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subst3.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<meta name="Description" content="das Geschlecht irischer Worte">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="inscne, gaeilge">
<title>Gender</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a hAon: The Noun (an tAinmfhocal)</span></h1>
<h2 id="inscne"><i class="red">Gender (an Inscne)</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<h2>
<span class="lightgreen"><i>Firinscneach</i> <i>agus</i> <i>baininscneach</i></span></h2>
In Irish, there are <b>2 grammatical genders (<i>inscní</i>): <span class="red">masculine (<i>firinscneach</i>)</span></b> and <b><span class="red">feminine (<i>baininscneach</i></span></b>)
<p>Basically, those living things which are male are named with <i>masculine</i> nouns, for female creatures then <i>feminine</i> nouns.
<br>
There are definite exceptions to the rule: e.g.: stail <i> </i>= stallion is <i>feminine</i>, cailín = girl is <i>masculine </i>(about the suffix -ín see below)
<br>
For all inanimate objects: Belonging to one group or another is mostly random, or. dependent on the ending (see <a href="#derkleineUnterschied">below</a>)
<br>
In this way, Irish is quite similar to German, with the difference that Irish has no "thing" gender (neutrum) anymore.
<h3>
<i class="lightgreen">where are the differences between the genders?</i></h3>
there are differences:
<ul>
<li>
in the use of the <a href="artikel.htm">definite article</a> in the nominative and genitive, including the following initial mutations.
<br>
(<i>an</i> or <i>na</i>, <a href="lenition.htm">lenition</a> or nor, <a href="thnd.htm#t">t-prefix</a> preceding s and vowels or not)</li>
<li>
in the lenition and declension of the following <a href="adjektiv.htm">adjectives</a></li>
<li> in the use
[ <a href="#fn1" id="fnverweis1">1</a> ] pf the <a href="person.htm">personal pronoun</a> (he = <i>sé</i> or she = <i>sí</i>) and the <a href="possess.htm">possessive pronoun </a> (his / her = <i>a with lenition / without</i> <i>lenition) </i>as well as the <a href="praepos.htm">prepositional pronouns </a> (e.g.aige = by him, aici = by her, as = out of him, aisti = our of her)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="derkleineUnterschied"><i class="lightgreen">how does one recognise the gender of a word?</i></h3>
<b id="maskulin"><i class="red">Masculine </i></b>nouns are the following:
<ul>
<li><b>all</b> of the <a href="1dekl.htm">1st declension </a>, <b>most</b> of the <a href="4dekl.htm">4th declension</a></li>
<li>except<i> im, sliabh, teach</i> <b>none</b> of the <a href="2dekl.htm">2nd declension</a>, only a <b>few</b> of the <a href="5dekl.htm">5th declension</a></li>
<li> most <b>professions</b></li>
<li>words with the following endings:
<ul type="square">
<li>all those ending in <b>-adh, -amh, -aí, -án, -ar, -aire, -as, -éara, -aeir, -éir, -eoir, -óir, -úir, -éad, -ste, -ú, -ún</b> [ <a href="#fn2" id="fnverweis2">2</a> ]<b>, -úr </b>[ <a href="#fn2">2</a> ]</li>
<li>words ending in <b>-ín</b> (see <a href="#diminutiv">diminutive</a>)</li>
<li>bisyllabic words ending in <b>-a</b> (e.g.: <i>mála = bag, muga = mug </i>)</li>
<li>monosyllabic words ending in <b>-cht</b> (e.g.: <i>lucht = charge, group, reacht = right, bocht = poor person </i>)</li>
<li><i>derivatives</i> using <b>-ach </b>(e.g.: <i>Éire = Ireland > Éireannach = Irishman, Gearmánach = German, Sasanach = Englishman, Caitliceach = Catholic </i>)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<b id="feminin"><i class="red">Feminine</i></b> nouns are the following:
<ul>
<li><b>all</b> of the <a href="2dekl.htm">2nd declension</a> (except: <i>im,sliabh,teach)</i>, <b>most </b>of the <a href="5dekl.htm">5th declension</a></li>
<li><b>none</b> of the <a href="1dekl.htm">1st declension</a>, only a <b>few</b> of the <a href="4dekl.htm">4th declension</a></li>
<li>all <b>country names </b>(<i>except</i>: Sasana, Ceanada, Meiriceá)<b>, languages </b>(<i>exception</i> Béarla)<b>, rivers </b></li>
<li>words with the following endings:
<ul type="square">
<li>all those ending in -<b>áil, -aíl, -eog, -óg, -seach, -lann, -íocht</b></li>
<li>polysyllabic words ending in <b>-acht</b> (e.g. <i>Gaeltacht</i>)</li>
<li>all those ending in <b>-ach</b>, except derivatives (e.g. <i>báisteach = rain </i>)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
All other words are difficult. <b><i>masculine</i></b> nouns end in the nominative often in <b>broad consonants </b>,
<br>
<b><i>feminine</i></b> nouns on the other hand mostly in <b>slender</b> ones.
<h3>
<i id="diminutiv"><span class="lightgreen">the diminutive suffix (iarmhír an dhispeagtha) -ín </span></i></h3>
<p><i>diminutive = pet form</i>
<p>The suffix <i>-ín</i> is the same as the German <i>-chen</i> or <i>-lein</i> (fear = man > firín = little man)
<br>
Words ending in -ín (4th declension) are actually masculine.
<br>
Basically,
<b><i>masculine</i></b> are those words, that in the diminutive are no longer able to be taken as the root meaning or those that take on a whole new meaning.
<br>
(e.g. <i>"cailín"</i> is not the diminutive of the archaic <i>"caile"</i>, just as little as the <i>"Mädchen"</i> is still seen as the diminutive of <i>"Maid"</i>. This is why <i>"cailín = girl "</i> is masculine!)
<p>In the case of a real <b>diminutives (<i>an díspeagadh</i>)</b> it's a bit more complicated:
<ul>
<li>
if the base word is masculine then the diminutive is also <b><i>masculine</i></b>
<br>
(e.g.: <i>an firín = the little man, an leabhairín = the booklet </i>)</li>
<li>if the base word is feminine, then:
<ul type="square">
<li>the nominative singular is seen as <b><i>feminine</i></b> <br>
(e.g.: <i>an pháirc bheag = the little park > an pháircín bheag = the little mini-park </i>)</li>
<li>the genitive singular is seen as <b><i>masculine</i></b> <br>
(e.g.: <i>cranna na páirce bige = the trees of the little park> cranna an pháircín bhig = the trees of the little mini-park </i>)</li>
<li>in the plural the gender is not recognisable<br>
(e.g.: <i>na páirceanna beaga = of the little parks > na páircíní beaga = the little parks </i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li> by female personal names, the diminutive is always <b><i>feminine</i></b> (<i>Brídín, Nóirín</i>)</li>
</ul>
<p>Side note : Today only the suffix <i>-ín</i> used to produce the diminutive . Earlier one used further suffixes as well, e.g. <i>-óg</i> (feminine), <i>-án</i> (masculine), e.g. <i>cnocán = a little hill, eitleog = a little flight </i> , <i>ordóg = thumb </i> (= "little hammer ")
<p><br>
<p><hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#inscne" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="subst1.htm">nouns</a>
<br><a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<br><font size="-2">© copyright Lars Bräsicke 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<p><br><br><font size="-1"><b>Fußnoten:</b>
<br>
[ <a href="#fnverweis1" id="fn1">1</a> ]:masculine words denoting people with a <i>naturally</i> feminine gender may still use the feminine pronoun (an cailín > sí, í) (and the other way around). But still some noun and pronoun genders do not agree (see <a href="person.htm#singplur">personal pronouns</a>)
<br>
[ <a href="#fnverweis2" id="fn2">2</a> ]: -ún, úr: also words stemming from Latin, there feminine, are masculine in Irish: an naisiún = the nation, an nadúr = nature </font>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/subst3.htm">view original German</a></body>
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