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<p>大约是自 Windows 10 1709 更新之后（或许是 1809？2004？），莫名其妙的存在类似“端口被占用”这样的问题，比如像下面这样的报错信息：</p>
<figure class="highlight text"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Error: listen EACCES: permission denied 0.0.0.0:3000</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>或者启动 SS 时提示：</p>
<figure class="highlight text"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Shadowsocks Error: Port already in use</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>又或者启动 Docker 时提示：</p>
<figure class="highlight text"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Error starting userland proxy: Bind for 0.0.0.0:50051: unexpected error Permission denied.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>电脑重启几次之后，以上报错可能会消失，一切又恢复正常。</p>
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<p>在 IntelliJ 平台 IDE 中（如 PyCharm、IntelliJ IDEA 等），Ctrl+Shift+F 快捷键通常指在项目所有文件中搜索对应的关键词，这是一个常用的功能，然而近期笔者发现此快捷键莫名其妙的失效了（其他快捷键都工作良好），这很可能是与别的程序的快捷键相冲突导致的，经排查，是与 Windows 10 中微软拼音的简繁转换快捷键冲突。</p>
<p>解决步骤依次为：<strong>设置</strong> ——> <strong>时间和语言</strong> ——> <strong>语言</strong> ——> <strong>中文（简体，中国）</strong>——> <strong>选项</strong> ——> <strong>微软拼音</strong> ——> <strong>选项</strong> ——> <strong>按键</strong> ——> <strong>简体/繁体中文输入切换</strong>，可以将其改为另一个键或者直接将其关闭。</p>
<p>此解决方案可能并不适应于每个人，具体还是要找到那个冲突的快捷键。</p>
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<p>从 2020 年末开始，微软逐步向 Windows 10 用户推送了 WSL 2 更新，WSL 2 相比 WSL 1 是一个巨大的变化，最显著的改变在于 WSL 2 开始采用 Hyper-V 虚拟机来运行 Linux，这会解决之前 WSL 的很多问题，但也可以看作是 WSL 项目的失败，本文所描述的主体为 WSL 2，有关 WSL 1 的相关内容请参考 <a href="/2018/08/21/wsl-problem/" title="WSL 相关问题解决">WSL 相关问题解决</a>。</p>
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<h2 id="并发与并行"><a href="#并发与并行" class="headerlink" title="并发与并行"></a>并发与并行</h2><p>并发与并行，这是一个老生常谈的问题，简单来说，<strong>并发</strong>（concurrent）指的是在某个<strong>时间段</strong>内有多个程序在执行，而<strong>并行</strong>（parallel）指的是在某个<strong>时间点</strong>有多个程序在执行。</p>
<p>这也就是说，在某种程度上而言，<strong>并发是伪并行</strong>，真正的并行需要多个核心。由于现代计算机的核心往往是有限的，但通常运行的程序远大于核心数，所以在计算机科学中，<strong>并发</strong>往往是我们探讨的重点。</p>
<p>Go 语言的创造者之一 Rob Pike 就曾经指出：</p>
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<p>并发用于制定方案，用来解决可能（但未必）并行的问题。</p>
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<p>本文翻译自 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://uberpython.wordpress.com/2012/09/23/why-im-not-leaving-python-for-go/">https://uberpython.wordpress.com/2012/09/23/why-im-not-leaving-python-for-go/</a> ，原文标题为 <em>Why I’m not leaving Python for Go</em>，译文如下：</p>
<hr>
<p>首先，Go 似乎是一门很棒的语言。它有一个<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://tour.golang.org/welcome/1">很棒的教程</a>，我乐此不疲地去看，发现：</p>
<ul>
<li>Go 很快。</li>
<li>在设计上支持并发。</li>
<li>类型化（对 JIT 和 IDE 来说很重要），但不像 C 或 C++ 的<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://c-faq.com/decl/spiral.anderson.html">螺旋形</a>那样繁琐和丑陋。</li>
<li>鸭子类型的接口。</li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#defer">延迟（defer）</a>机制真的很精巧。</li>
</ul>
<p>但是有一个问题我不能接受。这是个遗憾，因为我很想以并发的名义进行信仰的飞跃。这个问题就是<strong>用返回值来进行错误处理</strong>。这简直像 70 年代的风格。</p>
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<p>本文讨论现代密码学中的对称加密。</p>
<p>对称加密技术有两种宽泛的类型：<strong>块密码</strong>（block cipher）和<strong>流密码</strong>（stream cipher）。块密码用在多种因特网协议的加密中，包括 PGP、<a href="/2018/05/11/https/" title="HTTPS 运行机制">SSL</a> 和 <a href="/2018/05/11/ipsec/" title="IPSec 运行机制">IPsec</a> 等；流密码用在无线 LAN 的安全性中。</p>
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<p><strong>DHCP</strong>（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，<strong>动态主机配置协议</strong>）允许主机自动获取（被分配）一个 IP 地址。网络管理员能够配置 DHCP，以使某给定主机每次与网络连接时能得到一个相同的 IP 地址，或者某主机将被分配一个<strong>临时的 IP 地址</strong>（temporary IP address），每次与网络连接时该地址也许是不同的。除了主机 IP 地址分配外，DHCP 还允许一台主机得知其他信息，例如它的子网掩码、它的第一跳路由器地址（常称为<strong>默认网关</strong>）与它的本地 DNS 服务器的地址。</p>
<p>由于 DHCP 具有将主机连接进一个网络的网络相关方面的自动能力，故它又常被称为<strong>即插即用协议</strong>（plug-and-play protocol）或<strong>零配置（zeroconf）协议</strong>。</p>
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<p><strong>ICMP</strong>（Internet Control Message Protocol，<strong>因特网控制报文协议</strong>）被主机和路由器用来彼此沟通网络层的信息。ICMP 最典型的用途是差错报告。</p>
<p>ICMP 报文有一个类型字段和一个编码字段，并且包含引起该 ICMP 首次生成的 IP 数据报的首部和前 8 个字节（以便发送方能确定引发该差错的数据报）。下表是相关的 ICMP 报文类型：</p>
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<a href="/2021/03/06/arp/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">ARP 运行机制</a>
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