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Hard commodities, or hards, are commodities that, generally, are mined, rather than grown.
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Commodities that deal specifically with the trade and supply of energy.
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Raw, unprocessed blend of various petroleum products. Highly volatile components are traded as Natural Gas (101020).
- Booked pipeline capacity for the purpose of oil transfers.
- Booked storage capacity for the purpose of deferring transfer or refining.
- Premium of one oil over another due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs.
- Premium of a component extracted from a crude oil over the crude oil itself. Also includes combinations of components, e.g. the 3-2-1 crack spread.
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Naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture of higher alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, others), sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
- Processed natural gas, or gas from petro-chemical processes, that is close to pure methane or pure ethane.
- Natural gas or purified natural gas that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transfer.
- Flammable hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. Either propane or butane or a mixture of roughly equal amounts thereof. Pentane, propylene, butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations. Standardised in EN 589.
- Low-density mixture of hydrocarbons present in raw natural gas cooled down below the hydrocarbon dew point.
- Baseload of gas delivered uniformly over a specified period of time (Time of delivery, TOD) through one or more designated hubs.
- Booked capacity for the purpose of gas transfers.
- Premium of one gas over another due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs.
- Premium of gas (possibly including emission rights) used to produce power over baseload electricity.
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Petrochemicals derived from crude oil when processed in oil refineries. This explicitly excludes chemical compounds produced in biochemical or (non-petro) industrial processes, e.g. ethanol from fermentation, or methanol from catalytic gas synthesis.
- Fuel oil that is primarily used for heating. Chemically very similar to diesel (gasoil, the motor fuel) which is why imarkers, e.g. Yellow 124 in the EU, might have been added.
- Petroleum-derived flammable liquid used primarily as a motor fuel, obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives.
- Combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used widely used as aviation fuel.
- Any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in diesel engines
- Any type of fuel oil used aboard water vessels. Usually bunker B or bunker C, also known as No. 5 or No. 6 respectively.
- Flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat.
- Spread between different refined products that determines the premium of one oil over the other due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs.
- Any other petrochemicals.
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Combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams.
- Coal variety with the highest carbon content and the highest energy density.
- Coal with bitumen or asphalt, second highest ranking coal. Widely used as a thermal coal.
- Soft coal with a relatively low heat content, used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.
- Made from thermal coal or oil in the absence of air, a process known as coking. May also be formed naturally by geologic processes.
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Energy derived from electric potential energy or kinetic energy, supplied by the combination of electric current and electric potential that is delivered by an electrical circuit
- The minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, met by unvarying power plants, dispatchable generation, or by a collection of smaller intermittent energy sources.
- Period in the load profile where demand is significantly higher than minimum supply level. Fluctuations may occur from hour to hour. Met by intermittent energy sources.
- Period in the load profile that shows nearly no peaks, typically the night, met by unvarying power plants.
- Upwards or downwards flank between off-peak and on-peak demand covered by special load following plants.
- Entitles the holder to receive compensation when the spot price (possibly including transmission charges) goes below/above a strike price.
- Entitles the holder to receive compensation for congestion charges across an energy path.
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Raw, unprocessed blend of various petroleum products. Highly volatile components are traded as Natural Gas (101020).
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Rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value. Chemically, less reactive than most elements.
- Bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. One of the least reactive chemical elements. Solid under standard conditions.
- Product that tracks the variance or volatility of spot gold.
- Soft, white, lustrous transition metal, exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Solid under standard conditions.
- Product that tracks the variance or volatility of spot silver.
- Dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal.
- Rare and lustrous silvery-white metal with the lowest melting point and is the least density of platinum group elements.
- Very rare, very hard, very dense, brittle, silvery-white transition metal.
- Ultra-rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal.
- Rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group, inert to most other chemicals.
- Hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group.
- Precious metals expressed in terms of other precious metals, e.g. XAUXAG, XAUXPT, etc.
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Common and inexpensive non-ferrous metals, as opposed to precious metals.
- Soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.
- Alloy of copper and zinc.
- Alloy of copper and tin.
- Silvery-white, soft, non-magnetic and ductile metal in the boron group.
- Aluminium alloy conforming to the LME NA380.1 specification which is a modification of The Aluminium Association Inc. A380.1 specification (1989). The alloy has a composition of 8.50%-9.50% Si, 3.00%-3.50% Cu, 0.80%-1.00% Fe, a maximum of 3.00% Zn, a maximum of 1.80% sludge (Fe + 2Mn + 3Cr), a maximum of 0.50% Ni, a maximum of 0.45% Mn, a maximum of 0.10% Mg, Sn, Pb, Ti, and Cr each.
- Slightly brittle metal at room temperature, blue-silvery appearance when oxidation is removed.
- Silvery-white, hard, ductile, lustrous transition metal with a slight golden tinge.
- Silvery metal that characteristically has a faint yellow hue, soft enough to be cut without much force
- Heavy, soft, malleable, and relatively unreactive post-transition metal with a relatively low melting point, silvery with a hint of blue when freshly cut, tarnishes to a dull grey when exposed to air.
- Traded almost exclusively as titanium dioxide. Lustrous transition metal with a silver colour, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
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Iron and iron-related metals, or alloys that contain iron or iron-related metals, such as steel or pig iron.
- Obtained by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace as intermediate product in the production of steel.
- Alloy of iron with typically a few percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance, or 11% of chromium to produce corrosion and oxidation resistant stainless steel.
- Rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4, 72.4% Fe), hematite (Fe2O3, 69.9% Fe), goethite (FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe), limonite (FeO(OH)·n(H2O), 55% Fe) or siderite (FeCO3, 48.2% Fe).
- Iron and steel scrap from automobiles, trains, ships, bridges, buildings, railway rails and fasteners, or farming equipment.
- Sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. The world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Used as flux in blast furnaces for smelting.
- Hard, brittle, silvery transition metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Alloys are used in stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear.
- Silvery metal with a grey cast.
- Main additive in stainless steel adding anti-corrosive properties.
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Metals that are not abundant and mostly extracted as a by-product.
- Uranium oxide or Uranium fluoride, extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.
- Cobalt 99.8%, cobalt standard grade, cobalt alloy grade, cobalt hydroxide 0%, cobalt sulfate 20.5%, or cobalt tetroxide 72.6%.
- Lithium carbonate 99%, or Lithium hydroxide monohydrate 56.5%.
- Bismuth 99.99% extracted from ores containing bismuth oxide or sulfide
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Commodities that deal specifically with the trade and supply of energy.
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Soft commodities, or softs, are commodities that, generally, are grown, rather than mined. Furthermore, softs in this concept scheme are primarily for consumption, i.e. distinct from Materials.
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Any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain. Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa and chia, are referred to as pseudocereals.
- Cereal grain with a leafy stalk that produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits.
- Seed of the grass species Oryza glaberrima (African rice) or Oryza sativa (Asian rice).
- Cereal grain in the genus Triticum; the most widely grown is common wheat (T. aestivum).
- Tetraploid species of wheat, second most cultivated species of wheat after common wheat, predominant wheat of the Middle East.
- Major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally; Hordeum vulgare, a member of the grass family.
- Cereal grain in the Avena genus (Avena sativa).
- Grain of an annual cereal, some cultivars are perennial, in the Sorghum genus ranging from 2 to 4 mm in diameter.
- Grain of Pennisetum glaucum, ovoid, of 3-4 mm length, nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple.
- Grain of the cereal of the Triticeae tribe in the Secale genus.
- Hybrid of wheat (female) and rye (male).
- Intercommodity spread between grains, or grains and oilseeds.
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Cereals and grains of minor economic importance.
- Grain-like seeds of a pseudocereal in the genus Fagopyrum.
- Seeds of a flowering plant in the amaranth family.
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Plants that are grown primarily for their oil. The oil may be used for cooking, as food additives, or processed into oleochemicals, e.g. as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some may be also used for cosmetics, medical purposes, wood finishing, oil painting and other industrial purposes.
- Beans of Glycine max, a species of legume native to East Asia.
- Seed of rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. napus), a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family)
- Fruit of oil palms in the Elaeis genus
- Drupe of the trees in the Cocos genus.
- Seed of the cotton plant. This includes seeds with the attached lint.
- Seed of the plant Arachis hypogaea
- Intercommodity spread between two oilseeds.
- Spread between an oilseed and its oil or meal/cake.
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Members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants making up more than a quarter of all angiosperms with their about 70,000 species.
- Seed of certain cucurbitaceous plants (squash, melon, gourd).
- Seed of a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.
- Fruit of Vernicia fordii, usually known as the tung tree, a species of Vernicia in the spurge family.
- Small round seeds of various mustard plants, e.g. black mustard (Brassica nigra), brown Indian mustard (B. juncea), or white/yellow mustard (B. hirta/Sinapis alba).
- Seeds of Triadica sebifera as well as Triadica cochinchinensis.
- Seed of the flax plant.
- Seed of Cannabis sativa.
- Fruit of Ceiba pentandra, a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae.
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Members of the largest group of flowering plant with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species.
- Fruit of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). There are three types of commonly used sunflower seeds: linoleic (most common), high oleic, and sunflower oil seeds.
- Fruit of the olive tree, Olea europaea, an evergreen tree or shrub native to Mediterranean Europe, Asia, and Africa.
- Safflower seed is the seed of Carthamus tinctorius, a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the family Asteraceae.
- Seed of Sesamum indicum.
- Seed of Butyrospermum parkii.
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Any other oil seeds
- Seed obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
- Seed of Simmondsia chinensis.
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Vegetal oils and fats are extractions from the seed or other parts of fruits. They are mixtures of triglycerides, usually liquid at room temperature, and usually edible.
- Vegetal oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean (Glycine max).
- Vegetal oil derived from a variety of rapeseed.
- Vegetal oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms.
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Crude palm oil that has undergone some or all processes of refinement (neutralisation, bleaching, dewaxing, deodourising, fractionation, degumming). The PORAM standard specifies qualities and properties.
- Liquid fraction of crude palm oil that is then bleached, degummed, and deodourised.
- Solid fraction of palm oil that is produced by partial crystallisation at controlled temperature.
- By-product of neutralising crude palm oil.
- Fatty acids removed from CPO during RBD production.
- Oil derived from the kernel of the fruit of oil palms.
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Crude palm kernel oil that has undergone some or all processes of refinement (neutralisation, bleaching, dewaxing, deodourising, fractionation, degumming). The PORAM standard specifies qualities and properties.
- Liquid fraction of crude palm kernel oil that is then bleached, degummed, and deodourised.
- Solid fraction of palm kernel oil that is produced by partial crystallisation at controlled temperature.
- By-product of neutralising crude palm kernel oil.
- Fatty acids removed from CPKO during RBDPKO production.
- Oil extracted from the kernel or meat of mature coconuts.
- Oil from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum.
- Vegetal oil derived from groundnuts.
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Oil of oil seeds of the rosid clade
- Oil extracted by pressing the seeds of the Citrullus lanatus (watermelon).
- Vegetal oil pressed from castor beans.
- Oil made from castor oil by hydrogenation. The process saturates the alkenes, giving a waxy lubricant.
- Oil obtained by pressing the seed from the nut of the tung tree (Vernicia fordii).
- Oil pressed from mustard seeds. Sale is restricted in some countries due to high levels of erucic acid.
- Fatty substance extracted from the coat of the seeds of Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) or Triadica cochinchinensis (Mountain tallow tree).
- Oil extracted (by solvents) from the seeds of plants of the Triadica genus such as Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) and Triadica cochinchinensis (Mountain tallow tree).
- Oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum) by pressing, sometimes followed by solvent extraction.
- Oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds.
- Vegetal oil extracted from kapok seeds by pressing.
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Oil of oil seeds of the asterid clade.
- Oil pressed from the seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus).
- Oil obtained from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea; family Oleaceae) produced by pressing whole olives.
- Oil made from the olive cake left after the virgin pressing.
- Oil made from the achenes of safflower by either cold pressing the seeds (for a cooking oil) or hot pressing the seeds yields (for an industrial oil).
- Oil derived from sesame seeds.
- Fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa).
- Oil extracted from the leaves of the Mentha plant.
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Any other vegetal oils.
- Oil extracted from poppy seeds (specifically seeds of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy).
- Oil extracted from Jojoba seeds.
- Oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called chaff (rice husk).
- Oil extracted from the germ of maize.
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Vegetal cakes are made of the residue left after oil extraction. Meal is produced when the cakes are treated hydrothermally.
- Residue of soybean oil extraction.
- Residue of rapeseed oil extraction.
- Residue of palm oil extraction.
- Main by-product of the palm kernel oil extraction.
- Residue of cottonseed after oil extraction.
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Cake and meals of oil seeds of the rosid clade
- Residue of mustard seeds after oil extraction.
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Crops that yield sweet-tasting soluble carbohydrates or substances that when added to food or drink impart the flavour of sweetness.
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Uncut and unshredded sugar canes suitable for milling.
- A non-refined, crystallized material derived from the juices of sugar-cane stalk and consisting either wholly or essentially of sucrose.
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Unsliced, unwashed sugar beets suitable for diffusion.
- A non-refined, crystallized material derived from the juices extracted from the root of the sugar beet and consisting either wholly or essentially of sucrose.
- Includes minor sugar crops of local importance. In the case of saps, production is to be expressed in liquid equivalent.
- Sugar derived from sugar cane through traditional methods without centrifugation.
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Cane sugar or beet sugar processed by centrifuges. Processed further it is called Refined Sugar.
- Centrifugal sugar where molasses have been removed, 99.7% or higher purity.
- Residual molasses after refining sugar cane or beets.
- Natural sweetener and sugar substitute derived from the leaves of the plant species Stevia rebaudiana.
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Uncut and unshredded sugar canes suitable for milling.
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Most generally, polysaccharides of vegetal origin. Specifically starches from seeds, roots and tubers, or gums in the woody elements of plants or in seed coatings.
- Starch from the endosperm of maize kernels.
- Starch extracted from crushed potatoes.
- Germinated cereal grain that has been dried (a process known as "malting").
- Starch extracted from the roots of the cassava plant (manioc).
- Seed of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), an annual legume.
- Galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from guar beans by mechanically dehusking, hydrating, and milling.
- Residue of Guar gum extraction from the Guar bean.
- Dried exudate from the trunks and branches of Acacia senegal or Vachellia (Acacia) seyal in the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
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Parts of the plants whose main economic value is in their anchorage or storage organs, roots or tubers, respectively.
- Starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum.
- Starchy tubers or Ipomoea batatas from the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae.
- Starchy tubers of plant species in the genus Dioscorea that form edible tubers.
- Starchy tubers of Manihot esculenta.
- Starchy corms of Colocasia esculenta.
- Starchy corms of several plant species in the genus Xanthosoma.
- Roots of Cichorium intybus.
- Any other roots or tubers.
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Fruits or seeds of plants in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae). Either fresh (legumes) or dried (pulses).
- Seed of annual legume Cicer arietinum.
- Seed of Vigna angularis.
- Seed of Vigna radiata.
- Seed of Vigna mungo.
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The ripened reproductive body of a seed plant
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Fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae.
- Fruit of Citrus x sinensis.
- Fruit of Citrus tangerina, Citrus reticulata, Citrus x clementina, or Citrus unshiu.
- Fruit of Citrus limon.
- Fruit of the hybrids produced from citrons (Citrus medica), mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata), or pomeloes (Citrus maxima) and the lime varieties (Citrus hystrix var. micrantha).
- Fruit of Citrus x paradisi.
- Fruit of Citrus maxima.
- Any other fruit of plants in the Citrus genus.
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Fruit produced by flowering plants in the subtribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae.
- Fruit of Malus domestica.
- Fruit of trees in the genus Pyrus, in particular Pyrus communis, Pyrus x bretschneideri, and Pyrus pyrifolia.
- Fruit of Cydonia oblonga.
- Any other fruit of plants in the subtribe Malinae.
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Fruits of the botanical family Rosaceae that contain a single hard seed, called a stone, pit, or pip.
- Fruit of many plants of the genus Prunus different from apricots, e.g. Prunus avium (sweet cherry) or Prunus cerasus (sour cherries).
- Fruit of several species in the genus Prunus different from cherries, e.g. Prunus armeniaca, Prunus brigantina, etc.
- Fruit of Prunus persica.
- Fruit of some species in Prunus subg. Prunus, e.g. Prunus domestica.
- Any other drupes.
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Fruit with fleshy pericarp, containing one or many seeds.
- Fruit of Fragaria x ananassa.
- Fruit of many plant species in the genus Rubus, most of which in the subgenus Idaeobatus.
- Fruit of many species of Ribes that are not currants, e.g. Ribes uva-crispa.
- Fruit of many species of Ribes that are not gooseberries, e.g. Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum.
- Fruit of species in the section Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium, e.g. Vaccinium caesariense.
- Fruit of species in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium, e.g. Vaccinium oxycoccos.
- Fruit of any other shrubs and bushes whose fruits are berries, excluding those that are classified as tropical fruits.
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Tropical fruit is any fruit produced by a tree native to the tropics. The tropics are generally defined as the region of the globe between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
- Fruit of many cultivars in the genus Musa.
- Fruit of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia.
- Fruit of Mangifera indica.
- Fruit of Ziziphus jujuba.
- Fruit of Persea americana.
- Fruit of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).
- Fruit of Ficus carica.
- Fruit of Artocarpus heterophyllus.
- Fruit of Carica papaya.
- Fruit of Ananas comosus.
- Any other tropical fruits.
- Any other fruits.
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Fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae.
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Juice is a drink made by extracting or pressing the natural liquid contained in fruit. Fruit syrups (or fruit molasses) are concentrated fruit juices.
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Juices and syrups made by pressing citrus fruits.
- U.S. Grade A frozen concentrate of sweet oranges with a Brix value of at least 62.5 degrees.
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Juices and syrups made by pressing pome fruits.
- Concentrate of pressed apples.
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Juices and syrups made by pressing citrus fruits.
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Seed, fruit, root, bark, salt, or other plant substance primarily used for flavouring or colouring food.
- Spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae.
- Spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum.
- Seed or ground spice of several species of the genus Myristica.
- Spice made from the reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed.
- Rhizome of Ginger (Zingiber officinale).
- Rhizome of Curcuma longa of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.
- Dried seed of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae.
- Dried seeds of Coriandrum sativum in the family Apiaceae.
- Spice derived from the seed pods of orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia).
- Dried drupe of Black pepper (Piper nigrum) in the family Piperaceae.
- Dried unripe berry of Pimenta dioica.
- Spicy fruit of plants in the genus Capsicum.
- Any other spices.
- Leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavouring or as a garnish.
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Plants or plant parts that, if activated, e.g. by heating, infusion, etc., stimulate the central nervous system.
- Stone inside the cherry of the Coffea plant.
- Seeds from the pod of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao).
- Seeds from the pod of the carob shrub (Ceratonia siliqua).
- Cured or fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis, or rarely Camellia taliensis.
- Dried or fresh leaves of the Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis).
- Other leaves or plant parts that are consumed by infusion.
- Cured or fresh leaves of several plants in the genus Nicotiana.
- Wet or dried seed cones (strobiles) of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus).
- Any other plant or plant parts with stimulatory effects.
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Domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fibre, and labour.
- Large domesticated ungulates in the species Bos taurus.
- Domesticated animal in the species Bubalus bualis.
- Domesticated animal in the species Ovis aries.
- Domesticated animal in the subspecies Capra aegagrus hircus.
- Domesticated even-toed ungulate in the species Sus scrofa domesticus.
- Domesticated animal in the subspecies Gallus gallus domesticus, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
- Domesticated aninmal in the species Meleagris gallopavo domesticus.
- Domesticated animal in the subspecies Anas platyrhynchos domesticus.
- Domesticated animal in the species Anser anser domesticus or Anser cygnoides domesticus.
- Domesticated bird in the subspecies Columba livia domestica.
- Other birds, gamebirds, or domestic birds bred or hunted for consumption, such as quail, ostrich, Guinea fowl, etc.
- Domesticated odd-toed, hoofed mammal in the species Equus ferus caballus.
- Domesticated hoofed mammal in the subspecies Equus africanus asinus
- Domestic equine hybrid between a donkey and a horse, Equus africanus asinus x Equus ferus caballus
- Even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits (humps) on its back.
- Any other animals in the family Camelidae.
- Small mammals in the family Leporidae.
- Any other rodents of economic value.
- Any other live animals.
- Any other live animals not kept for food.
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Animal fats and oils are lipids derived from animals: oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid.
- Rendered beef fat.
- Rendered fat of the buffalo.
- Rendered mutton fat.
- Rendered fatty tissue of a goat.
- Rendered fatty tissue of a pig.
- Rendered fat of, typically, waterfowl, e.g. ducks and geese.
- Rendered hump of a camel.
- Rendering of fatty tissue of any other member of Camelidae.
- Rendered tissue of oily fish, e.g. tuna or salmon.
- Rendering of fatty tissue of any other animal.
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Edible products from slaughtered animals, such as meat, offal, and bones, excluding edible or inedible products used as material, e.g. skins and hides.
- Meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle.
- Meat of the water buffalo.
- Meat of domestic sheep (Ovis aries).
- Meat of the domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus).
- Meat of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).
- Meat of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus).
- Meat from turkeys, typically domesticated turkeys but also wild turkeys.
- Meat of several species of bird in the family Anatidae.
- Goose is the meat of domesticated or wild geese.
- Meat of domestic pigeons, or more broadly of all dove and pigeon species.
- Meat from other birds bred or hunted for consumption, such as quail, ostrich, Guinea fowl, etc.
- Meat from domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus).
- Meat from domestic asses (Equus africanus asinus).
- Meat from mules (Equus africanus asinus x Equus ferus caballus).
- Meat from camels (species in the genus Camelus).
- Meat from any other camelids (species in the family Camelidae).
- Meat from animals in the family Leporidae.
- Meat from domestic animals in the order Rodentia, excluding non-domestic but indigenous animals (cf. 253540 Indigenous Meat).
- Saltwater fish in the tribe Thunnini that has been gutted and put on ice.
- Several species in the family Salmonidae that have been gutted and put on ice.
- Any other oily fish that has been gutted and put on ice.
- Meat from any other animals.
- Viscera (internal organs) and entrails of a butchered animal.
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Fresh meat or meat that has been reduced to fragments which has had foodstuffs, seasonings or additives added to it or which has undergone processes.
- Meat that has been dehydrated, i.e. hot-air-dried or cured with salt. Freeze-dried meat is to be considered fresh.
- Residue of fat extraction (by rendering).
- Blood that has been dehydrated, i.e. hot-air-dried, drum dried, flash dried, or spray dried.
- Meat or meat products or meat preparations from wildlife species that are hunted rather than grown.
- Meat or meat products or meat preparations from animals that have been bred and grown under natural living conditions and feed.
- Any other meat products or meat preparations.
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Produce sourced from animals without slaughtering them.
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Raw cow milk with all its constituents that is not concentrated, pasteurized, sterilized or other-wise preserved, homogenized or peptonized.
- Milk in which the fat content is adjusted to a predetermined value without altering any other constituents.
- Milk and cream from which water has been partly removed after heat-treating and concentrating. Normally sucrose is added to give the product stability and bacteriological safety.
- Milk and cream from which the water has been partly removed and which has been heat- treated to render it bacteriologically safe and stable.
- Milk and cream from which water has been completely removed by various methods. In form of powder, granules or other solid forms. May contain added sugar or other sweeteners.
- That portion of milk which is rich in milk fat and is separated by skimming or centrifuging.
- Emulsion of milk fat and water that is obtained by churning cream. Trade data cover butter from the milk of any animal.
- Butter from which the water has been removed. Very common in hot countries. Includes also anhydrous butterfat or butter oil.
- Milk from which most of the fat has been removed.
- Same as 25401011, but applied to skim milk.
- Same as 25401012, but applied to skim milk.
- Same as 25401013, but from skim milk. Normally does not exceed 1.5% fat content.
- Liquid part of the milk that remains after the separation of curd in cheese making.
- Pasteurised fresh whey where some of the liquid has been evaporated in a vaccum.
- Condensed whey where all water has been removed.
- Curd of milk that has been coagulated and separated from whey. May include some whole milk.
- Curd of milk that has been coagulated and separated from whey. May include some skimmed milk.
- Made from fresh whey by coagulating, e.g. by heat or acid.
- Made from cheese and unfermented dairy ingredients mixed with emulsifiers.
- Milk inoculated with a culture of Lactococcus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus plus Leuconostoc citrovorum.
- Buttermilk where water has been removed, e.g. by spray drying or roller drying.
- Milk inoculated with yoghurt cultures, may include additives such as sugar, flavouring materials, fruit or cocoa.
- Yoghurt where the whey has been removed by straining.
- Main sugar constituent of milk, obtained from whey permeate.
- Main protein constituent of milk, obtained from skimmed milk by precipitation (curdling) with acids or rennet.
- Product obtained by adding water, fat, etc. to milk powder.
- Product that is included in Item 125 on the Import Control List (ICL).
- Milk or cream base with sweeteners, eggs, etc.
- Milk products not classified elsewhere.
- Milk from water buffalo cows.
- Milk from ewes.
- Milk from nannies.
- Milk from camel cows.
- Milk from any other female mammal.
- Oval reproductive body of hens used as food.
- Oval reproductive body of ducks used as food.
- Any other bird eggs.
- Honey produced by bees (Apis mellifera) or by other insects.
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Raw cow milk with all its constituents that is not concentrated, pasteurized, sterilized or other-wise preserved, homogenized or peptonized.
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Food from the controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms.
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Oily fish that has been gutted and put on ice.
- Saltwater fish in the tribe Thunnini that has been gutted and put on ice.
- Several species in the family Salmonidae that have been gutted and put on ice.
- Any other oily fish that has been gutted and put on ice.
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Order of Crustaceans within the class Malacostraca whose meat is considered a delicacy.
- Salt water crustaceans of the family Nephropidae.
- Freshwater crustaceans of the family Astacidea.
- Decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura.
- Decapod crustaceans of the suborder Dendrobranchiata.
- Decapod crustaceans of the family Crangonidae.
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Oily fish that has been gutted and put on ice.
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Any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain. Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa and chia, are referred to as pseudocereals.
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Commodities used as inputs to manufacturing processes to produce prodcts or more complex materials.
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Plants or plant parts that are primarily harvested for their fibre, or fibre products of vegetal origin.
- Soft, fluffy fibre from the boll of the plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.
- Fibre extracted from the bast beneath the surface of the stem of the flax plant.
- Retted (or unretted) stalks of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum).
- Fibre extracted from the bast of the cultivars of Cannabis sativa.
- Fibre extracted from the bast of plants in the genus Corchorus, primarily Corchorus olitorius, or alternatively Corchorus capsularis.
- Fibre that shares most of the mechanical properties and the look of jute.
- Fibre extracted from the leaf-stems of Musa textilis.
- Decorticated leaf stems or fibre extracted from the leaf-stems of Agave sisalana, possibly dried, brushed and baled.
- Any other fibre extracted from the leaf-stems of agaves.
- Fibre obtained of the seed pods of Ceiba pentandra.
- Decorticated leaf stems or fibre obtained from the inner bark (phloem) of the vegetative stalks of the Ramie plant, possibly degummed.
- Fibre extracted from the outer husk of coconut.
- Any other fibre of vegetal origin.
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Fibres that are produced by animals. Most notably they comprise bristles, hair, wool, and silk.
- Wool straight off a sheep, i.e. unscoured.
- Wool of the shoulder and sides, less than 20 microns in diameter.
- Hair of goat with diameters >30 microns.
- Hair of goat with diameters <30 microns.
- Long hair growing on the manes and tails of horses.
- Cocoons of the silkworm (Bombyx mori).
- Other hair of animal origin.
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Oleochemicals are products derived from vegetal oils and fats, e.g. by hydrolysis, transesterification, or hydrogenation.
- Oleochemical derived by transesterification of fats with methanol, usually blended with petrodiesel.
- Thermoplastic polyester obtained by condensation of lactic acid, a monomer made from fermented plant starch such as from corn, cassava, sugarcane or sugar beet pulp.
- Polyamide produced by the polymerization of 11-aminoundecanoic acid which is produced from castor beans under the trade name Rilsan.
- Simplest hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds, formula CH2=CH2.
- Unsaturated compound with one double bond, formula CH3CH=CH.
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Material derived from forestry for direct consumption or commercial use.
- Standing or felled trees.
- Wood that has been processed into beams and planks.
- Material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer.
- Material made out of wood fibres.
- Fuel for a pellet stove made from compacted sawdust.
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Material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water.
- Material consisting mainly of wood pulp and most commonly used to print newspapers and other publications and advertising material.
- Material made out of natural unbleached wood fibres for the production of corrugated board.
- Material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibres from wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags.
- Material made from cellulose obtained by breaking down waste paper.
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Biodegradable solid or highly viscous compounds.
- Field latex, raw caucho or caoutchouc, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water.
- Any other resin.
- Centrifuged and ammoniated field latex that has been processed into latex concentrate.
- Field latex that has been transferred into coagulation tanks
- Naturally coagulated rubber (cup lump) that has been reduced in size, cleaned and dried, then baled and palletised for storage and shipment.
- Coagulated latex sheets that have been air dried or smoked in ovens.
- Waxy substnce of plnt origin, e.g. rice bran wax or sunflower wax.
- Natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis.
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Compounds that do not contain a C atom. Exceptions are made for isocyanide/cyanide and their non-hydrocarbyl derivatives, thiophosgene, carbon diselenide, carbon monosulfide, carbon disulfide, carbon subsulfide, carbon monoxide, carbon trioxide, carbon suboxide, and dicarbon monoxide.
- Sodium carbonate.
- Non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid.
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Intermetallics are metallic alloys that form ordered solid-state compounds between two or more metallic elements.
- Alloy of iron and silicon with a typical silicon content by weight of 15%-90%.
- Alloy of manganese and silicon.
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Compounds that contain at least one carbon atom, excluding the exceptions made for inorganic compounds.
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Macromolecules composed of many repeating units.
- Polymer made up of vinyl chloride monomers (VCM).
- Polymer made up of ethylene monomers (ethene).
- Thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family, formula (C10H8O4)n.
- Polymer made up of propylene monomers (propene).
- Polymer made up of styrene monomers, formula (C8H8)n.
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Aromatic compounds containing one or more benzene rings.
- Compound of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each, formula C6H6.
- Fusion of two benzene rings, formula C10H8.
- Derivative of benzene bearing a vinyl functional group (ethylene, ethene) at one position, formula C6H5CH=CH2.
- Derivative of benzene bearing two methyl groups at the 1- and 4-positions.
- Derivative of benzene bearing a carboxylic acid group at the 1- and 4-positions.
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Compounds that carry at least one hydroxyl functional group (bOH) bound to a saturated carbon atom.
- Methanol or methyl alcohol.
- Ethanol or ethyl alcohol.
- Ethane-1,2-diol, formula (CH2OH)2.
- Propanol or propyl alcohol.
- Butanol or butyl alcohol.
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Macromolecules composed of many repeating units.
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Substances providing nutrients to plants.
- Compound of two -NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl group (C=O), formula CO(NH2)2.
- Compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, formula NH3.
- Compound of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-).
- Solution of urea and ammonium nitrate in water.
- Ion with formula PO2(NH2)2-.
- Compound of ammonium (NH4+) and dihydrogen phosphate (PO2(OH)2-).
- Various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form.
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Substances meant to control pests.
- Substance to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.
- Substance to control insects by targeting insect eggs or larvae.
- Substance to control plant-parasitic nematodes.
- Substance to control bacteria.
- Substance to control parasitic fungi or their spores.
- Specific animal repellents, in particular molluscicides, piscicides, avicides, and rodenticides.
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Plants or plant parts that are primarily harvested for their fibre, or fibre products of vegetal origin.
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Commoditized goods are tradables that have been made fungible by standardisation.
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Contractual arrangements for carrying cargo, voyage charter, contract of affreightment, time charter and the bareboat charter.
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Cargo carried by tanker at a freight rate.
- Tanker for dirty loads, i.e. crude oils.
- Tanker for clean loads, i.e. refined products excluding gases.
- Tanker for gas loads, i.e. liquefied natural gas or petroleum gas.
- Cargoes on a per container basis.
- Bulk cargoes on a time-charter or tonne voyage basis.
- Freight shipped in an aircraft.
- Premium of one freight rate over another to a different location, or with different shipping agreements.
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Cargo carried by tanker at a freight rate.
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Financial instrument to reduce risk associated with adverse or unexpected weather conditions.
- An aggregate of (average, trimmed mean, daily high, daily low) temperature as measured by a (set of) reference weather stations over a pre-defined time period. Sometimes capped/floored under the name heating degree days/cooling degree days, respectively.
- Product that tracks the (average, trimmed mean, minimum, maxium, ...) rainfall in a region over a predefined time period.
- Product that tracks damages incurred by abnormal weather conditions or their consequences such as typhoons, hurricanes, or floods.
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Permits and allowances in writing issued by a central authority (usually a governmental body) that allow a discharge of a specific quantity of a specific pollutant over a set time period.
- Permits and allowances specifically for carbon dioxide (CO2) emission.
- Permits and allowances specifically for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions.
- Permits and allowances specifically for sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission.
- Tradable, non-tangible energy commodities that represent proof that 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from an eligible renewable energy resource and was fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy.
- Tradable tracking instrument generated by the production of biofuels to verify refiner or obligated party compliance with the blending requirements of the Renewable Fuel Standard.
- Emission Reduction Unit that represents a reduction of greenhouse gases under the Joint Implementation mechanism, where it represents one tonne of CO2 equivalent reduced.
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Ownership interest in water.
- Entitlement to divert a river or pump water from a river or lake.
- Entitlement to pump groundwater above a certain level.
- Entitlement to use the water in a surface storage reservoir.
- Entitlement to use treated wastewater.
- Levy on specific commodities, financial transactions, estates, etc. rather than being a direct imposition on individuals or corporations such income or property taxes.
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Contractual arrangements for carrying cargo, voyage charter, contract of affreightment, time charter and the bareboat charter.
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Product whose underlying is, generally, non-physical.
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Money is characterised by the following properties (1) a medium of exchange, (2) a unit of account, (3) a store of value, (4) a standard of deferred payment.
- Currency excluding privately issued (digital) currency and notes.
- Product that tracks the variance or volatility of currency pairs.
- Digital currency including virtual currencies or cryptocurrencies.
- Portfolio of selected currencies with a preagreed weighting.
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Tradeable debt or rate instrument that provides a return in the form of fixed periodic interest payments and/or the eventual return of principal at maturity.
- Debt security issued by a government to fund government spending.
- Rates with tenors of up to 12 months.
- Interest rate swaps, vanilla, basis, etc.
- Forward rate agreement, one payment of an IRS.
- Overnight Index Swaps, float/float or compounded.
- Securities that offset or are linked to a predefined inflation index, e.g. a coupon that adds realised inflation during the interest accrual period.
- Product that tracks the performance of a basket of fixed-income securities, e.g. a bond index.
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Ownership of assets that may have debt and liabilities attached to them.
- Derivative products with a single stock or ETF as underlying.
- Product that tracks the dividend of a stock or stock index.
- Product that tracks the variance or volatility of a stock or stock index.
- Product that tracks the performance of stock indices.
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Property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water.
- Product that track the performance of a REIT.
- Product that track some quality of properties, e.g. rents or average sales prices in a particular area.
- Derivative product with a basket of properties or REITs as underlying.
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Generally non-deliverable product that cannot be classified elsewhere.
- Non-deliverable product that tracks the performance of a basket of commodities.
- Product over an index that cannot be categorised elsewhere.
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Money is characterised by the following properties (1) a medium of exchange, (2) a unit of account, (3) a store of value, (4) a standard of deferred payment.
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Ephemerals are products for the purpose of transition or testing, they might be temporary or not tradable at all.
- Product that can be bought and sold without delivery or payment.
- Catch-all category, to be used when no other category fits but it needs to be documented that classification has been tried.