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thnd.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Prefixes</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Ceathair Déag: </h1>
<h1 class="red">Initial Mutations (na hAthruithe Tosaigh)</h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2 id="oben"><i class="red">t-, n-, h-, d'-prefixes (na Réamhlitreacha)</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Not only <a href="lenition.htm">lenition</a> (séimhiú) and <a href="eklipse.htm">eclipsis</a> (urú), but also (in part also in cooperation) the prefixing of the letters <b>t, h, n, d' </b>change the beginnings of words.
<p>Here is a bit about the <a href="sindos.htm">cause</a> of these prefixes (except th d'-prefix which is explained below)
<br>
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><a href="#t">t-prefix</a>
<br>
<a href="#h">h-prefix</a>
<br>
<a href="#n">n-prefix</a>
<br>
<a href="#d">d'-prefix</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="t"><i class="red">t-prefix (an réamhlitir t)</i></h2>
<p><b class="lightgreen">spelling:</b>
<br>
preceding <b class="red">s</b>: <b>ts </b> capitalised:
<b>tS</b>
<br>
preceding a vowel<b><span class="red"></span></b>: <b>t-a, t-e</b>, etc. capitalised: <b>tA, tE</b>, etc. e.g. <i>an tÉireannach = the Irishman </i>
<p><b class="lightgreen">pronunciation:</b>
<br>
The s after t-prefix is not spoken: <i>an tsráid</i> [tra:d']
<h4><span class="lightgreen">use:</span></h4>
<ol>
<li><b>preceding nouns with a <span class="red">vowel</span> after the article <span class="red">an</span></b>
<ul>
<li>in the <b>nominative/accusative</b> with masculine nouns, e.g.: <i>an t-úll = the apple <br>
(</i><u>not</u> in the genitive and dative, e.g.: <i>craiceann an úll = the skin of the apple, ar an úll = on the apple)</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>preceding nouns with <span class="red">s-</span> after the article <span class="red">an</span></b> (instead of lenition of the s; occurs only if it's followed by a vowel or l, n, r)
<ul>
<li>in the <b>nominative/accusative</b> by feminine nouns: <i>an tsráid = the street </i></li>
<li>in the <b>genitive</b> by masculine nouns: <i>an tsagairt = of the priest </i></li>
<li>in the <b>dative</b>, i.e. after many prepositions + article
<ul>
<li>in <i>Connacht</i> and in the <i>standard</i> only by <b>feminine</b> nouns, even if eclipsis would be required: <i>ar an tsráid = on the street </i>, <b>but not</b> by masculine nouns: <i>ag an sagart = by the priest </i></li>
<li>in <i>Ulster</i> by <b>feminine</b> and <b>masculine</b> nouns: <i>ag an tsagart = by the priest </i></li>
<li>in <i>Munster</i> by <b>feminine</b> and <b>masculine</b> nouns only after the leniting forms den (de + an), don (do + an), sa (i + an): <i>don tsagart = to the priest </i></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>preceding numbers with a <span class="red">vowel</span> after the article <span class="red">an</span></b> in the <b>nominative/accusative</b> no matter if it's followed by a feminine or masculine noun: <i>an t-aon bhád amháin = the one boat, an t-aonú .....deag, an t-ochtú, an t-ochtódú, an t-ochtar, an t-ocht</i>. (<u>not</u> in the dative: <i>ar an ochtar</i>)</li>
<li><b>preceding <span class="red">s-</span> after <span class="red">-n</span></b>, if -n occurs in another word than the article (e.g. colloq. in Árainn <i>an-tsean = very old </i> instead of the standard <i>an-sean</i>), often after <i>aon</i> (colloq. <i>aon tsúil = an eye </i>; probably etymolog. wrong, in analogy to the t-prefix after the article, standard: <i>aon súil</i>)
<br>
Sometimes this occurs in names, e.g. after <i>Clann = Family </i>: <i>Clann tSuibhne = MacSweeney Family </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="h"><i class="red">h-prefix (an réamhlitir h)</i></h2>
<p><span class="lightgreen"><b>spelling</b>:</span>
<br>
preceding a vowel<b><span class="red"></span></b>: <b>ha, he</b>, etc. capitalised: <b>hA, hE</b>, etc. e.g.: <i>Poblacht na hÉireann = Republic of Ireland</i>
<h4><span class="lightgreen">use:</span></h4>
<p>h-prefix is only used preceding words beginning in a <b class="red">vowel</b>. It generally serves to simplify pronunciation, if 2 vowels clash and <b>neither</b> lenition nor eclipsis are necessary.
<ol>
<li><b>preceding nouns</b>
<ul>
<li><b>after the article <span class="red">na</span></b>
<ul>
<li><b>in the nominative/accusative/dative plural</b>: <i>na héin = the birds </i></li>
<li><b>in the genitive singular</b> by feminine nouns: <i>na hoifige = of the office</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>after a = her </b> (possessive pronoun of the 3rd person sg. fem.): <i>a huncail = her uncle </i>
<ul>
<li>also after <b>a dhá = her two/both her </b>: <i>a dhá húll = her two apples </i></li>
</ul></li>
<li>in the plural after <b>trí, ceithre, cúig, sé</b> (esp. uaire): <i>trí huaire = 3 hours </i>,
<br>
(<u>not</u> in the sing.: <i>trí úll = 3 apples </i>)</li>
<li><b>after ordinal numbers </b> (except an chéad) <i>an tríú húlla = the 3rd apple </i></li>
<li>after non-leniting <b>prepositions</b>
<ul>
<li><b>after le = with </b>: <i>le hÚna = with Úna</i></li>
<li><b>after</b> <b>go = to </b> <i>go hÉirinn = to Ireland</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>after cá = which </b>: <i>cá háit = where ("which place "), cá haois = how old ("which age ")</i>;
<br>
(but <u>not</u> if cá occurs in the meaning <i>where</i> or <i>how</i>.)</li>
<li>in names with <b>Ó</b>: <i>Ó hEidhin, Ó hAnluain</i>,
<br>
h disappears after Uí or Ní (<i>Uí Anluain</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>
<b>preceding pronouns</b> (é, í, iad, ea, eo, in, iúd)
<ul>
<li><b>after ní</b> (neg. copular form) <i>ní hí = she is not</i></li>
<li>optional <b>after cé</b>: <i>cé hé = who is it </i></li>
<li><b>after cá</b> (prepositional pronoun): <i>cá hair? = on what?</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>preceding adjectives / adverbs</b>
<ul>
<li><b>after go</b> (adverbial particle) <i>go holc = bad </i></li>
<li><b>after chomh</b> (= so) <i>chomh holc = so bad </i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>preceding verbs</b>
<ul>
<li>after the imperative verbal particle <b>ná</b>: e.g.: <i>ná habair é = don't mention it!</i></li>
<li>after the neg. interrogatory verbal particle and conjunction <b>ná</b> (common in Munster): e.g.: <i>ná hólair é? = Don't you drink it?</i></li>
<li>preceding the <b>autonomous verb form (Saorbhriathar)</b> (not so in the standard)
<ul>
<li>in the preterite, if it's the preterite particle <b>do</b>: e.g.: <i>do hóladh = one drank </i>, in Connacht also without <i>do</i>: e.g.: <i>hóladh = one drank </i></li>
<li>in all tenses (except conditional) after the otherwise leniting words ending in a vowel. e.g.: <i>nuair a hóltar = when one drinks, an cluiche a himrítear = the game that one plays </i></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>preceding numeral words 1 and 8</b> after the numeral particle <b>a</b>: <i>a haon</i> , <i>a hocht</i></li>
<li>in adverbial days of the week with <b>Dé</b> ( = day) <i>Dé hAoine = Friday </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="n"><i class="red">n-prefix (an réamhlitir n)</i></h2>
<p><b class="lightgreen">spelling</b>:
<br>
preceding a vowel<b><span class="red"></span></b>: <b>n-a, n-e,</b> etc. by capitalisation: <b> nA, nE:</b> e.g.: <i>Tir na nÓg = Land of Youth </i>
<h4><span class="lightgreen">use</span></h4>
<ol>
<li>
preceding a vowel by expressions/particles actually requiring <b>eclipsis</b> : ár n-uncail = our uncle; (unless it already ends in -n, also <b><i>not</i> after <span class="red">an</span></b>: <i>ar an úll = on the apple </i>!), <b><i>not</i> after the preposition i</b>: but instead <b>in</b>: <i>in Éirinn = in Ireland</i> (this is purely a written convention, the pronunciation is the same as <i>i nÉireann</i>, which also occasionally occurs.</li>
<li>after <b>le</b> in the meaning "(in order) to " (in Connacht): cad a bheidh agat le n-ól = what will you drink? ("what will you have to drink?"), althought after le normally <i>no</i> eclipsis occurs.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="d"><i class="red">d'-prefix (an réamhlitir d')</i></h2>
<p>This is actually not a "prefix" in the sense of the other prefixes, because d' is only a short form of the independent particle <b class="red">do</b>. In this way it's quite different from the other prefixes.
<br>
<b class="red">Do</b> is a <a href="part.htm#verg">past verbal particle</a> to denote the preterite, imperfect and conditional tenses. It's only still in use anymore in Munster preceding consonants: (<i>do dhéineas = ich machte</i>). Preceding a vowel in the form <b class="red">d'</b> in all dialects and in the standard.
<br>
The abbreviation of <i>do</i> explains also the apostrophe by <i>d'</i>.
<p><span class="lightgreen"><b>spelling</b>:</span>
<br>preceding a vowel<b><span class="red"></span></b> and preceding<b class="red"> fh</b>: <b>d'a</b>, <b>d'e</b>, <b>d'fh</b>, capitalised: <b>D'a</b>, <b>D'e</b>, <b>D'fh</b> etc.
<h4><span class="lightgreen">use:</span></h4>
<ol>
<li><b>preceding a vowel and fh by verbs</b> in the preterite, imperfect, conditional. <i>d'ól mé = I drank </i>, <i>d'ólinn = I used to drink, d'ólfinn = I would drink, d'fhoghlain the sé = he learned </i></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>d' is only used preceding non-dependent verb forms (i.e. without another particle - but also after <i>má = if </i> and the direct relative particle <i>a</i>, e.g.: <i>má d'ól mé = if I drank, a d'ól mé = that I drank </i>)</li>
<li>d' is <b>not</b> used preceding dependent verb forms (i.e. if other <a href="part.htm">verbal particle</a> (<i>níor, nár, ar, gur</i> etc.) are needed, e.g.: <i>níor ól mé = I didn't drink, gur ól mé = which I drank </i>)</li>
<li>d' is <b>not</b> used preceding the autonomous verb form (Saorbhriathar) in the preterite.
<br>
It is possible (in Munster) to use the long form do. Do would incur an h-prefix, which sometimes also occurs without do: <i>do hóladh / (h)óladh = onr drank </i>
<br>
On the other hand, in the conditional/imperfect, d' is used: <i>d'óltaí = one used to drink, d'ólfaí = one would drink </i></li>
<li>d' preceding other words than verbs is an abbreviation of the <a href="possess.htm">possessive pronoun</a> do = your or the prepositions <a href="de.htm">de</a> = of and <a href="do.htm">do</a> = to preceding vowels</li>
</ul>
<p><br>
<hr>
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="anlaut1.htm">initial mutations</a>
<br><a href="lenition.htm">lenition</a>, <a href="eklipse.htm">eclipsis</a>
<br><a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
</center>
<hr>
<center><font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/thnd.htm">view original German</a></body>
</html>