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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="mé féin">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="gaeilge, gälisch, Irisch">
<meta name="Description" content="Konjunktionen des Irischen">
<title>Conjunctions</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 id="Anfang">
<span class="red">Caibidil a Sé</span></h1>
<h1> <span class="red">the Conjunctions
(na Cónaisc)</span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b><i class="lightgreen">Coordinating Conjunctions</i></b>
<br><b class="red">Inclusive</b>
<br><a href="#und">and</a>
<br>
<a href="#sowohl">not only but also</a> <br>
<a href="#wedernoch">neither nor</a> <br>
<b class="red">Exclusive</b>
<br><a href="#oder">or</a>
<br>
<a href="#entweder">either or</a> <br>
<a href="#sonst">or else</a> <br>
<b class="red">Restrictive</b> <br>
<a href="#aber">but</a> <br>
<a href="#nur">only</a> <br>
<a href="#auszer">except</a> <br>
<b><i class="lightgreen">Subordinating Conjunctions</i></b>
<br>
<b class="red">Complementary</b> <br>
<a href="#daß">that</a>
<br>
<b class="red">Causal</b> <br>
<a href="#weil">because, for,</a><br>
<a href="#daher">because of, due to</a> <br>
<b class="red">Circumstantial</b> <br>
<a href="#umst">seeing, that</a> <br>
<b class="red">Concessive</b><br>
<a href="#obwohl">despite, even though, even if</a> <br>
<b class="red">Final</b>
<br>
<a href="#damit">with that, so that</a> </td>
<td> <b class="red">Temporal</b> <br>
<a href="#bis">until</a> <br>
<a href="#seit">since, since then</a> <br>
<a href="#sobald">as soon as</a> <br>
<a href="#bevor">before</a> <br>
<a href="#während">during, while</a> <br>
<a href="#solange">as long as</a> <br>
<a href="conaisc.htm#nachdem">after</a> <br>
<a href="#wenn">when, as</a>, <a href="#jedesmalwenn">every time, when</a>
<br>
<b class="red">Conditional</b> <br>
<a href="#falls">if, when</a> <br>
<a href="#dennwenn">if-then</a> <br>
<a href="#murach">if it were not so, that</a> <br>
<a href="#vorrausgesetzt">provided ,that</a> <br>
<a href="#ob">if </a><br>
<a href="#oboder">if so or if not</a> <br>
<b class="red">Modal</b>
<br>
<a href="#alsob">as if </a><br>
<a href="#wie">like, as</a> <br>
<b class="red">Local</b> <br>
<a href="#wo">where</a> <br>
<b class="red">Comparative</b> <br>
<a href="adjekt2.htm#Gleichheit">as...as</a>, <a href="adjekt2.htm#Komparativ">than</a>,
<a href="adjektiv.htm#jedesto">the..the</a> <br>
<b class="red">Relative</b> <br>
see <a href="sonstig.htm#relativpartikel">Relative particle</a> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b><i>Conjunctions</i></b> are words, that connect partial clauses or just
single words with one another in a relationship.
<p>Im Irish (as in German) it is common that certain expressions are often used
as "complex conjunctions". <br>
Those expressions here portray just a selection of the rich array of such constructions.
<br>
Divided by their compositions, there are many types of conjunctions:
<ul>
<li> <b>simple conjunctions</b> (consisting of one word), e.g. <i>ach</i>, <i>agus</i>,
<i>nó, ó, sula</i>, including also:
<ul type="square">
<li> <i>má, dá</i>, <i>mura</i> that pull to a (<a href="satz3.htm#Reale%20Bedingungssätze">real</a>/<a href="satz3.htm#Irreale%20Bedingungssätze">irreal</a>)
conditional clause</li>
<li><a href="sonstig.htm#Fragewörter">Interrogatives</a> as conjunctions
<i>cé, céard, cá, conas</i> etc.</li>
<li>Interrogative <a href="part.htm">verbal particles</a> as conjunctions:
<i>an, ar, nach</i>, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>constructions, that contain <b>agus</b> (or abbrev.: <b>is</b>), less commonly
<b>ach, nó</b>.</li>
<li>constructions, that contain <b>go/nach</b>
<ul type="square">
<li>the use of "agus go/nach" contains a description of condition</li>
<li>instead of a go- subordinating clause, often an <a href="verbnom1.htm#Infinitiv%20mit%20zu">infinitive
construction</a> is possible (e.g. <i>le hé an fear a bhualadh</i>
instead of <i>le go mbualann sé an fear = so that he hits the man</i>,
equivalent to the German "<a href="verbnom1.htm#um%20zu">um zu</a>": <i>le
fear a bhualadh = in order to hit the man</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li>constructions, that contain <b>a/nach</b> (relative particle) and with that
introduce a (<a href="satz4.htm#Direkter%20Relativsatz">direct</a>/<a href="satz4.htm#Indirekter%20Relativsatz">indirect</a>)
relative clause.
<ul type="square">
<li>the use of "agus a/nach" contains a comparison</li>
</ul></li></ul>
Some of the words mentioned here are in either German or Irish actually a<i>dverbs</i>,
that are used as conjunctions (adverbial conjunctions, for it is through them
that subordinating clauses are introduced, also termed as adverbial clauses),
some are <i>prepositions</i>. <br>
Many of the compound conjunctions contain a noun; some of these nouns are more
useful within the conjunction/preposition (e.g. <i>diaidh, ainneoin</i>)
<p>The division chosen here in <i>coordinating</i> and <i></i>subordinating conjunctions
has little meaning for the Irish, for except select conjunctions, the main and
subordinating clauses do not differ in syntax. Especially, the word order does
not change in the subordinating clause, as is common in German. Confusingly,
one must add, that coordinating conjunctions in altered meaning alone or in
compounds may introduce subordinating clauses.
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="koord" class="lightgreen"><i>Coordinating Conjunctions
(cónaisc chomhordaitheacha)</i></h2>
<h2 id="inklus" class="red">Inclusive conjunctions (cónaisc charnacha)</h2>
<p>These contain a list, in which all connected parts are included.
<h3 id="und" class="lightgreen">and</h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td> <b>and</b> </td>
<td align="CENTER"><b class="red"> agus, is </b></td>
</table>
<p><b><i>and </i></b>has two forms: <i>agus</i> (rather long for a so often used
word) and <i>is</i> (short form, easily confused with the copula is!) <br>
In old gaelic script there appears often as shorthand the tyronic notation <font size="-1" color="#FF0000"><b>7</b></font>
in its place (similar to a seven, that is here as a substitute).
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
Tá mé sásta inniu <b>agus</b> bhí mé sásta
inné. = I am today and was yesterday satisfied.
<p> In lists, one uses agus between <i>each of </i> the terms ("polysyndetic coordination")
<br>
In German and English <i>and</i> is mostly only between the last two terms ("(mono)syndetic
coordination"): <br>
e.g.: <i>Pól <b>agus</b> Seán <b>agus</b> Séamas <b>agus</b>
Dóirín a bhí ann.= Paul, John James <b>and</b> Doreen waren
da.</i>
<p> Between adjectives, however, there is normally no <i>agus</i> ("asyndetic")
<br>
e.g.: <i>an cailín óg álainn = the young and pretty girl</i>
<br>
e.g.: <i>Tá an aimsir te tirim = the weather is hot and dry.</i> <br>
(between the same comparitives use <b class="red">sa</b>: <br>
e.g.: <i>measa sa mheasa = worse and worse</i>)
<p><i><b class="lightgreen">other uses of agus</b></i>
<p><b>in affirmative answers:</b> <br>
<i>Agus</i> is in affirmative answers preceding supplementary information: e.g.:
<br>
An bhfuil cead agam tobac a chaitheamh? - Tá <b>agus</b> fáilte
= May I smoke? - Yes, please do. <br>
Ólfaidh mé fuisce. - Ólfaidh <b>agus</b> mise. = I will
drink whiskey. - Yes, me too.
<p><b>As part of other conjunctions</b> <br>
<i>Agus, is</i> is part of many other conjunctions, mostly together with the
direct relative particle <i>a</i> or with <i>go = that</i> <br>
(e.g.: chomh luath <i>is</i> a = as long as; <i>is</i> go = until)
<p><b>Ennumeration in the conditional clause</b> <br>
<i>Agus</i> is used for <a href="satz3.htm#mehrbedingungen">ennumeration in
conditional clauses</a> (these then as an infintive construction), see there
<p><b>in comparative clauses</b> <br>
In comparitive clauses, that contain an equivalence, <i>agus</i> means "so,
as". <br>
Agus appears then together with the direct relative clause (<i>agus a</i>) <br>
This is especially the case <i><b class="red">chomh</b> + adjective</i>
and following other expressions of equivalence like <b><i class="red">ionann,
mar a chéile</i></b> = "same", <i><b class="red">amhlaidh</b></i>
= "so" or <b><i class="red">oiread</i></b> = "as much as":
<br>
e.g.:
<br>
Ní h<b>ionann</b> sin <b>agus</b> a bhí sé = That is not
the way it was. <br>
<b>chomh</b> maith <b>agus</b> a rinne sé é = As good as he did
it. <br>
Fuair mé an <b>oiread agus</b> ba mhaith liom = I received as much as
I wanted.
<p>With <i><b class="red">is amhlaidh</b></i>, <i>agus</i> means
"and matter of fact" <br>
<b>Is amhlaidh</b> a tháinig sé abhaile <b>agus</b> a shrón
briste = So he came home, and matter of fact with a broken nose.
<p>Also in a comparison of similar clauses, in which a consequence of the one
is described in the other (e.g.: "so good, that ...") one uses <i>agus</i>,
and then with a go/nach-subordinating clause (<i>agus go/nach</i>). (not to
be confused with <i>agus go/nach</i> in non-comparitive clauses, in which it
takes on the meaning of a description of condition.) <br>
<i>agus</i> appears as well in clauses of an irreal comparison (e.g.: "as good
as if..."), then with an irreal conditional clause (<i>agus dá</i>) <br>
e.g.:
<br>
Tá sé <b>chomh</b> maith <b>agus</b> go bhfuil sé ann.
= It is so good that he is here. <br>
Tá sé <b>chomh</b> maith <b>agus</b> dá mbeadh sé
ann. = It is as good as if he were here.
<p><b id="agus">with infinitive constructions</b> <br>
<i>Agus</i> can, as in German, connect main clauses and has then a normal coordinative
function ("and") <br>
The 2nd partial clause may appear as a verbal noun- or. <a href="verbnom1.htm#Infin">infinitive
construction</a>. <br>
Then, <i>agus</i> has a rather subordinating meaning. <br>
For negation, one uses (common in verbal noun constructions) <b class="red">gan</b>.
<br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>and +</b></td>
<td><b> clause form</b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>main clause </td>
<td>Verb + subject + object + <b>agus</b>
+ <b class="red">Verb</b>
+ subject + object</td>
<td>Bhí sé ann <i>agus</i> bhí fearg air
<br>
(He was there and he was angry)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b><i>VN- construction</i></b></td>
<td nowrap>Verb + subject + object + <b>agus</b> + subject + object + <b class="red">VN</b></td>
<td nowrap>Bhí sé ann <i>agus</i> fearg (a bheith) air
<br>
(He was there in anger)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>main clause</td>
<td>Verb + subject + object + <b>agus</b> + <b class="red">ní</b> + <b class="red">Verb</b> + subject + object</td>
<td>Chonaic tú an fear <i>agus</i> ní raibh tú ag gáire
<br>
(You saw the man and you didn't laugh)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b><i>VN- construction</i></b></td>
<td nowrap>Verb + subject + object + <b>agus</b> + <b class="red">gan</b> + subject + object + <b class="red">VN</b></td>
<td nowrap>Chonaic tú an fear <i>agus</i> gan tú (a bheith) ag gáire.
<br>
(You saw the man while you weren't laughing)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In such infinitive constructions, <i>a bheith = to be</i> is normally omitted
(in the examples, it is for clarification purposes in parentheses). <br>
e.g.:
<br>
<i>Chonaic tú an fear agus gan tú (a bheith) sásta. = You
saw the man and were not satisfied</i> <br>
<i>Agus é (a bheith) ag gáire, thit sé go talamh. = As
he was laughing, he fell down.</i> <br>
Other verbal nouns can just as well be used, but are then of course not omitted.
<p>Due ot the fact that an infinitive construction is used, this construction
does not have the function of a main clause but rather of a subordinating clause.
<i>Agus</i> has here different, more subordinating functions through the description
of a certain <i>condition</i>, which stands in relation to the main clause.
<br>
Should the events of both clauses occur at the same time (recognisable through
the usage of the progressive), one translates <i>agus</i> here to "<a href="conaisc.htm#während">while,
as</a>" : <br>
e.g.: <i>Agus é (a bheith) ag gáire, thit sé go talamh
= As he was laughing, he fell down.</i> (lit.: "and he [to be] at laughing,
fell he to the ground.") <br>
The rather neutral description of condition may, depending on the context, ranging
from "seeing as", "despite" to "even though" in translation. It can also
take on the function of a modal attributive: <br>
e.g.: <i>D'imigh tú agus fearg (a bheith) ort = You left in anger</i>
(lit.: "Left you and anger (to be) on-you") <br>
Instead of the infinitive construction, following <i>agus</i> a go-subordinating
clause may follow, which makes the description of condition even clearer. (see
also <a href="#umst">conditional conjunctions</a>).
<p>Similar constructions are also possible with <b>ach = but</b> , but then with
a more restrictive (if it were not so, that; provided, that; ,etc.) or a conditional
meaning (if)
<p><br>
<h3 id="sowohl"><b class="lightgreen">not only but also</b></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>not only... but also ...</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td class="red bold">... chomh maith le...</td>
<td><i> ".. so good with ..."</i></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td class="red bold">idir ... agus...</td>
<td><i>"between ... and ..."</i></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td class="red bold">ní hamháin ... ach ... freisin</td>
<td><i>"not alone ... but ... also"</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
Bhí Pól <b>chomh maith le</b> Seán sásta = Paul,
as well as Seán, were satisfied. <br>
<b>Idir</b> mhná <b>agus</b> fhir a bhí sásta = Both men
and women were satisfied. <br>
<b>Ní hamháin</b> Pól a bhí sásta <b>ach</b>
Seán <b>freisin</b> = Not only Paul but also Seán was satisfied.
<h3 id="wedernoch"><span class="lightgreen">neither nor</span></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>neither ... nor ...</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td class="red bold">ní ... ná ...</td>
<td><i>"not ... noch"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td class="red bold">ní ... agus ní ...</td>
<td><i>"not ... and not ..."</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
<b>Ní</b> raibh Pól <b>ná</b> Seán sásta
= Neither Paul nor Seán were satisfied. <br>
<b>Ní</b> íosfaidh mé <b>agus ní</b> ólfaidh
mé = I would neither eat nor drink
<p>In negative responses, <i>ná</i> helps in supplementary information:<br>
e.g.: An raibh Pól ann? - Ní raibh <b>ná</b> Seán
= Was Paul there? - No, and neither was Seán.
<h3 id="und auch"><span class="lightgreen">and not either, and even less
so </span></h3>
<p>With 2 negated statements, one can emphasize the negation of the second clause
with <b class="red">agus ní mó</b> = "and no
more" or <b class="red">agus is lú</b> = "and the least",
followed by a dir. relative clause.
<p><b>examples:</b> <br>
Ní raibh sé anseo <b>agus ní mó</b> a bhí
sé ansin = He was not here and he was not there either. <br>
Ní raibh sé sásta <b>agus is lú</b> a bhí
mé sásta = He was not satisfied and I was even less so satisfied.
<h2 id="exclus" class="red">Exclusive conjunctions <b>(cónaisc
scaracha)</b></h2>
<p>These contain a selection or a negative clause, that means a part of the statement
will be excluded
<h3 id="oder"><span class="lightgreen">or</span></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b> or </b></td>
<td class="red bold"> nó </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>example</b>
<br>
An raibh Pól <b>nó</b> Seán sásta inniu = Were Paul
or Seán satisfied today?
<h3 id="entweder"><span class="lightgreen">either or</span></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>either... or...</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td class="red bold">... (é) sin nó ...</td>
<td>"that or"</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
Bhí Pól sásta <b>é sin nó</b> bhí
Seán sásta = Either Paul or Seán were satisfied.
<h3 id="sonst"><span class="lightgreen">or else</span></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b> or else </b></td>
<td><b> <span class="red">nó (neachtar acu)</span></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
Ith é <b>nó</b> <b>neachtar acu</b> íosfaidh mé
é = Eat it, or else I will eat it. <br>
<h2 id="restrict" class="red">Restrictive conjunctions (cónaisc chodarsnacha)</h2>
<h3 id="aber"><span class="lightgreen">but, although</span></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td> <b>but </b></td>
<td><b> <span class="red">ach</span></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>example</b>
<br>
Tá mé sásta inniú <b>ach</b> ní raibh mé
sásta inné. = I am satisfied today, but not yesterday.
<p><b><i class="lightgreen">other uses of ach</i></b>
<p><b>in negative responses</b> <br>
<i>Ach</i> is in negative responses preceding an eventual clause response or
correction: e.g.: <br>
An dochtúir é? - Ní hea, <b>ach</b> múinteoir. =
Is he a doctor? - No, a teacher.
<p><b>if</b> <br>
If the conditional is in the main clause, and the clause following <i>ach</i>
is negated, then <i>ach</i> means mostly "if" <br>
<i>Thógfadh sibh an balla, <b>ach</b> níl clocha agaibh. = You
would build a wall, if you had stones.</i> (lit.: "... but you have no stones")
<p><b>with infinitive constructions</b> <br>
Similar to <b>agus</b>, <i>ach</i> can introduce infinitive constructions (see
for further info <a href="#agus">agus</a>) <br>
Then, <i>ach</i> has a subordinating function and a rather conditional meaning
for "providing, that", "wenn" or a temporal meaning for "as soon as", "if",
"as". e.g.: <br>
<i>Gheobhaidh tú é ach íoc as = You will get it when you
pay for it</i> <br>
<i>Tá sé maith go leor ach gan fearg a chur air = He is all right,
provided the anger doesn't rise in him</i> <br>
<i>Bhí sé sásta ach an leithscéal sin a ghabháil
leis = He was satisfied, as soon as he got the apology.</i>
<p>instead of an infinitive construction also used together with the indirect
relative particle a (<i>ach a</i> see <a href="#sobald">as soon as</a>)
<h3 id="nur"><span class="lightgreen">only</span></h3>
In negative clauses, <i>ach</i> can take the function of <i>only</i> (see <a href="satz2.htm#leathdhiultach">semi-negative
clause</a>)
<p><table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td> <b>only</b> </td>
<td><b> <span class="red">ní ... ach ...</span></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br><b>example</b>
<br>
<b>Ní</b> raibh mé sásta <b>ach</b> inné. = I was
only satisfied yesterday. (lit.: "not was I satisfied but yesterday")
<h3 id="auszer"><span class="lightgreen">except</span></h3>
<p>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>except</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ach amháin (go)</td>
<td>"but alone(that)"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">cé is moite de/go</td>
<td>"who is exception of/that"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">diomaite de</td>
<td>"apart from"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">seachas</td>
<td>"besides"</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="unterord"><i class="lightgreen">Subordinating Conjunctions (cónaisc fho-ordaitheacha)</i></h2>
<h2 id="komplem" class="red">Complementary conjunctions (cónaisc ráiteasacha)</h2>
Complementary = completes something. <br>
These conjunctions introduce subordinating clauses, that, as either an object
or a subject, complement the main clause. The subordinating clause replaces then
a noun as a member of the clause (compare: "He ordered, that they march" and "He
ordered the march").
<h3 id="daß"><span class="lightgreen">that /that not</span></h3>
<i><b>go / nach</b> </i> is a conjunction, that is equivalent to the
English <i>that / that not</i> . <br>
With the help of go/nach one can make many other conjunctions. <br>
It plays an important role in <a href="indir.htm">indirect speech</a> <br>
Similar to the english <i>that</i>, <i>go</i> has a final meaning (so that; see
2. example clause). <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td><b>present </b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>preterite</b></td>
<td><b>L/E</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>positive</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td class="red bold">go</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="red bold">gur</td>
<td><b><font color="#00CC00">L</font></b></td>
<td>that</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap rowspan="3"><b>negative</b></td>
<td>Standard</td>
<td class="red bold">nach</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="red bold">nár</td>
<td><b><font color="#00CC00">L</font></b></td>
<td>that not</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap rowspan="2"> Munster</td>
<td class="red bold">ná</td>
<td><b>-</b></td>
<td class="red bold">nár</td>
<td><b><font color="#00CC00">L</font></b></td>
<td>that not</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ná go</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="red bold">ná gur</td>
<td><b><font color="#00CC00">L</font></b></td>
<td>that not</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
Deir sé <b>go</b> bhfuil deifir air.= He said, that he's in a hurry.
<br>
Tá sé chomh fuar <b>go</b> bhfuil orainn ár gcótaí
a chaitheamh. It is so cold, that we must wear our coats. <br>
Deir sí <b>nach</b> bhfuil ceart agat. She said, that you aren't right.
<br>
Dúirt sí <b>nár</b> fhoghlaim sí a cuidse. = She
said, that she hasn't learned her part.
<p>In <i>Munster,</i> <b class="red">ná</b> is used instead
of <i>nach</i> (and <b class="red">ná go</b> following
a <i>negative</i> main clause): <br>
Deir sé <b>ná</b> fuil sí ann = Deir sé <b>nach</b>
bhfuil sí ann = He said, that she is not there. <br>
Ní deirim <b>ná go</b> bhfuil sí ann = Ní deirim
<b>nach</b> bhfuil sí ann = I don't say, that she isn't there.
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="kausal" class="red">Causal conjunctions (cónaisc chúise)</h2>
<h3 id="weil"><span class="lightgreen">because / while</span></h3>
<p>There is a vast amount of "becauses" and similar causal conjunctions. <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>positive</b></td>
<td><b>negative</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td>
<td><b>dialect</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">mar (go)</td>
<td class="red bold">mar nach</td>
<td><i>"as, that"</i></td>
<td>all</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">faoi go</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi nach</td>
<td><i>"thereunder, that"</i></td>
<td>Connacht</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">de bharr go</td>
<td class="red bold">de bharr nach</td>
<td><i>"of the point, that"</i></td>
<td>Connacht</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">de bhrí go</td>
<td class="red bold">de bhrí nach</td>
<td><i>"of strength, that"</i></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ó tharla(igh) go</td>
<td class="red bold">ó tharla(igh) nach</td>
<td><i>"there happened, that"</i></td>
<td>Connacht, Munster</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ós rud é go</td>
<td class="red bold">ós rud é nach</td>
<td><i>"there it is a thing, that"</i></td>
<td>Munster</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">toisc go</td>
<td class="red bold">toisc nach</td>
<td><i>"purpose, that"</i></td>
<td>Munster</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">mar gheall ar go</td>
<td class="red bold">mar gheall ar nach</td>
<td><i>"as bet, that"</i></td>
<td>Connacht</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">i ngeall ar go</td>
<td class="red bold">i ngeall ar nach</td>
<td><i>"in bet, that"</i></td>
<td>Connacht</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">(as) siocair go</td>
<td class="red bold">(as) siocair nach</td>
<td><i>"(out of) cause, that"</i></td>
<td>Ulster</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">a rá go</td>
<td class="red bold">a rá nach</td>
<td><i>"to say, that"</i></td>
<td> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ar an ábhair go</td>
<td class="red bold">ar an ábhair nach</td>
<td><i>"on the material, that"</i></td>
<td> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">as ucht go </td>
<td class="red bold">as ucht nach</td>
<td><i>"from the breast ,that"</i></td>
<td>Connacht</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">cionn is go</td>
<td class="red bold">cionn is nach</td>
<td><i>"head and that"</i></td>
<td>Ulster</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">faoi rá is go</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi rá is nach</td>
<td><i>"about saying and that"</i></td>
<td> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">lá go</td>
<td class="red bold">lá nach</td>
<td><i>"day that"</i></td>
<td>Connacht, Munster</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ón uair go</td>
<td class="red bold">ón uair nach</td>
<td><i>"from hour, that"</i></td>
<td>Munster</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">le linn</b> + VN</td>
<td class="red bold">-</td>
<td><i>"while"</i></td>
<td>Ulster</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">ag</b> + VN</td>
<td class="red bold">-</td>
<td><i>"at"</i></td>
<td>Connacht</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ar son go</td>
<td class="red bold">ar son nach</td>
<td><i>"on happiness, that"</i></td>
<td>Connacht</td></tr>
</table>
<p><b>others</b>: <b class="red">óir, dóigh, ó</b>
(<b class="red">ós</b> with the copula), <b class="red">arae,
nó</b> <br>
These are in affirmative clauses mostly without <b><i>go</i></b>, in negative
clauses however always with <b><i>nach</i></b> (like <i>mar</i>)
<p>Some of these "becauses" allow a verbal noun construction (instead of go/nach-partial
clauses)
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
Bhí faitíos roimpi <b>mar go</b> raibh sí an-ard. = One
was afraid of her because she was very tall. <br>
Rinne siad é <b>mar nach</b> raibh siad leisciúil. = They did
it because they weren't lazy. <br>
Bhí fearg air <b>faoi go</b> raibh siad ag déanamh gleo. = He
was angry because they were making noise. <br>
Ní dheachaidh mé go hÉirinn <b>de bharr go</b> raibh mé
tinn. = I did not go to Ireland, because I was sick. <br>
<b>Óir</b> is leatsa an ríocht agus an chumhacht agus an ghlóir.
= For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory. (from the Lord's Prayer)
<br>
<b>Dóigh</b> is liomsa é. = Because is is mine. <br>
<b>Ós</b> í an Ghaeilge an teanga náisiúnta is í
an phríomhtheanga oifigiuil í. = Because Irish is the national
language, it is the first official language. (from: Art. 8 of the Irish Constitution)
<p>Note that <b class="red">mar</b>, that carries various meanings:
<br>
<b>examples</b>:
<br>
<b>mar</b> tá sé = because he is (mar + verb) <br>
<b>mar go</b> bhfuil sé = because he is (mar + go-subordinating clause)
<br>
Compare with the other uses of <i>mar</i>: <br>
<b>mar a</b> bhfuil sé = <a href="#wo">where</a> he is (mar + indir.
relative clause) <br>
<b>mar a</b>tá sé = <a href="#wie">how</a> he is (mar + dir. relative
clause) <br>
The negative form <i>mar nach</i> is the same for all 3 uses, only the context
gives the difference in meaning: <br>
<b>mar nach</b> bhfuil sé = because/where/how he isn't.
<h3 id="daher"><span class="lightgreen">that's why/ for / therefore / due
to</span></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>-</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">(agus) mar sin (go)</td>
<td><i>(and so) how that, (that)</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">(agus) dá bhrí sin (go)</td>
<td><i>(and) from his strength, (that)</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">fath um</b> + indir. relative clause</td>
<td><i>"reason about"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">is uime sin</b> + dir. relative clause</td>
<td><i>"is about that"</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>examples</b>
<br>
Níor tháinig sé <b>agus</b> sileadh <b>mar sin gur</b>
mharbh a bhí sé = He didn't arrive and that's why one thought
that he was dead. <br>
Déanaim smaoineamh <b>dá bhrí sin</b> táim ann =
I think therefore I am. <br>
<b>Is uime sin</b> a dúirt mé leat é = That's why I'm telling
you.
<h2 id="umst" class="red">Circumstantial conjunctions (cónaisc imthoisceacha)</h2>
<h3 id="eingedenk" class="lightgreen">seeing, that (considering, that
/ depending on)</h3>
<p>Circumstantial describe conditions under which other events occur. They remain
relatively neutral with resepect to if the event <i>due to </i>or <i>despite</i>
the condition (causal or concessive) takes place. <br>
The describe only, that there is a <i>connection</i> between condition and event,
that makes it necessary to view, consider and to describe an event.
<p><table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>positive</b></td>
<td><b>negative</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">agus go</td>
<td class="red bold">agus nach</td>
<td><i>"and that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">agus a rá go</td>
<td class="red bold">agus a rá nach</td>
<td><i>"and to say, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ráite go</td>
<td class="red bold">ráite nach</td>
<td><i>"said, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">tráth is go</td>
<td class="red bold">tráth is nach</td>
<td><i>"time and that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">tar éis go</td>
<td class="red bold">tar éis nach</td>
<td><i>"afterwards, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">i ndiaidh go</td>
<td class="red bold">i ndiaidh nach</td>
<td><i>"afterwards, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">nuair a</td>
<td class="red bold">nuair nach</td>
<td><i>"if"</i></td>
</tr></table>
<p><b>others:</b> <br>
<b class="red">agus</b> + verbal noun (the VN bheith is omitted)
<br>
<b class="red">agus + a</b> + abstract noun + <b class="red">a</b>
+ dir. relative clause (see also <a href="adjektiv.htm#substantivierte%20Adjektive">abstract
noun</a>) <br>
<b class="red">agus chomh </b><i> + adjective + </i><b class="red">agus
a</b> + dir. relative clause
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
Ní haon ionadh sin <b>agus gurb</b> eisean do mhac = That is not surprising,
seeing that he is your son. <br>
<b>Agus nach</b> tusa a rinne ar chor ar bith é! = Considering, that
you haven't even done it! <br>
Ní dhéanfaidh tú é <b>tráth agus nár</b>
thosaigh tú fós = You will not do it, since you have not even
started with it. <br>
Ní hionadh é <b>agus a</b> fheabhas <b>a</b> bhí tú
= It is no surprise, as good as you were (seeing, how good you were) <br>
Ní hionadh é <b>agus chomh</b> maith <b>agus a</b> bhí
tú = It is no surprise, so good as you were. <br>
Ba cheart duit a bheith amuigh <b>agus</b> an lá (a bheith) chomh breá
sin = You should be outdoors, considering that the weather is so nice.
<h2 id="konzess" class="red">Concessive conjunctions (cónaisc fhaomhacha)</h2>
<h3 id="obwohl" class="lightgreen">although/ despite / even if</h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>positive</b></td>
<td><b>negative</b></td>
<td><b>lit.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">cé go</td>
<td class="red bold">cé nach</td>
<td><i>"who, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">cé is moite go</td>
<td class="red bold">cé is moite nach</td>
<td><i>"who is exception, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">(d')ainneoin go</td>
<td class="red bold">(d')ainneoin nach</td>
<td><i>"(of) resistance, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">i ndiaidh (is) go</td>
<td class="red bold">i ndiaidh (is) nach</td>
<td><i>"after, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">tar éis go </td>
<td class="red bold">tar éis nach</td>
<td><i>"after, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">siúd is go</td>
<td class="red bold">siúd is nach</td>
<td><i>"there and that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">i dtaobh is go</td>
<td class="red bold">i dtaobh is nach</td>
<td><i>"in side and that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ach go</td>
<td class="red bold">ach nach</td>
<td><i>"but, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">ar a shon go</td>
<td class="red bold">ar a shon nach</td>
<td><i>"on the reason, that"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">má ... féin</td>
<td class="red bold">mura ... féin</td>
<td><i>"if ... even"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">dá ... féin</td>
<td class="red bold">mura ... féin</td>
<td><i>"if ... even"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">fiú amháin</td>
<td class="red bold">ní fiú amháin</td>
<td><i>"worth only"</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">más ea (féin)</td>
<td> </td>
<td><i>"(even) when it is"</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>instead of cé also <b class="red">gidh (gí)</b>
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
Ní chreidim é <b>cé go</b> bhfeicim é. = I don't