-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathi.htm
231 lines (197 loc) · 7.85 KB
/
i.htm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>The preposition i</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Cúig: Prepositions (Réamhfhocail)</h1>
<h2 id="Anfang"><i class="red">i = in</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<p>The pronunciation of <i>i</i> is not [i] but a short [@], as if it were written <b class="red">a</b> (and so it is in older literature)
<h3 class="lightgreen">Case</h3>
<p>i requires the dative or the accusative, but without the differentiation in location and movement as in German
<h3 class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations after i</h3>
<ul>
<li>without an article: <b>eclipsis</b> e.g.<i> i gCeanada</i> <i>= in Canada</i></li>
<li>with the singular article: <b>lenition</b> e.g. <i>sa Ghearmáin = in Germany </i>
<ul type="square">
<li>in Munster <b>f eclipses</b>: <i>sa bhfarraige = in the sea </i></li>
<li>in Connacht <b>eclipsis</b> (except d, t): <i>sa nGearmáin</i></li>
<li>in Connacht <b>t-prefix</b> preceding femin. nouns with s-: <i>sa tsúil</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Interrogative</h3>
<ul>
<li><b class="red">Cé ann</b> = in what?</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">i becomes in</h3>
<ul>
<li>preceding vowels e.g. <i>in Éirinn= in Ireland,
in Albain = in Scotland</i></li>
<li>preceding the number 2 [<i>in dhá</i>]</li>
<li>preceding bhur [<i>in bhur</i>]</li>
<li>preceding titles of books and the like [e.g.: <i>in
"Céard a dhéanamh?" = in "What To Do?" , in "Cré na
Cille" = in "Cemetary Earth"</i>]</li>
<li>after <b class="red">in</b> there is never eclipsis or lenition!</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Combined with the article</h3>
<ul>
<li>i + an (preceding a consonant): <b class="red">sa</b></li>
<li>i + an (preceding a vowel): <b class="red">san</b></li>
<li>i + na:<b> </b><b class="red">sna</b></li>
</ul>
"sa/san/sna" stem from the older form <b><span class="red">ins an</span> / <span class="red">ins na</span></b>
(these forms are most prevalent in Ulster, comp. Scottish <i>anns an</i>)
<h3><span class="lightgreen">Combined with personal pronouns <i>and</i> possessive pronouns</span></h3>
<table border width="61%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td width="11%">-</td>
<td width="14%"><b>general</b></td>
<td width="17%"><b>contrast form </b></td>
<td width="17%"><b>translation</b></td>
<td width="19%"><b>possessive pron.</b></td>
<td width="22%"><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I</td>
<td class="red bold">ionam</td>
<td class="red bold">ionamsa</td>
<td>in me </td>
<td class="red bold">i mo (im)</td>
<td>in my </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you</td>
<td class="red bold">ionat</td>
<td class="red bold">ionatsa</td>
<td>in you </td>
<td class="red bold">i do (id) </td>
<td>in your </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he</td>
<td class="red bold">ann</td>
<td class="red bold">annsan</td>
<td>in him </td>
<td class="red bold">ina</td>
<td>in his </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she</td>
<td class="red bold">inti</td>
<td class="red bold">intise</td>
<td>in her </td>
<td class="red bold">ina</td>
<td>in her </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>we</td>
<td class="red bold">ionainn</td>
<td class="red bold">ionainne</td>
<td>in us </td>
<td class="red bold">inár</td>
<td>in our </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you(pl)</td>
<td class="red bold">ionaibh</td>
<td class="red bold">ionaibhse</td>
<td>in you </td>
<td class="red bold">in bhur</td>
<td>in your </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>they</td>
<td class="red bold">iontu</td>
<td class="red bold">iontusan</td>
<td>in them </td>
<td class="red bold">ina</td>
<td>in their </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Forms like <b class="red">ina, inár</b> are spoken like <i>'na, 'nár</i> (this is always so after a vowel, but often generally so). This is why one often sees it written that way as well.
<h3><span class="lightgreen">Combined with the indirect relative particle <i>and</i> with the indir. relative form of the copula</span></h3>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td width="62"><b>tense</b></td>
<td width="100"><b>relative part.</b>
<br>
<b>(i + a/ar)</b></td>
<td width="95"><b>copular form</b>
<br>
<b>(i + ar)</b></td>
<td width="134"><b>copular form</b>
<b>preceding a vowel </b></td>
<td width="119"><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>present</td>
<td class="red bold">ina</td>
<td class="red bold">inar</td>
<td class="red bold">inarb</td>
<td>in his/in her/in its </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">inar</td>
<td class="red bold">inar</td>
<td class="red bold">inarbh</td>
<td>in his/in her/in its </td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>spatial</b>: location <b>in</b> a
room (as dt. in): <i>sa bpota = the the pot </i></li>
<li><b>spatial-relative: <i>in /am</i></b>: <i>in íochtar
na tíre = in the lower part of the land, i mbun = on the ground, in imeall = on the sidelines</i></li>
<li><b>temporal: <i>in</i></b>: <i>san oíche = in the night </i></li>
<li><b>regarding: <i>in</i></b>: <i>briste sa lár = broken through the middle, bán sa ghruaig = blonde</i>("white in the hair ")</li>
<li><b>quality: <i>in</i></b>: an "intrinsic" quality: <i>maith i leabhar = good in a book, sláinte sa ngrian = healing power of the sun </i>(with subst. adjectives)</li>
<li><b>condition: <i>in</i></b>: <i>i bpian = in pain, i imní = in fear </i></li>
<li><b>condition</b>: (<b><i>in a state of...</i></b>): <span class="red">(tá + subj.) + i + possessive pron. + object </span>: <i>tá sé ina phraiseach = it is in disarray </i> ("it is in its disorder ")
<br>
similarly also:
<ul type="square">
<li><a href="verbnom1.htm#verlZustand">progressive form</a> with <b>state of being verbs</b>: <i>tá mé i mo chodladh = (I'm) asleep , tá mé i mo chónaí = I live </i> ("I am in my living ")
<br>
as well as sitting, standing, lying, etc.)</li>
<li><a href="bi_ina.htm">classification clauses without the copula</a>: often by temporary or recently attained <b>functions / professions </b> <i>tá mé i mo dhochtuir = I am a doctor </i>("in my being a doctor"), <i>tá tú i do fhear anois = Now, you are a man </i> ("in your manhood")
<br>
Additional adjectives are here then always lenited (...mhaith), different than by a definition of a function at the beginning of a sentence: <i>dochtuir maith atá ionam = I am a good doctor</i>, by non-pronomial forms always <span class="red">in</span> (without eclipsis) <i>dochtuir atá in Bríd = Bríd is a doctor</i></li>
<li>In a <b>state of being</b>: <b><i>to exist</i></b>: ann = here. <i>Tá teach ann = There is a house, A house is here </i>.</li>
<li><b>attainment of such states </b>: <span class="red">éirigh + i + possessive pron. + object </span>, e.g: <i>Éireoidh mé i mo dhochtuir = I will become a doctor</i>. <i>Ba mhaith liom
éirí i mo dhochtuir = I would like to become a doctor.</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>membership: <i>in</i></b>: <i>sna Gardaí = with the police(force), i mbanna = in the band </i></li>
<li>in ann + VN = <b>capable of </b> (also: i gcumas, in acmhainn)</li>
<li><b>pro</b> (with an article): <i>deich bpunt sa lá = 10 pounds a day </i></li>
<li><b>for</b>: <i>fear san fhear = man for man </i></li>
<li>with verbs : <i>glaoi in ainm = to call by name </i></li>
</ol>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="praepos.htm">prepositions</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/i.htm">view original German</a></body>
</html>