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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Me fein">
<meta name="Description" content="die irische Präposition de">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="Gaeilge, Gälisch">
<title>genitive prepositions</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Cúig: Prepositions (Réamhfhocail)</span></h1>
<h2 id="Anfang"><i class="red">genitive prepositions (réamhfhocail ghinideacha)</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<p>These prepositions all require the <span class="lightgreen"><a href="subst2.htm#Genitiv">genitive</a></span>.
<br>
They are for the most part originally nouns (e.g. timpeall = round).
<br>
Additionally, we have the <a href="#abgeleitet">derived prepositions</a> (or compound prepositions, réamhfhocail chomhshuite), which are comprised of a simple preposition and a noun.
<h2><i class="red">chun = to, towards </i></h2>
see <a href="chuig.htm">chuig</a>
<br>
Also chun was once a noun (Old Irish VN dochum < tochim = to step towards)
<h2 id="trasna"><i class="red">trasna = through, over, across </i></h2>
<ol>
<li>see <a href="tri.htm">trí</a>: <i>trasna an garraí = through the field, across the field</i></li>
<li>across: <i>trasna na habhann = across the river, trasna an bhothair = across the road </i></li>
<li>adverbial: <i>cúig troithe trasna = 5 miles across / wide / deep </i>(depending)</li>
<li>adverbial: <i>teacht trasna ar duine = to contradict someone </i></li>
<li>adjectival: <i>barra trasna = crossbeam </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="timpeall"><i class="red">timpeall = around, about </i></h2>
<ol>
<li>spatially: <i>timpeall an tí = around the house, inár dtimpeall = around us, in our area </i></li>
<li>temporally: <i>timpeall na nollaig = around Christmas, timpeall fiche bliain = about 20 years </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="fearacht"><i class="red">fearacht = like </i></h2>
<ol>
<li>like, in the way that: <i>fearacht an fhir seo = like this man, a fhearacht sin = just like that </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="tareis"><i class="red">tar éis = after (temp.)</i></h2>
<p><i>also </i><b>thar éis, théis, d'éis</b> among others <br>
A combination of the preposition <i>tar (thar)</i> or <i>de </i>and the noun<i> éis </i>("path")
<ol>
<li><b>Time:</b> <b>past</b>: <i>a ceathrú tar éis a dó = quarter past two, a leathuair tar éis a dó = a half hour past two </i> (= half past two)</li>
<li>tar éis + do + subject + verbal noun: afterwards... (see <a href="verbnom1.htm#nachdem">Syntax of the verbal noun</a>)</li>
<li>with VN: (tá + subj. + tar éis + VN) Expression of a recently ended action (like the <i>perfect</i>) <i>Tá mé tar éis imeacht = I just left </i>(see <a href="verbnom1.htm#tareis">Syntax of the verbal noun </a>)</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="cois"><i class="red">cois = beside, at the foot of </i></h2>
<p>cois is actually the <i>dative</i> of the noun cos = foot
<ol>
<li>
<b>beside, at the foot of </b>: <i>cois cnoic = at the foot of the mountain,
cois abhann = on/by the river </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="tigh"><i class="red">tigh = at </i></h2>
<p>Derived from the noun teach = house,
<br>
tigh is the old <i>dative</i> of teach
<br>
used in names (e.g. bar names) comp. to the french <i>chez</i> ("chez
Jean"), also used preceding personal and company names
<ol>
<li><b>at </b><i>tigh Sheáin = "at Seán's" , tigh Mhic Dhonaill = at McDonald's,</i>
<br>
<i>Cheannigh mé tigh Whoolworth é = I bought it at Woolworth's </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="abgeleitet"><i class="red">derived prepositions (réamhfhocail chomhshuite)</i></h2>
<ol>
<li>These are comprised of simple prepositions and nouns. They are formed just as in German:
<br>
e.g. ar nós = in a way/ like </li>
<li>Instead of personal pronouns the possessive pronoun is used <i>preceding</i> the noun part
<br>
e.g.: <i>ar nós na daoine = in the way of the people </i> but <i> ar ár nos = our way </i> (formation also as in German)
<br>
in some dialects, with some derived prepositions, personal pronouns are used, e.g.: <i>ar nós mé féin = in my own way </i></li>
<li>Many of these are also usable (without the genitive object) as <a href="conaisc.htm">conjunctions</a> (often with go = that)
<br>
e.g. <i>d'ainneoin go = despite, (that)</i></li>
</ol>
<p>The table shows a selection of the most common ones:
<p><table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td width="87"><b class="red">preposition</b></td>
<td width="239"><b class="red">translation</b></td>
<td width="104"><b class="red">lit.</b></td>
<td width="307"><b class="red">example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b><i>with <span class="red">ar</span></i></b></td>
<td>on</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ar aghaidh</b></td>
<td>across from /opposite </td>
<td>"on face "</td>
<td>ar aghaidh an dhorais = opposite the door </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ar ceann</b></td>
<td>an the tip/end of, in front of </td>
<td>"on head "</td>
<td>na daoine ar ár gceann = the people in front of us </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>ar chúl</b></td>
<td>behind</td>
<td nowrap>"on back side "</td>
<td nowrap>ar chúl an tí = behind the house </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>ar feadh</b></td>
<td nowrap>for (the extent of), the length </td>
<td nowrap>"on stretch"</td>
<td nowrap>ar feadh seachtaine = for a week </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>ar fud</b></td>
<td>through way , straight through</td>
<td nowrap>"on area "</td>
<td nowrap>ar fud na tíre = around the country </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ar nós</b></td>
<td>like, as the way of </td>
<td>"on way "</td>
<td>ar mo nós = like me </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ar s(h)on</b></td>
<td nowrap>because of , for the sake of, in order to </td>
<td nowrap>"on comfort "</td>
<td nowrap>ar son Dé = for God's sake </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b><i>with <span class="red">as</span></i></b></td>
<td>out</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>as ucht</b></td>
<td>because of , for, to </td>
<td>"out of breast "</td>
<td>as ucht na tíre = for the good of the country </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b><i>with <span class="red">de</span></i></b></td>
<td>of</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>d'ainneoin</b></td>
<td>despite</td>
<td>"of unwillingness "</td>
<td>de m'ainneoin = in spite of me </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>de bharr</b></td>
<td>as a result of, due to </td>
<td>"of point "</td>
<td>de bharr báis = as a result of death </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>de chois</b></td>
<td>in the area / close to </td>
<td>"of foot "</td>
<td>de chois an tí = close to the house </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>de réir</b></td>
<td nowrap>due to, according to </td>
<td>"of will "</td>
<td>de réir an leabhair = due to the book </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b><i>with <span class="red">faoi</span></i></b></td>
<td>under</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>faoi cheann</b></td>
<td>in (within), temp.</td>
<td>"under head "</td>
<td>faoi cheann seachtaine = within a week </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>faoi choinne</b></td>
<td>(meant) for </td>
<td>"under meeting "</td>
<td>faoi a coinne = for her </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b><i>with <span class="red">go</span></i></b></td>
<td>until</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>go ceann </b></td>
<td>until, for (temp.)</td>
<td>"until head "</td>
<td>go ceann bliana = for a year </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b><i>with <span class="red">i</span></i></b></td>
<td>in</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>in aghaidh</b></td>
<td>against</td>
<td>"in face "</td>
<td>inár n-aghaidh = against us </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>in aice</b></td>
<td>in the vicinity of </td>
<td>"in area "</td>
<td nowrap>in aice na Gaillimhe = near Galway </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>in áit</b></td>
<td>instead of </td>
<td>"in place "</td>
<td>i m'áit = in my place </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>in éadan</b></td>
<td>against</td>
<td>"in forehead "</td>
<td>in bhur n-éadan = against you </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>i gcaitheamh</b></td>
<td>during</td>
<td nowrap>"in progress"</td>
<td nowrap>i gcaitheamh oíche = during a night </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i gceann</b></td>
<td>at the end of </td>
<td>"in head "</td>
<td nowrap>i gceann an bheallaigh = at the end of the way </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i gcoinne</b></td>
<td>against</td>
<td>"in meeting "</td>
<td nowrap>i gcoinne an tsrutha = against the flow </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>i gcuideachta</b></td>
<td>in the company of </td>
<td>"in accompaniment "</td>
<td nowrap>i do chuideachta = in your company </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i ndiaidh</b></td>
<td>after</td>
<td>"in afterwards "</td>
<td>i ndiaidh an scéil = after the story </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i bhfianaise</b></td>
<td>in view of </td>
<td>"in witness "</td>
<td>i bhfianaise na farraige = in view of the sea </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i bhfochair</b></td>
<td>(together) with </td>
<td>"in area "</td>
<td>in bhur bhfochair = together with you </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i lár</b></td>
<td>central , in the middle of </td>
<td>"in middle "</td>
<td>i lár an bheallaigh = in the middle of the way </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i láthair</b></td>
<td>in the presence of </td>
<td>"in presence "</td>
<td>i láthair Dé = in the presence of God </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i leith</b></td>
<td>for</td>
<td>"in side "</td>
<td>i leith na saoirse = for freedom </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i measc</b></td>
<td>between, in the midst of </td>
<td>"in mix "</td>
<td nowrap>i measc na nduine = among the people </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i rith</b></td>
<td>during, in the course of </td>
<td>"in run "</td>
<td nowrap>i rith na seachtaine = during the week </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i dtaobh</b></td>
<td>regarding, about </td>
<td>"in side "</td>
<td>i dtaobh an ruda = regarding the thing </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>i dteannta</b></td>
<td>(together) with </td>
<td>"in support of "</td>
<td>i do theannta = with you </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b><i>with <span class="red">le</span></i></b></td>
<td>with</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>le haghaidh</b></td>
<td>for</td>
<td>"with face "</td>
<td>lena aghaidh = for him</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>le hais</b></td>
<td>compared to, next to </td>
<td>"with axis "</td>
<td nowrap>lena hais = next to, compared to her </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>le cois</b></td>
<td>beside, at the foot of </td>
<td>"with foot "</td>
<td>le cois na habhann = on the river </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>le linn</b></td>
<td>during</td>
<td>"with duration "</td>
<td>le linn na seachtaine = during the week </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>le teann</b></td>
<td>from, out of </td>
<td>"with power "</td>
<td>le teann feirge = out of anger </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b><i>with <span class="red">os</span></i></b></td>
<td>over</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>os cionn</b></td>
<td>above</td>
<td>"over head "</td>
<td>os cionn an tí = above the house </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>os coinne</b></td>
<td>in front of, across from </td>
<td>"beyond meeting "</td>
<td>os mo choinne = in front of me </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>os comhair</b></td>
<td>across from, in front of, in the presence </td>
<td>"over location "</td>
<td nowrap>os comhair na fuinneoige = across from the window </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>os mhair</b></td>
<td>in front of </td>
<td>"over last"</td>
<td>os mhair an dhorais = at the door </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<td><b><i>with <span class="red">thar</span></i></b></td>
<td>over (... beyond, pasti)</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>thar ceann</b></td>
<td>beyond the </td>
<td>"over head "</td>
<td>thar ceann an ghoirt = beyond the field</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>thar cheann</b></td>
<td>for, in place of </td>
<td>"over head "</td>
<td>thar mo cheann = instead of my </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>tar éis</b></td>
<td>after (s. above)</td>
<td>"over trail "</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In some dialects there is a trend towards simplification of derived prepositions notable through an omission of the simple preposition and further changes.
<br>
(e.g. Munster: <i>ar feadh > feadh > fean/fan: fan na seachtaine = for the week; de réir > dréir/déir</i> (in Connacht <i>réir, léir</i>): <i>déir/léir na haimsire = appropriate for the season </i>)
<p>A further form of derived prepositions is comprised of 3 parts: preposition-noun-preposition
<br>
(e.g. <i>in aice le = next to, in éineacht le = together with, i ndáil le = with respect to </i>).
<br>
These do not require the genitive but take the case appropriate for the last preposition (in the examples: <i>le</i>)
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="praepos.htm">prepositions</a>
<br><a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/genpraep.htm">view original German</a></body>
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