPR. He brought a four-inch\n",
      "thick binder and recited chapter and verse from it\n",
      "regarding the procedures followed by the agency,\n",
      "the gallons of oil recovered, the numbers of skim-\n",
      "mers on the Bay, and even the amount of boom\n",
      "deployed. Still, none of that placated Hancock. What she wanted was accountability. “So my question to you, really, would be ... in\n",
      "your best professional judgment, what went\n",
      "wrong?” Hurner replied, “I’m not saying that any-\n",
      "thing went wrong.”\n",
      "Members of the packed audience gasped and\n",
      "shook their heads in dismay at his response. Hurner was not alone in this assessment. Four\n",
      "days later, at a hearing in San Francisco’s Presidio,\n",
      "a U.S. Congressional delegation that included\n",
      "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-San Francisco) and\n",
      "Congressman George Miller (D-Martinez), U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Craig Bone deemed the\n",
      "cleanup effort, “one of the most successful\n",
      "cleanups I’ve ever experienced.” Sylvia Wright,\n",
      "with the Oiled Wildlife Care Network at UC Davis,\n",
      "said that “While questions remain to be answered\n",
      "about the spill response itself, there is no doubt\n",
      "that the wildlife rescue effort was as successful as it\n",
      "could possibly have been, thanks to long-range\n",
      "planning and advance training of 1,000 wildlife\n",
      "rescue individuals from throughout the state.”\n",
      "Pelosi did not agree. “The people we represent are\n",
      "not satisfied with this response,” she said. Nor were some of the authorized wildlife\n",
      "responders on the shoreline who spoke anony-\n",
      "mously out of fear of losing their jobs. Said one,\n",
      "“I really, really, really don’t want to be left in the\n",
      "field again in California with only one dipnet for\n",
      "equipment with 20 miles of shoreline to patrol\n",
      "with hundreds of oiled birds everywhere I look. Fish and Game has million of dollars to care for\n",
      "these birds, and I get one lousy dipnet?”\n",
      "As ESTUARY went to press, Hancock was hold-\n",
      "ing another hearing and Pelosi pledged that\n",
      "Congress would continue its probe; five Assembly\n",
      "members have drafted new spill legislation while\n",
      "five senators have demanded an independent\n",
      "audit of Cal Fish & Game. Unified Command—a\n",
      "joint agency made up of the Coast Guard, Cal\n",
      "Fish & Game, and O’Brien Group, the firm hired\n",
      "by the shipping company to deal with the spill—\n",
      "began cleaning the Richmond Shoreline on\n",
      "November 15, nine days after the accident. KC\n",
      "2\n",
      "Photo by Ron Sullivan\n",
      "Other variables may include how sus-\n",
      "ceptible different species are to bunker oil. Compared with crude oil, little is known\n",
      "about the toxicity and persistence of\n",
      "bunker oil, although it has been shown to\n",
      "damage the reproductive systems of labo-\n",
      "ratory mink. It varies chemically from batch\n",
      "to batch; the exact content of the Cosco\n",
      "Busan’s fuel is not yet known. One study\n",
      "found that major oil spills in western\n",
      "Europe doubled the winter mortality of\n",
      "common murres, whether the culprit was\n",
      "crude or bunker oil. Endangered species affected by the spill\n",
      "include marbled murrelet, western snowy\n",
      "plover, and brown pelican. Several\n",
      "Important Bird Areas, including Richardson\n",
      "Bay, East Shore Wetlands, and Brooks Island\n",
      "were impacted; Brooks Island’s breeding\n",
      "Caspian terns were not home. UC Davis researchers headed by Michael\n",
      "Ziccardi and Greg Massey are using the\n",
      "catastrophe to learn more about care and\n",
      "survival of oiled birds. They plan to analyze\n",
      "blood samples to determine the best pre-\n",
      "dictors of survival and clarify the causes of\n",
      "anemia in spill victims. Up to 30 birds will\n",
      "be equipped with external radio transmit-\n",
      "ters so their travels and survival can be\n",
      "monitored once they’re released. By November 30,\n",
      "338 rehabilitated\n",
      "birds had been\n",
      "returned to oil-free\n",
      "shorelines in San\n",
      "Mateo and Marin\n",
      "Counties. The IBRRC\n",
      "said 1,704 had\n",
      "been found dead in\n",
      "the field (977 visibly\n",
      "oiled); another 586 had died or been euth-\n",
      "anized at the rescue center. Many others\n",
      "may have sunk in the Bay or the ocean, or\n",
      "been eaten by predators and scavengers. If,\n",
      "as is likely, only one of every ten casualties\n",
      "is being retrieved, deaths resulting from\n",
      "the spill could exceed 22,000. CONTACT: Sylvia Wright,\n",
      "swright@ucdavis.edu.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Use the get_aggregated_answer_and_sources function with the specified question\n",
    "question = \"What were the immediate actions taken by Nancy Powell and other volunteers following the Cosco Busan oil spill in San Francisco Bay?\"\n",
    "aggregated_answer, all_responses, context, sources = get_aggregated_answer_and_sources(question)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Format the output in a readable way\n",
    "formatted_context = \"\\n\\n\".join([f\"File: {doc.metadata['file']}, Page {doc.metadata.get('page', 'Unknown')}: {doc.page_content}\" for doc in context])\n",
    "\n",
    "output = f\"\"\"\n",
    "Final Aggregated Answer: {aggregated_answer}\n",
    "\n",
    "Intermediate Answers:\n",
    "Chroma: {all_responses.get('chroma', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "FAISS: {all_responses.get('faiss', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "Pinecone: {all_responses.get('pinecone', 'No valid answer found')}\n",
    "\n",
    "Context used for answer:\n",
    "{formatted_context}\n",
    "\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "print(output)"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6c04bdae-1cba-4d76-918d-0c89b9f8a15f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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