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de.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="mise me fein">
<meta name="Description" content="die irische Präposition de">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="Gaeilge, Gälisch">
<title>The preposition de</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Cúig: Prepositions (Réamhfhocail)</h1>
<h2 id="Anfang"><i class="red">de = of </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<p>In Munster, de and <a href="do.htm">do</a> are used one and the same
<h3 class="lightgreen">Case</h3>
<p>de requires the dative
<h3 class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations after de</h3>
<ul>
<li>without an article: <b>lenition:</b> e.g. <i>de thír = of a country</i></li>
<li>with the singular article: <b>lenition:</b> e.g. <i>den Ghearmáin = of Germany </i> (in Dingle partially eclipsis)</li>
<li>with the singular article preceding s: <b>t-prefix: </b>e.g.: <i>den tsagart = of a priest </i></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">de preceding a vowel and fh</h3>
<ul>
<li><b class="red">de</b> becomes: <b class="red">d'</b> e.g. <i>d'Úna = of Úna</i> (form is the same as the preposition <a href="do.htm">do</a>!)</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Frage</h3>
<ul>
<li><b class="red">Cé / cad de</b> = of whom, of what?</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">combined with the article</h3>
<ul>
<li>de + an: <b class="red">den</b></li>
<li>de + na: <b class="red">de na</b> (also: <b class="red">des na, desna</b>)</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="lightgreen">combined with personal pronouns <i>and</i> possessive pronouns </span></h3>
<table border width="73%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td><b>general</b></td>
<td><b>contrast form </b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>possessive pron .</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I</td>
<td class="red bold">díom</td>
<td class="red bold">díomsa</td>
<td>of me </td>
<td class="red bold">de mo (dem)</td>
<td>of my </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you</td>
<td class="red bold">díot</td>
<td class="red bold">díotsa</td>
<td>of you </td>
<td class="red bold">de do (ded)</td>
<td>of your </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he</td>
<td class="red bold">de</td>
<td class="red bold">desean</td>
<td>of him </td>
<td class="red bold">dá</td>
<td>of his </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she</td>
<td class="red bold">di</td>
<td class="red bold">dise</td>
<td>of her </td>
<td class="red bold">dá</td>
<td>of her </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>we</td>
<td class="red bold">dínn</td>
<td class="red bold">dínne</td>
<td>of us </td>
<td class="red bold">dár</td>
<td>of our </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you(pl)</td>
<td class="red bold">díbh</td>
<td class="red bold">díbhse</td>
<td>of you</td>
<td class="red bold">de bhur</td>
<td>of your </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>they</td>
<td class="red bold">díobh</td>
<td class="red bold">díobhsan</td>
<td>of them </td>
<td class="red bold">dá</td>
<td>of their </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The pronominal forms often occur <b>lenited</b>, especially after vowels and slender consonants (<b class="red">dhíom</b> instead of <i>díom</i>, <b class="red">dhá</b> instead of <i>dá, etc.</i>)
<br>
In <i>Connemara</i> there are often also so-called short forms:<b class="red">'íot, 'íom, 'e, 'í, 'ínn, 'íbh, 'íobh</b>
<br>
but the forms of <a href="do.htm">do</a> are also in use (<b class="red">dom</b>/<b class="red">dhom</b> instead of <b class="red">díom</b>/<b class="red">dhíom</b>)
<br>
Partially, in <i>Munster</i> <b class="red">dem</b> and <b class="red">ded</b> (dom, dod) are used instead of <i>de mo</i> and <i>de do</i>, in <i>Ulster</i> <b class="red">dena</b> instead of <i>dá</i>.
<h3><span class="lightgreen">combined with the indirect relative particle, <i>and</i> with the indirect relative form of the copula</span></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td width="62"><b>tense</b></td>
<td width="122"><b>relative particle </b><b>(de + a/ar)</b></td>
<td width="97"><b>copular form</b>
<br>
<b>(de + ar)</b></td>
<td width="129"><p><b>copular form </b><b>preceding a vowel</b></p> </td>
<td width="134"><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present</td>
<td class="red bold">dá</td>
<td class="red bold">dar</td>
<td class="red bold">darb</td>
<td>of him/of her </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">dar</td>
<td class="red bold">dar</td>
<td class="red bold">darbh</td>
<td>of him/of her </td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 class="lightgreen">combined with the general relative pronoun </h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>rel. pron. </b>
<br>
<b>(de + a/ar)</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present</td>
<td class="red bold">dá</td>
<td>of all that </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">dar</td>
<td>of all that </td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use</h3>
<ol>
<li><i>spatial, extended </i> <b>distance <i>from</i></b> (similar to <a href="o.htm">ó</a>: there however the point of origin is in the foreground): <i>titim den chathaoir = to fall off the chair; bhriseadh den chrann = to break off of a tree, stad den ól = to stay away from drinking </i><br>
to
take <b>off </b>clothing: <i>bain dhíot an cóta = take your coat off </i></li>
<li><b>partitive dative (part of a whole)</b> instead of the <a href="subst2.htm#Genitiv">partitive genitive</a>): <i>cuid de na daoine = some of the people, triúr de na mná = three of the women </i>, (sometimes also <a href="ag.htm">ag</a> but mostly only with pers.pron plur.: go leor acu = many of you, but: go leor dhe = lots of it!)</li>
<li><b>content</b> (following the verb líon de = fill with): <i></i></li>
<li>appositional <b>umbrella term </b>: mostly in metaphor. use: e.g.: <i>gliogar de chathaoir = a cripple of a chair, amadán de mhac = an idiot of a son </i></li>
<li><b>material, cause, instrument </b>: <i>tuirseach den chaint = tired <b>of</b> talking, buille de mhaide = whack of a stick , íorna de shnáth = ball of yarn, rinneadh d'adhmad é = one made it out of wood </i></li>
<li><b>sudden movement <i>with</i></b>: de léim (with a leap), de phlump (with a bang), d'arraidh amhain (in one blow) = suddenly </li>
<li><b>origin <i>of</i></b>: <i>duine den seanreacht =someone of the old regime, fear de Bhrianach = a man of the O'Briens</i></li>
<li><b>thankfulness <i>for</i></b> someone.: <i>buioch de</i></li>
<li>often <b>in names</b> <i>of anglo-norman origin </i> (from French: de, Engl: the): de Búrca = Burke ("de Bourg"), de Buitléir = Butler ("Bouteillier, the Butler")</li>
<li>with<b> verbs </b>: ceangail de = connect to, greamaigh de = tie to, líon de = fill with, lean de = continue with </li>
<li>with <b>directional adverbs</b>: laistigh de = outside of, taobh thuaidh de = north(side) of </li>
<li>with the <a href="satz4.htm#Verallg.%20Relativpronomen">general relative pronoun </a> <b>on, of </b>: <i>Feiceann tú <b>a</b> bhfuil <b>d'</b>fhir ann = you see <b>what for </b> men there are </i> or: <i>Feiceann tú fear <b>dá</b> bhfuil ann = you see a man <b>of all </b> there are </i></li>
<li>with the <a href="">abstract noun </a> (in combination with a: <b>dá</b>):
<ul type="square">
<li><b>however</b>: <i>dá dheacreacht é = however difficult it may be</i></li>
<li><b>the ... the </b>: <i>dá dheacreacht é is ea is fearr = the more difficult, the better </i></li>
</ul></li>
</ol>
<p><br>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="praepos.htm">prepositions</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a></body>
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