diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
index 293d3e4de6e..b4804d01ad0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ env:
   FORCE_COLOR: "1"
   PYTHONDEVMODE: "1"  # -X dev
   PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING: "1"  # -X warn_default_encoding
+  UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: "1"  # make uv do global installs
 
 jobs:
   ubuntu:
@@ -124,6 +125,38 @@ jobs:
         DO_EPUBCHECK: "1"
         EPUBCHECK_PATH: "/tmp/epubcheck/epubcheck-5.1.0/epubcheck.jar"
 
+  oldest-supported:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: Oldest supported
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3"
+    - name: Check Python version
+      run: python --version --version
+    - name: Install graphviz
+      run: sudo apt-get install graphviz
+    - name: Install uv
+      run: > 
+        curl 
+        --location 
+        --fail
+        --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 
+        --silent --show-error 
+        https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh
+        | sh
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        uv pip install .[test] --resolution lowest-direct
+        uv pip install alabaster==1.0.0
+    - name: Test with pytest
+      run: python -m pytest -vv --durations 25
+      env:
+        PYTHONWARNINGS: "error"  # treat all warnings as errors
+
   latex:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: LaTeX
diff --git a/.github/workflows/nodejs.yml b/.github/workflows/nodejs.yml
index b7f6f21bd8d..fece8861873 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/nodejs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/nodejs.yml
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ on:
       - ".github/workflows/nodejs.yml"
       - "sphinx/themes/**.js"
       - "tests/js/**"
-      - "karma.conf.js"
       - "package.json"
       - "package-lock.json"
   pull_request:
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ on:
       - ".github/workflows/nodejs.yml"
       - "sphinx/themes/**.js"
       - "tests/js/**"
-      - "karma.conf.js"
       - "package.json"
       - "package-lock.json"
 
diff --git a/.ruff.toml b/.ruff.toml
index 2b0e3434aa9..608c811da7c 100644
--- a/.ruff.toml
+++ b/.ruff.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 target-version = "py310"  # Pin Ruff to Python 3.10
-line-length = 95
+line-length = 88
 output-format = "full"
 
 extend-exclude = [
@@ -427,6 +427,9 @@ select = [
     "ANN",  # utilities don't need annotations
 ]
 
+[lint.pycodestyle]
+max-line-length = 95
+
 [lint.flake8-quotes]
 inline-quotes = "single"
 
@@ -482,18 +485,4 @@ exclude = [
     "sphinx/transforms/*",
     "sphinx/util/*",
     "sphinx/writers/*",
-    "tests/*",
-    "tests/roots/*",
-    "tests/test_builders/*",
-    "tests/test_config/*",
-    "tests/test_directives/*",
-    "tests/test_domains/*",
-    "tests/test_environment/*",
-    "tests/test_extensions/*",
-    "tests/test_intl/*",
-    "tests/test_markup/*",
-    "tests/test_pycode/*",
-    "tests/test_transforms/*",
-    "tests/test_util/*",
-    "tests/test_writers/*",
 ]
diff --git a/CHANGES.rst b/CHANGES.rst
index e3c1e5d0e6c..b75cccaca27 100644
--- a/CHANGES.rst
+++ b/CHANGES.rst
@@ -4,15 +4,33 @@ Release 8.1.0 (in development)
 Dependencies
 ------------
 
+* #12756: Add lower-bounds to the ``sphinxcontrib-*`` dependencies.
+  Patch by Adam Turner.
+
 Incompatible changes
 --------------------
 
+* #12763: Remove unused internal class ``sphinx.util.Tee``.
+  Patch by Adam Turner.
+
 Deprecated
 ----------
 
+* #12762: Deprecate ``sphinx.util.import_object``.
+  Use :py:func:`importlib.import_module` instead.
+  Patch by Adam Turner.
+* #12766: Deprecate ``sphinx.util.FilenameUniqDict``
+  and ``sphinx.util.DownloadFiles``.
+  Patch by Adam Turner.
+
 Features added
 --------------
 
+* #11328: Mention evaluation of templated content during production of static
+  output files.
+* #12474: Support type-dependent search result highlighting via CSS.
+  Patch by Tim Hoffmann.
+
 Bugs fixed
 ----------
 
@@ -23,12 +41,22 @@ Bugs fixed
   strings in a codeline when the problem has actually been solved thanks
   to :ref:`latexsphinxsetupforcewraps`.
   Patch by Jean-François B.
-
 * #12730: The ``UnreferencedFootnotesDetector`` transform has been improved
   to more consistently detect unreferenced footnotes.
   Note, the priority of the transform has been changed from 200 to 622,
   so that it now runs after the docutils ``Footnotes`` resolution transform.
   Patch by Chris Sewell.
+* #12587: Do not warn when potential ambiguity detected during Intersphinx
+  resolution occurs due to duplicate targets that differ case-insensitively.
+  Patch by James Addison.
+* #12639: Fix singular and plural search results text.
+  Patch by Hugo van Kemenade.
+* #12645: Correctly support custom gettext output templates.
+  Patch by Jeremy Bowman.
 
 Testing
 -------
+
+* #12141: Migrate from the deprecated ``karma`` JavaScript test framework to
+  the actively-maintained ``jasmine`` framework.  Test coverage is unaffected.
+  Patch by James Addison.
diff --git a/doc/_themes/sphinx13/static/sphinx13.css b/doc/_themes/sphinx13/static/sphinx13.css
index e008e2fa36b..b0501d34394 100644
--- a/doc/_themes/sphinx13/static/sphinx13.css
+++ b/doc/_themes/sphinx13/static/sphinx13.css
@@ -691,7 +691,28 @@ div.sphinx-feature > p.admonition-title::before {
     justify-content: center;
     gap: 10px;
 }
-
 .sphinx-users-logos .headerlink {
     display: none;
 }
+
+/* -- search results -------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+    padding-left: 30px;
+}
+ul.search li {
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 10px;
+    list-style-type: "\25A1";  /* Unicode: White Square */
+}
+ul.search li.context-index {
+    list-style-type: "\1F4D1";  /* Unicode: Bookmark Tabs */
+}
+ul.search li.context-object {
+    list-style-type: "\1F4E6";  /* Unicode: Package */
+}
+ul.search li.context-title {
+    list-style-type: "\1F4C4";  /* Unicode: Page Facing Up */
+}
+ul.search li.context-text {
+    list-style-type: "\1F4C4";  /* Unicode: Page Facing Up */
+}
diff --git a/doc/conf.py b/doc/conf.py
index ffb9d19bd07..fc86fcd6d98 100644
--- a/doc/conf.py
+++ b/doc/conf.py
@@ -77,7 +77,14 @@
 epub_description = 'Sphinx documentation generator system manual'
 
 latex_documents = [
-    ('index', 'sphinx.tex', 'Sphinx Documentation', 'the Sphinx developers', 'manual', 1)
+    (
+        'index',
+        'sphinx.tex',
+        'Sphinx Documentation',
+        'the Sphinx developers',
+        'manual',
+        1,
+    )
 ]
 latex_logo = '_static/sphinx.png'
 latex_elements = {
@@ -324,7 +331,9 @@ def setup(app: Sphinx) -> None:
     app.connect('autodoc-process-docstring', cut_lines(4, what=['module']))
     app.connect('include-read', linkify_issues_in_changelog)
     app.connect('build-finished', build_redirects)
-    fdesc = GroupedField('parameter', label='Parameters', names=['param'], can_collapse=True)
+    fdesc = GroupedField(
+        'parameter', label='Parameters', names=['param'], can_collapse=True
+    )
     app.add_object_type(
         'event',
         'event',
diff --git a/doc/development/html_themes/index.rst b/doc/development/html_themes/index.rst
index 35a3b363a36..18a345d3f71 100644
--- a/doc/development/html_themes/index.rst
+++ b/doc/development/html_themes/index.rst
@@ -221,6 +221,64 @@ If your theme package contains two or more themes, please call
    ``sphinx.html_themes`` entry_points feature.
 
 
+Styling with CSS
+----------------
+
+The :confval:`!stylesheets` setting can be used to add custom CSS files to a theme.
+
+.. caution::
+
+   The structure of the HTML elements and their classes are currently not a
+   well-defined public API. Please infer them from inspecting the built HTML
+   pages. While we cannot guarantee full stability, they tend to be fairly
+   stable.
+
+Styling search result entries by category
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. versionadded:: 8.0
+
+The search result items have classes indicating the context in which the
+search term was found. You can use the CSS selectors:
+
+- ``ul.search li.context-index``:
+  For results in an index, such as the glossary
+- ``ul.search li.context-object``:
+  For results in source code, like Python function definitions
+- ``ul.search li.context-title``:
+  For results found in section headings
+- ``ul.search li.context-text``:
+  For results found anywhere else in the documentation text
+
+As a base for inheritance by other themes, the ``basic`` theme is
+intentionally minimal and does not define CSS rules using these.
+Derived themes are encouraged to use these selectors as they see fit.
+For example, the following stylesheet adds contextual icons to the
+search result list:
+
+.. code-block:: css
+
+    ul.search {
+        padding-left: 30px;
+    }
+    ul.search li {
+        padding: 5px 0 5px 10px;
+        list-style-type: "\25A1";  /* Unicode: White Square */
+    }
+    ul.search li.context-index {
+        list-style-type: "\1F4D1";  /* Unicode: Bookmark Tabs */
+    }
+    ul.search li.context-object {
+        list-style-type: "\1F4E6";  /* Unicode: Package */
+    }
+    ul.search li.context-title {
+        list-style-type: "\1F4C4";  /* Unicode: Page Facing Up */
+    }
+    ul.search li.context-text {
+        list-style-type: "\1F4C4";  /* Unicode: Page Facing Up */
+    }
+
+
 Templating
 ----------
 
diff --git a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/recipe.py b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/recipe.py
index baf85fe3e2c..9848629216a 100644
--- a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/recipe.py
+++ b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/recipe.py
@@ -62,7 +62,15 @@ def generate(self, docnames=None):
         for ingredient, recipe_names in ingredient_recipes.items():
             for recipe_name in recipe_names:
                 dispname, typ, docname, anchor = recipes[recipe_name]
-                content[ingredient].append((dispname, 0, docname, anchor, docname, '', typ))
+                content[ingredient].append((
+                    dispname,
+                    0,
+                    docname,
+                    anchor,
+                    docname,
+                    '',
+                    typ,
+                ))
 
         # convert the dict to the sorted list of tuples expected
         content = sorted(content.items())
@@ -153,7 +161,14 @@ def add_recipe(self, signature, ingredients):
 
         self.data['recipe_ingredients'][name] = ingredients
         # name, dispname, type, docname, anchor, priority
-        self.data['recipes'].append((name, signature, 'Recipe', self.env.docname, anchor, 0))
+        self.data['recipes'].append((
+            name,
+            signature,
+            'Recipe',
+            self.env.docname,
+            anchor,
+            0,
+        ))
 
 
 def setup(app: Sphinx) -> ExtensionMetadata:
diff --git a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py
index 4e9dc66855e..25aedfb0543 100644
--- a/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py
+++ b/doc/development/tutorials/examples/todo.py
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ def purge_todos(app, env, docname):
     if not hasattr(env, 'todo_all_todos'):
         return
 
-    env.todo_all_todos = [todo for todo in env.todo_all_todos if todo['docname'] != docname]
+    env.todo_all_todos = [
+        todo for todo in env.todo_all_todos if todo['docname'] != docname
+    ]
 
 
 def merge_todos(app, env, docnames, other):
@@ -98,7 +100,9 @@ def process_todo_nodes(app, doctree, fromdocname):
             newnode = nodes.reference('', '')
             innernode = nodes.emphasis(_('here'), _('here'))
             newnode['refdocname'] = todo_info['docname']
-            newnode['refuri'] = app.builder.get_relative_uri(fromdocname, todo_info['docname'])
+            newnode['refuri'] = app.builder.get_relative_uri(
+                fromdocname, todo_info['docname']
+            )
             newnode['refuri'] += '#' + todo_info['target']['refid']
             newnode.append(innernode)
             para += newnode
diff --git a/doc/extdev/deprecated.rst b/doc/extdev/deprecated.rst
index aa61768fb63..2a9cfb70601 100644
--- a/doc/extdev/deprecated.rst
+++ b/doc/extdev/deprecated.rst
@@ -22,6 +22,21 @@ The following is a list of deprecated interfaces.
      - Removed
      - Alternatives
 
+   * - ``sphinx.util.FilenameUniqDict``
+     - 8.1
+     - 10.0
+     - N/A
+
+   * - ``sphinx.util.DownloadFiles``
+     - 8.1
+     - 10.0
+     - N/A
+
+   * - ``sphinx.util.import_object``
+     - 8.1
+     - 10.0
+     - ``importlib.import_module``
+
    * - ``sphinx.ext.intersphinx.normalize_intersphinx_mapping``
      - 8.0
      - 10.0
diff --git a/doc/extdev/testing.rst b/doc/extdev/testing.rst
index 4153d445840..db03855bc43 100644
--- a/doc/extdev/testing.rst
+++ b/doc/extdev/testing.rst
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ Usage
 -----
 
 If you want to know more detailed usage,
-please refer to :file:`tests/conftest.py`` and other :file:`test_*.py` files
+please refer to :file:`tests/conftest.py` and other :file:`test_*.py` files
 under the :file:`tests/` directory.
diff --git a/doc/internals/contributing.rst b/doc/internals/contributing.rst
index e2981c0a1e6..0f387341658 100644
--- a/doc/internals/contributing.rst
+++ b/doc/internals/contributing.rst
@@ -174,10 +174,10 @@ Style and type checks can be run as follows:
 Unit tests
 ~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Sphinx is tested using pytest_ for Python code and Karma_ for JavaScript.
+Sphinx is tested using pytest_ for Python code and Jasmine_ for JavaScript.
 
 .. _pytest: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/
-.. _Karma: https://karma-runner.github.io
+.. _Jasmine: https://jasmine.github.io/
 
 To run Python unit tests, we recommend using :program:`tox`, which provides a number
 of targets and allows testing against multiple different Python environments:
@@ -216,13 +216,10 @@ To run JavaScript tests, use :program:`npm`:
 
 .. tip::
 
-   :program:`karma` requires a Firefox binary to use as a test browser.
+   :program:`jasmine` requires a Firefox binary to use as a test browser.
 
-   For Unix-based systems, you can specify the path to the Firefox binary using:
-
-   .. code-block:: shell
-
-      FIREFOX_BIN="/Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS/firefox" npm test
+   On Unix systems, you can check the presence and location of the ``firefox``
+   binary at the command-line by running ``command -v firefox``.
 
 New unit tests should be included in the :file:`tests/` directory where necessary:
 
diff --git a/doc/usage/advanced/intl.rst b/doc/usage/advanced/intl.rst
index 590ef0356e0..4d52c34debe 100644
--- a/doc/usage/advanced/intl.rst
+++ b/doc/usage/advanced/intl.rst
@@ -119,6 +119,11 @@ section describe an easy way to translate with *sphinx-intl*.
       $ make gettext
 
    The generated pot files will be placed in the ``_build/gettext`` directory.
+   If you want to customize the output beyond what can be done via the
+   :ref:`intl-options`, the
+   :download:`default pot file template <../../../sphinx/templates/gettext/message.pot.jinja>`
+   can be replaced by a custom :file:`message.pot.jinja` file placed in any
+   directory listed in :confval:`templates_path`.
 
 #. Generate po files.
 
diff --git a/doc/usage/restructuredtext/directives.rst b/doc/usage/restructuredtext/directives.rst
index 19079d2cfed..c32d7a1c4e4 100644
--- a/doc/usage/restructuredtext/directives.rst
+++ b/doc/usage/restructuredtext/directives.rst
@@ -96,138 +96,156 @@ The ``toctree`` directive is the central element.
    You can also add external links, by giving an HTTP URL instead of a document
    name.
 
-   **Section numbering**
+   The special entry name ``self`` stands for the document containing the
+   toctree directive.  This is useful if you want to generate a "sitemap" from
+   the toctree.
 
-   If you want to have section numbers even in HTML output, give the
-   **toplevel** toctree a ``numbered`` option.  For example::
+   In the end, all documents in the :term:`source directory` (or subdirectories)
+   must occur in some ``toctree`` directive; Sphinx will emit a warning if it
+   finds a file that is not included, because that means that this file will not
+   be reachable through standard navigation.
 
-      .. toctree::
-         :numbered:
+   Use :confval:`exclude_patterns` to explicitly exclude documents or
+   directories from building completely.  Use :ref:`the "orphan" metadata
+   <metadata>` to let a document be built, but notify Sphinx that it is not
+   reachable via a toctree.
 
-         foo
-         bar
+   The "root document" (selected by :confval:`root_doc`) is the "root" of the TOC
+   tree hierarchy.  It can be used as the documentation's main page, or as a
+   "full table of contents" if you don't give a ``:maxdepth:`` option.
 
-   Numbering then starts at the heading of ``foo``.  Sub-toctrees are
-   automatically numbered (don't give the ``numbered`` flag to those).
+   .. versionchanged:: 0.6
+      Added support for external links and "self" references.
 
-   Numbering up to a specific depth is also possible, by giving the depth as a
-   numeric argument to ``numbered``.
+   .. rubric:: options
 
-   **Additional options**
+   .. rst:directive:option:: class: class names
+      :type: a list of class names, separated by spaces
 
-   You can use the ``caption`` option to provide a toctree caption and you can
-   use the ``name`` option to provide an implicit target name that can be
-   referenced by using :rst:role:`ref`::
+      Assign `class attributes`_.
+      This is a :dudir:`common option <common-options>`.
+      For example::
 
-      .. toctree::
-         :caption: Table of Contents
-         :name: mastertoc
+          .. toctree::
+             :class: custom-toc
 
-         foo
+      .. _class attributes: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/doctree.html#classes
 
-   As with :dudir:`most directives <common-options>`,
-   you can use the ``class`` option to assign `class attributes`_::
+      .. versionadded:: 7.4
 
-      .. toctree::
-         :class: custom-toc
+   .. rst:directive:option:: name: label
+      :type: text
 
-   .. _class attributes: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/doctree.html#classes
+      An implicit target name that can be referenced using :rst:role:`ref`.
+      This is a :dudir:`common option <common-options>`.
+      For example::
 
-   If you want only the titles of documents in the tree to show up, not other
-   headings of the same level, you can use the ``titlesonly`` option::
+          .. toctree::
+             :name: mastertoc
 
-      .. toctree::
-         :titlesonly:
+             foo
 
-         foo
-         bar
+      .. versionadded:: 1.3
 
-   You can use "globbing" in toctree directives, by giving the ``glob`` flag
-   option.  All entries are then matched against the list of available
-   documents, and matches are inserted into the list alphabetically.  Example::
+   .. rst:directive:option:: caption
+      :type: text
 
-      .. toctree::
-         :glob:
+      Add a caption to the toctree.
+      For example::
 
-         intro*
-         recipe/*
-         *
+          .. toctree::
+             :caption: Table of Contents
 
-   This includes first all documents whose names start with ``intro``, then all
-   documents in the ``recipe`` folder, then all remaining documents (except the
-   one containing the directive, of course.) [#]_
+              foo
 
-   The special entry name ``self`` stands for the document containing the
-   toctree directive.  This is useful if you want to generate a "sitemap" from
-   the toctree.
+      .. versionadded:: 1.3
 
-   You can use the ``reversed`` flag option to reverse the order of the entries
-   in the list. This can be useful when using the ``glob`` flag option to
-   reverse the ordering of the files.  Example::
+   .. rst:directive:option:: numbered
+                             numbered: depth
 
-      .. toctree::
-         :glob:
-         :reversed:
+      If you want to have section numbers even in HTML output,
+      add the ``:numbered:`` option to the *top-level* toctree.
+      For example::
 
-         recipe/*
+         .. toctree::
+            :numbered:
 
-   You can also give a "hidden" option to the directive, like this::
+            foo
+            bar
 
-      .. toctree::
-         :hidden:
+      Section numbering then starts at the heading of ``foo``.
+      Sub-toctrees are automatically numbered
+      (don't give the ``numbered`` flag to those).
 
-         doc_1
-         doc_2
+      Numbering up to a specific depth is also possible,
+      by giving the depth as a numeric argument to ``numbered``.
 
-   This will still notify Sphinx of the document hierarchy, but not insert links
-   into the document at the location of the directive -- this makes sense if you
-   intend to insert these links yourself, in a different style, or in the HTML
-   sidebar.
+      .. versionadded:: 0.6
 
-   In cases where you want to have only one top-level toctree and hide all other
-   lower level toctrees you can add the "includehidden" option to the top-level
-   toctree entry::
+      .. versionchanged:: 1.1
+         Added the numeric *depth* argument.
 
-      .. toctree::
-         :includehidden:
+   .. rst:directive:option:: titlesonly
 
-         doc_1
-         doc_2
+      Only list document titles, not other headings of the same level.
+      For example::
 
-   All other toctree entries can then be eliminated by the "hidden" option.
+          .. toctree::
+             :titlesonly:
 
-   In the end, all documents in the :term:`source directory` (or subdirectories)
-   must occur in some ``toctree`` directive; Sphinx will emit a warning if it
-   finds a file that is not included, because that means that this file will not
-   be reachable through standard navigation.
+             foo
+             bar
 
-   Use :confval:`exclude_patterns` to explicitly exclude documents or
-   directories from building completely.  Use :ref:`the "orphan" metadata
-   <metadata>` to let a document be built, but notify Sphinx that it is not
-   reachable via a toctree.
+      .. versionadded:: 1.0
 
-   The "root document" (selected by :confval:`root_doc`) is the "root" of the TOC
-   tree hierarchy.  It can be used as the documentation's main page, or as a
-   "full table of contents" if you don't give a ``maxdepth`` option.
+   .. rst:directive:option:: glob
 
-   .. versionchanged:: 0.3
-      Added "globbing" option.
+      Parse glob wildcards in toctree entries.
+      All entries are matched against the list of available documents,
+      and matches are inserted into the list alphabetically.
+      For example::
 
-   .. versionchanged:: 0.6
-      Added "numbered" and "hidden" options as well as external links and
-      support for "self" references.
+          .. toctree::
+             :glob:
 
-   .. versionchanged:: 1.0
-      Added "titlesonly" option.
+             intro*
+             recipe/*
+             *
 
-   .. versionchanged:: 1.1
-      Added numeric argument to "numbered".
+      This includes first all documents whose names start with ``intro``,
+      then all documents in the ``recipe`` folder, then all remaining documents
+      (except the one containing the directive, of course.) [#]_
 
-   .. versionchanged:: 1.2
-      Added "includehidden" option.
+      .. versionadded:: 0.3
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: reversed
+
+      Reverse the order of the entries in the list.
+      This is particularly useful when using the ``:glob:`` option.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.5
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: hidden
+
+      A hidden toctree only defines the document hierarchy.
+      It will not insert links into the document at the location of the directive.
+
+      This makes sense if you have other means of navigation,
+      e.g. through manual links, HTML sidebar navigation,
+      or if you use the ``:includehidden:`` option on the top-level toctree.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: includehidden
+
+      If you want one global table of contents showing the complete document structure,
+      you can add the ``:includehidden:`` option to the *top-level* toctree directive.
+      All other toctrees on child pages can then be made invisible
+      with the ``:hidden:`` option.
+      The top-level toctree with ``:includehidden:`` will then include their entries.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.2
 
-   .. versionchanged:: 1.3
-      Added "caption" and "name" option.
 
 Special names
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/karma.conf.js b/karma.conf.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f1b9c616e4..00000000000
--- a/karma.conf.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-// Karma configuration
-// Generated on Sat Jul 21 2018 22:01:48 GMT+0200 (CEST)
-
-module.exports = function(config) {
-  config.set({
-
-    // base path that will be used to resolve all patterns (eg. files, exclude)
-    basePath: '',
-
-
-    // frameworks to use
-    // available frameworks: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-adapter
-    frameworks: ['jasmine'],
-
-
-    // list of files / patterns to load in the browser
-    files: [
-      { pattern: 'tests/js/fixtures/**/*.js', included: false, served: true },
-      'tests/js/documentation_options.js',
-      'tests/js/language_data.js',
-      'sphinx/themes/basic/static/doctools.js',
-      'sphinx/themes/basic/static/searchtools.js',
-      'sphinx/themes/basic/static/sphinx_highlight.js',
-      'tests/js/*.js'
-    ],
-
-
-    // list of files / patterns to exclude
-    exclude: [
-    ],
-
-
-    // preprocess matching files before serving them to the browser
-    // available preprocessors: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-preprocessor
-    preprocessors: {
-    },
-
-
-    // test results reporter to use
-    // possible values: 'dots', 'progress'
-    // available reporters: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-reporter
-    reporters: ['progress'],
-
-
-    // web server port
-    port: 9876,
-
-
-    // enable / disable colors in the output (reporters and logs)
-    colors: true,
-
-
-    // level of logging
-    // possible values: config.LOG_DISABLE || config.LOG_ERROR || config.LOG_WARN || config.LOG_INFO || config.LOG_DEBUG
-    logLevel: config.LOG_INFO,
-
-
-    // enable / disable watching file and executing tests whenever any file changes
-    autoWatch: true,
-
-
-    // start these browsers
-    // available browser launchers: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-launcher
-    browsers: ["Firefox"],
-
-
-    // Continuous Integration mode
-    // if true, Karma captures browsers, runs the tests and exits
-    singleRun: false,
-
-    // Concurrency level
-    // how many browser should be started simultaneous
-    concurrency: Infinity
-  })
-}
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 12c33c40a2f..3340f176ee8 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -6,49 +6,120 @@
     "": {
       "name": "sphinx",
       "devDependencies": {
-        "jasmine-core": "^3.4.0",
-        "karma": "^6.3.16",
-        "karma-firefox-launcher": "^2.0.0",
-        "karma-jasmine": "^4.0.0"
+        "jasmine-browser-runner": "^2.5.0",
+        "jasmine-core": "^5.2.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@colors/colors": {
-      "version": "1.5.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@colors/colors/-/colors-1.5.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ooWCrlZP11i8GImSjTHYHLkvFDP48nS4+204nGb1RiX/WXYHmJA2III9/e2DWVabCESdW7hBAEzHRqUn9OUVvQ==",
+    "node_modules/@bazel/runfiles": {
+      "version": "5.8.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@bazel/runfiles/-/runfiles-5.8.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-NDdfpdQ6rZlylgv++iMn5FkObC/QlBQvipinGLSOguTYpRywmieOyJ29XHvUilspwTFSILWpoE9CqMGkHXug1g==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui": {
+      "version": "8.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@isaacs/cliui/-/cliui-8.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-O8jcjabXaleOG9DQ0+ARXWZBTfnP4WNAqzuiJK7ll44AmxGKv/J2M4TPjxjY3znBCfvBXFzucm1twdyFybFqEA==",
       "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "string-width": "^5.1.2",
+        "string-width-cjs": "npm:string-width@^4.2.0",
+        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1",
+        "strip-ansi-cjs": "npm:strip-ansi@^6.0.1",
+        "wrap-ansi": "^8.1.0",
+        "wrap-ansi-cjs": "npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0"
+      },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=0.1.90"
+        "node": ">=12"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@socket.io/component-emitter": {
-      "version": "3.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@socket.io/component-emitter/-/component-emitter-3.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-+9jVqKhRSpsc591z5vX+X5Yyw+he/HCB4iQ/RYxw35CEPaY1gnsNE43nf9n9AaYjAQrTiI/mOwKUKdUs9vf7Xg==",
-      "dev": true
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/ansi-regex": {
+      "version": "6.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-n5M855fKb2SsfMIiFFoVrABHJC8QtHwVx+mHWP3QcEqBHYienj5dHSgjbxtC0WEZXYt4wcD6zrQElDPhFuZgfA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-regex?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/ansi-styles": {
+      "version": "6.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-6.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-bN798gFfQX+viw3R7yrGWRqnrN2oRkEkUjjl4JNn4E8GxxbjtG3FbrEIIY3l8/hrwUwIeCZvi4QuOTP4MErVug==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-styles?sponsor=1"
+      }
     },
-    "node_modules/@types/cookie": {
-      "version": "0.4.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/cookie/-/cookie-0.4.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-XW/Aa8APYr6jSVVA1y/DEIZX0/GMKLEVekNG727R8cs56ahETkRAy/3DR7+fJyh7oUgGwNQaRfXCun0+KbWY7Q==",
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/emoji-regex": {
+      "version": "9.2.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/emoji-regex/-/emoji-regex-9.2.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-L18DaJsXSUk2+42pv8mLs5jJT2hqFkFE4j21wOmgbUqsZ2hL72NsUU785g9RXgo3s0ZNgVl42TiHp3ZtOv/Vyg==",
       "dev": true
     },
-    "node_modules/@types/cors": {
-      "version": "2.8.17",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/cors/-/cors-2.8.17.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-8CGDvrBj1zgo2qE+oS3pOCyYNqCPryMWY2bGfwA0dcfopWGgxs+78df0Rs3rc9THP4JkOhLsAa+15VdpAqkcUA==",
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/string-width": {
+      "version": "5.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-5.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HnLOCR3vjcY8beoNLtcjZ5/nxn2afmME6lhrDrebokqMap+XbeW8n9TXpPDOqdGK5qcI3oT0GKTW6wC7EMiVqA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0",
+        "emoji-regex": "^9.2.2",
+        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/strip-ansi": {
+      "version": "7.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-7.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-iq6eVVI64nQQTRYq2KtEg2d2uU7LElhTJwsH4YzIHZshxlgZms/wIc4VoDQTlG/IvVIrBKG06CrZnp0qv7hkcQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@types/node": "*"
+        "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/strip-ansi?sponsor=1"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@types/node": {
-      "version": "20.11.28",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-20.11.28.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-M/GPWVS2wLkSkNHVeLkrF2fD5Lx5UC4PxA0uZcKc6QqbIQUJyW1jVjueJYi1z8n0I5PxYrtpnPnWglE+y9A0KA==",
+    "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/wrap-ansi": {
+      "version": "8.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-8.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-si7QWI6zUMq56bESFvagtmzMdGOtoxfR+Sez11Mobfc7tm+VkUckk9bW2UeffTGVUbOksxmSw0AA2gs8g71NCQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "undici-types": "~5.26.4"
+        "ansi-styles": "^6.1.0",
+        "string-width": "^5.0.1",
+        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/wrap-ansi?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@pkgjs/parseargs": {
+      "version": "0.11.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@pkgjs/parseargs/-/parseargs-0.11.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-+1VkjdD0QBLPodGrJUeqarH8VAIvQODIbwh9XpP5Syisf7YoQgsJKPNFoqqLQlu+VQ/tVSshMR6loPMn8U+dPg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=14"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/accepts": {
@@ -88,18 +159,17 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-styles?sponsor=1"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/anymatch": {
-      "version": "3.1.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/anymatch/-/anymatch-3.1.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-P43ePfOAIupkguHUycrc4qJ9kz8ZiuOUijaETwX7THt0Y/GNK7v0aa8rY816xWjZ7rJdA5XdMcpVFTKMq+RvWg==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "normalize-path": "^3.0.0",
-        "picomatch": "^2.0.4"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 8"
-      }
+    "node_modules/array-flatten": {
+      "version": "1.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/array-flatten/-/array-flatten-1.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-PCVAQswWemu6UdxsDFFX/+gVeYqKAod3D3UVm91jHwynguOwAvYPhx8nNlM++NqRcK6CxxpUafjmhIdKiHibqg==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/async": {
+      "version": "3.2.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/async/-/async-3.2.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-baNZyqaaLhyLVKm/DlvdW051MSgO6b8eVfIezl9E5PqWxFgzLm/wQntEW4zOytVburDEr0JlALEpdOFwvErLsg==",
+      "dev": true
     },
     "node_modules/balanced-match": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
@@ -107,24 +177,6 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-3oSeUO0TMV67hN1AmbXsK4yaqU7tjiHlbxRDZOpH0KW9+CeX4bRAaX0Anxt0tx2MrpRpWwQaPwIlISEJhYU5Pw==",
       "dev": true
     },
-    "node_modules/base64id": {
-      "version": "2.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/base64id/-/base64id-2.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-lGe34o6EHj9y3Kts9R4ZYs/Gr+6N7MCaMlIFA3F1R2O5/m7K06AxfSeO5530PEERE6/WyEg3lsuyw4GHlPZHog==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^4.5.0 || >= 5.9"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/binary-extensions": {
-      "version": "2.2.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/binary-extensions/-/binary-extensions-2.2.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-jDctJ/IVQbZoJykoeHbhXpOlNBqGNcwXJKJog42E5HDPUwQTSdjCHdihjj0DlnheQ7blbT6dHOafNAiS8ooQKA==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/body-parser": {
       "version": "1.20.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/body-parser/-/body-parser-1.20.2.tgz",
@@ -171,18 +223,6 @@
         "concat-map": "0.0.1"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/braces": {
-      "version": "3.0.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/braces/-/braces-3.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-b8um+L1RzM3WDSzvhm6gIz1yfTbBt6YTlcEKAvsmqCZZFw46z626lVj9j1yEPW33H5H+lBQpZMP1k8l+78Ha0A==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "fill-range": "^7.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/bytes": {
       "version": "3.1.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/bytes/-/bytes-3.1.2.tgz",
@@ -211,36 +251,20 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/chokidar": {
-      "version": "3.5.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/chokidar/-/chokidar-3.5.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ekGhOnNVPgT77r4K/U3GDhu+FQ2S8TnK/s2KbIGXi0SZWuwkZ2QNyfWdZW+TVfn84DpEP7rLeCt2UI6bJ8GwbQ==",
+    "node_modules/chalk": {
+      "version": "4.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/chalk/-/chalk-4.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-oKnbhFyRIXpUuez8iBMmyEa4nbj4IOQyuhc/wy9kY7/WVPcwIO9VA668Pu8RkO7+0G76SLROeyw9CpQ061i4mA==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "anymatch": "~3.1.2",
-        "braces": "~3.0.2",
-        "glob-parent": "~5.1.2",
-        "is-binary-path": "~2.1.0",
-        "is-glob": "~4.0.1",
-        "normalize-path": "~3.0.0",
-        "readdirp": "~3.6.0"
+        "ansi-styles": "^4.1.0",
+        "supports-color": "^7.1.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 8.10.0"
+        "node": ">=10"
       },
-      "optionalDependencies": {
-        "fsevents": "~2.3.2"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/cliui": {
-      "version": "7.0.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cliui/-/cliui-7.0.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-OcRE68cOsVMXp1Yvonl/fzkQOyjLSu/8bhPDfQt0e0/Eb283TKP20Fs2MqoPsr9SwA595rRCA+QMzYc9nBP+JQ==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "string-width": "^4.2.0",
-        "strip-ansi": "^6.0.0",
-        "wrap-ansi": "^7.0.0"
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/chalk?sponsor=1"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/color-convert": {
@@ -267,19 +291,16 @@
       "integrity": "sha1-2Klr13/Wjfd5OnMDajug1UBdR3s=",
       "dev": true
     },
-    "node_modules/connect": {
-      "version": "3.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/connect/-/connect-3.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ZqRXc+tZukToSNmh5C2iWMSoV3X1YUcPbqEM4DkEG5tNQXrQUZCNVGGv3IuicnkMtPfGf3Xtp8WCXs295iQ1pQ==",
+    "node_modules/content-disposition": {
+      "version": "0.5.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/content-disposition/-/content-disposition-0.5.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-FveZTNuGw04cxlAiWbzi6zTAL/lhehaWbTtgluJh4/E95DqMwTmha3KZN1aAWA8cFIhHzMZUvLevkw5Rqk+tSQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "debug": "2.6.9",
-        "finalhandler": "1.1.2",
-        "parseurl": "~1.3.3",
-        "utils-merge": "1.0.1"
+        "safe-buffer": "5.2.1"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 0.10.0"
+        "node": ">= 0.6"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/content-type": {
@@ -291,41 +312,30 @@
         "node": ">= 0.6"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/cookie": {
-      "version": "0.4.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cookie/-/cookie-0.4.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-aSWTXFzaKWkvHO1Ny/s+ePFpvKsPnjc551iI41v3ny/ow6tBG5Vd+FuqGNhh1LxOmVzOlGUriIlOaokOvhaStA==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 0.6"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/cors": {
-      "version": "2.8.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cors/-/cors-2.8.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-KIHbLJqu73RGr/hnbrO9uBeixNGuvSQjul/jdFvS/KFSIH1hWVd1ng7zOHx+YrEfInLG7q4n6GHQ9cDtxv/P6g==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "object-assign": "^4",
-        "vary": "^1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 0.10"
-      }
+    "node_modules/cookie-signature": {
+      "version": "1.0.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cookie-signature/-/cookie-signature-1.0.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-QADzlaHc8icV8I7vbaJXJwod9HWYp8uCqf1xa4OfNu1T7JVxQIrUgOWtHdNDtPiywmFbiS12VjotIXLrKM3orQ==",
+      "dev": true
     },
-    "node_modules/custom-event": {
-      "version": "1.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/custom-event/-/custom-event-1.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-XQKkaFCt8bSjF5RqOSj8y1v9BCU=",
+    "node_modules/core-util-is": {
+      "version": "1.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/core-util-is/-/core-util-is-1.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ZQBvi1DcpJ4GDqanjucZ2Hj3wEO5pZDS89BWbkcrvdxksJorwUDDZamX9ldFkp9aw2lmBDLgkObEA4DWNJ9FYQ==",
       "dev": true
     },
-    "node_modules/date-format": {
-      "version": "4.0.14",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/date-format/-/date-format-4.0.14.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-39BOQLs9ZjKh0/patS9nrT8wc3ioX3/eA/zgbKNopnF2wCqJEoxywwwElATYvRsXdnOxA/OQeQoFZ3rFjVajhg==",
+    "node_modules/cross-spawn": {
+      "version": "7.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cross-spawn/-/cross-spawn-7.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-iRDPJKUPVEND7dHPO8rkbOnPpyDygcDFtWjpeWNCgy8WP2rXcxXL8TskReQl6OrB2G7+UJrags1q15Fudc7G6w==",
       "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "path-key": "^3.1.0",
+        "shebang-command": "^2.0.0",
+        "which": "^2.0.1"
+      },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=4.0"
+        "node": ">= 8"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/debug": {
@@ -373,30 +383,33 @@
         "npm": "1.2.8000 || >= 1.4.16"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/di": {
-      "version": "0.0.1",
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@@ -2754,134 +2561,42 @@
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-4.2.3.tgz",
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-          "dev": true
-        }
+        "emoji-regex": "^8.0.0",
+        "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0",
+        "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1"
       }
     },
-    "string-width": {
-      "version": "4.2.3",
+    "string-width-cjs": {
+      "version": "npm:string-width@4.2.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-4.2.3.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-wKyQRQpjJ0sIp62ErSZdGsjMJWsap5oRNihHhu6G7JVO/9jIB6UyevL+tXuOqrng8j/cxKTWyWUwvSTriiZz/g==",
       "dev": true,
@@ -2900,24 +2615,30 @@
         "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1"
       }
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-    "tmp": {
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+    "strip-ansi-cjs": {
+      "version": "npm:strip-ansi@6.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-6.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Y38VPSHcqkFrCpFnQ9vuSXmquuv5oXOKpGeT6aGrr3o3Gc9AlVa6JBfUSOCnbxGGZF+/0ooI7KrPuUSztUdU5A==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
-        "rimraf": "^3.0.0"
+        "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1"
       }
     },
-    "to-regex-range": {
-      "version": "5.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/to-regex-range/-/to-regex-range-5.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-65P7iz6X5yEr1cwcgvQxbbIw7Uk3gOy5dIdtZ4rDveLqhrdJP+Li/Hx6tyK0NEb+2GCyneCMJiGqrADCSNk8sQ==",
+    "supports-color": {
+      "version": "7.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/supports-color/-/supports-color-7.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qpCAvRl9stuOHveKsn7HncJRvv501qIacKzQlO/+Lwxc9+0q2wLyv4Dfvt80/DPn2pqOBsJdDiogXGR9+OvwRw==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
-        "is-number": "^7.0.0"
+        "has-flag": "^4.0.0"
       }
     },
+    "tmp": {
+      "version": "0.2.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tmp/-/tmp-0.2.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-nZD7m9iCPC5g0pYmcaxogYKggSfLsdxl8of3Q/oIbqCqLLIO9IAF0GWjX1z9NZRHPiXv8Wex4yDCaZsgEw0Y8w==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "toidentifier": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/toidentifier/-/toidentifier-1.0.1.tgz",
@@ -2934,30 +2655,18 @@
         "mime-types": "~2.1.24"
       }
     },
-    "ua-parser-js": {
-      "version": "0.7.37",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ua-parser-js/-/ua-parser-js-0.7.37.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-xV8kqRKM+jhMvcHWUKthV9fNebIzrNy//2O9ZwWcfiBFR5f25XVZPLlEajk/sf3Ra15V92isyQqnIEXRDaZWEA==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
-    "undici-types": {
-      "version": "5.26.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici-types/-/undici-types-5.26.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-JlCMO+ehdEIKqlFxk6IfVoAUVmgz7cU7zD/h9XZ0qzeosSHmUJVOzSQvvYSYWXkFXC+IfLKSIffhv0sVZup6pA==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
-    "universalify": {
-      "version": "0.1.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/universalify/-/universalify-0.1.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-rBJeI5CXAlmy1pV+617WB9J63U6XcazHHF2f2dbJix4XzpUF0RS3Zbj0FGIOCAva5P/d/GBOYaACQ1w+0azUkg==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
     "unpipe": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/unpipe/-/unpipe-1.0.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha1-sr9O6FFKrmFltIF4KdIbLvSZBOw=",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "util-deprecate": {
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/util-deprecate/-/util-deprecate-1.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EPD5q1uXyFxJpCrLnCc1nHnq3gOa6DZBocAIiI2TaSCA7VCJ1UJDMagCzIkXNsUYfD1daK//LTEQ8xiIbrHtcw==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "utils-merge": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/utils-merge/-/utils-merge-1.0.1.tgz",
@@ -2970,12 +2679,6 @@
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       "dev": true
     },
-    "void-elements": {
-      "version": "2.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/void-elements/-/void-elements-2.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-wGavtYK7HLQSjWDqkjkulNXp2+w=",
-      "dev": true
-    },
     "which": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which/-/which-2.0.2.tgz",
@@ -2985,8 +2688,8 @@
         "isexe": "^2.0.0"
       }
     },
-    "wrap-ansi": {
-      "version": "7.0.0",
+    "wrap-ansi-cjs": {
+      "version": "npm:wrap-ansi@7.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-7.0.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-YVGIj2kamLSTxw6NsZjoBxfSwsn0ycdesmc4p+Q21c5zPuZ1pl+NfxVdxPtdHvmNVOQ6XSYG4AUtyt/Fi7D16Q==",
       "dev": true,
@@ -2995,46 +2698,6 @@
         "string-width": "^4.1.0",
         "strip-ansi": "^6.0.0"
       }
-    },
-    "wrappy": {
-      "version": "1.0.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-tSQ9jz7BqjXxNkYFvA0QNuMKtp8=",
-      "dev": true
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-    "ws": {
-      "version": "8.11.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.11.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-HPG3wQd9sNQoT9xHyNCXoDUa+Xw/VevmY9FoHyQ+g+rrMn4j6FB4np7Z0OhdTgjx6MgQLK7jwSy1YecU1+4Asg==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "requires": {}
-    },
-    "y18n": {
-      "version": "5.0.8",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/y18n/-/y18n-5.0.8.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-0pfFzegeDWJHJIAmTLRP2DwHjdF5s7jo9tuztdQxAhINCdvS+3nGINqPd00AphqJR/0LhANUS6/+7SCb98YOfA==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
-    "yargs": {
-      "version": "16.2.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yargs/-/yargs-16.2.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-D1mvvtDG0L5ft/jGWkLpG1+m0eQxOfaBvTNELraWj22wSVUMWxZUvYgJYcKh6jGGIkJFhH4IZPQhR4TKpc8mBw==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "requires": {
-        "cliui": "^7.0.2",
-        "escalade": "^3.1.1",
-        "get-caller-file": "^2.0.5",
-        "require-directory": "^2.1.1",
-        "string-width": "^4.2.0",
-        "y18n": "^5.0.5",
-        "yargs-parser": "^20.2.2"
-      }
-    },
-    "yargs-parser": {
-      "version": "20.2.9",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yargs-parser/-/yargs-parser-20.2.9.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-y11nGElTIV+CT3Zv9t7VKl+Q3hTQoT9a1Qzezhhl6Rp21gJ/IVTW7Z3y9EWXhuUBC2Shnf+DX0antecpAwSP8w==",
-      "dev": true
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 451f5e20a11..3a25f9bb3fd 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "sphinx",
   "scripts": {
-    "test": "./node_modules/.bin/karma start --browsers Firefox --single-run"
+    "test": "npx jasmine-browser-runner runSpecs --config=tests/js/jasmine-browser.mjs"
   },
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@
     "url": "https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "jasmine-core": "^3.4.0",
-    "karma": "^6.3.16",
-    "karma-firefox-launcher": "^2.0.0",
-    "karma-jasmine": "^4.0.0"
+    "jasmine-browser-runner": "^2.5.0",
+    "jasmine-core": "^5.2.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 1f45185dc24..ff26246c2a9 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ classifiers = [
     "Topic :: Utilities",
 ]
 dependencies = [
-    "sphinxcontrib-applehelp",
-    "sphinxcontrib-devhelp",
-    "sphinxcontrib-jsmath",
-    "sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp>=2.0.0",
+    "sphinxcontrib-applehelp>=1.0.7",
+    "sphinxcontrib-devhelp>=1.0.6",
+    "sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp>=2.0.6",
+    "sphinxcontrib-jsmath>=1.0.1",
+    "sphinxcontrib-qthelp>=1.0.6",
     "sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml>=1.1.9",
-    "sphinxcontrib-qthelp",
     "Jinja2>=3.1",
     "Pygments>=2.17",
     "docutils>=0.20,<0.22",
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ docs = [
 ]
 lint = [
     "flake8>=6.0",
-    "ruff==0.5.5",
+    "ruff==0.5.7",
     "mypy==1.11.1",
     "sphinx-lint>=0.9",
     "types-colorama==0.4.15.20240311",
diff --git a/sphinx/__init__.py b/sphinx/__init__.py
index 85397059f59..bf62f813e07 100644
--- a/sphinx/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/__init__.py
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 
     warnings.filterwarnings('default', category=RemovedInNextVersionWarning)
 warnings.filterwarnings(
-    'ignore', 'The frontend.Option class .*', DeprecationWarning, module='docutils.frontend'
+    'ignore',
+    'The frontend.Option class .*',
+    DeprecationWarning,
+    module='docutils.frontend',
 )
 
 #: Version info for better programmatic use.
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/__init__.py b/sphinx/builders/__init__.py
index 151df6aeb18..3c5313afe41 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/__init__.py
@@ -16,14 +16,25 @@
 from sphinx.environment.adapters.asset import ImageAdapter
 from sphinx.errors import SphinxError
 from sphinx.locale import __
-from sphinx.util import UnicodeDecodeErrorHandler, get_filetype, import_object, logging, rst
+from sphinx.util import (
+    UnicodeDecodeErrorHandler,
+    get_filetype,
+    logging,
+    rst,
+)
+from sphinx.util._importer import import_object
 from sphinx.util.build_phase import BuildPhase
 from sphinx.util.console import bold
 from sphinx.util.display import progress_message, status_iterator
 from sphinx.util.docutils import sphinx_domains
 from sphinx.util.i18n import CatalogInfo, CatalogRepository, docname_to_domain
 from sphinx.util.osutil import SEP, canon_path, ensuredir, relative_uri, relpath
-from sphinx.util.parallel import ParallelTasks, SerialTasks, make_chunks, parallel_available
+from sphinx.util.parallel import (
+    ParallelTasks,
+    SerialTasks,
+    make_chunks,
+    parallel_available,
+)
 
 # side effect: registers roles and directives
 from sphinx import directives  # NoQA: F401  isort:skip
@@ -128,8 +139,11 @@ def init(self) -> None:
     def create_template_bridge(self) -> None:
         """Return the template bridge configured."""
         if self.config.template_bridge:
-            self.templates = import_object(self.config.template_bridge,
-                                           'template_bridge setting')()
+            template_bridge_cls = import_object(
+                self.config.template_bridge,
+                source='template_bridge setting'
+            )
+            self.templates = template_bridge_cls()
         else:
             from sphinx.jinja2glue import BuiltinTemplateLoader
             self.templates = BuiltinTemplateLoader()
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/gettext.py b/sphinx/builders/gettext.py
index f1f7d7fa920..8427fcbb49d 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/gettext.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/gettext.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 from codecs import open
 from collections import defaultdict
 from os import getenv, path, walk
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal
 from uuid import uuid4
 
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import os
-    from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
+    from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
 
     from docutils.nodes import Element
 
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@
     from sphinx.config import Config
     from sphinx.util.typing import ExtensionMetadata
 
+DEFAULT_TEMPLATE_PATH = Path(package_dir, 'templates', 'gettext')
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
@@ -91,13 +94,14 @@ def __init__(self, source: str, line: int) -> None:
 
 class GettextRenderer(SphinxRenderer):
     def __init__(
-        self, template_path: list[str | os.PathLike[str]] | None = None,
+        self, template_path: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]] | None = None,
             outdir: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.outdir = outdir
         if template_path is None:
-            template_path = [path.join(package_dir, 'templates', 'gettext')]
-        super().__init__(template_path)
+            super().__init__([DEFAULT_TEMPLATE_PATH])
+        else:
+            super().__init__([*template_path, DEFAULT_TEMPLATE_PATH])
 
         def escape(s: str) -> str:
             s = s.replace('\\', r'\\')
@@ -287,7 +291,12 @@ def finish(self) -> None:
             ensuredir(path.join(self.outdir, path.dirname(textdomain)))
 
             context['messages'] = list(catalog)
-            content = GettextRenderer(outdir=self.outdir).render('message.pot.jinja', context)
+            template_path = [
+                self.app.srcdir / rel_path
+                for rel_path in self.config.templates_path
+            ]
+            renderer = GettextRenderer(template_path, outdir=self.outdir)
+            content = renderer.render('message.pot.jinja', context)
 
             pofn = path.join(self.outdir, textdomain + '.pot')
             if should_write(pofn, content):
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py b/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py
index 06917232f6b..2fa5f360a95 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/html/__init__.py
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@
 from sphinx import __display_version__, package_dir
 from sphinx import version_info as sphinx_version
 from sphinx.builders import Builder
-from sphinx.builders.html._assets import _CascadingStyleSheet, _file_checksum, _JavaScript
+from sphinx.builders.html._assets import (
+    _CascadingStyleSheet,
+    _file_checksum,
+    _JavaScript,
+)
 from sphinx.config import ENUM, Config
 from sphinx.deprecation import _deprecation_warning
 from sphinx.domains import Domain, Index, IndexEntry
@@ -40,6 +44,7 @@
 from sphinx.theming import HTMLThemeFactory
 from sphinx.util import isurl, logging
 from sphinx.util._timestamps import _format_rfc3339_microseconds
+from sphinx.util.console import bold
 from sphinx.util.display import progress_message, status_iterator
 from sphinx.util.docutils import new_document
 from sphinx.util.fileutil import copy_asset
@@ -389,8 +394,9 @@ def math_renderer_name(self) -> str | None:
                 return None
 
     def get_outdated_docs(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        build_info_fname = self.outdir / '.buildinfo'
         try:
-            with open(path.join(self.outdir, '.buildinfo'), encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+            with open(build_info_fname, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                 buildinfo = BuildInfo.load(fp)
 
             if self.build_info != buildinfo:
@@ -405,6 +411,21 @@ def get_outdated_docs(self) -> Iterator[str]:
 
         if self.templates:
             template_mtime = int(self.templates.newest_template_mtime() * 10**6)
+            try:
+                old_mtime = _last_modified_time(build_info_fname)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            else:
+                # Let users know they have a newer template
+                if template_mtime > old_mtime:
+                    logger.info(
+                        bold("building [html]: ") +
+                        __(
+                            "template %s has been changed since the previous build, "
+                            "all docs will be rebuilt"
+                        ),
+                        self.templates.newest_template_name(),
+                    )
         else:
             template_mtime = 0
         for docname in self.env.found_docs:
@@ -887,7 +908,7 @@ def copy_html_favicon(self) -> None:
 
     def copy_static_files(self) -> None:
         try:
-            with progress_message(__('copying static files')):
+            with progress_message(__('copying static files'), nonl=False):
                 ensuredir(self.outdir / '_static')
 
                 # prepare context for templates
@@ -908,7 +929,7 @@ def copy_static_files(self) -> None:
     def copy_extra_files(self) -> None:
         """Copy html_extra_path files."""
         try:
-            with progress_message(__('copying extra files')):
+            with progress_message(__('copying extra files'), nonl=False):
                 excluded = Matcher(self.config.exclude_patterns)
                 for extra_path in self.config.html_extra_path:
                     copy_asset(
diff --git a/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py b/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py
index 508c676312f..f19d66edbc9 100644
--- a/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/builders/latex/__init__.py
@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@
 import sphinx.builders.latex.nodes  # NoQA: F401,E501  # Workaround: import this before writer to avoid ImportError
 from sphinx import addnodes, highlighting, package_dir
 from sphinx.builders import Builder
-from sphinx.builders.latex.constants import ADDITIONAL_SETTINGS, DEFAULT_SETTINGS, SHORTHANDOFF
+from sphinx.builders.latex.constants import (
+    ADDITIONAL_SETTINGS,
+    DEFAULT_SETTINGS,
+    SHORTHANDOFF,
+)
 from sphinx.builders.latex.theming import Theme, ThemeFactory
 from sphinx.builders.latex.util import ExtBabel
 from sphinx.config import ENUM, Config
diff --git a/sphinx/deprecation.py b/sphinx/deprecation.py
index 8605e418826..1baec85bf7a 100644
--- a/sphinx/deprecation.py
+++ b/sphinx/deprecation.py
@@ -40,7 +40,11 @@ def _deprecation_warning(
 
        # deprecated name -> (object to return, canonical path or empty string, removal version)
        _DEPRECATED_OBJECTS = {
-           'deprecated_name': (object_to_return, 'fully_qualified_replacement_name', (9, 0)),
+           'deprecated_name': (
+               object_to_return,
+               'fully_qualified_replacement_name',
+               (9, 0),
+           ),
        }
 
 
@@ -65,7 +69,9 @@ def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
 
     qualname = f'{module}.{attribute}'
     if canonical_name:
-        message = f'The alias {qualname!r} is deprecated, use {canonical_name!r} instead.'
+        message = (
+            f'The alias {qualname!r} is deprecated, use {canonical_name!r} instead.'
+        )
     else:
         message = f'{qualname!r} is deprecated.'
 
diff --git a/sphinx/directives/other.py b/sphinx/directives/other.py
index f74f919cc3e..18fdff194ee 100644
--- a/sphinx/directives/other.py
+++ b/sphinx/directives/other.py
@@ -78,17 +78,19 @@ def run(self) -> list[Node]:
         subnode['numbered'] = self.options.get('numbered', 0)
         subnode['titlesonly'] = 'titlesonly' in self.options
         self.set_source_info(subnode)
+        self.parse_content(subnode)
+
         wrappernode = nodes.compound(
             classes=['toctree-wrapper', *self.options.get('class', ())],
         )
         wrappernode.append(subnode)
         self.add_name(wrappernode)
+        return [wrappernode]
 
-        ret = self.parse_content(subnode)
-        ret.append(wrappernode)
-        return ret
-
-    def parse_content(self, toctree: addnodes.toctree) -> list[Node]:
+    def parse_content(self, toctree: addnodes.toctree) -> None:
+        """
+        Populate ``toctree['entries']`` and ``toctree['includefiles']`` from content.
+        """
         generated_docnames = frozenset(StandardDomain._virtual_doc_names)
         suffixes = self.config.source_suffix
         current_docname = self.env.docname
@@ -99,7 +101,6 @@ def parse_content(self, toctree: addnodes.toctree) -> list[Node]:
         all_docnames.remove(current_docname)  # remove current document
         frozen_all_docnames = frozenset(all_docnames)
 
-        ret: list[Node] = []
         excluded = Matcher(self.config.exclude_patterns)
         for entry in self.content:
             if not entry:
@@ -110,17 +111,20 @@ def parse_content(self, toctree: addnodes.toctree) -> list[Node]:
             url_match = url_re.match(entry) is not None
             if glob and glob_re.match(entry) and not explicit and not url_match:
                 pat_name = docname_join(current_docname, entry)
-                doc_names = sorted(patfilter(all_docnames, pat_name))
+                doc_names = sorted(
+                    docname for docname in patfilter(all_docnames, pat_name)
+                    # don't include generated documents in globs
+                    if docname not in generated_docnames
+                )
+                if not doc_names:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        __("toctree glob pattern %r didn't match any documents"),
+                        entry, location=toctree)
+
                 for docname in doc_names:
-                    if docname in generated_docnames:
-                        # don't include generated documents in globs
-                        continue
                     all_docnames.remove(docname)  # don't include it again
                     toctree['entries'].append((None, docname))
                     toctree['includefiles'].append(docname)
-                if not doc_names:
-                    logger.warning(__("toctree glob pattern %r didn't match any documents"),
-                                   entry, location=toctree)
                 continue
 
             if explicit:
@@ -170,8 +174,6 @@ def parse_content(self, toctree: addnodes.toctree) -> list[Node]:
             toctree['entries'] = list(reversed(toctree['entries']))
             toctree['includefiles'] = list(reversed(toctree['includefiles']))
 
-        return ret
-
 
 class Author(SphinxDirective):
     """
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/c/_parser.py b/sphinx/domains/c/_parser.py
index 42211988414..1d29c60832e 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/c/_parser.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/c/_parser.py
@@ -495,9 +495,11 @@ def _parse_nested_name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
                 self.fail("Expected identifier in nested name, "
                           "got keyword: %s" % identifier)
             if self.matched_text in self.config.c_extra_keywords:
-                msg = "Expected identifier, got user-defined keyword: %s." \
-                      + " Remove it from c_extra_keywords to allow it as identifier.\n" \
-                      + "Currently c_extra_keywords is %s."
+                msg = (
+                    'Expected identifier, got user-defined keyword: %s.'
+                    ' Remove it from c_extra_keywords to allow it as identifier.\n'
+                    'Currently c_extra_keywords is %s.'
+                )
                 self.fail(msg % (self.matched_text,
                                  str(self.config.c_extra_keywords)))
             ident = ASTIdentifier(identifier)
@@ -670,9 +672,11 @@ def _parse_declarator_name_suffix(
                     self.fail("Expected identifier, "
                               "got keyword: %s" % self.matched_text)
                 if self.matched_text in self.config.c_extra_keywords:
-                    msg = "Expected identifier, got user-defined keyword: %s." \
-                          + " Remove it from c_extra_keywords to allow it as identifier.\n" \
-                          + "Currently c_extra_keywords is %s."
+                    msg = (
+                        'Expected identifier, got user-defined keyword: %s. '
+                        'Remove it from c_extra_keywords to allow it as identifier.\n'
+                        'Currently c_extra_keywords is %s.'
+                    )
                     self.fail(msg % (self.matched_text,
                                      str(self.config.c_extra_keywords)))
                 identifier = ASTIdentifier(self.matched_text)
diff --git a/sphinx/domains/cpp/_parser.py b/sphinx/domains/cpp/_parser.py
index 452e4c9c8a7..d0d70221a45 100644
--- a/sphinx/domains/cpp/_parser.py
+++ b/sphinx/domains/cpp/_parser.py
@@ -1263,7 +1263,7 @@ def _parse_decl_specs_simple(self, outer: str, typed: bool) -> ASTDeclSpecsSimpl
                         if self.skip_string('('):
                             expr = self._parse_constant_expression(inTemplate=False)
                             if not expr:
-                                self.fail("Expected constant expression after '('" +
+                                self.fail("Expected constant expression after '('"
                                           " in explicit specifier.")
                             self.skip_ws()
                             if not self.skip_string(')'):
@@ -1972,13 +1972,14 @@ def _check_template_consistency(self, nestedName: ASTNestedName,
         if numArgs > numParams:
             numExtra = numArgs - numParams
             if not fullSpecShorthand and not isMemberInstantiation:
-                msg = "Too many template argument lists compared to parameter" \
-                    " lists. Argument lists: %d, Parameter lists: %d," \
-                    " Extra empty parameters lists prepended: %d." \
-                    % (numArgs, numParams, numExtra)
-                msg += " Declaration:\n\t"
+                msg = (
+                    f'Too many template argument lists compared to parameter lists. '
+                    f'Argument lists: {numArgs:d}, Parameter lists: {numParams:d}, '
+                    f'Extra empty parameters lists prepended: {numExtra:d}. '
+                    'Declaration:\n\t'
+                )
                 if templatePrefix:
-                    msg += "%s\n\t" % templatePrefix
+                    msg += f"{templatePrefix}\n\t"
                 msg += str(nestedName)
                 self.warn(msg)
 
diff --git a/sphinx/environment/__init__.py b/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
index 20bfd86bc75..637fe185f7f 100644
--- a/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
@@ -12,10 +12,16 @@
 
 from sphinx import addnodes
 from sphinx.environment.adapters import toctree as toctree_adapters
-from sphinx.errors import BuildEnvironmentError, DocumentError, ExtensionError, SphinxError
+from sphinx.errors import (
+    BuildEnvironmentError,
+    DocumentError,
+    ExtensionError,
+    SphinxError,
+)
 from sphinx.locale import __
 from sphinx.transforms import SphinxTransformer
-from sphinx.util import DownloadFiles, FilenameUniqDict, logging
+from sphinx.util import logging
+from sphinx.util._files import DownloadFiles, FilenameUniqDict
 from sphinx.util._timestamps import _format_rfc3339_microseconds
 from sphinx.util.docutils import LoggingReporter
 from sphinx.util.i18n import CatalogRepository, docname_to_domain
diff --git a/sphinx/errors.py b/sphinx/errors.py
index 44df3e8da95..c0339b4e998 100644
--- a/sphinx/errors.py
+++ b/sphinx/errors.py
@@ -45,7 +45,10 @@ class ExtensionError(SphinxError):
     """Extension error."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, message: str, orig_exc: Exception | None = None, modname: str | None = None
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        orig_exc: Exception | None = None,
+        modname: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(message)
         self.message = message
diff --git a/sphinx/events.py b/sphinx/events.py
index 4dc5131e7ee..df2fdf7048d 100644
--- a/sphinx/events.py
+++ b/sphinx/events.py
@@ -84,7 +84,10 @@ def disconnect(self, listener_id: int) -> None:
                     listeners.remove(listener)
 
     def emit(
-        self, name: str, *args: Any, allowed_exceptions: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = ()
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *args: Any,
+        allowed_exceptions: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = (),
     ) -> list:
         """Emit a Sphinx event."""
         # not every object likes to be repr()'d (think
@@ -120,7 +123,10 @@ def emit(
         return results
 
     def emit_firstresult(
-        self, name: str, *args: Any, allowed_exceptions: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = ()
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *args: Any,
+        allowed_exceptions: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = (),
     ) -> Any:
         """Emit a Sphinx event and returns first result.
 
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/apidoc.py b/sphinx/ext/apidoc.py
index 53bc2ea370e..e08c0b1e91c 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/apidoc.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/apidoc.py
@@ -96,7 +96,10 @@ def write_file(name: str, text: str, opts: CliOptions) -> Path:
 
 
 def create_module_file(
-    package: str | None, basename: str, opts: CliOptions, user_template_dir: str | None = None
+    package: str | None,
+    basename: str,
+    opts: CliOptions,
+    user_template_dir: str | None = None,
 ) -> Path:
     """Build the text of the file and write the file."""
     options = copy(OPTIONS)
@@ -148,7 +151,9 @@ def create_package_file(
         if not is_skipped_module(Path(root, sub), opts, excludes) and not is_initpy(sub)
     ]
     submodules = sorted(set(submodules))
-    submodules = [module_join(master_package, subroot, modname) for modname in submodules]
+    submodules = [
+        module_join(master_package, subroot, modname) for modname in submodules
+    ]
     options = copy(OPTIONS)
     if opts.includeprivate and 'private-members' not in options:
         options.append('private-members')
@@ -316,7 +321,9 @@ def recurse_tree(
         if is_pkg or is_namespace:
             # we are in a package with something to document
             if subs or len(files) > 1 or not is_skipped_package(root, opts):
-                subpackage = root[len(rootpath) :].lstrip(path.sep).replace(path.sep, '.')
+                subpackage = (
+                    root[len(rootpath) :].lstrip(path.sep).replace(path.sep, '.')
+                )
                 # if this is not a namespace or
                 # a namespace and there is something there to document
                 if not is_namespace or has_child_module(root, excludes, opts):
@@ -342,7 +349,9 @@ def recurse_tree(
                 if not is_skipped_module(Path(rootpath, py_file), opts, excludes):
                     module = py_file.split('.')[0]
                     written_files.append(
-                        create_module_file(root_package, module, opts, user_template_dir)
+                        create_module_file(
+                            root_package, module, opts, user_template_dir
+                        )
                     )
                     toplevels.append(module)
 
@@ -361,7 +370,7 @@ def is_excluded(root: str | Path, excludes: Sequence[re.Pattern[str]]) -> bool:
 
 def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        usage='%(prog)s [OPTIONS] -o <OUTPUT_PATH> <MODULE_PATH> ' '[EXCLUDE_PATTERN, ...]',
+        usage='%(prog)s [OPTIONS] -o <OUTPUT_PATH> <MODULE_PATH> [EXCLUDE_PATTERN, ...]',
         epilog=__('For more information, visit <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>.'),
         description=__("""
 Look recursively in <MODULE_PATH> for Python modules and packages and create
@@ -384,7 +393,9 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
     parser.add_argument(
         'exclude_pattern',
         nargs='*',
-        help=__('fnmatch-style file and/or directory patterns ' 'to exclude from generation'),
+        help=__(
+            'fnmatch-style file and/or directory patterns to exclude from generation'
+        ),
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -408,10 +419,14 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         dest='maxdepth',
         type=int,
         default=4,
-        help=__('maximum depth of submodules to show in the TOC ' '(default: 4)'),
+        help=__('maximum depth of submodules to show in the TOC (default: 4)'),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-f', '--force', action='store_true', dest='force', help=__('overwrite existing files')
+        '-f',
+        '--force',
+        action='store_true',
+        dest='force',
+        help=__('overwrite existing files'),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         '-l',
@@ -420,7 +435,7 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         dest='followlinks',
         default=False,
         help=__(
-            'follow symbolic links. Powerful when combined ' 'with collective.recipe.omelette.'
+            'follow symbolic links. Powerful when combined with collective.recipe.omelette.'
         ),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -474,14 +489,14 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         '--module-first',
         action='store_true',
         dest='modulefirst',
-        help=__('put module documentation before submodule ' 'documentation'),
+        help=__('put module documentation before submodule documentation'),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         '--implicit-namespaces',
         action='store_true',
         dest='implicit_namespaces',
         help=__(
-            'interpret module paths according to PEP-0420 ' 'implicit namespaces specification'
+            'interpret module paths according to PEP-0420 implicit namespaces specification'
         ),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -497,7 +512,9 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         '--remove-old',
         action='store_true',
         dest='remove_old',
-        help=__('Remove existing files in the output directory that were not generated'),
+        help=__(
+            'Remove existing files in the output directory that were not generated'
+        ),
     )
     exclusive_group.add_argument(
         '-F',
@@ -539,7 +556,9 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         '--doc-release',
         action='store',
         dest='release',
-        help=__('project release, used when --full is given, ' 'defaults to --doc-version'),
+        help=__(
+            'project release, used when --full is given, defaults to --doc-version'
+        ),
     )
 
     group = parser.add_argument_group(__('extension options'))
@@ -649,7 +668,11 @@ def main(argv: Sequence[str] = (), /) -> int:
             'suffix': '.' + args.suffix,
             'master': 'index',
             'epub': True,
-            'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.viewcode', 'sphinx.ext.todo'],
+            'extensions': [
+                'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
+                'sphinx.ext.viewcode',
+                'sphinx.ext.todo',
+            ],
             'makefile': True,
             'batchfile': True,
             'make_mode': True,
@@ -670,7 +693,9 @@ def main(argv: Sequence[str] = (), /) -> int:
                 d['extensions'].extend(ext.split(','))
 
         if not args.dryrun:
-            qs.generate(d, silent=True, overwrite=args.force, templatedir=args.templatedir)
+            qs.generate(
+                d, silent=True, overwrite=args.force, templatedir=args.templatedir
+            )
     elif args.tocfile:
         written_files.append(
             create_modules_toc_file(modules, args, args.tocfile, args.templatedir)
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/autosummary/generate.py b/sphinx/ext/autosummary/generate.py
index 356043e1e68..bed3e5b8a37 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/autosummary/generate.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/autosummary/generate.py
@@ -131,7 +131,9 @@ def __init__(self, app: Sphinx) -> None:
             msg = 'Expected a Sphinx application object!'
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
-        system_templates_path = [os.path.join(package_dir, 'ext', 'autosummary', 'templates')]
+        system_templates_path = [
+            os.path.join(package_dir, 'ext', 'autosummary', 'templates')
+        ]
         loader = SphinxTemplateLoader(
             app.srcdir, app.config.templates_path, system_templates_path
         )
@@ -297,7 +299,9 @@ def generate_autosummary_content(
         ns['members'] = scanner.scan(imported_members)
 
         respect_module_all = not app.config.autosummary_ignore_module_all
-        imported_members = imported_members or ('__all__' in dir(obj) and respect_module_all)
+        imported_members = imported_members or (
+            '__all__' in dir(obj) and respect_module_all
+        )
 
         ns['functions'], ns['all_functions'] = _get_members(
             doc, app, obj, {'function'}, imported=imported_members
@@ -378,7 +382,9 @@ def generate_autosummary_content(
 
 def _skip_member(app: Sphinx, obj: Any, name: str, objtype: str) -> bool:
     try:
-        return app.emit_firstresult('autodoc-skip-member', objtype, name, obj, False, {})
+        return app.emit_firstresult(
+            'autodoc-skip-member', objtype, name, obj, False, {}
+        )
     except Exception as exc:
         logger.warning(
             __(
@@ -465,7 +471,11 @@ def _get_module_attrs(name: str, members: Any) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]:
 
 
 def _get_modules(
-    obj: Any, *, skip: Sequence[str], name: str, public_members: Sequence[str] | None = None
+    obj: Any,
+    *,
+    skip: Sequence[str],
+    name: str,
+    public_members: Sequence[str] | None = None,
 ) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]:
     items: list[str] = []
     public: list[str] = []
@@ -511,7 +521,9 @@ def generate_autosummary_docs(
     showed_sources = sorted(sources)
     if len(showed_sources) > 20:
         showed_sources = showed_sources[:10] + ['...'] + showed_sources[-10:]
-    logger.info(__('[autosummary] generating autosummary for: %s'), ', '.join(showed_sources))
+    logger.info(
+        __('[autosummary] generating autosummary for: %s'), ', '.join(showed_sources)
+    )
 
     if output_dir:
         logger.info(__('[autosummary] writing to %s'), output_dir)
@@ -736,7 +748,9 @@ def find_autosummary_in_lines(
         if m:
             current_module = m.group(1).strip()
             # recurse into the automodule docstring
-            documented.extend(find_autosummary_in_docstring(current_module, filename=filename))
+            documented.extend(
+                find_autosummary_in_docstring(current_module, filename=filename)
+            )
             continue
 
         m = module_re.match(line)
@@ -789,7 +803,7 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         action='store',
         dest='suffix',
         default='rst',
-        help=__('default suffix for files (default: ' '%(default)s)'),
+        help=__('default suffix for files (default: %(default)s)'),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         '-t',
@@ -797,7 +811,7 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         action='store',
         dest='templates',
         default=None,
-        help=__('custom template directory (default: ' '%(default)s)'),
+        help=__('custom template directory (default: %(default)s)'),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         '-i',
@@ -805,7 +819,7 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         action='store_true',
         dest='imported_members',
         default=False,
-        help=__('document imported members (default: ' '%(default)s)'),
+        help=__('document imported members (default: %(default)s)'),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         '-a',
@@ -823,7 +837,9 @@ def get_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         action='store_true',
         dest='remove_old',
         default=False,
-        help=__('Remove existing files in the output directory that were not generated'),
+        help=__(
+            'Remove existing files in the output directory that were not generated'
+        ),
     )
 
     return parser
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/coverage.py b/sphinx/ext/coverage.py
index f7ce3beaa65..5ecc1670959 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/coverage.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/coverage.py
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ def write_py_coverage(self) -> None:
                                     if self.app.quiet or self.app.warningiserror:
                                         for meth in methods:
                                             logger.warning(
-                                                __('undocumented python method:' +
+                                                __('undocumented python method:'
                                                    ' %s :: %s :: %s'),
                                                 name, class_name, meth)
                                     else:
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/intersphinx/_resolve.py b/sphinx/ext/intersphinx/_resolve.py
index 730385a7359..35a8c12bc7d 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/intersphinx/_resolve.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/intersphinx/_resolve.py
@@ -82,10 +82,16 @@ def _resolve_reference_in_domain_by_target(
             insensitive_matches = list(filter(lambda k: k.lower() == target_lower,
                                               inventory[objtype].keys()))
             if len(insensitive_matches) > 1:
+                data_items = {inventory[objtype][match] for match in insensitive_matches}
                 inv_descriptor = inv_name or 'main_inventory'
-                LOGGER.warning(__("inventory '%s': multiple matches found for %s:%s"),
-                               inv_descriptor, objtype, target,
-                               type='intersphinx',  subtype='external', location=node)
+                if len(data_items) == 1:  # these are duplicates; relatively innocuous
+                    LOGGER.debug(__("inventory '%s': duplicate matches found for %s:%s"),
+                                 inv_descriptor, objtype, target,
+                                 type='intersphinx',  subtype='external', location=node)
+                else:
+                    LOGGER.warning(__("inventory '%s': multiple matches found for %s:%s"),
+                                   inv_descriptor, objtype, target,
+                                   type='intersphinx',  subtype='external', location=node)
             if insensitive_matches:
                 data = inventory[objtype][insensitive_matches[0]]
             else:
diff --git a/sphinx/highlighting.py b/sphinx/highlighting.py
index 86bdd234430..c7ae156689d 100644
--- a/sphinx/highlighting.py
+++ b/sphinx/highlighting.py
@@ -48,7 +48,11 @@
 }
 
 
-escape_hl_chars = {ord('\\'): '\\PYGZbs{}', ord('{'): '\\PYGZob{}', ord('}'): '\\PYGZcb{}'}
+escape_hl_chars = {
+    ord('\\'): '\\PYGZbs{}',
+    ord('{'): '\\PYGZob{}',
+    ord('}'): '\\PYGZcb{}',
+}
 
 # used if Pygments is available
 # MEMO: no use of \protected here to avoid having to do hyperref extras,
@@ -96,7 +100,10 @@ class PygmentsBridge:
     latex_formatter = LatexFormatter[str]
 
     def __init__(
-        self, dest: str = 'html', stylename: str = 'sphinx', latex_engine: str | None = None
+        self,
+        dest: str = 'html',
+        stylename: str = 'sphinx',
+        latex_engine: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.dest = dest
         self.latex_engine = latex_engine
diff --git a/sphinx/jinja2glue.py b/sphinx/jinja2glue.py
index ec75c6d96cb..0df58b52d4f 100644
--- a/sphinx/jinja2glue.py
+++ b/sphinx/jinja2glue.py
@@ -116,7 +116,9 @@ class SphinxFileSystemLoader(FileSystemLoader):
     template names.
     """
 
-    def get_source(self, environment: Environment, template: str) -> tuple[str, str, Callable]:
+    def get_source(
+        self, environment: Environment, template: str
+    ) -> tuple[str, str, Callable]:
         for searchpath in self.searchpath:
             filename = path.join(searchpath, template)
             f = open_if_exists(filename)
@@ -204,8 +206,14 @@ def render_string(self, source: str, context: dict) -> str:
         return self.environment.from_string(source).render(context)
 
     def newest_template_mtime(self) -> float:
+        return self._newest_template_mtime_name()[0]
+
+    def newest_template_name(self) -> str:
+        return self._newest_template_mtime_name()[1]
+
+    def _newest_template_mtime_name(self) -> tuple[float, str]:
         return max(
-            os.stat(os.path.join(root, sfile)).st_mtime_ns / 10**9
+            (os.stat(os.path.join(root, sfile)).st_mtime_ns / 10**9, sfile)
             for dirname in self.pathchain
             for root, _dirs, files in os.walk(dirname)
             for sfile in files
@@ -214,7 +222,9 @@ def newest_template_mtime(self) -> float:
 
     # Loader interface
 
-    def get_source(self, environment: Environment, template: str) -> tuple[str, str, Callable]:
+    def get_source(
+        self, environment: Environment, template: str
+    ) -> tuple[str, str, Callable]:
         loaders = self.loaders
         # exclamation mark starts search from theme
         if template.startswith('!'):
diff --git a/sphinx/locale/__init__.py b/sphinx/locale/__init__.py
index c0b4ee9adff..1d66c8e1e45 100644
--- a/sphinx/locale/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/locale/__init__.py
@@ -166,11 +166,15 @@ def init_console(
     return init([locale_dir], language, catalog, 'console')
 
 
-def get_translator(catalog: str = 'sphinx', namespace: str = 'general') -> NullTranslations:
+def get_translator(
+    catalog: str = 'sphinx', namespace: str = 'general'
+) -> NullTranslations:
     return translators.get((namespace, catalog), NullTranslations())
 
 
-def is_translator_registered(catalog: str = 'sphinx', namespace: str = 'general') -> bool:
+def is_translator_registered(
+    catalog: str = 'sphinx', namespace: str = 'general'
+) -> bool:
     return (namespace, catalog) in translators
 
 
diff --git a/sphinx/parsers.py b/sphinx/parsers.py
index 955d59b3b79..cc10ce184b1 100644
--- a/sphinx/parsers.py
+++ b/sphinx/parsers.py
@@ -72,7 +72,9 @@ def parse(self, inputstring: str | StringList, document: nodes.document) -> None
         # preprocess inputstring
         if isinstance(inputstring, str):
             lines = docutils.statemachine.string2lines(
-                inputstring, tab_width=document.settings.tab_width, convert_whitespace=True
+                inputstring,
+                tab_width=document.settings.tab_width,
+                convert_whitespace=True,
             )
 
             inputlines = StringList(lines, document.current_source)
diff --git a/sphinx/project.py b/sphinx/project.py
index f1d77a351a0..01642999306 100644
--- a/sphinx/project.py
+++ b/sphinx/project.py
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@
 class Project:
     """A project is the source code set of the Sphinx document(s)."""
 
-    def __init__(self, srcdir: str | os.PathLike[str], source_suffix: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self, srcdir: str | os.PathLike[str], source_suffix: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> None:
         #: Source directory.
         self.srcdir = _StrPath(srcdir)
 
@@ -82,7 +84,9 @@ def discover(
                     self._docname_to_path[docname] = path
                 else:
                     logger.warning(
-                        __('Ignored unreadable document %r.'), filename, location=docname
+                        __('Ignored unreadable document %r.'),
+                        filename,
+                        location=docname,
                     )
 
         return self.docnames
diff --git a/sphinx/roles.py b/sphinx/roles.py
index fbc322dcf5b..182e2c0da24 100644
--- a/sphinx/roles.py
+++ b/sphinx/roles.py
@@ -167,7 +167,11 @@ def process_link(
         return title, ws_re.sub(' ', target)
 
     def result_nodes(
-        self, document: nodes.document, env: BuildEnvironment, node: Element, is_ref: bool
+        self,
+        document: nodes.document,
+        env: BuildEnvironment,
+        node: Element,
+        is_ref: bool,
     ) -> tuple[list[Node], list[system_message]]:
         """Called before returning the finished nodes.  *node* is the reference
         node if one was created (*is_ref* is then true), else the content node.
@@ -211,7 +215,9 @@ def run(self) -> tuple[list[Node], list[system_message]]:
 
         try:
             refuri = self.build_uri()
-            reference = nodes.reference('', '', internal=False, refuri=refuri, classes=['pep'])
+            reference = nodes.reference(
+                '', '', internal=False, refuri=refuri, classes=['pep']
+            )
             if self.has_explicit_title:
                 reference += nodes.strong(self.title, self.title)
             else:
@@ -246,7 +252,9 @@ def run(self) -> tuple[list[Node], list[system_message]]:
 
         try:
             refuri = self.build_uri()
-            reference = nodes.reference('', '', internal=False, refuri=refuri, classes=['rfc'])
+            reference = nodes.reference(
+                '', '', internal=False, refuri=refuri, classes=['rfc']
+            )
             if self.has_explicit_title:
                 reference += nodes.strong(self.title, self.title)
             else:
diff --git a/sphinx/search/ja.py b/sphinx/search/ja.py
index 5669155cb04..7ff663292df 100644
--- a/sphinx/search/ja.py
+++ b/sphinx/search/ja.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 from sphinx.errors import ExtensionError, SphinxError
 from sphinx.search import SearchLanguage
-from sphinx.util import import_object
+from sphinx.util._importer import import_object
 
 
 class BaseSplitter:
@@ -505,12 +505,18 @@ class SearchJapanese(SearchLanguage):
     language_name = 'Japanese'
 
     def init(self, options: dict[str, str]) -> None:
-        dotted_path = options.get('type', 'sphinx.search.ja.DefaultSplitter')
-        try:
-            self.splitter = import_object(dotted_path)(options)
-        except ExtensionError as exc:
-            raise ExtensionError("Splitter module %r can't be imported" %
-                                 dotted_path) from exc
+        dotted_path = options.get('type')
+        if dotted_path is None:
+            self.splitter = DefaultSplitter(options)
+        else:
+            try:
+                splitter_cls = import_object(
+                    dotted_path, "html_search_options['type'] setting"
+                )
+                self.splitter = splitter_cls(options)
+            except ExtensionError as exc:
+                msg = f"Splitter module {dotted_path!r} can't be imported"
+                raise ExtensionError(msg) from exc
 
     def split(self, input: str) -> list[str]:
         return self.splitter.split(input)
diff --git a/sphinx/testing/fixtures.py b/sphinx/testing/fixtures.py
index 388e5f6e3cc..7e7811e8907 100644
--- a/sphinx/testing/fixtures.py
+++ b/sphinx/testing/fixtures.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def pytest_configure(config: pytest.Config) -> None:
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='session')
-def rootdir() -> str | None:
+def rootdir() -> Path | None:
     return None
 
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def app_params(
     test_params: dict[str, Any],
     shared_result: SharedResult,
     sphinx_test_tempdir: str,
-    rootdir: str,
+    rootdir: Path,
 ) -> _app_params:
     """
     Parameters that are specified by 'pytest.mark.sphinx' for
diff --git a/sphinx/themes/basic/static/basic.css.jinja b/sphinx/themes/basic/static/basic.css.jinja
index 297b9bfaeff..53fbadb0b6a 100644
--- a/sphinx/themes/basic/static/basic.css.jinja
+++ b/sphinx/themes/basic/static/basic.css.jinja
@@ -115,15 +115,11 @@ img {
 /* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 ul.search {
-    margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
-    padding: 0;
+    margin-top: 10px;
 }
 
 ul.search li {
-    padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
-    background-image: url(file.png);
-    background-repeat: no-repeat;
-    background-position: 0 7px;
+    padding: 5px 0;
 }
 
 ul.search li a {
diff --git a/sphinx/themes/basic/static/searchtools.js b/sphinx/themes/basic/static/searchtools.js
index b08d58c9b9b..2b058e13bec 100644
--- a/sphinx/themes/basic/static/searchtools.js
+++ b/sphinx/themes/basic/static/searchtools.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ if (typeof Scorer === "undefined") {
     // and returns the new score.
     /*
     score: result => {
-      const [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename] = result
+      const [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename, context] = result
       return score
     },
     */
@@ -47,6 +47,14 @@ if (typeof Scorer === "undefined") {
   };
 }
 
+// Global search result kind enum, used by themes to style search results.
+class SearchResultContext {
+    static get index() { return  "index"; }
+    static get object() { return "object"; }
+    static get text() { return "text"; }
+    static get title() { return "title"; }
+}
+
 const _removeChildren = (element) => {
   while (element && element.lastChild) element.removeChild(element.lastChild);
 };
@@ -64,9 +72,13 @@ const _displayItem = (item, searchTerms, highlightTerms) => {
   const showSearchSummary = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.SHOW_SEARCH_SUMMARY;
   const contentRoot = document.documentElement.dataset.content_root;
 
-  const [docName, title, anchor, descr, score, _filename] = item;
+  const [docName, title, anchor, descr, score, _filename, context] = item;
 
   let listItem = document.createElement("li");
+  // Add a class representing the item's type:
+  // can be used by a theme's CSS selector for styling
+  // See SearchResultContext for the class names.
+  listItem.classList.add(`context-${context}`);
   let requestUrl;
   let linkUrl;
   if (docBuilder === "dirhtml") {
@@ -115,8 +127,10 @@ const _finishSearch = (resultCount) => {
       "Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you've selected enough categories."
     );
   else
-    Search.status.innerText = _(
-      "Search finished, found ${resultCount} page(s) matching the search query."
+    Search.status.innerText = Documentation.ngettext(
+      "Search finished, found one page matching the search query.",
+      "Search finished, found ${resultCount} pages matching the search query.",
+      resultCount,
     ).replace('${resultCount}', resultCount);
 };
 const _displayNextItem = (
@@ -138,7 +152,7 @@ const _displayNextItem = (
   else _finishSearch(resultCount);
 };
 // Helper function used by query() to order search results.
-// Each input is an array of [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename].
+// Each input is an array of [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename, context].
 // Order the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the
 // `_displayNextItem` function uses pop() to retrieve items) and then alphabetically.
 const _orderResultsByScoreThenName = (a, b) => {
@@ -248,6 +262,7 @@ const Search = {
     searchSummary.classList.add("search-summary");
     searchSummary.innerText = "";
     const searchList = document.createElement("ul");
+    searchList.setAttribute("role", "list");
     searchList.classList.add("search");
 
     const out = document.getElementById("search-results");
@@ -318,7 +333,7 @@ const Search = {
     const indexEntries = Search._index.indexentries;
 
     // Collect multiple result groups to be sorted separately and then ordered.
-    // Each is an array of [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename].
+    // Each is an array of [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename, context].
     const normalResults = [];
     const nonMainIndexResults = [];
 
@@ -337,6 +352,7 @@ const Search = {
             null,
             score + boost,
             filenames[file],
+            SearchResultContext.title,
           ]);
         }
       }
@@ -354,6 +370,7 @@ const Search = {
             null,
             score,
             filenames[file],
+            SearchResultContext.index,
           ];
           if (isMain) {
             normalResults.push(result);
@@ -475,6 +492,7 @@ const Search = {
         descr,
         score,
         filenames[match[0]],
+        SearchResultContext.object,
       ]);
     };
     Object.keys(objects).forEach((prefix) =>
@@ -585,6 +603,7 @@ const Search = {
         null,
         score,
         filenames[file],
+        SearchResultContext.text,
       ]);
     }
     return results;
diff --git a/sphinx/theming.py b/sphinx/theming.py
index b132c8bcd24..6d9986ba3c2 100644
--- a/sphinx/theming.py
+++ b/sphinx/theming.py
@@ -293,7 +293,9 @@ def _load_theme_with_ancestors(
     return themes, theme_dirs, tmp_dirs
 
 
-def _load_theme(name: str, theme_path: str, /) -> tuple[str, str, str | None, _ConfigFile]:
+def _load_theme(
+    name: str, theme_path: str, /
+) -> tuple[str, str, str | None, _ConfigFile]:
     if path.isdir(theme_path):
         # already a directory, do nothing
         tmp_dir = None
@@ -371,7 +373,9 @@ def _convert_theme_toml(cfg: _ThemeToml, /) -> _ConfigFile:
     pygments_table = theme.get('pygments_style', {})
     if isinstance(pygments_table, str):
         hint = f'pygments_style = {{ default = "{pygments_table}" }}'
-        msg = __('The "theme.pygments_style" setting must be a table. Hint: "%s"') % hint
+        msg = (
+            __('The "theme.pygments_style" setting must be a table. Hint: "%s"') % hint
+        )
         raise ThemeError(msg)
     pygments_style_default: str | None = pygments_table.get('default')
     pygments_style_dark: str | None = pygments_table.get('dark')
@@ -401,15 +405,23 @@ def _validate_theme_conf(cfg: configparser.RawConfigParser, name: str) -> str:
 
 def _convert_theme_conf(cfg: configparser.RawConfigParser, /) -> _ConfigFile:
     if stylesheet := cfg.get('theme', 'stylesheet', fallback=''):
-        stylesheets: tuple[str, ...] | None = tuple(map(str.strip, stylesheet.split(',')))
+        stylesheets: tuple[str, ...] | None = tuple(
+            map(str.strip, stylesheet.split(','))
+        )
     else:
         stylesheets = None
     if sidebar := cfg.get('theme', 'sidebars', fallback=''):
-        sidebar_templates: tuple[str, ...] | None = tuple(map(str.strip, sidebar.split(',')))
+        sidebar_templates: tuple[str, ...] | None = tuple(
+            map(str.strip, sidebar.split(','))
+        )
     else:
         sidebar_templates = None
-    pygments_style_default: str | None = cfg.get('theme', 'pygments_style', fallback=None)
-    pygments_style_dark: str | None = cfg.get('theme', 'pygments_dark_style', fallback=None)
+    pygments_style_default: str | None = cfg.get(
+        'theme', 'pygments_style', fallback=None
+    )
+    pygments_style_dark: str | None = cfg.get(
+        'theme', 'pygments_dark_style', fallback=None
+    )
     options = dict(cfg.items('options')) if cfg.has_section('options') else {}
     return _ConfigFile(
         stylesheets=stylesheets,
diff --git a/sphinx/transforms/i18n.py b/sphinx/transforms/i18n.py
index 35e1a086abb..8b67836764a 100644
--- a/sphinx/transforms/i18n.py
+++ b/sphinx/transforms/i18n.py
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ def list_replace_or_append(lst: list[N], old: N, new: N) -> None:
         old_foot_refs = list(is_autofootnote_ref.findall(self.node))
         new_foot_refs = list(is_autofootnote_ref.findall(self.patch))
         self.compare_references(old_foot_refs, new_foot_refs,
-                                __('inconsistent footnote references in translated message.' +
+                                __('inconsistent footnote references in translated message.'
                                    ' original: {0}, translated: {1}'))
         old_foot_namerefs: dict[str, list[nodes.footnote_reference]] = {}
         for r in old_foot_refs:
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ def update_refnamed_references(self) -> None:
         old_refs = list(is_refnamed_ref.findall(self.node))
         new_refs = list(is_refnamed_ref.findall(self.patch))
         self.compare_references(old_refs, new_refs,
-                                __('inconsistent references in translated message.' +
+                                __('inconsistent references in translated message.'
                                    ' original: {0}, translated: {1}'))
         old_ref_names = [r['refname'] for r in old_refs]
         new_ref_names = [r['refname'] for r in new_refs]
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ def update_refnamed_footnote_references(self) -> None:
         new_foot_refs = list(is_refnamed_footnote_ref.findall(self.patch))
         refname_ids_map: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
         self.compare_references(old_foot_refs, new_foot_refs,
-                                __('inconsistent footnote references in translated message.' +
+                                __('inconsistent footnote references in translated message.'
                                    ' original: {0}, translated: {1}'))
         for oldf in old_foot_refs:
             refname_ids_map.setdefault(oldf["refname"], []).append(oldf["ids"])
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ def update_citation_references(self) -> None:
         old_cite_refs = list(is_citation_ref.findall(self.node))
         new_cite_refs = list(is_citation_ref.findall(self.patch))
         self.compare_references(old_cite_refs, new_cite_refs,
-                                __('inconsistent citation references in translated message.' +
+                                __('inconsistent citation references in translated message.'
                                    ' original: {0}, translated: {1}'))
         refname_ids_map: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
         for oldc in old_cite_refs:
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ def update_pending_xrefs(self) -> None:
         old_xrefs = [*self.node.findall(addnodes.pending_xref)]
         new_xrefs = [*self.patch.findall(addnodes.pending_xref)]
         self.compare_references(old_xrefs, new_xrefs,
-                                __('inconsistent term references in translated message.' +
+                                __('inconsistent term references in translated message.'
                                    ' original: {0}, translated: {1}'))
 
         xref_reftarget_map: dict[tuple[str, str, str] | None, dict[str, Any]] = {}
diff --git a/sphinx/util/__init__.py b/sphinx/util/__init__.py
index 4271f908930..6dd54cb5e76 100644
--- a/sphinx/util/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/util/__init__.py
@@ -6,15 +6,13 @@
 import os
 import posixpath
 import re
-from importlib import import_module
-from os import path
-from typing import IO, Any
+from typing import Any
 from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, quote_plus, urlencode, urlsplit, urlunsplit
 
-from sphinx.errors import ExtensionError, FiletypeNotFoundError
+from sphinx.errors import FiletypeNotFoundError
 from sphinx.locale import __
+from sphinx.util import _files, _importer, logging
 from sphinx.util import index_entries as _index_entries
-from sphinx.util import logging
 from sphinx.util.console import strip_colors  # NoQA: F401
 from sphinx.util.matching import patfilter  # NoQA: F401
 from sphinx.util.nodes import (  # NoQA: F401
@@ -56,49 +54,6 @@ def get_filetype(source_suffix: dict[str, str], filename: str | os.PathLike) ->
     raise FiletypeNotFoundError
 
 
-class FilenameUniqDict(dict):
-    """
-    A dictionary that automatically generates unique names for its keys,
-    interpreted as filenames, and keeps track of a set of docnames they
-    appear in.  Used for images and downloadable files in the environment.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self._existing: set[str] = set()
-
-    def add_file(self, docname: str, newfile: str) -> str:
-        if newfile in self:
-            self[newfile][0].add(docname)
-            return self[newfile][1]
-        uniquename = path.basename(newfile)
-        base, ext = path.splitext(uniquename)
-        i = 0
-        while uniquename in self._existing:
-            i += 1
-            uniquename = f'{base}{i}{ext}'
-        self[newfile] = ({docname}, uniquename)
-        self._existing.add(uniquename)
-        return uniquename
-
-    def purge_doc(self, docname: str) -> None:
-        for filename, (docs, unique) in list(self.items()):
-            docs.discard(docname)
-            if not docs:
-                del self[filename]
-                self._existing.discard(unique)
-
-    def merge_other(self, docnames: set[str], other: dict[str, tuple[set[str], Any]]) -> None:
-        for filename, (docs, _unique) in other.items():
-            for doc in docs & set(docnames):
-                self.add_file(doc, filename)
-
-    def __getstate__(self) -> set[str]:
-        return self._existing
-
-    def __setstate__(self, state: set[str]) -> None:
-        self._existing = state
-
-
 def _md5(data: bytes = b'', **_kw: Any) -> hashlib._Hash:
     """Deprecated wrapper around hashlib.md5
 
@@ -115,38 +70,6 @@ def _sha1(data: bytes = b'', **_kw: Any) -> hashlib._Hash:
     return hashlib.sha1(data, usedforsecurity=False)
 
 
-class DownloadFiles(dict):
-    """A special dictionary for download files.
-
-    .. important:: This class would be refactored in nearly future.
-                   Hence don't hack this directly.
-    """
-
-    def add_file(self, docname: str, filename: str) -> str:
-        if filename not in self:
-            digest = hashlib.md5(filename.encode(), usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()
-            dest = f'{digest}/{os.path.basename(filename)}'
-            self[filename] = (set(), dest)
-
-        self[filename][0].add(docname)
-        return self[filename][1]
-
-    def purge_doc(self, docname: str) -> None:
-        for filename, (docs, _dest) in list(self.items()):
-            docs.discard(docname)
-            if not docs:
-                del self[filename]
-
-    def merge_other(self, docnames: set[str], other: dict[str, tuple[set[str], Any]]) -> None:
-        for filename, (docs, _dest) in other.items():
-            for docname in docs & set(docnames):
-                self.add_file(docname, filename)
-
-
-# a regex to recognize coding cookies
-_coding_re = re.compile(r'coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)')
-
-
 class UnicodeDecodeErrorHandler:
     """Custom error handler for open() that warns and replaces."""
 
@@ -169,26 +92,6 @@ def __call__(self, error: UnicodeDecodeError) -> tuple[str, int]:
 
 # Low-level utility functions and classes.
 
-class Tee:
-    """
-    File-like object writing to two streams.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, stream1: IO, stream2: IO) -> None:
-        self.stream1 = stream1
-        self.stream2 = stream2
-
-    def write(self, text: str) -> None:
-        self.stream1.write(text)
-        self.stream2.write(text)
-
-    def flush(self) -> None:
-        if hasattr(self.stream1, 'flush'):
-            self.stream1.flush()
-        if hasattr(self.stream2, 'flush'):
-            self.stream2.flush()
-
-
 def parselinenos(spec: str, total: int) -> list[int]:
     """Parse a line number spec (such as "1,2,4-6") and return a list of
     wanted line numbers.
@@ -217,27 +120,6 @@ def parselinenos(spec: str, total: int) -> list[int]:
     return items
 
 
-def import_object(objname: str, source: str | None = None) -> Any:
-    """Import python object by qualname."""
-    try:
-        objpath = objname.split('.')
-        modname = objpath.pop(0)
-        obj = import_module(modname)
-        for name in objpath:
-            modname += '.' + name
-            try:
-                obj = getattr(obj, name)
-            except AttributeError:
-                obj = import_module(modname)
-
-        return obj
-    except (AttributeError, ImportError) as exc:
-        if source:
-            raise ExtensionError('Could not import %s (needed for %s)' %
-                                 (objname, source), exc) from exc
-        raise ExtensionError('Could not import %s' % objname, exc) from exc
-
-
 def encode_uri(uri: str) -> str:
     split = list(urlsplit(uri))
     split[1] = split[1].encode('idna').decode('ascii')
@@ -262,6 +144,9 @@ def isurl(url: str) -> bool:
                    (9, 0)),
     'md5': (_md5, '', (9, 0)),
     'sha1': (_sha1, '', (9, 0)),
+    'import_object': (_importer.import_object, '', (10, 0)),
+    'FilenameUniqDict': (_files.FilenameUniqDict, '', (10, 0)),
+    'DownloadFiles': (_files.DownloadFiles, '', (10, 0)),
 }
 
 
diff --git a/sphinx/util/_files.py b/sphinx/util/_files.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9252002411f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sphinx/util/_files.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import os.path
+from typing import Any
+
+
+class FilenameUniqDict(dict[str, tuple[set[str], str]]):
+    """
+    A dictionary that automatically generates unique names for its keys,
+    interpreted as filenames, and keeps track of a set of docnames they
+    appear in.  Used for images and downloadable files in the environment.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._existing: set[str] = set()
+
+    def add_file(self, docname: str, newfile: str) -> str:
+        if newfile in self:
+            self[newfile][0].add(docname)
+            return self[newfile][1]
+        uniquename = os.path.basename(newfile)
+        base, ext = os.path.splitext(uniquename)
+        i = 0
+        while uniquename in self._existing:
+            i += 1
+            uniquename = f'{base}{i}{ext}'
+        self[newfile] = ({docname}, uniquename)
+        self._existing.add(uniquename)
+        return uniquename
+
+    def purge_doc(self, docname: str) -> None:
+        for filename, (docs, unique) in list(self.items()):
+            docs.discard(docname)
+            if not docs:
+                del self[filename]
+                self._existing.discard(unique)
+
+    def merge_other(self, docnames: set[str], other: dict[str, tuple[set[str], Any]]) -> None:
+        for filename, (docs, _unique) in other.items():
+            for doc in docs & set(docnames):
+                self.add_file(doc, filename)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> set[str]:
+        return self._existing
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: set[str]) -> None:
+        self._existing = state
+
+
+class DownloadFiles(dict[str, tuple[set[str], str]]):
+    """A special dictionary for download files.
+
+    .. important:: This class would be refactored in nearly future.
+                   Hence don't hack this directly.
+    """
+
+    def add_file(self, docname: str, filename: str) -> str:
+        if filename not in self:
+            digest = hashlib.md5(filename.encode(), usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()
+            dest = f'{digest}/{os.path.basename(filename)}'
+            self[filename] = (set(), dest)
+
+        self[filename][0].add(docname)
+        return self[filename][1]
+
+    def purge_doc(self, docname: str) -> None:
+        for filename, (docs, _dest) in list(self.items()):
+            docs.discard(docname)
+            if not docs:
+                del self[filename]
+
+    def merge_other(self, docnames: set[str], other: dict[str, tuple[set[str], Any]]) -> None:
+        for filename, (docs, _dest) in other.items():
+            for docname in docs & set(docnames):
+                self.add_file(docname, filename)
diff --git a/sphinx/util/_importer.py b/sphinx/util/_importer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..915750d2d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sphinx/util/_importer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from importlib import import_module
+from typing import Any
+
+from sphinx.errors import ExtensionError
+
+
+def import_object(object_name: str, /, source: str = '') -> Any:
+    """Import python object by qualname."""
+    obj_path = object_name.split('.')
+    module_name = obj_path.pop(0)
+    try:
+        obj = import_module(module_name)
+        for name in obj_path:
+            module_name += '.' + name
+            try:
+                obj = getattr(obj, name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                obj = import_module(module_name)
+    except (AttributeError, ImportError) as exc:
+        if source:
+            msg = f'Could not import {object_name} (needed for {source})'
+            raise ExtensionError(msg, exc) from exc
+        msg = f'Could not import {object_name}'
+        raise ExtensionError(msg, exc) from exc
+    return obj
diff --git a/sphinx/util/fileutil.py b/sphinx/util/fileutil.py
index 1996a7af846..259a2af1952 100644
--- a/sphinx/util/fileutil.py
+++ b/sphinx/util/fileutil.py
@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ def copy_asset_file(source: str | os.PathLike[str], destination: str | os.PathLi
 
         destination = _template_basename(destination) or destination
         with open(destination, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fdst:
+            msg = __('Writing evaluated template result to %s')
+            logger.info(msg, os.fsdecode(destination), type='misc',
+                        subtype='template_evaluation')
             fdst.write(rendered_template)
     else:
         copyfile(source, destination, force=force)
diff --git a/sphinx/versioning.py b/sphinx/versioning.py
index 8756fabe4ba..506d7b5753d 100644
--- a/sphinx/versioning.py
+++ b/sphinx/versioning.py
@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ def add_uids(doctree: Node, condition: Callable[[Node], bool]) -> Iterator[Node]
         yield node
 
 
-def merge_doctrees(old: Node, new: Node, condition: Callable[[Node], bool]) -> Iterator[Node]:
+def merge_doctrees(
+    old: Node, new: Node, condition: Callable[[Node], bool]
+) -> Iterator[Node]:
     """Merge the `old` doctree with the `new` one while looking at nodes
     matching the `condition`.
 
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 391cb4dc562..6e3b83b1397 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@
 
 
 def _init_console(
-    locale_dir: str | None = sphinx.locale._LOCALE_DIR, catalog: str = 'sphinx',
+    locale_dir: str | None = sphinx.locale._LOCALE_DIR,
+    catalog: str = 'sphinx',
 ) -> tuple[gettext.NullTranslations, bool]:
     """Monkeypatch ``init_console`` to skip its action.
 
@@ -46,9 +47,9 @@ def rootdir() -> Path:
 
 
 def pytest_report_header(config: pytest.Config) -> str:
-    header = f"libraries: Sphinx-{sphinx.__display_version__}, docutils-{docutils.__version__}"
+    header = f'libraries: Sphinx-{sphinx.__display_version__}, docutils-{docutils.__version__}'
     if hasattr(config, '_tmp_path_factory'):
-        header += f"\nbase tmp_path: {config._tmp_path_factory.getbasetemp()}"
+        header += f'\nbase tmp_path: {config._tmp_path_factory.getbasetemp()}'
     return header
 
 
diff --git a/tests/js/fixtures/partial/searchindex.js b/tests/js/fixtures/partial/searchindex.js
index dc6bc1cddbb..b650c366e94 100644
--- a/tests/js/fixtures/partial/searchindex.js
+++ b/tests/js/fixtures/partial/searchindex.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"sphinx_utils module": [[0, null]]}, "docnames": ["index"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 63, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst"], "indexentries": {}, "objects": {}, "objnames": {}, "objtypes": {}, "terms": {"also": 0, "ar": 0, "built": 0, "confirm": 0, "document": 0, "function": 0, "html": 0, "i": 0, "includ": 0, "input": 0, "javascript": 0, "known": 0, "match": 0, "partial": 0, "possibl": 0, "prefix": 0, "project": 0, "provid": 0, "restructuredtext": 0, "sampl": 0, "search": 0, "should": 0, "thi": 0, "titl": 0, "us": 0, "when": 0}, "titles": ["sphinx_utils module"], "titleterms": {"modul": 0, "sphinx_util": 0}})
\ No newline at end of file
+Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"sphinx_utils module": [[0, null]]}, "docnames": ["index"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 63, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst"], "indexentries": {}, "objects": {}, "objnames": {}, "objtypes": {}, "terms": {"ar": 0, "both": 0, "built": 0, "confirm": 0, "document": 0, "function": 0, "html": 0, "i": 0, "includ": 0, "input": 0, "javascript": 0, "match": 0, "partial": 0, "possibl": 0, "project": 0, "provid": 0, "restructuredtext": 0, "sampl": 0, "search": 0, "should": 0, "term": 0, "thi": 0, "titl": 0, "us": 0, "when": 0}, "titles": ["sphinx_utils module"], "titleterms": {"modul": 0, "sphinx_util": 0}})
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/js/fixtures/titles/searchindex.js b/tests/js/fixtures/titles/searchindex.js
index f503bf35df9..a084952248a 100644
--- a/tests/js/fixtures/titles/searchindex.js
+++ b/tests/js/fixtures/titles/searchindex.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"Main Page": [[0, null]], "Relevance": [[0, "relevance"], [1, null]]}, "docnames": ["index", "relevance"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 63, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst", "relevance.rst"], "indexentries": {"example (class in relevance)": [[0, "relevance.Example", false]], "module": [[0, "module-relevance", false]], "relevance": [[0, "module-relevance", false]], "relevance (relevance.example attribute)": [[0, "relevance.Example.relevance", false]]}, "objects": {"": [[0, 0, 0, "-", "relevance"]], "relevance": [[0, 1, 1, "", "Example"]], "relevance.Example": [[0, 2, 1, "", "relevance"]]}, "objnames": {"0": ["py", "module", "Python module"], "1": ["py", "class", "Python class"], "2": ["py", "attribute", "Python attribute"]}, "objtypes": {"0": "py:module", "1": "py:class", "2": "py:attribute"}, "terms": {"": [0, 1], "A": 1, "For": 1, "In": [0, 1], "against": 0, "also": 1, "an": 0, "answer": 0, "appear": 1, "ar": 1, "area": 0, "ask": 0, "attribut": 0, "built": 1, "can": [0, 1], "class": 0, "code": [0, 1], "consid": 1, "contain": 0, "context": 0, "corpu": 1, "could": 1, "demonstr": 0, "describ": 1, "detail": 1, "determin": 1, "docstr": 0, "document": [0, 1], "domain": 1, "engin": 0, "exampl": [0, 1], "extract": 0, "find": 0, "found": 0, "from": 0, "function": 1, "ha": 1, "handl": 0, "happen": 1, "head": 0, "help": 0, "highli": 1, "how": 0, "i": [0, 1], "improv": 0, "inform": 0, "intend": 0, "issu": 1, "itself": 1, "knowledg": 0, "languag": 1, "less": 1, "like": [0, 1], "match": 0, "mention": 1, "name": [0, 1], "object": 0, "one": 1, "onli": 1, "other": 0, "page": 1, "part": 1, "particular": 0, "printf": 1, "program": 1, "project": 0, "queri": [0, 1], "question": 0, "re": 0, "rel": 0, "research": 0, "result": 1, "sai": 0, "same": 1, "score": 0, "search": [0, 1], "seem": 0, "softwar": 1, "some": 1, "sphinx": 0, "straightforward": 1, "subject": 0, "subsect": 0, "term": [0, 1], "test": 0, "text": 0, "than": 1, "thei": 0, "them": 0, "thi": 0, "titl": 0, "user": [0, 1], "we": [0, 1], "when": 0, "whether": 1, "within": 0, "would": 1}, "titles": ["Main Page", "Relevance"], "titleterms": {"main": 0, "page": 0, "relev": [0, 1]}})
\ No newline at end of file
+Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"Main Page": [[0, null]], "Relevance": [[0, "relevance"], [1, null]], "Result Scoring": [[0, "result-scoring"]]}, "docnames": ["index", "relevance"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 63, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst", "relevance.rst"], "indexentries": {"example (class in relevance)": [[0, "relevance.Example", false]], "module": [[0, "module-relevance", false]], "relevance": [[0, "index-1", false], [0, "module-relevance", false]], "relevance (relevance.example attribute)": [[0, "relevance.Example.relevance", false]], "scoring": [[0, "index-0", true]]}, "objects": {"": [[0, 0, 0, "-", "relevance"]], "relevance": [[0, 1, 1, "", "Example"]], "relevance.Example": [[0, 2, 1, "", "relevance"]]}, "objnames": {"0": ["py", "module", "Python module"], "1": ["py", "class", "Python class"], "2": ["py", "attribute", "Python attribute"]}, "objtypes": {"0": "py:module", "1": "py:class", "2": "py:attribute"}, "terms": {"": [0, 1], "A": 1, "By": 0, "For": [0, 1], "In": [0, 1], "against": 0, "align": 0, "also": 1, "an": 0, "answer": 0, "appear": 1, "ar": 1, "area": 0, "ask": 0, "assign": 0, "attempt": 0, "attribut": 0, "both": 0, "built": 1, "can": [0, 1], "class": 0, "code": [0, 1], "collect": 0, "consid": 1, "contain": 0, "context": 0, "corpu": 1, "could": 1, "demonstr": 0, "describ": 1, "detail": 1, "determin": [0, 1], "docstr": 0, "document": [0, 1], "domain": 1, "dure": 0, "engin": 0, "evalu": 0, "exampl": [0, 1], "extract": 0, "feedback": 0, "find": 0, "found": 0, "from": 0, "function": 1, "ha": 1, "handl": 0, "happen": 1, "head": 0, "help": 0, "highli": [0, 1], "how": 0, "i": [0, 1], "improv": 0, "inform": 0, "intend": 0, "issu": [0, 1], "itself": 1, "knowledg": 0, "languag": 1, "less": 1, "like": [0, 1], "mani": 0, "match": 0, "mention": 1, "more": 0, "name": [0, 1], "numer": 0, "object": 0, "often": 0, "one": [0, 1], "onli": [0, 1], "order": 0, "other": 0, "over": 0, "page": 1, "part": 1, "particular": 0, "present": 0, "printf": 1, "program": 1, "project": 0, "queri": [0, 1], "question": 0, "re": 0, "rel": 0, "research": 0, "result": 1, "retriev": 0, "sai": 0, "same": 1, "search": [0, 1], "seem": 0, "softwar": 1, "some": 1, "sphinx": 0, "straightforward": 1, "subject": 0, "subsect": 0, "term": [0, 1], "test": 0, "text": 0, "than": [0, 1], "thei": 0, "them": 0, "thi": 0, "time": 0, "titl": 0, "two": 0, "typic": 0, "us": 0, "user": [0, 1], "we": [0, 1], "when": 0, "whether": 1, "which": 0, "within": 0, "word": 0, "would": [0, 1]}, "titles": ["Main Page", "Relevance"], "titleterms": {"main": 0, "page": 0, "relev": [0, 1], "result": 0, "score": 0}})
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/js/jasmine-browser.mjs b/tests/js/jasmine-browser.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7cc8610dd76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/jasmine-browser.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+export default {
+  srcDir: ".",
+  srcFiles: [
+    'sphinx/themes/basic/static/doctools.js',
+    'sphinx/themes/basic/static/searchtools.js',
+    'sphinx/themes/basic/static/sphinx_highlight.js',
+    'tests/js/fixtures/**/*.js',
+    'tests/js/documentation_options.js',
+    'tests/js/language_data.js',
+  ],
+  specDir: "tests/js",
+  specFiles: [
+    '**/*.spec.js',
+  ],
+  helpers: [],
+  env: {
+    stopSpecOnExpectationFailure: false,
+    stopOnSpecFailure: false,
+    random: true
+  },
+
+  listenAddress: "127.0.0.1",
+  hostname: "127.0.0.1",
+
+  browser: {
+    name: "firefox"
+  }
+};
diff --git a/tests/js/roots/partial/index.rst b/tests/js/roots/partial/index.rst
index 6a9561b3994..23fba6dd3eb 100644
--- a/tests/js/roots/partial/index.rst
+++ b/tests/js/roots/partial/index.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 sphinx_utils module
 ===================
 
-Partial (also known as "prefix") matches on document titles should be possible
+Partial matches on document titles and document terms should both be possible
 using the JavaScript search functionality included when HTML documentation
 projects are built.
 
diff --git a/tests/js/roots/titles/index.rst b/tests/js/roots/titles/index.rst
index 464cd954b5c..c401c0b95f5 100644
--- a/tests/js/roots/titles/index.rst
+++ b/tests/js/roots/titles/index.rst
@@ -18,3 +18,17 @@ the subject area they're researching.
 
 .. automodule:: relevance
    :members:
+
+Result Scoring
+--------------
+
+Many search engines assign a numeric score to documents during retrieval of
+results - and this score is often used to determine the order in which they
+will be presented to the user.
+
+For example, if a user issues a query for a two words, then documents that
+contain both of the words would typically be scored more highly than documents
+which only contain one of them.
+
+By evaluating search results and collecting user feedback over time, we can
+attempt to align document :index:`!scoring` with :index:`relevance`.
diff --git a/tests/js/searchtools.js b/tests/js/searchtools.spec.js
similarity index 80%
rename from tests/js/searchtools.js
rename to tests/js/searchtools.spec.js
index c82c6f1f968..cfe5fdcf7ed 100644
--- a/tests/js/searchtools.js
+++ b/tests/js/searchtools.spec.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ describe('Basic html theme search', function() {
 
   function loadFixture(name) {
       req = new XMLHttpRequest();
-      req.open("GET", `base/tests/js/fixtures/${name}`, false);
+      req.open("GET", `__src__/tests/js/fixtures/${name}`, false);
       req.send(null);
       return req.responseText;
   }
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ describe('Basic html theme search', function() {
         "",
         null,
         5,
-        "index.rst"
+        "index.rst",
+        "text"
       ]];
       expect(Search.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded)).toEqual(hits);
     });
@@ -53,7 +54,9 @@ describe('Basic html theme search', function() {
         '',
         null,
         15,
-        'index.rst']];
+        'index.rst',
+        'text'
+      ]];
       expect(Search.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded)).toEqual(hits);
     });
 
@@ -68,11 +71,31 @@ describe('Basic html theme search', function() {
         "",
         null,
         7,
-        "index.rst"
+        "index.rst",
+        "text"
       ]];
       expect(Search.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded)).toEqual(hits);
     });
 
+    it('should partially-match within "possible" when in term index', function() {
+      eval(loadFixture("partial/searchindex.js"));
+
+      [_searchQuery, searchterms, excluded, ..._remainingItems] = Search._parseQuery('ossibl');
+      terms = Search._index.terms;
+      titleterms = Search._index.titleterms;
+
+      hits = [[
+        "index",
+        "sphinx_utils module",
+        "",
+        null,
+        2,
+        "index.rst",
+        "text"
+      ]];
+      expect(Search.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, terms, titleterms)).toEqual(hits);
+    });
+
   });
 
   describe('aggregation of search results', function() {
@@ -89,7 +112,8 @@ describe('Basic html theme search', function() {
           '',
           null,
           16,
-          'index.rst'
+          'index.rst',
+          'title'
         ]
       ];
       expect(Search._performSearch(...searchParameters)).toEqual(hits);
@@ -141,6 +165,34 @@ describe('Basic html theme search', function() {
       checkRanking(expectedRanking, results);
     });
 
+    it('should score a title match above a standard index entry match', function() {
+      eval(loadFixture("titles/searchindex.js"));
+
+      expectedRanking = [
+        ['relevance', 'Relevance', ''],  /* title */
+        ['index', 'Main Page', '#index-1'],  /* index entry */
+      ];
+
+      searchParameters = Search._parseQuery('relevance');
+      results = Search._performSearch(...searchParameters);
+
+      checkRanking(expectedRanking, results);
+    });
+
+    it('should score a priority index entry match above a title match', function() {
+      eval(loadFixture("titles/searchindex.js"));
+
+      expectedRanking = [
+        ['index', 'Main Page', '#index-0'],  /* index entry */
+        ['index', 'Main Page > Result Scoring', '#result-scoring'],  /* title */
+      ];
+
+      searchParameters = Search._parseQuery('scoring');
+      results = Search._performSearch(...searchParameters);
+
+      checkRanking(expectedRanking, results);
+    });
+
     it('should score a main-title match above a subheading-title match', function() {
       eval(loadFixture("titles/searchindex.js"));
 
diff --git a/tests/js/sphinx_highlight.js b/tests/js/sphinx_highlight.spec.js
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/js/sphinx_highlight.js
rename to tests/js/sphinx_highlight.spec.js
diff --git a/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/abstractmethods.py b/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/abstractmethods.py
index a4396d5c93e..d860495e69d 100644
--- a/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/abstractmethods.py
+++ b/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/abstractmethods.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from abc import abstractmethod
 
 
-class Base():
+class Base:
     def meth(self):
         pass
 
diff --git a/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/callable.py b/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/callable.py
index 6fcd5053ee0..93a2c178f7b 100644
--- a/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/callable.py
+++ b/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/callable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class Callable():
+class Callable:
     """A callable object that behaves like a function."""
 
     def __call__(self, arg1, arg2, **kwargs):
diff --git a/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/methods.py b/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/methods.py
index ad5a6a952ca..4900f7989d7 100644
--- a/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/methods.py
+++ b/tests/roots/test-ext-autodoc/target/methods.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from functools import partialmethod
 
 
-class Base():
+class Base:
     def meth(self):
         pass
 
diff --git a/tests/roots/test-ext-autosummary/autosummary_class_module.py b/tests/roots/test-ext-autosummary/autosummary_class_module.py
index f13de17032f..2b1f40419d6 100644
--- a/tests/roots/test-ext-autosummary/autosummary_class_module.py
+++ b/tests/roots/test-ext-autosummary/autosummary_class_module.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-class Class():
+class Class:
   pass
diff --git a/tests/roots/test-gettext-custom-output-template/_templates/message.pot.jinja b/tests/roots/test-gettext-custom-output-template/_templates/message.pot.jinja
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5cc2975f710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/roots/test-gettext-custom-output-template/_templates/message.pot.jinja
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# EVEN MORE DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
+# Copyright (C) {{ copyright }}
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the {{ project }} package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: {{ project|e }} {{ version|e }}\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: {{ ctime|e }}\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: {{ last_translator|e }}\n"
+"Language-Team: {{ language_team|e }}\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+{% for message in messages %}
+msgid "{{ message.text|e }}"
+msgstr ""
+{% endfor -%}
diff --git a/tests/roots/test-gettext-custom-output-template/conf.py b/tests/roots/test-gettext-custom-output-template/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3f793b7cfcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/roots/test-gettext-custom-output-template/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+templates_path = ['_templates']
diff --git a/tests/roots/test-gettext-custom-output-template/index.rst b/tests/roots/test-gettext-custom-output-template/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..efe96e02895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/roots/test-gettext-custom-output-template/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+CONTENTS
+========
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+   :numbered:
+   :caption: Table of Contents
diff --git a/tests/test_application.py b/tests/test_application.py
index ee7e850e7c2..d30a9b12463 100644
--- a/tests/test_application.py
+++ b/tests/test_application.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test the Sphinx class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import shutil
@@ -51,26 +52,27 @@ def test_instantiation(
 def test_events(app):
     def empty():
         pass
+
     with pytest.raises(ExtensionError) as excinfo:
-        app.connect("invalid", empty)
-    assert "Unknown event name: invalid" in str(excinfo.value)
+        app.connect('invalid', empty)
+    assert 'Unknown event name: invalid' in str(excinfo.value)
 
-    app.add_event("my_event")
+    app.add_event('my_event')
     with pytest.raises(ExtensionError) as excinfo:
-        app.add_event("my_event")
+        app.add_event('my_event')
     assert "Event 'my_event' already present" in str(excinfo.value)
 
     def mock_callback(a_app, *args):
         assert a_app is app
         assert emit_args == args
-        return "ret"
-    emit_args = (1, 3, "string")
-    listener_id = app.connect("my_event", mock_callback)
-    assert app.emit("my_event", *emit_args) == ["ret"], "Callback not called"
+        return 'ret'
+
+    emit_args = (1, 3, 'string')
+    listener_id = app.connect('my_event', mock_callback)
+    assert app.emit('my_event', *emit_args) == ['ret'], 'Callback not called'
 
     app.disconnect(listener_id)
-    assert app.emit("my_event", *emit_args) == [], \
-        "Callback called when disconnected"
+    assert app.emit('my_event', *emit_args) == [], 'Callback called when disconnected'
 
 
 def test_emit_with_nonascii_name_node(app):
@@ -121,14 +123,18 @@ def test_add_is_parallel_allowed(app):
     app.setup_extension('write_parallel')
     assert app.is_parallel_allowed('read') is False
     assert app.is_parallel_allowed('write') is True
-    assert ("the write_parallel extension does not declare if it is safe "
-            "for parallel reading, assuming it isn't - please ") in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        'the write_parallel extension does not declare if it is safe '
+        "for parallel reading, assuming it isn't - please "
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
     app.extensions.pop('write_parallel')
     app.warning.truncate(0)  # reset warnings
 
     app.setup_extension('read_serial')
     assert app.is_parallel_allowed('read') is False
-    assert "the read_serial extension is not safe for parallel reading" in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        'the read_serial extension is not safe for parallel reading'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
     app.warning.truncate(0)  # reset warnings
     assert app.is_parallel_allowed('write') is True
     assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
@@ -137,8 +143,10 @@ def test_add_is_parallel_allowed(app):
     app.setup_extension('write_serial')
     assert app.is_parallel_allowed('read') is False
     assert app.is_parallel_allowed('write') is False
-    assert ("the write_serial extension does not declare if it is safe "
-            "for parallel reading, assuming it isn't - please ") in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        'the write_serial extension does not declare if it is safe '
+        "for parallel reading, assuming it isn't - please "
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
     app.extensions.pop('write_serial')
     app.warning.truncate(0)  # reset warnings
 
@@ -146,17 +154,21 @@ def test_add_is_parallel_allowed(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='root')
 def test_build_specific(app):
     app.builder.build = Mock()
-    filenames = [app.srcdir / 'index.txt',                      # normal
-                 app.srcdir / 'images',                         # without suffix
-                 app.srcdir / 'notfound.txt',                   # not found
-                 app.srcdir / 'img.png',                        # unknown suffix
-                 '/index.txt',                                  # external file
-                 app.srcdir / 'subdir',                         # directory
-                 app.srcdir / 'subdir/includes.txt',            # file on subdir
-                 app.srcdir / 'subdir/../subdir/excluded.txt']  # not normalized
+    filenames = [
+        app.srcdir / 'index.txt',                      # normal
+        app.srcdir / 'images',                         # without suffix
+        app.srcdir / 'notfound.txt',                   # not found
+        app.srcdir / 'img.png',                        # unknown suffix
+        '/index.txt',                                  # external file
+        app.srcdir / 'subdir',                         # directory
+        app.srcdir / 'subdir/includes.txt',            # file on subdir
+        app.srcdir / 'subdir/../subdir/excluded.txt',  # not normalized
+    ]  # fmt: skip
     app.build(False, filenames)
 
     expected = ['index', 'subdir/includes', 'subdir/excluded']
-    app.builder.build.assert_called_with(expected,
-                                         method='specific',
-                                         summary='3 source files given on command line')
+    app.builder.build.assert_called_with(
+        expected,
+        method='specific',
+        summary='3 source files given on command line',
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build.py
index 009eb97e86d..5ccef02c943 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build.py
@@ -31,35 +31,44 @@ def nonascii_srcdir(request, rootdir, sphinx_test_tempdir):
         shutil.copytree(rootdir / 'test-root', srcdir)
 
     # add a doc with a non-ASCII file name to the source dir
-    (srcdir / (test_name + '.txt')).write_text("""
+    (srcdir / (test_name + '.txt')).write_text(
+        """
 nonascii file name page
 =======================
-""", encoding='utf8')
+""",
+        encoding='utf8',
+    )
 
     root_doc = srcdir / 'index.txt'
-    root_doc.write_text(root_doc.read_text(encoding='utf8') + f"""
+    root_doc.write_text(
+        root_doc.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+        + f"""
 .. toctree::
 
 {test_name}/{test_name}
-""", encoding='utf8')
+""",
+        encoding='utf8',
+    )
     return srcdir
 
 
 # note: this test skips building docs for some builders because they have independent testcase.
 #       (html, changes, epub, latex, texinfo and manpage)
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "buildername",
+    'buildername',
     ['dirhtml', 'singlehtml', 'text', 'xml', 'pseudoxml', 'linkcheck'],
 )
-@mock.patch('sphinx.builders.linkcheck.requests.head',
-            side_effect=request_session_head)
+@mock.patch(
+    'sphinx.builders.linkcheck.requests.head',
+    side_effect=request_session_head,
+)
 def test_build_all(requests_head, make_app, nonascii_srcdir, buildername):
     app = make_app(buildername, srcdir=nonascii_srcdir)
     app.build()
 
 
 def test_root_doc_not_found(tmp_path, make_app):
-    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').touch()
     assert os.listdir(tmp_path) == ['conf.py']
 
     app = make_app('dummy', srcdir=tmp_path)
@@ -67,31 +76,31 @@ def test_root_doc_not_found(tmp_path, make_app):
         app.build(force_all=True)  # no index.rst
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='text', testroot='circular')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='circular')
 def test_circular_toctree(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
     assert (
-        'circular toctree references detected, ignoring: '
-        'sub <- index <- sub') in warnings
+        'circular toctree references detected, ignoring: sub <- index <- sub'
+    ) in warnings
     assert (
-        'circular toctree references detected, ignoring: '
-        'index <- sub <- index') in warnings
+        'circular toctree references detected, ignoring: index <- sub <- index'
+    ) in warnings
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='text', testroot='numbered-circular')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='numbered-circular')
 def test_numbered_circular_toctree(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
     assert (
-        'circular toctree references detected, ignoring: '
-        'sub <- index <- sub') in warnings
+        'circular toctree references detected, ignoring: sub <- index <- sub'
+    ) in warnings
     assert (
-        'circular toctree references detected, ignoring: '
-        'index <- sub <- index') in warnings
+        'circular toctree references detected, ignoring: index <- sub <- index'
+    ) in warnings
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='dummy', testroot='images')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='images')
 def test_image_glob(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -108,16 +117,20 @@ def test_image_glob(app):
     assert doctree[0][2][0]['uri'] == 'rimg.png'
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][3], nodes.image)
-    assert doctree[0][3]['candidates'] == {'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
-                                           'image/gif': 'img.gif',
-                                           'image/png': 'img.png'}
+    assert doctree[0][3]['candidates'] == {
+        'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
+        'image/gif': 'img.gif',
+        'image/png': 'img.png',
+    }
     assert doctree[0][3]['uri'] == 'img.*'
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][4], nodes.figure)
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][4][0], nodes.image)
-    assert doctree[0][4][0]['candidates'] == {'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
-                                              'image/gif': 'img.gif',
-                                              'image/png': 'img.png'}
+    assert doctree[0][4][0]['candidates'] == {
+        'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
+        'image/gif': 'img.gif',
+        'image/png': 'img.png',
+    }
     assert doctree[0][4][0]['uri'] == 'img.*'
 
     # subdir/index.rst
@@ -128,14 +141,18 @@ def test_image_glob(app):
     assert doctree[0][1]['uri'] == 'subdir/rimg.png'
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][2], nodes.image)
-    assert doctree[0][2]['candidates'] == {'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
-                                           'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.svg'}
+    assert doctree[0][2]['candidates'] == {
+        'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
+        'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.svg',
+    }
     assert doctree[0][2]['uri'] == 'subdir/svgimg.*'
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][3], nodes.figure)
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][3][0], nodes.image)
-    assert doctree[0][3][0]['candidates'] == {'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
-                                              'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.svg'}
+    assert doctree[0][3][0]['candidates'] == {
+        'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
+        'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.svg',
+    }
     assert doctree[0][3][0]['uri'] == 'subdir/svgimg.*'
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_changes.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_changes.py
index 6d070d76855..69db01ba3e5 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_changes.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_changes.py
@@ -15,18 +15,23 @@ def test_build(app):
 
     path_html = (
         '<b>Path</b>: <i>deprecated:</i> Deprecated since version 0.6:'
-        ' So, that was a bad idea it turns out.')
+        ' So, that was a bad idea it turns out.'
+    )
     assert path_html in htmltext
 
     malloc_html = (
         '<b>void *Test_Malloc(size_t n)</b>: <i>changed:</i> Changed in version 0.6:'
-        ' Can now be replaced with a different allocator.</a>')
+        ' Can now be replaced with a different allocator.</a>'
+    )
     assert malloc_html in htmltext
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'changes', testroot='changes', srcdir='changes-none',
-    confoverrides={'version': '0.7', 'release': '0.7b1'})
+    'changes',
+    testroot='changes',
+    srcdir='changes-none',
+    confoverrides={'version': '0.7', 'release': '0.7b1'},
+)
 def test_no_changes(app):
     app.build()
 
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_dirhtml.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_dirhtml.py
index e80d2a384e5..3e78f1ed0c8 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_dirhtml.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_dirhtml.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 from sphinx.util.inventory import InventoryFile
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='dirhtml', testroot='builder-dirhtml')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx('dirhtml', testroot='builder-dirhtml')
 def test_dirhtml(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -31,10 +31,25 @@ def test_dirhtml(app):
     assert invdata['std:doc']['index'] == ('Project name not set', '', 'path/to/', '-')
 
     assert 'foo/index' in invdata.get('std:doc', {})
-    assert invdata['std:doc']['foo/index'] == ('Project name not set', '', 'path/to/foo/', '-')
+    assert invdata['std:doc']['foo/index'] == (
+        'Project name not set',
+        '',
+        'path/to/foo/',
+        '-',
+    )
 
     assert 'index' in invdata.get('std:label', {})
-    assert invdata['std:label']['index'] == ('Project name not set', '', 'path/to/#index', '-')
+    assert invdata['std:label']['index'] == (
+        'Project name not set',
+        '',
+        'path/to/#index',
+        '-',
+    )
 
     assert 'foo' in invdata.get('std:label', {})
-    assert invdata['std:label']['foo'] == ('Project name not set', '', 'path/to/foo/#foo', 'foo/index')
+    assert invdata['std:label']['foo'] == (
+        'Project name not set',
+        '',
+        'path/to/foo/#foo',
+        'foo/index',
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_epub.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_epub.py
index c0f653c2b48..263fefe8090 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_epub.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_epub.py
@@ -62,69 +62,87 @@ def __iter__(self):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('epub', testroot='basic')
 def test_build_epub(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    assert (app.outdir / 'mimetype').read_text(encoding='utf8') == 'application/epub+zip'
+    assert (app.outdir / 'mimetype').read_text(
+        encoding='utf8'
+    ) == 'application/epub+zip'
     assert (app.outdir / 'META-INF' / 'container.xml').exists()
 
     # toc.ncx
-    toc = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'toc.ncx').read_text(encoding='utf8'))
-    assert toc.find("./ncx:docTitle/ncx:text").text == 'Project name not set'
+    toc = EPUBElementTree.fromstring(
+        (app.outdir / 'toc.ncx').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    )
+    assert toc.find('./ncx:docTitle/ncx:text').text == 'Project name not set'
 
     # toc.ncx / head
-    meta = list(toc.find("./ncx:head"))
+    meta = list(toc.find('./ncx:head'))
     assert meta[0].attrib == {'name': 'dtb:uid', 'content': 'unknown'}
     assert meta[1].attrib == {'name': 'dtb:depth', 'content': '1'}
     assert meta[2].attrib == {'name': 'dtb:totalPageCount', 'content': '0'}
     assert meta[3].attrib == {'name': 'dtb:maxPageNumber', 'content': '0'}
 
     # toc.ncx / navMap
-    navpoints = toc.findall("./ncx:navMap/ncx:navPoint")
+    navpoints = toc.findall('./ncx:navMap/ncx:navPoint')
     assert len(navpoints) == 1
     assert navpoints[0].attrib == {'id': 'navPoint1', 'playOrder': '1'}
-    assert navpoints[0].find("./ncx:content").attrib == {'src': 'index.xhtml'}
+    assert navpoints[0].find('./ncx:content').attrib == {'src': 'index.xhtml'}
 
-    navlabel = navpoints[0].find("./ncx:navLabel/ncx:text")
+    navlabel = navpoints[0].find('./ncx:navLabel/ncx:text')
     assert navlabel.text == 'The basic Sphinx documentation for testing'
 
     # content.opf
-    opf = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'content.opf').read_text(encoding='utf8'))
+    opf = EPUBElementTree.fromstring(
+        (app.outdir / 'content.opf').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    )
 
     # content.opf / metadata
-    metadata = opf.find("./idpf:metadata")
-    assert metadata.find("./dc:language").text == 'en'
-    assert metadata.find("./dc:title").text == 'Project name not set'
-    assert metadata.find("./dc:description").text == 'unknown'
-    assert metadata.find("./dc:creator").text == 'Author name not set'
-    assert metadata.find("./dc:contributor").text == 'unknown'
-    assert metadata.find("./dc:publisher").text == 'Author name not set'
-    assert metadata.find("./dc:rights").text is None
+    metadata = opf.find('./idpf:metadata')
+    assert metadata.find('./dc:language').text == 'en'
+    assert metadata.find('./dc:title').text == 'Project name not set'
+    assert metadata.find('./dc:description').text == 'unknown'
+    assert metadata.find('./dc:creator').text == 'Author name not set'
+    assert metadata.find('./dc:contributor').text == 'unknown'
+    assert metadata.find('./dc:publisher').text == 'Author name not set'
+    assert metadata.find('./dc:rights').text is None
     assert metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:version']").text is None
-    assert metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:specified-fonts']").text == 'true'
+    assert (
+        metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:specified-fonts']").text == 'true'
+    )
     assert metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:binding']").text == 'true'
-    assert metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:scroll-axis']").text == 'vertical'
+    assert (
+        metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:scroll-axis']").text == 'vertical'
+    )
 
     # content.opf / manifest
-    manifest = opf.find("./idpf:manifest")
+    manifest = opf.find('./idpf:manifest')
     items = list(manifest)
-    assert items[0].attrib == {'id': 'ncx',
-                               'href': 'toc.ncx',
-                               'media-type': 'application/x-dtbncx+xml'}
-    assert items[1].attrib == {'id': 'nav',
-                               'href': 'nav.xhtml',
-                               'media-type': 'application/xhtml+xml',
-                               'properties': 'nav'}
-    assert items[2].attrib == {'id': 'epub-0',
-                               'href': 'genindex.xhtml',
-                               'media-type': 'application/xhtml+xml'}
-    assert items[3].attrib == {'id': 'epub-1',
-                               'href': 'index.xhtml',
-                               'media-type': 'application/xhtml+xml'}
+    assert items[0].attrib == {
+        'id': 'ncx',
+        'href': 'toc.ncx',
+        'media-type': 'application/x-dtbncx+xml',
+    }
+    assert items[1].attrib == {
+        'id': 'nav',
+        'href': 'nav.xhtml',
+        'media-type': 'application/xhtml+xml',
+        'properties': 'nav',
+    }
+    assert items[2].attrib == {
+        'id': 'epub-0',
+        'href': 'genindex.xhtml',
+        'media-type': 'application/xhtml+xml',
+    }
+    assert items[3].attrib == {
+        'id': 'epub-1',
+        'href': 'index.xhtml',
+        'media-type': 'application/xhtml+xml',
+    }
 
     for i, item in enumerate(items[2:]):
         # items are named as epub-NN
         assert item.get('id') == 'epub-%d' % i
 
     # content.opf / spine
-    spine = opf.find("./idpf:spine")
+    spine = opf.find('./idpf:spine')
     itemrefs = list(spine)
     assert spine.get('toc') == 'ncx'
     assert spine.get('page-progression-direction') == 'ltr'
@@ -132,34 +150,45 @@ def test_build_epub(app):
     assert itemrefs[1].get('idref') == 'epub-0'
 
     # content.opf / guide
-    reference = opf.find("./idpf:guide/idpf:reference")
+    reference = opf.find('./idpf:guide/idpf:reference')
     assert reference.get('type') == 'toc'
     assert reference.get('title') == 'Table of Contents'
     assert reference.get('href') == 'index.xhtml'
 
     # nav.xhtml
-    nav = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'nav.xhtml').read_text(encoding='utf8'))
-    assert nav.attrib == {'lang': 'en',
-                          '{http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace}lang': 'en'}
-    assert nav.find("./xhtml:head/xhtml:title").text == 'Table of Contents'
+    nav = EPUBElementTree.fromstring(
+        (app.outdir / 'nav.xhtml').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    )
+    assert nav.attrib == {
+        'lang': 'en',
+        '{http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace}lang': 'en',
+    }
+    assert nav.find('./xhtml:head/xhtml:title').text == 'Table of Contents'
 
     # nav.xhtml / nav
-    navlist = nav.find("./xhtml:body/xhtml:nav")
-    toc = navlist.findall("./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li")
-    assert navlist.find("./xhtml:h1").text == 'Table of Contents'
+    navlist = nav.find('./xhtml:body/xhtml:nav')
+    toc = navlist.findall('./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li')
+    assert navlist.find('./xhtml:h1').text == 'Table of Contents'
     assert len(toc) == 1
-    assert toc[0].find("./xhtml:a").get("href") == 'index.xhtml'
-    assert toc[0].find("./xhtml:a").text == 'The basic Sphinx documentation for testing'
+    assert toc[0].find('./xhtml:a').get('href') == 'index.xhtml'
+    assert toc[0].find('./xhtml:a').text == 'The basic Sphinx documentation for testing'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('epub', testroot='footnotes',
-                    confoverrides={'epub_cover': ('_images/rimg.png', None)})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'epub',
+    testroot='footnotes',
+    confoverrides={'epub_cover': ('_images/rimg.png', None)},
+)
 def test_epub_cover(app):
     app.build()
 
     # content.opf / metadata
-    opf = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'content.opf').read_text(encoding='utf8'))
-    cover_image = opf.find("./idpf:manifest/idpf:item[@href='%s']" % app.config.epub_cover[0])
+    opf = EPUBElementTree.fromstring(
+        (app.outdir / 'content.opf').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    )
+    cover_image = opf.find(
+        "./idpf:manifest/idpf:item[@href='%s']" % app.config.epub_cover[0]
+    )
     cover = opf.find("./idpf:metadata/idpf:meta[@name='cover']")
     assert cover
     assert cover.get('content') == cover_image.get('id')
@@ -171,24 +200,27 @@ def test_nested_toc(app):
 
     # toc.ncx
     toc = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'toc.ncx').read_bytes())
-    assert toc.find("./ncx:docTitle/ncx:text").text == 'Project name not set'
+    assert toc.find('./ncx:docTitle/ncx:text').text == 'Project name not set'
 
     # toc.ncx / navPoint
     def navinfo(elem: EPUBElementTree):
-        label = elem.find("./ncx:navLabel/ncx:text")
-        content = elem.find("./ncx:content")
-        return (elem.get('id'), elem.get('playOrder'),
-                content.get('src'), label.text)
+        label = elem.find('./ncx:navLabel/ncx:text')
+        content = elem.find('./ncx:content')
+        return elem.get('id'), elem.get('playOrder'), content.get('src'), label.text
 
-    navpoints = toc.findall("./ncx:navMap/ncx:navPoint")
+    navpoints = toc.findall('./ncx:navMap/ncx:navPoint')
     assert len(navpoints) == 4
-    assert navinfo(navpoints[0]) == ('navPoint1', '1', 'index.xhtml',
-                                     "Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!")
-    assert navpoints[0].findall("./ncx:navPoint") == []
+    assert navinfo(navpoints[0]) == (
+        'navPoint1',
+        '1',
+        'index.xhtml',
+        'Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!',
+    )
+    assert navpoints[0].findall('./ncx:navPoint') == []
 
     # toc.ncx / nested navPoints
     assert navinfo(navpoints[1]) == ('navPoint2', '2', 'foo.xhtml', 'foo')
-    navchildren = navpoints[1].findall("./ncx:navPoint")
+    navchildren = navpoints[1].findall('./ncx:navPoint')
     assert len(navchildren) == 4
     assert navinfo(navchildren[0]) == ('navPoint3', '2', 'foo.xhtml', 'foo')
     assert navinfo(navchildren[1]) == ('navPoint4', '3', 'quux.xhtml', 'quux')
@@ -197,25 +229,27 @@ def navinfo(elem: EPUBElementTree):
 
     # nav.xhtml / nav
     def navinfo(elem):
-        anchor = elem.find("./xhtml:a")
-        return (anchor.get('href'), anchor.text)
+        anchor = elem.find('./xhtml:a')
+        return anchor.get('href'), anchor.text
 
     nav = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'nav.xhtml').read_bytes())
-    toc = nav.findall("./xhtml:body/xhtml:nav/xhtml:ol/xhtml:li")
+    toc = nav.findall('./xhtml:body/xhtml:nav/xhtml:ol/xhtml:li')
     assert len(toc) == 4
-    assert navinfo(toc[0]) == ('index.xhtml',
-                               "Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!")
-    assert toc[0].findall("./xhtml:ol") == []
+    assert navinfo(toc[0]) == (
+        'index.xhtml',
+        'Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!',
+    )
+    assert toc[0].findall('./xhtml:ol') == []
 
     # nav.xhtml / nested toc
     assert navinfo(toc[1]) == ('foo.xhtml', 'foo')
-    tocchildren = toc[1].findall("./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li")
+    tocchildren = toc[1].findall('./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li')
     assert len(tocchildren) == 3
     assert navinfo(tocchildren[0]) == ('quux.xhtml', 'quux')
     assert navinfo(tocchildren[1]) == ('foo.xhtml#foo-1', 'foo.1')
     assert navinfo(tocchildren[2]) == ('foo.xhtml#foo-2', 'foo.2')
 
-    grandchild = tocchildren[1].findall("./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li")
+    grandchild = tocchildren[1].findall('./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li')
     assert len(grandchild) == 1
     assert navinfo(grandchild[0]) == ('foo.xhtml#foo-1-1', 'foo.1-1')
 
@@ -226,24 +260,27 @@ def test_escaped_toc(app):
 
     # toc.ncx
     toc = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'toc.ncx').read_bytes())
-    assert toc.find("./ncx:docTitle/ncx:text").text == 'need <b>"escaped"</b> project'
+    assert toc.find('./ncx:docTitle/ncx:text').text == 'need <b>"escaped"</b> project'
 
     # toc.ncx / navPoint
     def navinfo(elem):
-        label = elem.find("./ncx:navLabel/ncx:text")
-        content = elem.find("./ncx:content")
-        return (elem.get('id'), elem.get('playOrder'),
-                content.get('src'), label.text)
+        label = elem.find('./ncx:navLabel/ncx:text')
+        content = elem.find('./ncx:content')
+        return elem.get('id'), elem.get('playOrder'), content.get('src'), label.text
 
-    navpoints = toc.findall("./ncx:navMap/ncx:navPoint")
+    navpoints = toc.findall('./ncx:navMap/ncx:navPoint')
     assert len(navpoints) == 4
-    assert navinfo(navpoints[0]) == ('navPoint1', '1', 'index.xhtml',
-                                     "Welcome to Sphinx Tests's documentation!")
-    assert navpoints[0].findall("./ncx:navPoint") == []
+    assert navinfo(navpoints[0]) == (
+        'navPoint1',
+        '1',
+        'index.xhtml',
+        "Welcome to Sphinx Tests's documentation!",
+    )
+    assert navpoints[0].findall('./ncx:navPoint') == []
 
     # toc.ncx / nested navPoints
     assert navinfo(navpoints[1]) == ('navPoint2', '2', 'foo.xhtml', '<foo>')
-    navchildren = navpoints[1].findall("./ncx:navPoint")
+    navchildren = navpoints[1].findall('./ncx:navPoint')
     assert len(navchildren) == 4
     assert navinfo(navchildren[0]) == ('navPoint3', '2', 'foo.xhtml', '<foo>')
     assert navinfo(navchildren[1]) == ('navPoint4', '3', 'quux.xhtml', 'quux')
@@ -252,25 +289,27 @@ def navinfo(elem):
 
     # nav.xhtml / nav
     def navinfo(elem):
-        anchor = elem.find("./xhtml:a")
-        return (anchor.get('href'), anchor.text)
+        anchor = elem.find('./xhtml:a')
+        return anchor.get('href'), anchor.text
 
     nav = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'nav.xhtml').read_bytes())
-    toc = nav.findall("./xhtml:body/xhtml:nav/xhtml:ol/xhtml:li")
+    toc = nav.findall('./xhtml:body/xhtml:nav/xhtml:ol/xhtml:li')
     assert len(toc) == 4
-    assert navinfo(toc[0]) == ('index.xhtml',
-                               "Welcome to Sphinx Tests's documentation!")
-    assert toc[0].findall("./xhtml:ol") == []
+    assert navinfo(toc[0]) == (
+        'index.xhtml',
+        "Welcome to Sphinx Tests's documentation!",
+    )
+    assert toc[0].findall('./xhtml:ol') == []
 
     # nav.xhtml / nested toc
     assert navinfo(toc[1]) == ('foo.xhtml', '<foo>')
-    tocchildren = toc[1].findall("./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li")
+    tocchildren = toc[1].findall('./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li')
     assert len(tocchildren) == 3
     assert navinfo(tocchildren[0]) == ('quux.xhtml', 'quux')
     assert navinfo(tocchildren[1]) == ('foo.xhtml#foo-1', 'foo “1”')
     assert navinfo(tocchildren[2]) == ('foo.xhtml#foo-2', 'foo.2')
 
-    grandchild = tocchildren[1].findall("./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li")
+    grandchild = tocchildren[1].findall('./xhtml:ol/xhtml:li')
     assert len(grandchild) == 1
     assert navinfo(grandchild[0]) == ('foo.xhtml#foo-1-1', 'foo.1-1')
 
@@ -281,12 +320,16 @@ def test_epub_writing_mode(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     # horizontal / page-progression-direction
-    opf = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'content.opf').read_text(encoding='utf8'))
-    assert opf.find("./idpf:spine").get('page-progression-direction') == 'ltr'
+    opf = EPUBElementTree.fromstring(
+        (app.outdir / 'content.opf').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    )
+    assert opf.find('./idpf:spine').get('page-progression-direction') == 'ltr'
 
     # horizontal / ibooks:scroll-axis
-    metadata = opf.find("./idpf:metadata")
-    assert metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:scroll-axis']").text == 'vertical'
+    metadata = opf.find('./idpf:metadata')
+    assert (
+        metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:scroll-axis']").text == 'vertical'
+    )
 
     # horizontal / writing-mode (CSS)
     css = (app.outdir / '_static' / 'epub.css').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -298,12 +341,17 @@ def test_epub_writing_mode(app):
     app.build()
 
     # vertical / page-progression-direction
-    opf = EPUBElementTree.fromstring((app.outdir / 'content.opf').read_text(encoding='utf8'))
-    assert opf.find("./idpf:spine").get('page-progression-direction') == 'rtl'
+    opf = EPUBElementTree.fromstring(
+        (app.outdir / 'content.opf').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    )
+    assert opf.find('./idpf:spine').get('page-progression-direction') == 'rtl'
 
     # vertical / ibooks:scroll-axis
-    metadata = opf.find("./idpf:metadata")
-    assert metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:scroll-axis']").text == 'horizontal'
+    metadata = opf.find('./idpf:metadata')
+    assert (
+        metadata.find("./idpf:meta[@property='ibooks:scroll-axis']").text
+        == 'horizontal'
+    )
 
     # vertical / writing-mode (CSS)
     css = (app.outdir / '_static' / 'epub.css').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -315,11 +363,13 @@ def test_epub_anchor_id(app):
     app.build()
 
     html = (app.outdir / 'index.xhtml').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<p id="std-setting-STATICFILES_FINDERS">'
-            'blah blah blah</p>' in html)
-    assert ('<span id="std-setting-STATICFILES_SECTION"></span>'
-            '<h1>blah blah blah</h1>' in html)
-    assert 'see <a class="reference internal" href="#std-setting-STATICFILES_FINDERS">' in html
+    assert '<p id="std-setting-STATICFILES_FINDERS">blah blah blah</p>' in html
+    assert (
+        '<span id="std-setting-STATICFILES_SECTION"></span><h1>blah blah blah</h1>'
+    ) in html
+    assert (
+        'see <a class="reference internal" href="#std-setting-STATICFILES_FINDERS">'
+    ) in html
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('epub', testroot='html_assets')
@@ -328,26 +378,37 @@ def test_epub_assets(app):
 
     # epub_sytlesheets (same as html_css_files)
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.xhtml').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/style.css" />'
-            in content)
-    assert ('<link media="print" rel="stylesheet" title="title" type="text/css" '
-            'href="https://example.com/custom.css" />' in content)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('epub', testroot='html_assets',
-                    confoverrides={'epub_css_files': ['css/epub.css']})
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/style.css" />'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<link media="print" rel="stylesheet" title="title" type="text/css" '
+        'href="https://example.com/custom.css" />'
+    ) in content
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'epub',
+    testroot='html_assets',
+    confoverrides={'epub_css_files': ['css/epub.css']},
+)
 def test_epub_css_files(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     # epub_css_files
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.xhtml').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/epub.css" />' in content
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/epub.css" />'
+    ) in content
 
     # files in html_css_files are not outputted
-    assert ('<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/style.css" />'
-            not in content)
-    assert ('<link media="print" rel="stylesheet" title="title" type="text/css" '
-            'href="https://example.com/custom.css" />' not in content)
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/style.css" />'
+    ) not in content
+    assert (
+        '<link media="print" rel="stylesheet" title="title" type="text/css" '
+        'href="https://example.com/custom.css" />'
+    ) not in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('epub', testroot='roles-download')
@@ -356,14 +417,20 @@ def test_html_download_role(app):
     assert not (app.outdir / '_downloads' / 'dummy.dat').exists()
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.xhtml').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<li><p><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
-            '<span class="pre">dummy.dat</span></code></p></li>' in content)
-    assert ('<li><p><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
-            '<span class="pre">not_found.dat</span></code></p></li>' in content)
-    assert ('<li><p><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
-            '<span class="pre">Sphinx</span> <span class="pre">logo</span></code>'
-            '<span class="link-target"> [https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master'
-            '/_static/sphinx-logo.svg]</span></p></li>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<li><p><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
+        '<span class="pre">dummy.dat</span></code></p></li>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<li><p><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
+        '<span class="pre">not_found.dat</span></code></p></li>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<li><p><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
+        '<span class="pre">Sphinx</span> <span class="pre">logo</span></code>'
+        '<span class="link-target"> [https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master'
+        '/_static/sphinx-logo.svg]</span></p></li>'
+    ) in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('epub', testroot='toctree-duplicated')
@@ -372,22 +439,27 @@ def test_duplicated_toctree_entry(app):
     assert 'WARNING: duplicated ToC entry found: foo.xhtml' in app.warning.getvalue()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif('DO_EPUBCHECK' not in os.environ,
-                    reason='Skipped because DO_EPUBCHECK is not set')
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    'DO_EPUBCHECK' not in os.environ,
+    reason='Skipped because DO_EPUBCHECK is not set',
+)
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('epub')
 def test_run_epubcheck(app):
     app.build()
 
     if not runnable(['java', '-version']):
-        pytest.skip("Unable to run Java; skipping test")
+        pytest.skip('Unable to run Java; skipping test')
 
     epubcheck = os.environ.get('EPUBCHECK_PATH', '/usr/share/java/epubcheck.jar')
     if not os.path.exists(epubcheck):
-        pytest.skip("Could not find epubcheck; skipping test")
+        pytest.skip('Could not find epubcheck; skipping test')
 
     try:
-        subprocess.run(['java', '-jar', epubcheck, app.outdir / 'SphinxTests.epub'],
-                       capture_output=True, check=True)
+        subprocess.run(
+            ['java', '-jar', epubcheck, app.outdir / 'SphinxTests.epub'],
+            capture_output=True,
+            check=True,
+        )
     except CalledProcessError as exc:
         print(exc.stdout.decode('utf-8'))
         print(exc.stderr.decode('utf-8'))
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_gettext.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_gettext.py
index dc8f4c9dcbd..905875fe1ef 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_gettext.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_gettext.py
@@ -36,14 +36,19 @@ def test_Catalog_duplicated_message():
 
     msg1, msg2 = list(catalog)
     assert msg1.text == 'hello'
-    assert msg1.locations == [('/path/to/filename', 1),
-                              ('/path/to/filename', 2),
-                              ('/path/to/yetanother', 1)]
+    assert msg1.locations == [
+        ('/path/to/filename', 1),
+        ('/path/to/filename', 2),
+        ('/path/to/yetanother', 1),
+    ]
     assert msg2.text == 'world'
     assert msg2.locations == [('/path/to/filename', 1)]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('gettext', srcdir='root-gettext')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'gettext',
+    srcdir='root-gettext',
+)
 def test_build_gettext(app):
     # Generic build; should fail only when the builder is horribly broken.
     app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -59,14 +64,24 @@ def test_build_gettext(app):
     assert 'msgid "something, something else, something more"' in catalog
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('gettext', srcdir='root-gettext')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'gettext',
+    srcdir='root-gettext',
+)
 def test_msgfmt(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     (app.outdir / 'en' / 'LC_MESSAGES').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     with chdir(app.outdir):
         try:
-            args = ['msginit', '--no-translator', '-i', 'markup.pot', '--locale', 'en_US']
+            args = [
+                'msginit',
+                '--no-translator',
+                '-i',
+                'markup.pot',
+                '--locale',
+                'en_US',
+            ]
             subprocess.run(args, capture_output=True, check=True)
         except OSError:
             pytest.skip()  # most likely msginit was not found
@@ -78,8 +93,12 @@ def test_msgfmt(app):
 
         assert (app.outdir / 'en_US.po').is_file(), 'msginit failed'
         try:
-            args = ['msgfmt', 'en_US.po',
-                    '-o', os.path.join('en', 'LC_MESSAGES', 'test_root.mo')]
+            args = [
+                'msgfmt',
+                'en_US.po',
+                '-o',
+                os.path.join('en', 'LC_MESSAGES', 'test_root.mo'),
+            ]
             subprocess.run(args, capture_output=True, check=True)
         except OSError:
             pytest.skip()  # most likely msgfmt was not found
@@ -93,12 +112,15 @@ def test_msgfmt(app):
         assert mo.is_file(), 'msgfmt failed'
 
     _ = gettext.translation('test_root', app.outdir, languages=['en']).gettext
-    assert _("Testing various markup") == "Testing various markup"
+    assert _('Testing various markup') == 'Testing various markup'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'gettext', testroot='intl', srcdir='gettext',
-    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': False})
+    'gettext',
+    testroot='intl',
+    srcdir='gettext',
+    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': False},
+)
 def test_gettext_index_entries(app):
     # regression test for #976
     app.build(filenames=[app.srcdir / 'index_entries.txt'])
@@ -107,26 +129,28 @@ def test_gettext_index_entries(app):
     msg_ids = get_msgids(pot)
 
     assert msg_ids == [
-        "i18n with index entries",
-        "index target section",
-        "this is :index:`Newsletter` target paragraph.",
-        "various index entries",
+        'i18n with index entries',
+        'index target section',
+        'this is :index:`Newsletter` target paragraph.',
+        'various index entries',
         "That's all.",
-        "Mailing List",
-        "Newsletter",
-        "Recipients List",
-        "First",
-        "Second",
-        "Third",
-        "Entry",
-        "See",
+        'Mailing List',
+        'Newsletter',
+        'Recipients List',
+        'First',
+        'Second',
+        'Third',
+        'Entry',
+        'See',
     ]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'gettext', testroot='intl', srcdir='gettext',
-    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': False,
-                   'gettext_additional_targets': []})
+    'gettext',
+    testroot='intl',
+    srcdir='gettext',
+    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': False, 'gettext_additional_targets': []},
+)
 def test_gettext_disable_index_entries(app):
     # regression test for #976
     app.env._pickled_doctree_cache.clear()  # clear cache
@@ -136,23 +160,27 @@ def test_gettext_disable_index_entries(app):
     msg_ids = get_msgids(pot)
 
     assert msg_ids == [
-        "i18n with index entries",
-        "index target section",
-        "this is :index:`Newsletter` target paragraph.",
-        "various index entries",
+        'i18n with index entries',
+        'index target section',
+        'this is :index:`Newsletter` target paragraph.',
+        'various index entries',
         "That's all.",
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('gettext', testroot='intl', srcdir='gettext')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'gettext',
+    testroot='intl',
+    srcdir='gettext',
+)
 def test_gettext_template(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     assert (app.outdir / 'sphinx.pot').is_file()
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'sphinx.pot').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert "Welcome" in result
-    assert "Sphinx %(version)s" in result
+    assert 'Welcome' in result
+    assert 'Sphinx %(version)s' in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('gettext', testroot='gettext-template')
@@ -162,17 +190,31 @@ def test_gettext_template_msgid_order_in_sphinxpot(app):
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'sphinx.pot').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert re.search(
-        ('msgid "Template 1".*'
-         'msgid "This is Template 1\\.".*'
-         'msgid "Template 2".*'
-         'msgid "This is Template 2\\.".*'),
+        (
+            'msgid "Template 1".*'
+            'msgid "This is Template 1\\.".*'
+            'msgid "Template 2".*'
+            'msgid "This is Template 2\\.".*'
+        ),
         result,
-        flags=re.DOTALL)
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx('gettext', testroot='gettext-custom-output-template')
+def test_gettext_custom_output_template(app):
+    app.build(force_all=True)
+    assert (app.outdir / 'index.pot').is_file()
+
+    result = (app.outdir / 'index.pot').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert 'EVEN MORE DESCRIPTIVE TITLE' in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'gettext', srcdir='root-gettext',
-    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': 'documentation'})
+    'gettext',
+    srcdir='root-gettext',
+    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': 'documentation'},
+)
 def test_build_single_pot(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -180,20 +222,23 @@ def test_build_single_pot(app):
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'documentation.pot').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert re.search(
-        ('msgid "Todo".*'
-         'msgid "Like footnotes.".*'
-         'msgid "The minute.".*'
-         'msgid "Generated section".*'),
+        (
+            'msgid "Todo".*'
+            'msgid "Like footnotes.".*'
+            'msgid "The minute.".*'
+            'msgid "Generated section".*'
+        ),
         result,
-        flags=re.DOTALL)
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
     'gettext',
     testroot='intl_substitution_definitions',
     srcdir='gettext-subst',
-    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': False,
-                   'gettext_additional_targets': ['image']})
+    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': False, 'gettext_additional_targets': ['image']},
+)
 def test_gettext_prolog_epilog_substitution(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -202,15 +247,15 @@ def test_gettext_prolog_epilog_substitution(app):
     msg_ids = get_msgids(pot)
 
     assert msg_ids == [
-        "i18n with prologue and epilogue substitutions",
-        "This is content that contains |subst_prolog_1|.",
-        "Substituted image |subst_prolog_2| here.",
-        "subst_prolog_2",
-        ".. image:: /img.png",
-        "This is content that contains |subst_epilog_1|.",
-        "Substituted image |subst_epilog_2| here.",
-        "subst_epilog_2",
-        ".. image:: /i18n.png",
+        'i18n with prologue and epilogue substitutions',
+        'This is content that contains |subst_prolog_1|.',
+        'Substituted image |subst_prolog_2| here.',
+        'subst_prolog_2',
+        '.. image:: /img.png',
+        'This is content that contains |subst_epilog_1|.',
+        'Substituted image |subst_epilog_2| here.',
+        'subst_epilog_2',
+        '.. image:: /i18n.png',
     ]
 
 
@@ -218,26 +263,32 @@ def test_gettext_prolog_epilog_substitution(app):
     'gettext',
     testroot='intl_substitution_definitions',
     srcdir='gettext-subst',
-    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': False,
-                   'gettext_additional_targets': ['image']})
+    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': False, 'gettext_additional_targets': ['image']},
+)
 def test_gettext_prolog_epilog_substitution_excluded(app):
     # regression test for #9428
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     assert (app.outdir / 'prolog_epilog_substitution_excluded.pot').is_file()
-    pot = (app.outdir / 'prolog_epilog_substitution_excluded.pot').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    pot = (app.outdir / 'prolog_epilog_substitution_excluded.pot').read_text(
+        encoding='utf8'
+    )
     msg_ids = get_msgids(pot)
 
     assert msg_ids == [
-        "i18n without prologue and epilogue substitutions",
-        "This is content that does not include prologue and epilogue substitutions.",
+        'i18n without prologue and epilogue substitutions',
+        'This is content that does not include prologue and epilogue substitutions.',
     ]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'gettext', srcdir='gettext',
-    confoverrides={'gettext_compact': False,
-                   'gettext_additional_targets': ['literal-block', 'doctest-block']})
+    'gettext',
+    srcdir='gettext',
+    confoverrides={
+        'gettext_compact': False,
+        'gettext_additional_targets': ['literal-block', 'doctest-block'],
+    },
+)
 def test_gettext_literalblock_additional(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html.py
index 847565e8e48..93e770cca9c 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html.py
@@ -27,49 +27,103 @@ def test_html_sidebars_error(make_app, tmp_path):
     with pytest.raises(
         ConfigError,
         match="Values in 'html_sidebars' must be a list of strings. "
-              "At least one pattern has a string value: 'index'. "
-              r"Change to `html_sidebars = \{'index': \['searchbox.html'\]\}`.",
+        "At least one pattern has a string value: 'index'. "
+        r"Change to `html_sidebars = \{'index': \['searchbox.html'\]\}`.",
     ):
         make_app(
-            buildername='html',
+            'html',
             srcdir=tmp_path,
             confoverrides={'html_sidebars': {'index': 'searchbox.html'}},
         )
 
 
 def test_html4_error(make_app, tmp_path):
-    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text('', encoding='utf-8')
+    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').touch()
     with pytest.raises(
         ConfigError,
         match='HTML 4 is no longer supported by Sphinx',
     ):
         make_app(
-            buildername='html',
+            'html',
             srcdir=tmp_path,
             confoverrides={'html4_writer': True},
         )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fname", "path", "check"), [
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='citation']/span", r'Ref1'),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='citation']/span", r'Ref_1'),
-
-    ('footnote.html', ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#id9'][@id='id1']", r"1"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#id10'][@id='id2']", r"2"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#foo'][@id='id3']", r"3"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#bar'][@id='id4']/span", r"\[bar\]"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#baz-qux'][@id='id5']/span", r"\[baz_qux\]"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#id11'][@id='id6']", r"4"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#id12'][@id='id7']", r"5"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id1']", r"1"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id2']", r"2"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id3']", r"3"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//div[@class='citation']/span/a[@href='#id4']", r"bar"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//div[@class='citation']/span/a[@href='#id5']", r"baz_qux"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id6']", r"4"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id7']", r"5"),
-    ('footnote.html', ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id8']", r"6"),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('fname', 'path', 'check'),
+    [
+        ('index.html', ".//div[@class='citation']/span", r'Ref1'),
+        ('index.html', ".//div[@class='citation']/span", r'Ref_1'),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#id9'][@id='id1']",
+            r'1',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#id10'][@id='id2']",
+            r'2',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#foo'][@id='id3']",
+            r'3',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#bar'][@id='id4']/span",
+            r'\[bar\]',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#baz-qux'][@id='id5']/span",
+            r'\[baz_qux\]',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#id11'][@id='id6']",
+            r'4',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets'][@href='#id12'][@id='id7']",
+            r'5',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id1']",
+            r'1',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id2']",
+            r'2',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id3']",
+            r'3',
+        ),
+        ('footnote.html', ".//div[@class='citation']/span/a[@href='#id4']", r'bar'),
+        ('footnote.html', ".//div[@class='citation']/span/a[@href='#id5']", r'baz_qux'),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id6']",
+            r'4',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id7']",
+            r'5',
+        ),
+        (
+            'footnote.html',
+            ".//aside[@class='footnote brackets']/span/a[@href='#id8']",
+            r'6',
+        ),
+    ],
+)
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html')
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_output_docutils18')
 def test_docutils_output(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check):
@@ -77,7 +131,10 @@ def test_docutils_output(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check):
     check_xpath(cached_etree_parse(app.outdir / fname), fname, path, check)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', parallel=2)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    parallel=2,
+)
 def test_html_parallel(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -88,44 +145,66 @@ def test_html_translator(app):
     assert app.builder.docwriter.visitor.depart_with_node == 10
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("expect", [
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "//span[@class='caption-number']", "Fig. 1", True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "//span[@class='caption-number']", "Fig. 2", True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "//span[@class='caption-number']", "Fig. 3", True),
-    (".//div//span[@class='caption-number']", "No.1 ", True),
-    (".//div//span[@class='caption-number']", "No.2 ", True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", 'Fig. 1', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", 'Fig. 2', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", 'Fig. 3', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", 'No.1', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", 'No.2', True),
-])
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='add_enumerable_node',
-                    srcdir='test_enumerable_node')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'expect',
+    [
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "//span[@class='caption-number']", 'Fig. 1', True),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "//span[@class='caption-number']", 'Fig. 2', True),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "//span[@class='caption-number']", 'Fig. 3', True),
+        (".//div//span[@class='caption-number']", 'No.1 ', True),
+        (".//div//span[@class='caption-number']", 'No.2 ', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', 'Fig. 1', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', 'Fig. 2', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', 'Fig. 3', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', 'No.1', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', 'No.2', True),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='add_enumerable_node',
+    srcdir='test_enumerable_node',
+)
 def test_enumerable_node(app, cached_etree_parse, expect):
     app.build()
     check_xpath(cached_etree_parse(app.outdir / 'index.html'), 'index.html', *expect)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic', confoverrides={'html_copy_source': False})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'html_copy_source': False},
+)
 def test_html_copy_source(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     assert not (app.outdir / '_sources' / 'index.rst.txt').exists()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic', confoverrides={'html_sourcelink_suffix': '.txt'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'html_sourcelink_suffix': '.txt'},
+)
 def test_html_sourcelink_suffix(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     assert (app.outdir / '_sources' / 'index.rst.txt').exists()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic', confoverrides={'html_sourcelink_suffix': '.rst'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'html_sourcelink_suffix': '.rst'},
+)
 def test_html_sourcelink_suffix_same(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     assert (app.outdir / '_sources' / 'index.rst').exists()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic', confoverrides={'html_sourcelink_suffix': ''})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'html_sourcelink_suffix': ''},
+)
 def test_html_sourcelink_suffix_empty(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     assert (app.outdir / '_sources' / 'index.rst').exists()
@@ -148,40 +227,57 @@ def test_html_inventory(app):
         invdata = InventoryFile.load(f, 'https://www.google.com', posixpath.join)
 
     assert set(invdata.keys()) == {'std:label', 'std:doc'}
-    assert set(invdata['std:label'].keys()) == {'modindex',
-                                                'py-modindex',
-                                                'genindex',
-                                                'search'}
-    assert invdata['std:label']['modindex'] == ('Project name not set',
-                                                '',
-                                                'https://www.google.com/py-modindex.html',
-                                                'Module Index')
-    assert invdata['std:label']['py-modindex'] == ('Project name not set',
-                                                   '',
-                                                   'https://www.google.com/py-modindex.html',
-                                                   'Python Module Index')
-    assert invdata['std:label']['genindex'] == ('Project name not set',
-                                                '',
-                                                'https://www.google.com/genindex.html',
-                                                'Index')
-    assert invdata['std:label']['search'] == ('Project name not set',
-                                              '',
-                                              'https://www.google.com/search.html',
-                                              'Search Page')
+    assert set(invdata['std:label'].keys()) == {
+        'modindex',
+        'py-modindex',
+        'genindex',
+        'search',
+    }
+    assert invdata['std:label']['modindex'] == (
+        'Project name not set',
+        '',
+        'https://www.google.com/py-modindex.html',
+        'Module Index',
+    )
+    assert invdata['std:label']['py-modindex'] == (
+        'Project name not set',
+        '',
+        'https://www.google.com/py-modindex.html',
+        'Python Module Index',
+    )
+    assert invdata['std:label']['genindex'] == (
+        'Project name not set',
+        '',
+        'https://www.google.com/genindex.html',
+        'Index',
+    )
+    assert invdata['std:label']['search'] == (
+        'Project name not set',
+        '',
+        'https://www.google.com/search.html',
+        'Search Page',
+    )
     assert set(invdata['std:doc'].keys()) == {'index'}
-    assert invdata['std:doc']['index'] == ('Project name not set',
-                                           '',
-                                           'https://www.google.com/index.html',
-                                           'The basic Sphinx documentation for testing')
+    assert invdata['std:doc']['index'] == (
+        'Project name not set',
+        '',
+        'https://www.google.com/index.html',
+        'The basic Sphinx documentation for testing',
+    )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='images', confoverrides={'html_sourcelink_suffix': ''})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='images',
+    confoverrides={'html_sourcelink_suffix': ''},
+)
 def test_html_anchor_for_figure(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<figcaption>\n<p><span class="caption-text">The caption of pic</span>'
-            '<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Link to this image">¶</a></p>\n</figcaption>'
-            in content)
+    assert (
+        '<figcaption>\n<p><span class="caption-text">The caption of pic</span>'
+        '<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Link to this image">¶</a></p>\n</figcaption>'
+    ) in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='directives-raw')
@@ -198,28 +294,56 @@ def test_html_raw_directive(app):
     assert '<p>LaTeX: abc  ghi</p>' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("expect", [
-    (".//link[@href='_static/persistent.css']"
-     "[@rel='stylesheet']", '', True),
-    (".//link[@href='_static/default.css']"
-     "[@rel='stylesheet']"
-     "[@title='Default']", '', True),
-    (".//link[@href='_static/alternate1.css']"
-     "[@rel='alternate stylesheet']"
-     "[@title='Alternate']", '', True),
-    (".//link[@href='_static/alternate2.css']"
-     "[@rel='alternate stylesheet']", '', True),
-    (".//link[@href='_static/more_persistent.css']"
-     "[@rel='stylesheet']", '', True),
-    (".//link[@href='_static/more_default.css']"
-     "[@rel='stylesheet']"
-     "[@title='Default']", '', True),
-    (".//link[@href='_static/more_alternate1.css']"
-     "[@rel='alternate stylesheet']"
-     "[@title='Alternate']", '', True),
-    (".//link[@href='_static/more_alternate2.css']"
-     "[@rel='alternate stylesheet']", '', True),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'expect',
+    [
+        (".//link[@href='_static/persistent.css'][@rel='stylesheet']", '', True),
+        (
+            ".//link[@href='_static/default.css']"
+            "[@rel='stylesheet']"
+            "[@title='Default']",
+            '',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//link[@href='_static/alternate1.css']"
+            "[@rel='alternate stylesheet']"
+            "[@title='Alternate']",
+            '',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//link[@href='_static/alternate2.css'][@rel='alternate stylesheet']",
+            '',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//link[@href='_static/more_persistent.css'][@rel='stylesheet']",
+            '',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//link[@href='_static/more_default.css']"
+            "[@rel='stylesheet']"
+            "[@title='Default']",
+            '',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//link[@href='_static/more_alternate1.css']"
+            "[@rel='alternate stylesheet']"
+            "[@title='Alternate']",
+            '',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//link[@href='_static/more_alternate2.css']"
+            "[@rel='alternate stylesheet']",
+            '',
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='stylesheets')
 def test_alternate_stylesheets(app, cached_etree_parse, expect):
     app.build()
@@ -230,22 +354,29 @@ def test_alternate_stylesheets(app, cached_etree_parse, expect):
 def test_html_style(app):
     app.build()
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/default.css" />' in result
-    assert ('<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/alabaster.css" />'
-            not in result)
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/default.css" />'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/alabaster.css" />'
+    ) not in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
     'html',
     testroot='basic',
     # alabaster changed default sidebars in 1.0.0
-    confoverrides={'html_sidebars': {'**': [
-        'about.html',
-        'navigation.html',
-        'relations.html',
-        'searchbox.html',
-        'donate.html',
-    ]}},
+    confoverrides={
+        'html_sidebars': {
+            '**': [
+                'about.html',
+                'navigation.html',
+                'relations.html',
+                'searchbox.html',
+                'donate.html',
+            ]
+        }
+    },
 )
 def test_html_sidebar(app):
     ctx: dict[str, Any] = {}
@@ -253,23 +384,26 @@ def test_html_sidebar(app):
     # default for alabaster
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" '
-            'aria-label="Main">' in result)
+    assert '<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">' in result
     assert '<h1 class="logo"><a href="#">Project name not set</a></h1>' in result
     assert '<h3>Navigation</h3>' in result
     assert '<h3>Related Topics</h3>' in result
     assert '<h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3>' in result
 
     app.builder.add_sidebars('index', ctx)
-    assert ctx['sidebars'] == ['about.html', 'navigation.html', 'relations.html',
-                               'searchbox.html', 'donate.html']
+    assert ctx['sidebars'] == [
+        'about.html',
+        'navigation.html',
+        'relations.html',
+        'searchbox.html',
+        'donate.html',
+    ]
 
     # only relations.html
     app.config.html_sidebars = {'**': ['relations.html']}
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" '
-            'aria-label="Main">' in result)
+    assert '<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">' in result
     assert '<h1 class="logo"><a href="#">Python</a></h1>' not in result
     assert '<h3>Navigation</h3>' not in result
     assert '<h3>Related Topics</h3>' in result
@@ -282,8 +416,9 @@ def test_html_sidebar(app):
     app.config.html_sidebars = {'**': []}
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" '
-            'aria-label="Main">' not in result)
+    assert (
+        '<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">'
+    ) not in result
     assert '<h1 class="logo"><a href="#">Python</a></h1>' not in result
     assert '<h3>Navigation</h3>' not in result
     assert '<h3>Related Topics</h3>' not in result
@@ -293,22 +428,31 @@ def test_html_sidebar(app):
     assert ctx['sidebars'] == []
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fname", "expect"), [
-    ('index.html', (".//h1/em/a[@href='https://example.com/cp.1']", '', True)),
-    ('index.html', (".//em/a[@href='https://example.com/man.1']", '', True)),
-    ('index.html', (".//em/a[@href='https://example.com/ls.1']", '', True)),
-    ('index.html', (".//em/a[@href='https://example.com/sphinx.']", '', True)),
-])
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='manpage_url', confoverrides={
-    'manpages_url': 'https://example.com/{page}.{section}'})
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('fname', 'expect'),
+    [
+        ('index.html', (".//h1/em/a[@href='https://example.com/cp.1']", '', True)),
+        ('index.html', (".//em/a[@href='https://example.com/man.1']", '', True)),
+        ('index.html', (".//em/a[@href='https://example.com/ls.1']", '', True)),
+        ('index.html', (".//em/a[@href='https://example.com/sphinx.']", '', True)),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='manpage_url',
+    confoverrides={'manpages_url': 'https://example.com/{page}.{section}'},
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_manpage_url')
 def test_html_manpage(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, expect):
     app.build()
     check_xpath(cached_etree_parse(app.outdir / fname), fname, *expect)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='toctree-glob',
-                    confoverrides={'html_baseurl': 'https://example.com/'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='toctree-glob',
+    confoverrides={'html_baseurl': 'https://example.com/'},
+)
 def test_html_baseurl(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -316,52 +460,76 @@ def test_html_baseurl(app):
     assert '<link rel="canonical" href="https://example.com/index.html" />' in result
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'qux' / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert '<link rel="canonical" href="https://example.com/qux/index.html" />' in result
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="canonical" href="https://example.com/qux/index.html" />'
+    ) in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='toctree-glob',
-                    confoverrides={'html_baseurl': 'https://example.com/subdir',
-                                   'html_file_suffix': '.htm'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='toctree-glob',
+    confoverrides={
+        'html_baseurl': 'https://example.com/subdir',
+        'html_file_suffix': '.htm',
+    },
+)
 def test_html_baseurl_and_html_file_suffix(app):
     app.build()
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.htm').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert '<link rel="canonical" href="https://example.com/subdir/index.htm" />' in result
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="canonical" href="https://example.com/subdir/index.htm" />'
+    ) in result
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'qux' / 'index.htm').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert '<link rel="canonical" href="https://example.com/subdir/qux/index.htm" />' in result
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="canonical" href="https://example.com/subdir/qux/index.htm" />'
+    ) in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='basic', srcdir='validate_html_extra_path')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='basic',
+    srcdir='validate_html_extra_path',
+)
 def test_validate_html_extra_path(app):
     (app.confdir / '_static').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     app.config.html_extra_path = [
-        '/path/to/not_found',       # not found
+        '/path/to/not_found',    # not found
         '_static',
-        app.outdir,                 # outdir
-        app.outdir / '_static',     # inside outdir
-    ]
-    with pytest.warns(RemovedInSphinx90Warning, match='Use "pathlib.Path" or "os.fspath" instead'):
+        app.outdir,              # outdir
+        app.outdir / '_static',  # inside outdir
+    ]  # fmt: skip
+    with pytest.warns(
+        RemovedInSphinx90Warning, match='Use "pathlib.Path" or "os.fspath" instead'
+    ):
         validate_html_extra_path(app, app.config)
     assert app.config.html_extra_path == ['_static']
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='basic', srcdir='validate_html_static_path')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='basic',
+    srcdir='validate_html_static_path',
+)
 def test_validate_html_static_path(app):
     (app.confdir / '_static').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     app.config.html_static_path = [
-        '/path/to/not_found',       # not found
+        '/path/to/not_found',    # not found
         '_static',
-        app.outdir,                 # outdir
-        app.outdir / '_static',     # inside outdir
-    ]
-    with pytest.warns(RemovedInSphinx90Warning, match='Use "pathlib.Path" or "os.fspath" instead'):
+        app.outdir,              # outdir
+        app.outdir / '_static',  # inside outdir
+    ]  # fmt: skip
+    with pytest.warns(
+        RemovedInSphinx90Warning, match='Use "pathlib.Path" or "os.fspath" instead'
+    ):
         validate_html_static_path(app, app.config)
     assert app.config.html_static_path == ['_static']
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'html_permalinks': False})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'html_permalinks': False},
+)
 def test_html_permalink_disable(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -369,15 +537,20 @@ def test_html_permalink_disable(app):
     assert '<h1>The basic Sphinx documentation for testing</h1>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'html_permalinks_icon': '<span>[PERMALINK]</span>'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'html_permalinks_icon': '<span>[PERMALINK]</span>'},
+)
 def test_html_permalink_icon(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
-    assert ('<h1>The basic Sphinx documentation for testing<a class="headerlink" '
-            'href="#the-basic-sphinx-documentation-for-testing" '
-            'title="Link to this heading"><span>[PERMALINK]</span></a></h1>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<h1>The basic Sphinx documentation for testing<a class="headerlink" '
+        'href="#the-basic-sphinx-documentation-for-testing" '
+        'title="Link to this heading"><span>[PERMALINK]</span></a></h1>'
+    ) in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='html_signaturereturn_icon')
@@ -385,10 +558,14 @@ def test_html_signaturereturn_icon(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
-    assert ('<span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span>' in content)
+    assert '<span class="sig-return-icon">&#x2192;</span>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='root', srcdir=os.urandom(4).hex())
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='root',
+    srcdir=os.urandom(4).hex(),
+)
 def test_html_remove_sources_before_write_gh_issue_10786(app):
     # see:  https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues/10786
     target = app.srcdir / 'img.png'
@@ -410,8 +587,11 @@ def handler(app):
     assert f"WARNING: cannot copy image file '{file}': {file} does not exist" == ws[-1]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='domain-py-python_maximum_signature_line_length',
-                    confoverrides={'python_maximum_signature_line_length': 1})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='domain-py-python_maximum_signature_line_length',
+    confoverrides={'python_maximum_signature_line_length': 1},
+)
 def test_html_pep_695_one_type_per_line(app, cached_etree_parse):
     app.build()
     fname = app.outdir / 'index.html'
@@ -429,13 +609,33 @@ def __call__(self, nodes):
             assert objnode == self.expect
 
     # each signature has a dangling ',' at the end of its parameters lists
-    check_xpath(etree, fname, r'.//dt[@id="generic_foo"][1]',
-                chk('generic_foo[\nT,\n]()'))
-    check_xpath(etree, fname, r'.//dt[@id="generic_bar"][1]',
-                chk('generic_bar[\nT,\n](\nx: list[T],\n)'))
-    check_xpath(etree, fname, r'.//dt[@id="generic_ret"][1]',
-                chk('generic_ret[\nR,\n]() → R'))
-    check_xpath(etree, fname, r'.//dt[@id="MyGenericClass"][1]',
-                chk('class MyGenericClass[\nX,\n]'))
-    check_xpath(etree, fname, r'.//dt[@id="MyList"][1]',
-                chk('class MyList[\nT,\n](list[T])'))
+    check_xpath(
+        etree,
+        fname,
+        r'.//dt[@id="generic_foo"][1]',
+        chk('generic_foo[\nT,\n]()'),
+    )
+    check_xpath(
+        etree,
+        fname,
+        r'.//dt[@id="generic_bar"][1]',
+        chk('generic_bar[\nT,\n](\nx: list[T],\n)'),
+    )
+    check_xpath(
+        etree,
+        fname,
+        r'.//dt[@id="generic_ret"][1]',
+        chk('generic_ret[\nR,\n]() → R'),
+    )
+    check_xpath(
+        etree,
+        fname,
+        r'.//dt[@id="MyGenericClass"][1]',
+        chk('class MyGenericClass[\nX,\n]'),
+    )
+    check_xpath(
+        etree,
+        fname,
+        r'.//dt[@id="MyList"][1]',
+        chk('class MyList[\nT,\n](list[T])'),
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_5_output.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_5_output.py
index 98d1c9611f6..264fdbc1a4d 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_5_output.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_5_output.py
@@ -25,265 +25,472 @@ def checker(nodes: Iterable[Element]) -> Literal[True]:
                 return True
         msg = f'{check!r} not found in tail of any nodes {nodes}'
         raise AssertionError(msg)
-    return checker
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fname", "path", "check"), [
-    ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/img.png']", ''),
-    ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/img1.png']", ''),
-    ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/simg.png']", ''),
-    ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/svgimg.svg']", ''),
-    ('images.html', ".//a[@href='_sources/images.txt']", ''),
-    # Check svg options
-    ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/svgimg.svg'][@style='width: 2cm;']", ''),
-    ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/svgimg.svg'][@style='height: 2cm;']", ''),
-
-    ('subdir/images.html', ".//img[@src='../_images/img1.png']", ''),
-    ('subdir/images.html', ".//img[@src='../_images/rimg.png']", ''),
-
-    ('subdir/includes.html', ".//a[@class='reference download internal']", ''),
-    ('subdir/includes.html', ".//img[@src='../_images/img.png']", ''),
-    ('subdir/includes.html', ".//p", 'This is an include file.'),
-    ('subdir/includes.html', ".//pre/span", 'line 1'),
-    ('subdir/includes.html', ".//pre/span", 'line 2'),
-
-    ('includes.html', ".//pre", 'Max Strauß'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//a[@class='reference download internal']", ''),
-    ('includes.html', ".//pre/span", '"quotes"'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//pre/span", "'included'"),
-    ('includes.html', ".//pre/span[@class='s2']", 'üöä'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//div[@class='inc-pyobj1 highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
-     r'^class Foo:\n    pass\n\s*$'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//div[@class='inc-pyobj2 highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
-     r'^    def baz\(\):\n        pass\n\s*$'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//div[@class='inc-lines highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
-     r'^class Foo:\n    pass\nclass Bar:\n$'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//div[@class='inc-startend highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
-     '^foo = "Including Unicode characters: üöä"\\n$'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//div[@class='inc-preappend highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
-     r'(?m)^START CODE$'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//div[@class='inc-pyobj-dedent highlight-python notranslate']//span",
-     r'def'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//div[@class='inc-tab3 highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
-     r'-| |-'),
-    ('includes.html', ".//div[@class='inc-tab8 highlight-python notranslate']//pre/span",
-     r'-|      |-'),
-
-    ('autodoc.html', ".//dl[@class='py class']/dt[@id='autodoc_target.Class']", ''),
-    ('autodoc.html', ".//dl[@class='py function']/dt[@id='autodoc_target.function']/em/span/span", r'\*\*'),
-    ('autodoc.html', ".//dl[@class='py function']/dt[@id='autodoc_target.function']/em/span/span", r'kwds'),
-    ('autodoc.html', ".//dd/p", r'Return spam\.'),
 
-    ('extapi.html', ".//strong", 'from class: Bar'),
-
-    ('markup.html', ".//title", 'set by title directive'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//p/em", 'Section author: Georg Brandl'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//p/em", 'Module author: Georg Brandl'),
-    # created by the meta directive
-    ('markup.html', ".//meta[@name='author'][@content='Me']", ''),
-    ('markup.html', ".//meta[@name='keywords'][@content='docs, sphinx']", ''),
-    # a label created by ``.. _label:``
-    ('markup.html', ".//div[@id='label']", ''),
-    # code with standard code blocks
-    ('markup.html', ".//pre", '^some code$'),
-    # an option list
-    ('markup.html', ".//span[@class='option']", '--help'),
-    # admonitions
-    ('markup.html', ".//p[@class='admonition-title']", 'My Admonition'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//div[@class='admonition note']/p", 'Note text.'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//div[@class='admonition warning']/p", 'Warning text.'),
-    # inline markup
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p/strong", r'^command\\n$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p/strong", r'^program\\n$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p/em", r'^dfn\\n$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p/kbd", r'^kbd\\n$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p/span", 'File \N{TRIANGULAR BULLET} Close'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p/code/span[@class='pre']", '^a/$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p/code/em/span[@class='pre']", '^varpart$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p/code/em/span[@class='pre']", '^i$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/']"
-     "[@class='pep reference external']/strong", 'PEP 8'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/']"
-     "[@class='pep reference external']/strong",
-     'Python Enhancement Proposal #8'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1.html']"
-     "[@class='rfc reference external']/strong", 'RFC 1'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1.html']"
-     "[@class='rfc reference external']/strong", 'Request for Comments #1'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='objects.html#envvar-HOME']"
-     "[@class='reference internal']/code/span[@class='pre']", 'HOME'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='#with']"
-     "[@class='reference internal']/code/span[@class='pre']", '^with$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='#grammar-token-try_stmt']"
-     "[@class='reference internal']/code/span", '^statement$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='#some-label'][@class='reference internal']/span", '^here$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='#some-label'][@class='reference internal']/span", '^there$'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='subdir/includes.html']"
-     "[@class='reference internal']/span", 'Including in subdir'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='objects.html#cmdoption-python-c']"
-     "[@class='reference internal']/code/span[@class='pre']", '-c'),
-    # abbreviations
-    ('markup.html', ".//abbr[@title='abbreviation']", '^abbr$'),
-    # version stuff
-    ('markup.html', ".//div[@class='versionadded']/p/span", 'Added in version 0.6: '),
-    ('markup.html', ".//div[@class='versionadded']/p/span",
-     tail_check('First paragraph of versionadded')),
-    ('markup.html', ".//div[@class='versionchanged']/p/span",
-     tail_check('First paragraph of versionchanged')),
-    ('markup.html', ".//div[@class='versionchanged']/p",
-     'Second paragraph of versionchanged'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//div[@class='versionremoved']/p/span", 'Removed in version 0.6: '),
-    # footnote reference
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets']", r'1'),
-    # created by reference lookup
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='index.html#ref1']", ''),
-    # ``seealso`` directive
-    ('markup.html', ".//div/p[@class='admonition-title']", 'See also'),
-    # a ``hlist`` directive
-    ('markup.html', ".//table[@class='hlist']/tr/td/ul/li/p", '^This$'),
-    # a ``centered`` directive
-    ('markup.html', ".//p[@class='centered']/strong", 'LICENSE'),
-    # a glossary
-    ('markup.html', ".//dl/dt[@id='term-boson']", 'boson'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//dl/dt[@id='term-boson']/a", '¶'),
-    # a production list
-    ('markup.html', ".//pre/strong", 'try_stmt'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//pre/a[@href='#grammar-token-try1_stmt']/code/span", 'try1_stmt'),
-    # tests for ``only`` directive
-    ('markup.html', ".//p", 'A global substitution!'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//p", 'In HTML.'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//p", 'In both.'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//p", 'Always present'),
-    # tests for ``any`` role
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='#with']/span", 'headings'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='objects.html#func_without_body']/code/span", 'objects'),
-    # tests for numeric labels
-    ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='#id1'][@class='reference internal']/span", 'Testing various markup'),
-    # tests for smartypants
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p", 'Smart “quotes” in English ‘text’.'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p", 'Smart — long and – short dashes.'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p", 'Ellipsis…'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//li/p/code/span[@class='pre']", 'foo--"bar"...'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//p", 'Этот «абзац» должен использовать „русские“ кавычки.'),
-    ('markup.html', ".//p", 'Il dit : « C’est “super” ! »'),
-
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@id='mod.Cls.meth1']", ''),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@id='errmod.Error']", ''),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt/span[@class='sig-name descname']/span[@class='pre']", r'long\(parameter,'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt/span[@class='sig-name descname']/span[@class='pre']", r'list\)'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt/span[@class='sig-name descname']/span[@class='pre']", 'another'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt/span[@class='sig-name descname']/span[@class='pre']", 'one'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#mod.Cls'][@class='reference internal']", ''),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dl[@class='std userdesc']", ''),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@id='userdesc-myobj']", ''),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#userdesc-myobj'][@class='reference internal']", ''),
-    # docfields
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#TimeInt']/em", 'TimeInt'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#Time']", 'Time'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#errmod.Error']/strong", 'Error'),
-    # C references
-    ('objects.html', ".//span[@class='pre']", 'CFunction()'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.Sphinx_DoSomething']", ''),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.SphinxStruct.member']", ''),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.SPHINX_USE_PYTHON']", ''),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.SphinxType']", ''),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.sphinx_global']", ''),
-    # test global TOC created by toctree()
-    ('objects.html', ".//ul[@class='current']/li[@class='toctree-l1 current']/a[@href='#']",
-     'Testing object descriptions'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l1']/a[@href='markup.html']",
-     'Testing various markup'),
-    # test unknown field names
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'Field_name'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'Field_name all lower'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'FIELD_NAME'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'FIELD_NAME ALL CAPS'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'Field_Name'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'Field_Name All Word Caps'),
-    # ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'Field_name'), (duplicate)
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'Field_name First word cap'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'FIELd_name'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'FIELd_name PARTial caps'),
-    # custom sidebar
-    ('objects.html', ".//h4", 'Custom sidebar'),
-    # docfields
-    ('objects.html', ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/p/strong", '^moo$'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/p/strong", tail_check(r'\(Moo\) .* Moo')),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/ul/li/p/strong", '^hour$'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/ul/li/p/em", '^DuplicateType$'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/ul/li/p/em", tail_check(r'.* Some parameter')),
-    # others
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-arg-p']/code/span",
-     'perl'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-arg-p']/code/span",
-     '\\+p'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-ObjC']/code/span",
-     '--ObjC\\+\\+'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-plugin.option']/code/span",
-     '--plugin.option'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-arg-create-auth-token']"
-     "/code/span",
-     'create-auth-token'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-arg-arg']/code/span",
-     'arg'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-j']/code/span",
-     '-j'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-hg-arg-commit']/code/span",
-     'hg'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-hg-arg-commit']/code/span",
-     'commit'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-git-commit-p']/code/span",
-     'git'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-git-commit-p']/code/span",
-     'commit'),
-    ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-git-commit-p']/code/span",
-     '-p'),
-
-    ('index.html', ".//meta[@name='hc'][@content='hcval']", ''),
-    ('index.html', ".//meta[@name='hc_co'][@content='hcval_co']", ''),
-    ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l1']/a", 'Testing various markup'),
-    ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l2']/a", 'Inline markup'),
-    ('index.html', ".//title", 'Sphinx <Tests>'),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='footer']", 'copyright text credits'),
-    ('index.html', ".//a[@href='https://python.org/']"
-     "[@class='reference external']", ''),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a[@href='genindex.html']/span", 'Index'),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a[@href='py-modindex.html']/span", 'Module Index'),
-    # custom sidebar only for contents
-    ('index.html', ".//h4", 'Contents sidebar'),
-    # custom JavaScript
-    ('index.html', ".//script[@src='file://moo.js']", ''),
-    # URL in contents
-    ('index.html', ".//a[@class='reference external'][@href='https://sphinx-doc.org/']",
-     'https://sphinx-doc.org/'),
-    ('index.html', ".//a[@class='reference external'][@href='https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/']",
-     'Latest reference'),
-    # Indirect hyperlink targets across files
-    ('index.html', ".//a[@href='markup.html#some-label'][@class='reference internal']/span",
-     '^indirect hyperref$'),
-
-    ('bom.html', ".//title", " File with UTF-8 BOM"),
-
-    ('extensions.html', ".//a[@href='https://python.org/dev/']", "https://python.org/dev/"),
-    ('extensions.html', ".//a[@href='https://bugs.python.org/issue1000']", "issue 1000"),
-    ('extensions.html', ".//a[@href='https://bugs.python.org/issue1042']", "explicit caption"),
-    ('extensions.html', ".//a[@class='extlink-pyurl reference external']", "https://python.org/dev/"),
-    ('extensions.html', ".//a[@class='extlink-issue reference external']", "issue 1000"),
-
-    # index entries
-    ('genindex.html', ".//a/strong", "Main"),
-    ('genindex.html', ".//a/strong", "[1]"),
-    ('genindex.html', ".//a/strong", "Other"),
-    ('genindex.html', ".//a", "entry"),
-    ('genindex.html', ".//li/a", "double"),
+    return checker
 
-    ('otherext.html', ".//h1", "Generated section"),
-    ('otherext.html', ".//a[@href='_sources/otherext.foo.txt']", ''),
 
-    ('search.html', ".//meta[@name='robots'][@content='noindex']", ''),
-])
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', tags=['testtag'],
-                    confoverrides={'html_context.hckey_co': 'hcval_co'})
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('fname', 'path', 'check'),
+    [
+        ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/img.png']", ''),
+        ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/img1.png']", ''),
+        ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/simg.png']", ''),
+        ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/svgimg.svg']", ''),
+        ('images.html', ".//a[@href='_sources/images.txt']", ''),
+        # Check svg options
+        ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/svgimg.svg'][@style='width: 2cm;']", ''),
+        ('images.html', ".//img[@src='_images/svgimg.svg'][@style='height: 2cm;']", ''),
+        ('subdir/images.html', ".//img[@src='../_images/img1.png']", ''),
+        ('subdir/images.html', ".//img[@src='../_images/rimg.png']", ''),
+        ('subdir/includes.html', ".//a[@class='reference download internal']", ''),
+        ('subdir/includes.html', ".//img[@src='../_images/img.png']", ''),
+        ('subdir/includes.html', './/p', 'This is an include file.'),
+        ('subdir/includes.html', './/pre/span', 'line 1'),
+        ('subdir/includes.html', './/pre/span', 'line 2'),
+        ('includes.html', './/pre', 'Max Strauß'),
+        ('includes.html', ".//a[@class='reference download internal']", ''),
+        ('includes.html', './/pre/span', '"quotes"'),
+        ('includes.html', './/pre/span', "'included'"),
+        ('includes.html', ".//pre/span[@class='s2']", 'üöä'),
+        (
+            'includes.html',
+            ".//div[@class='inc-pyobj1 highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
+            r'^class Foo:\n    pass\n\s*$',
+        ),
+        (
+            'includes.html',
+            ".//div[@class='inc-pyobj2 highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
+            r'^    def baz\(\):\n        pass\n\s*$',
+        ),
+        (
+            'includes.html',
+            ".//div[@class='inc-lines highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
+            r'^class Foo:\n    pass\nclass Bar:\n$',
+        ),
+        (
+            'includes.html',
+            ".//div[@class='inc-startend highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
+            '^foo = "Including Unicode characters: üöä"\\n$',
+        ),
+        (
+            'includes.html',
+            ".//div[@class='inc-preappend highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
+            r'(?m)^START CODE$',
+        ),
+        (
+            'includes.html',
+            ".//div[@class='inc-pyobj-dedent highlight-python notranslate']//span",
+            r'def',
+        ),
+        (
+            'includes.html',
+            ".//div[@class='inc-tab3 highlight-text notranslate']//pre",
+            r'-| |-',
+        ),
+        (
+            'includes.html',
+            ".//div[@class='inc-tab8 highlight-python notranslate']//pre/span",
+            r'-|      |-',
+        ),
+        ('autodoc.html', ".//dl[@class='py class']/dt[@id='autodoc_target.Class']", ''),
+        (
+            'autodoc.html',
+            ".//dl[@class='py function']/dt[@id='autodoc_target.function']/em/span/span",
+            r'\*\*',
+        ),
+        (
+            'autodoc.html',
+            ".//dl[@class='py function']/dt[@id='autodoc_target.function']/em/span/span",
+            r'kwds',
+        ),
+        ('autodoc.html', './/dd/p', r'Return spam\.'),
+        ('extapi.html', './/strong', 'from class: Bar'),
+        ('markup.html', './/title', 'set by title directive'),
+        ('markup.html', './/p/em', 'Section author: Georg Brandl'),
+        ('markup.html', './/p/em', 'Module author: Georg Brandl'),
+        # created by the meta directive
+        ('markup.html', ".//meta[@name='author'][@content='Me']", ''),
+        ('markup.html', ".//meta[@name='keywords'][@content='docs, sphinx']", ''),
+        # a label created by ``.. _label:``
+        ('markup.html', ".//div[@id='label']", ''),
+        # code with standard code blocks
+        ('markup.html', './/pre', '^some code$'),
+        # an option list
+        ('markup.html', ".//span[@class='option']", '--help'),
+        # admonitions
+        ('markup.html', ".//p[@class='admonition-title']", 'My Admonition'),
+        ('markup.html', ".//div[@class='admonition note']/p", 'Note text.'),
+        ('markup.html', ".//div[@class='admonition warning']/p", 'Warning text.'),
+        # inline markup
+        ('markup.html', './/li/p/strong', r'^command\\n$'),
+        ('markup.html', './/li/p/strong', r'^program\\n$'),
+        ('markup.html', './/li/p/em', r'^dfn\\n$'),
+        ('markup.html', './/li/p/kbd', r'^kbd\\n$'),
+        ('markup.html', './/li/p/span', 'File \N{TRIANGULAR BULLET} Close'),
+        ('markup.html', ".//li/p/code/span[@class='pre']", '^a/$'),
+        ('markup.html', ".//li/p/code/em/span[@class='pre']", '^varpart$'),
+        ('markup.html', ".//li/p/code/em/span[@class='pre']", '^i$'),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/']"
+            "[@class='pep reference external']/strong",
+            'PEP 8',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/']"
+            "[@class='pep reference external']/strong",
+            'Python Enhancement Proposal #8',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1.html']"
+            "[@class='rfc reference external']/strong",
+            'RFC 1',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1.html']"
+            "[@class='rfc reference external']/strong",
+            'Request for Comments #1',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='objects.html#envvar-HOME']"
+            "[@class='reference internal']/code/span[@class='pre']",
+            'HOME',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='#with']"
+            "[@class='reference internal']/code/span[@class='pre']",
+            '^with$',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='#grammar-token-try_stmt']"
+            "[@class='reference internal']/code/span",
+            '^statement$',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='#some-label'][@class='reference internal']/span",
+            '^here$',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='#some-label'][@class='reference internal']/span",
+            '^there$',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='subdir/includes.html'][@class='reference internal']/span",
+            'Including in subdir',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='objects.html#cmdoption-python-c']"
+            "[@class='reference internal']/code/span[@class='pre']",
+            '-c',
+        ),
+        # abbreviations
+        ('markup.html', ".//abbr[@title='abbreviation']", '^abbr$'),
+        # version stuff
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//div[@class='versionadded']/p/span",
+            'Added in version 0.6: ',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//div[@class='versionadded']/p/span",
+            tail_check('First paragraph of versionadded'),
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//div[@class='versionchanged']/p/span",
+            tail_check('First paragraph of versionchanged'),
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//div[@class='versionchanged']/p",
+            'Second paragraph of versionchanged',
+        ),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//div[@class='versionremoved']/p/span",
+            'Removed in version 0.6: ',
+        ),
+        # footnote reference
+        ('markup.html', ".//a[@class='footnote-reference brackets']", r'1'),
+        # created by reference lookup
+        ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='index.html#ref1']", ''),
+        # ``seealso`` directive
+        ('markup.html', ".//div/p[@class='admonition-title']", 'See also'),
+        # a ``hlist`` directive
+        ('markup.html', ".//table[@class='hlist']/tr/td/ul/li/p", '^This$'),
+        # a ``centered`` directive
+        ('markup.html', ".//p[@class='centered']/strong", 'LICENSE'),
+        # a glossary
+        ('markup.html', ".//dl/dt[@id='term-boson']", 'boson'),
+        ('markup.html', ".//dl/dt[@id='term-boson']/a", '¶'),
+        # a production list
+        ('markup.html', './/pre/strong', 'try_stmt'),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//pre/a[@href='#grammar-token-try1_stmt']/code/span",
+            'try1_stmt',
+        ),
+        # tests for ``only`` directive
+        ('markup.html', './/p', 'A global substitution!'),
+        ('markup.html', './/p', 'In HTML.'),
+        ('markup.html', './/p', 'In both.'),
+        ('markup.html', './/p', 'Always present'),
+        # tests for ``any`` role
+        ('markup.html', ".//a[@href='#with']/span", 'headings'),
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='objects.html#func_without_body']/code/span",
+            'objects',
+        ),
+        # tests for numeric labels
+        (
+            'markup.html',
+            ".//a[@href='#id1'][@class='reference internal']/span",
+            'Testing various markup',
+        ),
+        # tests for smartypants
+        ('markup.html', './/li/p', 'Smart “quotes” in English ‘text’.'),
+        ('markup.html', './/li/p', 'Smart — long and – short dashes.'),
+        ('markup.html', './/li/p', 'Ellipsis…'),
+        ('markup.html', ".//li/p/code/span[@class='pre']", 'foo--"bar"...'),
+        ('markup.html', './/p', 'Этот «абзац» должен использовать „русские“ кавычки.'),
+        ('markup.html', './/p', 'Il dit : « C’est “super” ! »'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@id='mod.Cls.meth1']", ''),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@id='errmod.Error']", ''),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//dt/span[@class='sig-name descname']/span[@class='pre']",
+            r'long\(parameter,',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//dt/span[@class='sig-name descname']/span[@class='pre']",
+            r'list\)',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//dt/span[@class='sig-name descname']/span[@class='pre']",
+            'another',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//dt/span[@class='sig-name descname']/span[@class='pre']",
+            'one',
+        ),
+        ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#mod.Cls'][@class='reference internal']", ''),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dl[@class='std userdesc']", ''),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@id='userdesc-myobj']", ''),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@href='#userdesc-myobj'][@class='reference internal']",
+            '',
+        ),
+        # docfields
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#TimeInt']/em",
+            'TimeInt',
+        ),
+        ('objects.html', ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#Time']", 'Time'),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#errmod.Error']/strong",
+            'Error',
+        ),
+        # C references
+        ('objects.html', ".//span[@class='pre']", 'CFunction()'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.Sphinx_DoSomething']", ''),
+        ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.SphinxStruct.member']", ''),
+        ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.SPHINX_USE_PYTHON']", ''),
+        ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.SphinxType']", ''),
+        ('objects.html', ".//a[@href='#c.sphinx_global']", ''),
+        # test global TOC created by toctree()
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//ul[@class='current']/li[@class='toctree-l1 current']/a[@href='#']",
+            'Testing object descriptions',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//li[@class='toctree-l1']/a[@href='markup.html']",
+            'Testing various markup',
+        ),
+        # test unknown field names
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'Field_name'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'Field_name all lower'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'FIELD_NAME'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'FIELD_NAME ALL CAPS'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'Field_Name'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'Field_Name All Word Caps'),
+        # ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'Field_name'), (duplicate)
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'Field_name First word cap'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-odd']", 'FIELd_name'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dt[@class='field-even']", 'FIELd_name PARTial caps'),
+        # custom sidebar
+        ('objects.html', './/h4', 'Custom sidebar'),
+        # docfields
+        ('objects.html', ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/p/strong", '^moo$'),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/p/strong",
+            tail_check(r'\(Moo\) .* Moo'),
+        ),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/ul/li/p/strong", '^hour$'),
+        ('objects.html', ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/ul/li/p/em", '^DuplicateType$'),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//dd[@class='field-odd']/ul/li/p/em",
+            tail_check(r'.* Some parameter'),
+        ),
+        # others
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-arg-p']/code/span",
+            'perl',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-arg-p']/code/span",
+            '\\+p',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-ObjC']/code/span",
+            '--ObjC\\+\\+',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-plugin.option']/code/span",
+            '--plugin.option',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-arg-create-auth-token']"
+            '/code/span',
+            'create-auth-token',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-arg-arg']/code/span",
+            'arg',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-perl-j']/code/span",
+            '-j',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-hg-arg-commit']/code/span",
+            'hg',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-hg-arg-commit']/code/span",
+            'commit',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-git-commit-p']/code/span",
+            'git',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-git-commit-p']/code/span",
+            'commit',
+        ),
+        (
+            'objects.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference internal'][@href='#cmdoption-git-commit-p']/code/span",
+            '-p',
+        ),
+        ('index.html', ".//meta[@name='hc'][@content='hcval']", ''),
+        ('index.html', ".//meta[@name='hc_co'][@content='hcval_co']", ''),
+        ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l1']/a", 'Testing various markup'),
+        ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l2']/a", 'Inline markup'),
+        ('index.html', './/title', 'Sphinx <Tests>'),
+        ('index.html', ".//div[@class='footer']", 'copyright text credits'),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//a[@href='https://python.org/'][@class='reference external']",
+            '',
+        ),
+        ('index.html', ".//li/p/a[@href='genindex.html']/span", 'Index'),
+        ('index.html', ".//li/p/a[@href='py-modindex.html']/span", 'Module Index'),
+        # custom sidebar only for contents
+        ('index.html', './/h4', 'Contents sidebar'),
+        # custom JavaScript
+        ('index.html', ".//script[@src='file://moo.js']", ''),
+        # URL in contents
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference external'][@href='https://sphinx-doc.org/']",
+            'https://sphinx-doc.org/',
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//a[@class='reference external'][@href='https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/']",
+            'Latest reference',
+        ),
+        # Indirect hyperlink targets across files
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//a[@href='markup.html#some-label'][@class='reference internal']/span",
+            '^indirect hyperref$',
+        ),
+        ('bom.html', './/title', ' File with UTF-8 BOM'),
+        (
+            'extensions.html',
+            ".//a[@href='https://python.org/dev/']",
+            'https://python.org/dev/',
+        ),
+        (
+            'extensions.html',
+            ".//a[@href='https://bugs.python.org/issue1000']",
+            'issue 1000',
+        ),
+        (
+            'extensions.html',
+            ".//a[@href='https://bugs.python.org/issue1042']",
+            'explicit caption',
+        ),
+        (
+            'extensions.html',
+            ".//a[@class='extlink-pyurl reference external']",
+            'https://python.org/dev/',
+        ),
+        (
+            'extensions.html',
+            ".//a[@class='extlink-issue reference external']",
+            'issue 1000',
+        ),
+        # index entries
+        ('genindex.html', './/a/strong', 'Main'),
+        ('genindex.html', './/a/strong', '[1]'),
+        ('genindex.html', './/a/strong', 'Other'),
+        ('genindex.html', './/a', 'entry'),
+        ('genindex.html', './/li/a', 'double'),
+        ('otherext.html', './/h1', 'Generated section'),
+        ('otherext.html', ".//a[@href='_sources/otherext.foo.txt']", ''),
+        ('search.html', ".//meta[@name='robots'][@content='noindex']", ''),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    tags=['testtag'],
+    confoverrides={'html_context.hckey_co': 'hcval_co'},
+)
 def test_html5_output(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check):
     app.build()
     check_xpath(cached_etree_parse(app.outdir / fname), fname, path, check)
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_assets.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_assets.py
index e2c7c75b2e7..8172bdf4701 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_assets.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_assets.py
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ def test_html_assets(app):
     assert not (app.outdir / '_static' / '.htaccess').exists()
     assert not (app.outdir / '_static' / '.htpasswd').exists()
     assert (app.outdir / '_static' / 'API.html').exists()
-    assert (app.outdir / '_static' / 'API.html').read_text(encoding='utf8') == 'Sphinx-1.4.4'
+    assert (app.outdir / '_static' / 'API.html').read_text(
+        encoding='utf8'
+    ) == 'Sphinx-1.4.4'
     assert (app.outdir / '_static' / 'css' / 'style.css').exists()
     assert (app.outdir / '_static' / 'js' / 'custom.js').exists()
     assert (app.outdir / '_static' / 'rimg.png').exists()
@@ -44,14 +46,19 @@ def test_html_assets(app):
 
     # html_css_files
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/style.css" />' in content
-    assert ('<link media="print" rel="stylesheet" title="title" type="text/css" '
-            'href="https://example.com/custom.css" />' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/style.css" />'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<link media="print" rel="stylesheet" title="title" type="text/css" '
+        'href="https://example.com/custom.css" />'
+    ) in content
 
     # html_js_files
     assert '<script src="_static/js/custom.js"></script>' in content
-    assert ('<script async="async" src="https://example.com/script.js">'
-            '</script>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<script async="async" src="https://example.com/script.js"></script>'
+    ) in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='html_assets')
@@ -112,29 +119,43 @@ def test_file_checksum(app):
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     # checksum for local files
-    assert '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/stylesheet-a.css?v=e575b6df" />' in content
-    assert '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/stylesheet-b.css?v=a2d5cc0f" />' in content
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/stylesheet-a.css?v=e575b6df" />'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/stylesheet-b.css?v=a2d5cc0f" />'
+    ) in content
     assert '<script src="_static/script.js?v=48278d48"></script>' in content
 
     # empty files have no checksum
     assert '<script src="_static/empty.js"></script>' in content
 
     # no checksum for hyperlinks
-    assert '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://example.com/custom.css" />' in content
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://example.com/custom.css" />'
+    ) in content
     assert '<script src="https://example.com/script.js"></script>' in content
 
 
 def test_file_checksum_query_string():
-    with pytest.raises(ThemeError, match='Local asset file paths must not contain query strings'):
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ThemeError, match='Local asset file paths must not contain query strings'
+    ):
         _file_checksum(Path(), 'with_query_string.css?dead_parrots=1')
 
-    with pytest.raises(ThemeError, match='Local asset file paths must not contain query strings'):
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ThemeError, match='Local asset file paths must not contain query strings'
+    ):
         _file_checksum(Path(), 'with_query_string.js?dead_parrots=1')
 
-    with pytest.raises(ThemeError, match='Local asset file paths must not contain query strings'):
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ThemeError, match='Local asset file paths must not contain query strings'
+    ):
         _file_checksum(Path.cwd(), '_static/with_query_string.css?dead_parrots=1')
 
-    with pytest.raises(ThemeError, match='Local asset file paths must not contain query strings'):
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ThemeError, match='Local asset file paths must not contain query strings'
+    ):
         _file_checksum(Path.cwd(), '_static/with_query_string.js?dead_parrots=1')
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_code.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_code.py
index f07eb97e4d4..d32c0b3e2b9 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_code.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_code.py
@@ -1,20 +1,28 @@
 import pytest
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='reST-code-block',
-                    confoverrides={'html_codeblock_linenos_style': 'table'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='reST-code-block',
+    confoverrides={'html_codeblock_linenos_style': 'table'},
+)
 def test_html_codeblock_linenos_style_table(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
-    assert ('<div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>\n'
-            '<span class="normal">2</span>\n'
-            '<span class="normal">3</span>\n'
-            '<span class="normal">4</span></pre></div>') in content
+    assert (
+        '<div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>\n'
+        '<span class="normal">2</span>\n'
+        '<span class="normal">3</span>\n'
+        '<span class="normal">4</span></pre></div>'
+    ) in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='reST-code-block',
-                    confoverrides={'html_codeblock_linenos_style': 'inline'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='reST-code-block',
+    confoverrides={'html_codeblock_linenos_style': 'inline'},
+)
 def test_html_codeblock_linenos_style_inline(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -38,9 +46,14 @@ def test_html_code_role(app):
         '<span class="o">+</span> '
         '<span class="s2">&quot;abc&quot;</span>'
         '<span class="p">):</span> '
-        '<span class="k">pass</span>')
-    assert ('<p>Inline <code class="code highlight python docutils literal highlight-python">' +
-            common_content + '</code> code block</p>') in content
-    assert ('<div class="highlight-python notranslate">' +
-            '<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>' +
-            common_content) in content
+        '<span class="k">pass</span>'
+    )
+    assert (
+        '<p>Inline <code class="code highlight python docutils literal highlight-python">'
+        + common_content
+        + '</code> code block</p>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<div class="highlight-python notranslate">'
+        '<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>' + common_content
+    ) in content
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_download.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_download.py
index 877018b7b41..d905f9ba431 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_download.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_download.py
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ def test_html_download(app):
 
     # subdir/includes.html
     result = (app.outdir / 'subdir' / 'includes.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    pattern = ('<a class="reference download internal" download="" '
-               'href="../(_downloads/.*/img.png)">')
+    pattern = (
+        '<a class="reference download internal" download="" '
+        'href="../(_downloads/.*/img.png)">'
+    )
     matched = re.search(pattern, result)
     assert matched
     assert (app.outdir / matched.group(1)).exists()
@@ -19,18 +21,22 @@ def test_html_download(app):
 
     # includes.html
     result = (app.outdir / 'includes.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    pattern = ('<a class="reference download internal" download="" '
-               'href="(_downloads/.*/img.png)">')
+    pattern = (
+        '<a class="reference download internal" download="" '
+        'href="(_downloads/.*/img.png)">'
+    )
     matched = re.search(pattern, result)
     assert matched
     assert (app.outdir / matched.group(1)).exists()
     assert matched.group(1) == filename
 
-    pattern = ('<a class="reference download internal" download="" '
-               'href="(_downloads/.*/)(file_with_special_%23_chars.xyz)">')
+    pattern = (
+        '<a class="reference download internal" download="" '
+        'href="(_downloads/.*/)(file_with_special_%23_chars.xyz)">'
+    )
     matched = re.search(pattern, result)
     assert matched
-    assert (app.outdir / matched.group(1) / "file_with_special_#_chars.xyz").exists()
+    assert (app.outdir / matched.group(1) / 'file_with_special_#_chars.xyz').exists()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='roles-download')
@@ -38,24 +44,33 @@ def test_html_download_role(app):
     app.build()
     digest = hashlib.md5(b'dummy.dat', usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()
     assert (app.outdir / '_downloads' / digest / 'dummy.dat').exists()
-    digest_another = hashlib.md5(b'another/dummy.dat', usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()
+    digest_another = hashlib.md5(
+        b'another/dummy.dat', usedforsecurity=False
+    ).hexdigest()
     assert (app.outdir / '_downloads' / digest_another / 'dummy.dat').exists()
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert (('<li><p><a class="reference download internal" download="" '
-             'href="_downloads/%s/dummy.dat">'
-             '<code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
-             '<span class="pre">dummy.dat</span></code></a></p></li>' % digest)
-            in content)
-    assert (('<li><p><a class="reference download internal" download="" '
-             'href="_downloads/%s/dummy.dat">'
-             '<code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
-             '<span class="pre">another/dummy.dat</span></code></a></p></li>' %
-             digest_another) in content)
-    assert ('<li><p><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
-            '<span class="pre">not_found.dat</span></code></p></li>' in content)
-    assert ('<li><p><a class="reference download external" download="" '
-            'href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/_static/sphinx-logo.svg">'
-            '<code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
-            '<span class="pre">Sphinx</span> <span class="pre">logo</span>'
-            '</code></a></p></li>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference download internal" download="" '
+        'href="_downloads/%s/dummy.dat">'
+        '<code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
+        '<span class="pre">dummy.dat</span></code></a></p></li>' % digest
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference download internal" download="" '
+        'href="_downloads/%s/dummy.dat">'
+        '<code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
+        '<span class="pre">another/dummy.dat</span></code></a></p></li>'
+        % digest_another
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<li><p><code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
+        '<span class="pre">not_found.dat</span></code></p></li>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference download external" download="" '
+        'href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/_static/sphinx-logo.svg">'
+        '<code class="xref download docutils literal notranslate">'
+        '<span class="pre">Sphinx</span> <span class="pre">logo</span>'
+        '</code></a></p></li>'
+    ) in content
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_highlight.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_highlight.py
index aee1ecefdb4..2e1f224d076 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_highlight.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_highlight.py
@@ -9,15 +9,21 @@ def test_html_pygments_style_default(app):
     assert style.__name__ == 'Alabaster'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'pygments_style': 'sphinx'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'pygments_style': 'sphinx'},
+)
 def test_html_pygments_style_manually(app):
     style = app.builder.highlighter.formatter_args.get('style')
     assert style.__name__ == 'SphinxStyle'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'html_theme': 'classic'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'html_theme': 'classic'},
+)
 def test_html_pygments_for_classic_theme(app):
     style = app.builder.highlighter.formatter_args.get('style')
     assert style.__name__ == 'SphinxStyle'
@@ -31,31 +37,78 @@ def test_html_dark_pygments_style_default(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='highlight_options')
 def test_highlight_options(app):
     subject = app.builder.highlighter
-    with patch.object(subject, 'highlight_block', wraps=subject.highlight_block) as highlight:
+    with patch.object(
+        subject,
+        'highlight_block',
+        wraps=subject.highlight_block,
+    ) as highlight:
         app.build()
 
         call_args = highlight.call_args_list
         assert len(call_args) == 3
-        assert call_args[0] == call(ANY, 'default', force=False, linenos=False,
-                                    location=ANY, opts={'default_option': True})
-        assert call_args[1] == call(ANY, 'python', force=False, linenos=False,
-                                    location=ANY, opts={'python_option': True})
-        assert call_args[2] == call(ANY, 'java', force=False, linenos=False,
-                                    location=ANY, opts={})
+        assert call_args[0] == call(
+            ANY,
+            'default',
+            force=False,
+            linenos=False,
+            location=ANY,
+            opts={'default_option': True},
+        )
+        assert call_args[1] == call(
+            ANY,
+            'python',
+            force=False,
+            linenos=False,
+            location=ANY,
+            opts={'python_option': True},
+        )
+        assert call_args[2] == call(
+            ANY,
+            'java',
+            force=False,
+            linenos=False,
+            location=ANY,
+            opts={},
+        )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='highlight_options',
-                    confoverrides={'highlight_options': {'default_option': True}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='highlight_options',
+    confoverrides={'highlight_options': {'default_option': True}},
+)
 def test_highlight_options_old(app):
     subject = app.builder.highlighter
-    with patch.object(subject, 'highlight_block', wraps=subject.highlight_block) as highlight:
+    with patch.object(
+        subject,
+        'highlight_block',
+        wraps=subject.highlight_block,
+    ) as highlight:
         app.build()
 
         call_args = highlight.call_args_list
         assert len(call_args) == 3
-        assert call_args[0] == call(ANY, 'default', force=False, linenos=False,
-                                    location=ANY, opts={'default_option': True})
-        assert call_args[1] == call(ANY, 'python', force=False, linenos=False,
-                                    location=ANY, opts={})
-        assert call_args[2] == call(ANY, 'java', force=False, linenos=False,
-                                    location=ANY, opts={})
+        assert call_args[0] == call(
+            ANY,
+            'default',
+            force=False,
+            linenos=False,
+            location=ANY,
+            opts={'default_option': True},
+        )
+        assert call_args[1] == call(
+            ANY,
+            'python',
+            force=False,
+            linenos=False,
+            location=ANY,
+            opts={},
+        )
+        assert call_args[2] == call(
+            ANY,
+            'java',
+            force=False,
+            linenos=False,
+            location=ANY,
+            opts={},
+        )
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_image.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_image.py
index 6322c6ff1f1..93777c76329 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_image.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_image.py
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ def test_html_remote_images(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<img alt="http://localhost:7777/sphinx.png" '
-            'src="http://localhost:7777/sphinx.png" />' in result)
+    assert (
+        '<img alt="http://localhost:7777/sphinx.png" '
+        'src="http://localhost:7777/sphinx.png" />'
+    ) in result
     assert not (app.outdir / 'sphinx.png').exists()
 
 
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ def test_html_encoded_image(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<img alt="_images/img_%231.png" src="_images/img_%231.png" />' in result)
+    assert '<img alt="_images/img_%231.png" src="_images/img_%231.png" />' in result
     assert (app.outdir / '_images/img_#1.png').exists()
 
 
@@ -29,8 +31,12 @@ def test_html_remote_logo(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<img class="logo" src="https://www.python.org/static/img/python-logo.png" alt="Logo of Project name not set"/>' in result)
-    assert ('<link rel="icon" href="https://www.python.org/static/favicon.ico"/>' in result)
+    assert (
+        '<img class="logo" src="https://www.python.org/static/img/python-logo.png" alt="Logo of Project name not set"/>'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="icon" href="https://www.python.org/static/favicon.ico"/>'
+    ) in result
     assert not (app.outdir / 'python-logo.png').exists()
 
 
@@ -39,7 +45,9 @@ def test_html_local_logo(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<img class="logo" src="_static/img.png" alt="Logo of Project name not set"/>' in result)
+    assert (
+        '<img class="logo" src="_static/img.png" alt="Logo of Project name not set"/>'
+    ) in result
     assert (app.outdir / '_static/img.png').exists()
 
 
@@ -53,16 +61,20 @@ def test_html_scaled_image_link(app):
 
     # scaled_image_link
     # Docutils 0.21 adds a newline before the closing </a> tag
-    closing_space = "\n" if docutils.__version_info__[:2] >= (0, 21) else ""
-    assert re.search('\n<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="_images/img.png">'
-                     '<img alt="_images/img.png" src="_images/img.png" style="[^"]+" />'
-                     f'{closing_space}</a>',
-                     context)
+    closing_space = '\n' if docutils.__version_info__[:2] >= (0, 21) else ''
+    assert re.search(
+        '\n<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="_images/img.png">'
+        '<img alt="_images/img.png" src="_images/img.png" style="[^"]+" />'
+        f'{closing_space}</a>',
+        context,
+    )
 
     # no-scaled-link class disables the feature
-    assert re.search('\n<img alt="_images/img.png" class="no-scaled-link"'
-                     ' src="_images/img.png" style="[^"]+" />',
-                     context)
+    assert re.search(
+        '\n<img alt="_images/img.png" class="no-scaled-link"'
+        ' src="_images/img.png" style="[^"]+" />',
+        context,
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='images')
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_maths.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_maths.py
index 8f23e6ed6d5..0f776917e48 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_maths.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_maths.py
@@ -8,21 +8,29 @@ def test_default_html_math_renderer(app):
     assert app.builder.math_renderer_name == 'mathjax'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_html_math_renderer_is_mathjax(app):
     assert app.builder.math_renderer_name == 'mathjax'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath']},
+)
 def test_html_math_renderer_is_imgmath(app):
     assert app.builder.math_renderer_name == 'imgmath'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinxcontrib.jsmath',
-                                                  'sphinx.ext.imgmath']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinxcontrib.jsmath', 'sphinx.ext.imgmath']},
+)
 def test_html_math_renderer_is_duplicated(make_app, app_params):
     args, kwargs = app_params
     with pytest.raises(
@@ -32,26 +40,36 @@ def test_html_math_renderer_is_duplicated(make_app, app_params):
         make_app(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath',
-                                                  'sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath', 'sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_html_math_renderer_is_duplicated2(app):
     # case of both mathjax and another math_renderer is loaded
     assert app.builder.math_renderer_name == 'imgmath'  # The another one is chosen
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinxcontrib.jsmath',
-                                                  'sphinx.ext.imgmath'],
-                                   'html_math_renderer': 'imgmath'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinxcontrib.jsmath', 'sphinx.ext.imgmath'],
+        'html_math_renderer': 'imgmath',
+    },
+)
 def test_html_math_renderer_is_chosen(app):
     assert app.builder.math_renderer_name == 'imgmath'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinxcontrib.jsmath',
-                                                  'sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'html_math_renderer': 'imgmath'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinxcontrib.jsmath', 'sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'html_math_renderer': 'imgmath',
+    },
+)
 def test_html_math_renderer_is_mismatched(make_app, app_params):
     args, kwargs = app_params
     with pytest.raises(ConfigError, match="Unknown math_renderer 'imgmath' is given."):
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_numfig.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_numfig.py
index b81f89a81f9..833918fccdd 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_numfig.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_numfig.py
@@ -19,37 +19,53 @@ def test_numfig_disabled_warn(app):
     assert 'index.rst:57: WARNING: invalid numfig_format: Fig %s %s' not in warnings
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fname", "path", "check", "be_found"), [
-    ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-    ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^fig1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^Figure%s$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^table-1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^Table:%s$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^CODE_1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^Code-%s$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Section 1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Section 2.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^Fig.{number}$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
-
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-
-    ('baz.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('fname', 'path', 'check', 'be_found'),
+    [
+        ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
+        ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            None,
+            True,
+        ),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^fig1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^Figure%s$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^table-1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^Table:%s$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^CODE_1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^Code-%s$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Section 1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Section 2.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^Fig.{number}$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
+        ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
+        ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            None,
+            True,
+        ),
+        ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
+        ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            None,
+            True,
+        ),
+        ('baz.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
+        ('baz.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", None, True),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            None,
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='numfig')
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_numfig')
 def test_numfig_disabled(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found):
@@ -58,9 +74,11 @@ def test_numfig_disabled(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'html', testroot='numfig',
+    'html',
+    testroot='numfig',
     srcdir='test_numfig_without_numbered_toctree_warn',
-    confoverrides={'numfig': True})
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True},
+)
 def test_numfig_without_numbered_toctree_warn(app):
     app.build()
     # remove :numbered: option
@@ -70,82 +88,220 @@ def test_numfig_without_numbered_toctree_warn(app):
     app.build()
 
     warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
-    assert 'index.rst:47: WARNING: numfig is disabled. :numref: is ignored.' not in warnings
-    assert 'index.rst:55: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. Any number is not assigned: index' in warnings
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:47: WARNING: numfig is disabled. :numref: is ignored.'
+    ) not in warnings
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:55: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. Any number is not assigned: index'
+    ) in warnings
     assert 'index.rst:56: WARNING: invalid numfig_format: invalid' in warnings
     assert 'index.rst:57: WARNING: invalid numfig_format: Fig %s %s' in warnings
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fname", "path", "check", "be_found"), [
-    ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 9 $', True),
-    ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 10 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 9 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 10 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 9 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 10 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Fig. 9$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Figure6$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Table 9$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Table:6$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Listing 9$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Code-6$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^foo$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^bar_a$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Fig.9 should be Fig.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/code/span", '^Sect.{number}$', True),
-
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 3 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 4 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 3 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 4 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 3 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 4 $', True),
-
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 5 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 7 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 8 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 5 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 7 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 8 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 5 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 7 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 8 $', True),
-
-    ('baz.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 6 $', True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 6 $', True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 6 $', True),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('fname', 'path', 'check', 'be_found'),
+    [
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 9 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 10 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 9 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 10 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 9 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 10 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Fig. 9$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Figure6$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Table 9$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Table:6$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Listing 9$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Code-6$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^foo$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^bar_a$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Fig.9 should be Fig.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/code/span', '^Sect.{number}$', True),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 5 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 7 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 8 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 5 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 7 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 8 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 5 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 7 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 8 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 6 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 6 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 6 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'html', testroot='numfig',
+    'html',
+    testroot='numfig',
     srcdir='test_numfig_without_numbered_toctree',
-    confoverrides={'numfig': True})
-def test_numfig_without_numbered_toctree(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found):
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True},
+)
+def test_numfig_without_numbered_toctree(
+    app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found
+):
     # remove :numbered: option
     index = (app.srcdir / 'index.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     index = re.sub(':numbered:.*', '', index)
@@ -156,331 +312,791 @@ def test_numfig_without_numbered_toctree(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, c
     check_xpath(cached_etree_parse(app.outdir / fname), fname, path, check, be_found)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='numfig', confoverrides={'numfig': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True},
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_numfig_on')
 def test_numfig_with_numbered_toctree_warn(app):
     app.build()
     warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
-    assert 'index.rst:47: WARNING: numfig is disabled. :numref: is ignored.' not in warnings
-    assert 'index.rst:55: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. Any number is not assigned: index' in warnings
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:47: WARNING: numfig is disabled. :numref: is ignored.'
+    ) not in warnings
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:55: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. Any number is not assigned: index'
+    ) in warnings
     assert 'index.rst:56: WARNING: invalid numfig_format: invalid' in warnings
     assert 'index.rst:57: WARNING: invalid numfig_format: Fig %s %s' in warnings
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fname", "path", "check", "be_found"), [
-    ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1 $', True),
-    ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Fig. 1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Figure2.2$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Table 1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Table:2.2$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Listing 1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Code-2.2$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Section.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Section.2.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Fig.1 should be Fig.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
-
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.3 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.4 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.3 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.4 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.3 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.4 $', True),
-
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.3 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.4 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.3 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.4 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.3 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.4 $', True),
-
-    ('baz.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.2 $', True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.2 $', True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.2 $', True),
-])
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='numfig', confoverrides={'numfig': True})
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('fname', 'path', 'check', 'be_found'),
+    [
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Fig. 1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Figure2.2$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Table 1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Table:2.2$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Listing 1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Code-2.2$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Section.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Section.2.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Fig.1 should be Fig.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True},
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_numfig_on')
-def test_numfig_with_numbered_toctree(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found):
+def test_numfig_with_numbered_toctree(
+    app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found
+):
     app.build()
     check_xpath(cached_etree_parse(app.outdir / fname), fname, path, check, be_found)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='numfig', confoverrides={
-    'numfig': True,
-    'numfig_format': {'figure': 'Figure:%s',
-                      'table': 'Tab_%s',
-                      'code-block': 'Code-%s',
-                      'section': 'SECTION-%s'}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={
+        'numfig': True,
+        'numfig_format': {
+            'figure': 'Figure:%s',
+            'table': 'Tab_%s',
+            'code-block': 'Code-%s',
+            'section': 'SECTION-%s',
+        },
+    },
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_numfig_format_warn')
 def test_numfig_with_prefix_warn(app):
     app.build()
     warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
-    assert 'index.rst:47: WARNING: numfig is disabled. :numref: is ignored.' not in warnings
-    assert 'index.rst:55: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. Any number is not assigned: index' in warnings
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:47: WARNING: numfig is disabled. :numref: is ignored.'
+    ) not in warnings
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:55: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. Any number is not assigned: index'
+    ) in warnings
     assert 'index.rst:56: WARNING: invalid numfig_format: invalid' in warnings
     assert 'index.rst:57: WARNING: invalid numfig_format: Fig %s %s' in warnings
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fname", "path", "check", "be_found"), [
-    ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:1 $', True),
-    ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:2 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_1 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_2 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-1 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-2 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Figure:1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Figure2.2$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Tab_1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Table:2.2$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Code-1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Code-2.2$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^SECTION-1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^SECTION-2.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Fig.1 should be Fig.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
-
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:1.2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:1.3 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:1.4 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_1.2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_1.3 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_1.4 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-1.2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-1.3 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-1.4 $', True),
-
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:2.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:2.3 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:2.4 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_2.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_2.3 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_2.4 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-2.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-2.3 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-2.4 $', True),
-
-    ('baz.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Figure:2.2 $', True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Tab_2.2 $', True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Code-2.2 $', True),
-])
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='numfig',
-                    confoverrides={'numfig': True,
-                                   'numfig_format': {'figure': 'Figure:%s',
-                                                     'table': 'Tab_%s',
-                                                     'code-block': 'Code-%s',
-                                                     'section': 'SECTION-%s'}})
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('fname', 'path', 'check', 'be_found'),
+    [
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Figure:1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Figure2.2$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Tab_1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Table:2.2$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Code-1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Code-2.2$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^SECTION-1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^SECTION-2.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Fig.1 should be Fig.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:1.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_1.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-1.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:2.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:2.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_2.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_2.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-2.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-2.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Figure:2.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Tab_2.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Code-2.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={
+        'numfig': True,
+        'numfig_format': {
+            'figure': 'Figure:%s',
+            'table': 'Tab_%s',
+            'code-block': 'Code-%s',
+            'section': 'SECTION-%s',
+        },
+    },
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_numfig_format_warn')
 def test_numfig_with_prefix(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found):
     app.build()
     check_xpath(cached_etree_parse(app.outdir / fname), fname, path, check, be_found)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='numfig',
-                    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'numfig_secnum_depth': 2})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'numfig_secnum_depth': 2},
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_numfig_depth_2')
 def test_numfig_with_secnum_depth_warn(app):
     app.build()
     warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
-    assert 'index.rst:47: WARNING: numfig is disabled. :numref: is ignored.' not in warnings
-    assert 'index.rst:55: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. Any number is not assigned: index' in warnings
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:47: WARNING: numfig is disabled. :numref: is ignored.'
+    ) not in warnings
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:55: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. Any number is not assigned: index'
+    ) in warnings
     assert 'index.rst:56: WARNING: invalid numfig_format: invalid' in warnings
     assert 'index.rst:57: WARNING: invalid numfig_format: Fig %s %s' in warnings
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fname", "path", "check", "be_found"), [
-    ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1 $', True),
-    ('index.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2 $', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Fig. 1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Figure2.1.2$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Table 1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Table:2.1.2$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Listing 1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Code-2.1.2$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Section.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Section.2.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Fig.1 should be Fig.1$', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li/p/a/span", '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
-
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.1.2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.2.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.1.2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.2.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.1.1 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.1.2 $', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.2.1 $', True),
-
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.1.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.1.3 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.2.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.1.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.1.3 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.2.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.1.1 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.1.3 $', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.2.1 $', True),
-
-    ('baz.html', FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.1.2 $', True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.1.2 $', True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.1.2 $', True),
-])
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='numfig',
-                    confoverrides={'numfig': True,
-                                   'numfig_secnum_depth': 2})
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('fname', 'path', 'check', 'be_found'),
+    [
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'index.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Fig. 1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Figure2.1.2$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Table 1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Table:2.1.2$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Listing 1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Code-2.1.2$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Section.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Section.2.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Fig.1 should be Fig.1$', True),
+        ('index.html', './/li/p/a/span', '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1.1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1.1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 1.2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1.1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1.1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 1.2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2.1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2.1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2.2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2.1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2.1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2.2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Fig. 2.1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            ".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Table 2.1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            'baz.html',
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'numfig_secnum_depth': 2},
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_numfig_depth_2')
-def test_numfig_with_secnum_depth(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found):
+def test_numfig_with_secnum_depth(
+    app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found
+):
     app.build()
     check_xpath(cached_etree_parse(app.outdir / fname), fname, path, check, be_found)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("expect", [
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1 $', True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2 $', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Fig. 1$', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Figure2.2$', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Table 1$', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Table:2.2$', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Listing 1$', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Code-2.2$', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Section.1$', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Section.2.1$', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Fig.1 should be Fig.1$', True),
-    (".//li/p/a/span", '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.1 $', True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.2 $', True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.3 $', True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.4 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.1 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.2 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.3 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 1.4 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.1 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.2 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.3 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 1.4 $', True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.1 $', True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.3 $', True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.4 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.1 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.3 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.4 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.1 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.3 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.4 $', True),
-    (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.2 $', True),
-    (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']",
-     '^Table 2.2 $', True),
-    (".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/"
-     "span[@class='caption-number']", '^Listing 2.2 $', True),
-])
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('singlehtml', testroot='numfig', confoverrides={'numfig': True})
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'expect',
+    [
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1 $', True),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 1 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 2 $', True),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Fig. 1$', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Figure2.2$', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Table 1$', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Table:2.2$', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Listing 1$', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Code-2.2$', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Section.1$', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Section.2.1$', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Fig.1 should be Fig.1$', True),
+        ('.//li/p/a/span', '^Sect.1 Foo$', True),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.1 $', True),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.2 $', True),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.3 $', True),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 1.4 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 1.1 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 1.2 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 1.3 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 1.4 $', True),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 1.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.1 $', True),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.3 $', True),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.4 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 2.1 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 2.3 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 2.4 $', True),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.1 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.3 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.4 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+        (FIGURE_CAPTION + "/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Fig. 2.2 $', True),
+        (".//table/caption/span[@class='caption-number']", '^Table 2.2 $', True),
+        (
+            ".//div[@class='code-block-caption']/span[@class='caption-number']",
+            '^Listing 2.2 $',
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'singlehtml',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True},
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_numfig_on')
 def test_numfig_with_singlehtml(app, cached_etree_parse, expect):
     app.build()
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_tocdepth.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_tocdepth.py
index 4d999956b62..dda049c47ff 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_tocdepth.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_html_tocdepth.py
@@ -5,45 +5,64 @@
 from tests.test_builders.xpath_util import check_xpath
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fname", "path", "check", "be_found"), [
-    ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '1.1.1. Foo A1', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '1.2.1. Foo B1', True),
-    ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '2.1.1. Bar A1', False),
-    ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '2.2.1. Bar B1', False),
-
-    ('foo.html', ".//h1", 'Foo', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//h2", 'Foo A', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//h3", 'Foo A1', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//h2", 'Foo B', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//h3", 'Foo B1', True),
-
-    ('foo.html', ".//h1//span[@class='section-number']", '1. ', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '1.1. ', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '1.1.1. ', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '1.2. ', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '1.2.1. ', True),
-
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '1.1. Foo A', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '1.1.1. Foo A1', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '1.2. Foo B', True),
-    ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '1.2.1. Foo B1', True),
-
-    ('bar.html', ".//h1", 'Bar', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//h2", 'Bar A', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//h2", 'Bar B', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//h3", 'Bar B1', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//h1//span[@class='section-number']", '2. ', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '2.1. ', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '2.2. ', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '2.2.1. ', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '2. Bar', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '2.1. Bar A', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '2.2. Bar B', True),
-    ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '2.2.1. Bar B1', False),
-
-    ('baz.html', ".//h1", 'Baz A', True),
-    ('baz.html', ".//h1//span[@class='section-number']", '2.1.1. ', True),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('fname', 'path', 'check', 'be_found'),
+    [
+        # index.html
+        ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '1.1.1. Foo A1', True),
+        ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '1.2.1. Foo B1', True),
+        ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '2.1.1. Bar A1', False),
+        ('index.html', ".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '2.2.1. Bar B1', False),
+        # foo.html
+        ('foo.html', './/h1', 'Foo', True),
+        ('foo.html', './/h2', 'Foo A', True),
+        ('foo.html', './/h3', 'Foo A1', True),
+        ('foo.html', './/h2', 'Foo B', True),
+        ('foo.html', './/h3', 'Foo B1', True),
+        # foo.html section-number
+        ('foo.html', ".//h1//span[@class='section-number']", '1. ', True),
+        ('foo.html', ".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '1.1. ', True),
+        ('foo.html', ".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '1.1.1. ', True),
+        ('foo.html', ".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '1.2. ', True),
+        ('foo.html', ".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '1.2.1. ', True),
+        # foo.html sphinxsidebarwrapper
+        ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '1.1. Foo A', True),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a",
+            '1.1.1. Foo A1',
+            True,
+        ),
+        ('foo.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '1.2. Foo B', True),
+        (
+            'foo.html',
+            ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a",
+            '1.2.1. Foo B1',
+            True,
+        ),
+        # bar.html
+        ('bar.html', './/h1', 'Bar', True),
+        ('bar.html', './/h2', 'Bar A', True),
+        ('bar.html', './/h2', 'Bar B', True),
+        ('bar.html', './/h3', 'Bar B1', True),
+        ('bar.html', ".//h1//span[@class='section-number']", '2. ', True),
+        ('bar.html', ".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '2.1. ', True),
+        ('bar.html', ".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '2.2. ', True),
+        ('bar.html', ".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '2.2.1. ', True),
+        ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '2. Bar', True),
+        ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '2.1. Bar A', True),
+        ('bar.html', ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a", '2.2. Bar B', True),
+        (
+            'bar.html',
+            ".//div[@class='sphinxsidebarwrapper']//li/a",
+            '2.2.1. Bar B1',
+            False,
+        ),
+        # baz.html
+        ('baz.html', './/h1', 'Baz A', True),
+        ('baz.html', ".//h1//span[@class='section-number']", '2.1.1. ', True),
+    ],
+)
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='tocdepth')
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_tocdepth')
 def test_tocdepth(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found):
@@ -52,41 +71,40 @@ def test_tocdepth(app, cached_etree_parse, fname, path, check, be_found):
     check_xpath(cached_etree_parse(app.outdir / fname), fname, path, check, be_found)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("expect", [
-    (".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '1.1.1. Foo A1', True),
-    (".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '1.2.1. Foo B1', True),
-    (".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '2.1.1. Bar A1', False),
-    (".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '2.2.1. Bar B1', False),
-
-    # index.rst
-    (".//h1", 'test-tocdepth', True),
-
-    # foo.rst
-    (".//h2", 'Foo', True),
-    (".//h3", 'Foo A', True),
-    (".//h4", 'Foo A1', True),
-    (".//h3", 'Foo B', True),
-    (".//h4", 'Foo B1', True),
-    (".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '1. ', True),
-    (".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '1.1. ', True),
-    (".//h4//span[@class='section-number']", '1.1.1. ', True),
-    (".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '1.2. ', True),
-    (".//h4//span[@class='section-number']", '1.2.1. ', True),
-
-    # bar.rst
-    (".//h2", 'Bar', True),
-    (".//h3", 'Bar A', True),
-    (".//h3", 'Bar B', True),
-    (".//h4", 'Bar B1', True),
-    (".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '2. ', True),
-    (".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '2.1. ', True),
-    (".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '2.2. ', True),
-    (".//h4//span[@class='section-number']", '2.2.1. ', True),
-
-    # baz.rst
-    (".//h4", 'Baz A', True),
-    (".//h4//span[@class='section-number']", '2.1.1. ', True),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'expect',
+    [
+        (".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '1.1.1. Foo A1', True),
+        (".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '1.2.1. Foo B1', True),
+        (".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '2.1.1. Bar A1', False),
+        (".//li[@class='toctree-l3']/a", '2.2.1. Bar B1', False),
+        # index.rst
+        ('.//h1', 'test-tocdepth', True),
+        # foo.rst
+        ('.//h2', 'Foo', True),
+        ('.//h3', 'Foo A', True),
+        ('.//h4', 'Foo A1', True),
+        ('.//h3', 'Foo B', True),
+        ('.//h4', 'Foo B1', True),
+        (".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '1. ', True),
+        (".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '1.1. ', True),
+        (".//h4//span[@class='section-number']", '1.1.1. ', True),
+        (".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '1.2. ', True),
+        (".//h4//span[@class='section-number']", '1.2.1. ', True),
+        # bar.rst
+        ('.//h2', 'Bar', True),
+        ('.//h3', 'Bar A', True),
+        ('.//h3', 'Bar B', True),
+        ('.//h4', 'Bar B1', True),
+        (".//h2//span[@class='section-number']", '2. ', True),
+        (".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '2.1. ', True),
+        (".//h3//span[@class='section-number']", '2.2. ', True),
+        (".//h4//span[@class='section-number']", '2.2.1. ', True),
+        # baz.rst
+        ('.//h4', 'Baz A', True),
+        (".//h4//span[@class='section-number']", '2.1.1. ', True),
+    ],
+)
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('singlehtml', testroot='tocdepth')
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_build_html_tocdepth')
 def test_tocdepth_singlehtml(app, cached_etree_parse, expect):
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_latex.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_latex.py
index c2bd2d970d1..fb0f1bf4c57 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_latex.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_latex.py
@@ -25,10 +25,20 @@
 except ImportError:
     from sphinx.util.osutil import _chdir as chdir
 
-STYLEFILES = ['article.cls', 'fancyhdr.sty', 'titlesec.sty', 'amsmath.sty',
-              'framed.sty', 'color.sty', 'fancyvrb.sty',
-              'fncychap.sty', 'geometry.sty', 'kvoptions.sty', 'hyperref.sty',
-              'booktabs.sty']
+STYLEFILES = [
+    'article.cls',
+    'fancyhdr.sty',
+    'titlesec.sty',
+    'amsmath.sty',
+    'framed.sty',
+    'color.sty',
+    'fancyvrb.sty',
+    'fncychap.sty',
+    'geometry.sty',
+    'kvoptions.sty',
+    'hyperref.sty',
+    'booktabs.sty',
+]
 
 
 # only run latex if all needed packages are there
@@ -51,11 +61,13 @@ def compile_latex_document(app, filename='projectnamenotset.tex', docclass='manu
             ensuredir(latex_outputdir)
             # keep a copy of latex file for this engine in case test fails
             copyfile(filename, latex_outputdir + '/' + filename)
-            args = [app.config.latex_engine,
-                    '--halt-on-error',
-                    '--interaction=nonstopmode',
-                    f'-output-directory={latex_outputdir}',
-                    filename]
+            args = [
+                app.config.latex_engine,
+                '--halt-on-error',
+                '--interaction=nonstopmode',
+                f'-output-directory={latex_outputdir}',
+                filename,
+            ]
             subprocess.run(args, capture_output=True, check=True)
     except OSError as exc:  # most likely the latex executable was not found
         raise pytest.skip.Exception from exc
@@ -83,24 +95,24 @@ def skip_if_stylefiles_notfound(testfunc):
 
 
 class RemoteImageHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-    protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
     def do_GET(self):
         content, content_type = None, None
-        if self.path == "/sphinx.png":
-            with open("tests/roots/test-local-logo/images/img.png", "rb") as f:
+        if self.path == '/sphinx.png':
+            with open('tests/roots/test-local-logo/images/img.png', 'rb') as f:
                 content = f.read()
-                content_type = "image/png"
+                content_type = 'image/png'
 
         if content:
-            self.send_response(200, "OK")
-            self.send_header("Content-Length", str(len(content)))
-            self.send_header("Content-Type", content_type)
+            self.send_response(200, 'OK')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(content)))
+            self.send_header('Content-Type', content_type)
             self.end_headers()
             self.wfile.write(content)
         else:
-            self.send_response(404, "Not Found")
-            self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+            self.send_response(404, 'Not Found')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             self.end_headers()
 
 
@@ -120,9 +132,14 @@ def do_GET(self):
         ('xelatex', 'howto', 1),
     ],
 )
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_build_latex_doc(app, engine, docclass, python_maximum_signature_line_length):
-    app.config.python_maximum_signature_line_length = python_maximum_signature_line_length
+    app.config.python_maximum_signature_line_length = (
+        python_maximum_signature_line_length
+    )
     app.config.intersphinx_mapping = {
         'sphinx': ('https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/', None),
     }
@@ -151,43 +168,53 @@ def test_writer(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'sphinxtests.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
-    assert ('\\begin{sphinxfigure-in-table}\n\\centering\n\\capstart\n'
-            '\\noindent\\sphinxincludegraphics{{img}.png}\n'
-            '\\sphinxfigcaption{figure in table}\\label{\\detokenize{markup:id8}}'
-            '\\end{sphinxfigure-in-table}\\relax' in result)
-
-    assert ('\\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0pt}\n\\centering\n'
-            '\\noindent\\sphinxincludegraphics{{rimg}.png}\n'
-            '\\caption{figure with align option}\\label{\\detokenize{markup:id10}}'
-            '\\end{wrapfigure}\n\n'
-            '\\mbox{}\\par\\vskip-\\dimexpr\\baselineskip+\\parskip\\relax' in result)
-
-    assert ('\\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.500\\linewidth}\n\\centering\n'
-            '\\noindent\\sphinxincludegraphics{{rimg}.png}\n'
-            '\\caption{figure with align \\& figwidth option}'
-            '\\label{\\detokenize{markup:id11}}'
-            '\\end{wrapfigure}\n\n'
-            '\\mbox{}\\par\\vskip-\\dimexpr\\baselineskip+\\parskip\\relax' in result)
-
-    assert ('\\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{3cm}\n\\centering\n'
-            '\\noindent\\sphinxincludegraphics[width=3cm]{{rimg}.png}\n'
-            '\\caption{figure with align \\& width option}'
-            '\\label{\\detokenize{markup:id12}}'
-            '\\end{wrapfigure}\n\n'
-            '\\mbox{}\\par\\vskip-\\dimexpr\\baselineskip+\\parskip\\relax' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\begin{sphinxfigure-in-table}\n\\centering\n\\capstart\n'
+        '\\noindent\\sphinxincludegraphics{{img}.png}\n'
+        '\\sphinxfigcaption{figure in table}\\label{\\detokenize{markup:id8}}'
+        '\\end{sphinxfigure-in-table}\\relax'
+    ) in result
+
+    assert (
+        '\\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0pt}\n\\centering\n'
+        '\\noindent\\sphinxincludegraphics{{rimg}.png}\n'
+        '\\caption{figure with align option}\\label{\\detokenize{markup:id10}}'
+        '\\end{wrapfigure}\n\n'
+        '\\mbox{}\\par\\vskip-\\dimexpr\\baselineskip+\\parskip\\relax'
+    ) in result
+
+    assert (
+        '\\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.500\\linewidth}\n\\centering\n'
+        '\\noindent\\sphinxincludegraphics{{rimg}.png}\n'
+        '\\caption{figure with align \\& figwidth option}'
+        '\\label{\\detokenize{markup:id11}}'
+        '\\end{wrapfigure}\n\n'
+        '\\mbox{}\\par\\vskip-\\dimexpr\\baselineskip+\\parskip\\relax'
+    ) in result
+
+    assert (
+        '\\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{3cm}\n\\centering\n'
+        '\\noindent\\sphinxincludegraphics[width=3cm]{{rimg}.png}\n'
+        '\\caption{figure with align \\& width option}'
+        '\\label{\\detokenize{markup:id12}}'
+        '\\end{wrapfigure}\n\n'
+        '\\mbox{}\\par\\vskip-\\dimexpr\\baselineskip+\\parskip\\relax'
+    ) in result
 
     assert 'Footnotes' not in result
 
-    assert ('\\begin{sphinxseealso}{See also:}\n\n'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-            'something, something else, something more\n'
-            '\\begin{description}\n'
-            '\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://www.google.com}{Google}}\n'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-            'For everything.\n'
-            '\n'
-            '\\end{description}\n'
-            '\n\n\\end{sphinxseealso}\n\n' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\begin{sphinxseealso}{See also:}\n\n'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+        'something, something else, something more\n'
+        '\\begin{description}\n'
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://www.google.com}{Google}}\n'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+        'For everything.\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\\end{description}\n'
+        '\n\n\\end{sphinxseealso}\n\n'
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic')
@@ -202,10 +229,13 @@ def test_latex_basic(app):
     assert r'\renewcommand{\releasename}{}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={
-                        'latex_documents': [('index', 'test.tex', 'title', 'author', 'manual')],
-                    })
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={
+        'latex_documents': [('index', 'test.tex', 'title', 'author', 'manual')],
+    },
+)
 def test_latex_basic_manual(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'test.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -214,10 +244,13 @@ def test_latex_basic_manual(app):
     assert r'\documentclass[letterpaper,10pt,english]{sphinxmanual}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={
-                        'latex_documents': [('index', 'test.tex', 'title', 'author', 'howto')],
-                    })
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={
+        'latex_documents': [('index', 'test.tex', 'title', 'author', 'howto')],
+    },
+)
 def test_latex_basic_howto(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'test.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -226,11 +259,14 @@ def test_latex_basic_howto(app):
     assert r'\documentclass[letterpaper,10pt,english]{sphinxhowto}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={
-                        'language': 'ja',
-                        'latex_documents': [('index', 'test.tex', 'title', 'author', 'manual')],
-                    })
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={
+        'language': 'ja',
+        'latex_documents': [('index', 'test.tex', 'title', 'author', 'manual')],
+    },
+)
 def test_latex_basic_manual_ja(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'test.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -239,11 +275,14 @@ def test_latex_basic_manual_ja(app):
     assert r'\documentclass[letterpaper,10pt,dvipdfmx]{sphinxmanual}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={
-                        'language': 'ja',
-                        'latex_documents': [('index', 'test.tex', 'title', 'author', 'howto')],
-                    })
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={
+        'language': 'ja',
+        'latex_documents': [('index', 'test.tex', 'title', 'author', 'howto')],
+    },
+)
 def test_latex_basic_howto_ja(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'test.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -261,9 +300,11 @@ def test_latex_theme(app):
     assert r'\documentclass[a4paper,12pt,english]{sphinxbook}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-theme',
-                    confoverrides={'latex_elements': {'papersize': 'b5paper',
-                                                      'pointsize': '9pt'}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-theme',
+    confoverrides={'latex_elements': {'papersize': 'b5paper', 'pointsize': '9pt'}},
+)
 def test_latex_theme_papersize(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -272,9 +313,11 @@ def test_latex_theme_papersize(app):
     assert r'\documentclass[b5paper,9pt,english]{sphinxbook}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-theme',
-                    confoverrides={'latex_theme_options': {'papersize': 'b5paper',
-                                                           'pointsize': '9pt'}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-theme',
+    confoverrides={'latex_theme_options': {'papersize': 'b5paper', 'pointsize': '9pt'}},
+)
 def test_latex_theme_options(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -283,7 +326,11 @@ def test_latex_theme_options(app):
     assert r'\documentclass[b5paper,9pt,english]{sphinxbook}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic', confoverrides={'language': 'zh'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'zh'},
+)
 def test_latex_additional_settings_for_language_code(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'test.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -293,7 +340,11 @@ def test_latex_additional_settings_for_language_code(app):
     assert r'\usepackage{xeCJK}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic', confoverrides={'language': 'el'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'el'},
+)
 def test_latex_additional_settings_for_greek(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'test.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -314,8 +365,11 @@ def test_latex_title_after_admonitions(app):
     assert '\\title{test\\sphinxhyphen{}latex\\sphinxhyphen{}title}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'release': '1.0_0'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'release': '1.0_0'},
+)
 def test_latex_release(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'test.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -326,50 +380,78 @@ def test_latex_release(app):
     assert r'\renewcommand{\releasename}{Release}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='numfig',
-                    confoverrides={'numfig': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True},
+)
 def test_numref(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     print(result)
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]'
-            '{Fig.\\@ \\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:fig22}]'
-            '{Figure\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:fig22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:table-1}]'
-            '{Table \\ref{\\detokenize{index:table-1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:table22}]'
-            '{Table:\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:table22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:code-1}]'
-            '{Listing \\ref{\\detokenize{index:code-1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:code22}]'
-            '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:code22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]'
-            '{Section \\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}]'
-            '{Section \\ref{\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]{Fig.\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}} '
-            '\\nameref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{Sect.\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} '
-            '\\nameref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}') in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]'
+        '{Fig.\\@ \\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:fig22}]{Figure\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:fig22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:table-1}]'
+        '{Table \\ref{\\detokenize{index:table-1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:table22}]'
+        '{Table:\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:table22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:code-1}]'
+        '{Listing \\ref{\\detokenize{index:code-1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:code22}]'
+        '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:code22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{Section \\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}]{Section \\ref{\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]{Fig.\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}} '
+        '\\nameref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{Sect.\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} '
+        '\\nameref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
     result = (app.outdir / 'sphinxmessages.sty').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     print(result)
     assert r'\addto\captionsenglish{\renewcommand{\figurename}{Fig.\@{} }}' in result
     assert r'\addto\captionsenglish{\renewcommand{\tablename}{Table }}' in result
-    assert r'\addto\captionsenglish{\renewcommand{\literalblockname}{Listing}}' in result
+    assert (
+        r'\addto\captionsenglish{\renewcommand{\literalblockname}{Listing}}'
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='numfig',
-    confoverrides={'numfig': True,
-                   'numfig_format': {'figure': 'Figure:%s',
-                                     'table': 'Tab_%s',
-                                     'code-block': 'Code-%s',
-                                     'section': 'SECTION-%s'}})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={
+        'numfig': True,
+        'numfig_format': {
+            'figure': 'Figure:%s',
+            'table': 'Tab_%s',
+            'code-block': 'Code-%s',
+            'section': 'SECTION-%s',
+        },
+    },
+)
 def test_numref_with_prefix1(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -382,26 +464,45 @@ def test_numref_with_prefix1(app):
     assert '\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:table22}}' in result
     assert '\\ref{\\detokenize{index:code-1}}' in result
     assert '\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:code22}}' in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]'
-            '{Figure:\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:fig22}]'
-            '{Figure\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:fig22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:table-1}]'
-            '{Tab\\_\\ref{\\detokenize{index:table-1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:table22}]'
-            '{Table:\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:table22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:code-1}]'
-            '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{index:code-1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:code22}]'
-            '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:code22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]'
-            '{SECTION\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}]'
-            '{SECTION\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]{Fig.\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}} '
-            '\\nameref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{Sect.\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} '
-            '\\nameref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}') in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]'
+        '{Figure:\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:fig22}]{Figure\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:fig22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:table-1}]'
+        '{Tab\\_\\ref{\\detokenize{index:table-1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:table22}]'
+        '{Table:\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:table22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:code-1}]'
+        '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{index:code-1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:code22}]'
+        '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:code22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]'
+        '{SECTION\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}]'
+        '{SECTION\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]{Fig.\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}} '
+        '\\nameref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{Sect.\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} '
+        '\\nameref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
     result = (app.outdir / 'sphinxmessages.sty').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -412,38 +513,63 @@ def test_numref_with_prefix1(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='numfig',
-    confoverrides={'numfig': True,
-                   'numfig_format': {'figure': 'Figure:%s.',
-                                     'table': 'Tab_%s:',
-                                     'code-block': 'Code-%s | ',
-                                     'section': 'SECTION_%s_'}})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={
+        'numfig': True,
+        'numfig_format': {
+            'figure': 'Figure:%s.',
+            'table': 'Tab_%s:',
+            'code-block': 'Code-%s | ',
+            'section': 'SECTION_%s_',
+        },
+    },
+)
 def test_numref_with_prefix2(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     print(result)
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]'
-            '{Figure:\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}.\\@}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:fig22}]'
-            '{Figure\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:fig22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:table-1}]'
-            '{Tab\\_\\ref{\\detokenize{index:table-1}}:}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:table22}]'
-            '{Table:\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:table22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:code-1}]{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{index:code-1}} '
-            '| }') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:code22}]'
-            '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:code22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]'
-            '{SECTION\\_\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}\\_}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}]'
-            '{SECTION\\_\\ref{\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}}\\_}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]{Fig.\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}} '
-            '\\nameref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{Sect.\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} '
-            '\\nameref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}') in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]'
+        '{Figure:\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}.\\@}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:fig22}]{Figure\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:fig22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:table-1}]'
+        '{Tab\\_\\ref{\\detokenize{index:table-1}}:}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:table22}]'
+        '{Table:\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:table22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:code-1}]{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{index:code-1}} '
+        '| }'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:code22}]'
+        '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:code22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]'
+        '{SECTION\\_\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}\\_}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}]'
+        '{SECTION\\_\\ref{\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}}\\_}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]{Fig.\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}} '
+        '\\nameref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{Sect.\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} '
+        '\\nameref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
     result = (app.outdir / 'sphinxmessages.sty').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -456,34 +582,53 @@ def test_numref_with_prefix2(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='numfig',
-    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'language': 'ja'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'language': 'ja'},
+)
 def test_numref_with_language_ja(app):
     app.build()
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     print(result)
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]'
-            '{\u56f3 \\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:fig22}]'
-            '{Figure\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:fig22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:table-1}]'
-            '{\u8868 \\ref{\\detokenize{index:table-1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:table22}]'
-            '{Table:\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:table22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:code-1}]'
-            '{\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8 \\ref{\\detokenize{index:code-1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:code22}]'
-            '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:code22}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]'
-            '{\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} \u7ae0}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}]'
-            '{\\ref{\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}} \u7ae0}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]{Fig.\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}} '
-            '\\nameref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{Sect.\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} '
-            '\\nameref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}') in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]'
+        '{\u56f3 \\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:fig22}]{Figure\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:fig22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:table-1}]'
+        '{\u8868 \\ref{\\detokenize{index:table-1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:table22}]'
+        '{Table:\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:table22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:code-1}]'
+        '{\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8 \\ref{\\detokenize{index:code-1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{baz:code22}]'
+        '{Code\\sphinxhyphen{}\\ref{\\detokenize{baz:code22}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} \u7ae0}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}]{\\ref{\\detokenize{bar:bar-a}} \u7ae0}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:fig1}]{Fig.\\ref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}} '
+        '\\nameref{\\detokenize{index:fig1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{foo:foo}]{Sect.\\ref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}} '
+        '\\nameref{\\detokenize{foo:foo}}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
     result = (app.outdir / 'sphinxmessages.sty').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -505,8 +650,10 @@ def test_latex_obey_numfig_is_false(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-numfig',
-    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'numfig_secnum_depth': 0})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'numfig_secnum_depth': 0},
+)
 def test_latex_obey_numfig_secnum_depth_is_zero(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -518,8 +665,10 @@ def test_latex_obey_numfig_secnum_depth_is_zero(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-numfig',
-    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'numfig_secnum_depth': 2})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'numfig_secnum_depth': 2},
+)
 def test_latex_obey_numfig_secnum_depth_is_two(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -531,8 +680,10 @@ def test_latex_obey_numfig_secnum_depth_is_two(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-numfig',
-    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'math_numfig': False})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-numfig',
+    confoverrides={'numfig': True, 'math_numfig': False},
+)
 def test_latex_obey_numfig_but_math_numfig_false(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -564,8 +715,9 @@ def test_babel_with_no_language_settings(app):
     assert '\\usepackage{babel}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage{tgtermes}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage[Bjarne]{fncychap}' in result
-    assert ('\\addto\\captionsenglish{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
-            in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\addto\\captionsenglish{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\shorthandoff{"}' in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
@@ -577,8 +729,10 @@ def test_babel_with_no_language_settings(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-babel',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'de'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-babel',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'de'},
+)
 def test_babel_with_language_de(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -589,8 +743,9 @@ def test_babel_with_language_de(app):
     assert '\\usepackage{babel}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage{tgtermes}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage[Sonny]{fncychap}' in result
-    assert ('\\addto\\captionsngerman{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
-            in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\addto\\captionsngerman{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\shorthandoff{"}' in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
@@ -602,8 +757,10 @@ def test_babel_with_language_de(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-babel',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'ru'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-babel',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'ru'},
+)
 def test_babel_with_language_ru(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -614,8 +771,9 @@ def test_babel_with_language_ru(app):
     assert '\\usepackage{babel}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage{tgtermes}' not in result
     assert '\\usepackage[Sonny]{fncychap}' in result
-    assert ('\\addto\\captionsrussian{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
-            in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\addto\\captionsrussian{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\shorthandoff{"}' in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
@@ -627,8 +785,10 @@ def test_babel_with_language_ru(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-babel',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'tr'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-babel',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'tr'},
+)
 def test_babel_with_language_tr(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -639,8 +799,9 @@ def test_babel_with_language_tr(app):
     assert '\\usepackage{babel}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage{tgtermes}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage[Sonny]{fncychap}' in result
-    assert ('\\addto\\captionsturkish{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
-            in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\addto\\captionsturkish{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\shorthandoff{=}' in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
@@ -652,8 +813,10 @@ def test_babel_with_language_tr(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-babel',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'ja'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-babel',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'ja'},
+)
 def test_babel_with_language_ja(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -676,8 +839,10 @@ def test_babel_with_language_ja(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-babel',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'unknown'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-babel',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'unknown'},
+)
 def test_babel_with_unknown_language(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -688,11 +853,14 @@ def test_babel_with_unknown_language(app):
     assert '\\usepackage{babel}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage{tgtermes}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage[Sonny]{fncychap}' in result
-    assert ('\\addto\\captionsenglish{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
-            in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\addto\\captionsenglish{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\shorthandoff' in result
 
-    assert "WARNING: no Babel option known for language 'unknown'" in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        "WARNING: no Babel option known for language 'unknown'"
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
     result = (app.outdir / 'sphinxmessages.sty').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -703,8 +871,10 @@ def test_babel_with_unknown_language(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-babel',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'de', 'latex_engine': 'lualatex'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-babel',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'de', 'latex_engine': 'lualatex'},
+)
 def test_polyglossia_with_language_de(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -716,8 +886,9 @@ def test_polyglossia_with_language_de(app):
     assert '\\setmainlanguage[spelling=new]{german}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage{tgtermes}' not in result
     assert '\\usepackage[Sonny]{fncychap}' in result
-    assert ('\\addto\\captionsgerman{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
-            in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\addto\\captionsgerman{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\shorthandoff' not in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
@@ -729,8 +900,10 @@ def test_polyglossia_with_language_de(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='latex-babel',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'de-1901', 'latex_engine': 'lualatex'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-babel',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'de-1901', 'latex_engine': 'lualatex'},
+)
 def test_polyglossia_with_language_de_1901(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -742,8 +915,9 @@ def test_polyglossia_with_language_de_1901(app):
     assert '\\setmainlanguage[spelling=old]{german}' in result
     assert '\\usepackage{tgtermes}' not in result
     assert '\\usepackage[Sonny]{fncychap}' in result
-    assert ('\\addto\\captionsgerman{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
-            in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\addto\\captionsgerman{\\renewcommand{\\contentsname}{Table of content}}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\shorthandoff' not in result
 
     # sphinxmessages.sty
@@ -761,26 +935,36 @@ def test_footnote(app):
     print(result)
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
-    assert ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n%\n\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'numbered\n%\n\\end{footnote}') in result
-    assert ('\\begin{footnote}[2]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\nauto numbered\n%\n'
-            '\\end{footnote}') in result
-    assert '\\begin{footnote}[3]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\nnamed\n%\n\\end{footnote}' in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n%\n\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'numbered\n%\n\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\begin{footnote}[2]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\nauto numbered\n%\n'
+        '\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\begin{footnote}[3]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\nnamed\n%\n\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\sphinxcite{footnote:bar}' in result
-    assert ('\\bibitem[bar]{footnote:bar}\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\ncite\n') in result
+    assert '\\bibitem[bar]{footnote:bar}\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\ncite\n' in result
     assert '\\sphinxcaption{Table caption \\sphinxfootnotemark[4]' in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxmidrule\n\\sphinxtableatstartofbodyhook%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[4]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'footnote in table caption\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[5]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'footnote in table header\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces '
-            '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-            'VIDIOC\\_CROPCAP\n&\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\n') in result
-    assert ('Information about VIDIOC\\_CROPCAP %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[6]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'footnote in table not in header\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n\\\\\n'
-            '\\sphinxbottomrule\n\\end{tabulary}\n'
-            '\\sphinxtableafterendhook\\par\n\\sphinxattableend\\end{savenotes}\n') in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxmidrule\n\\sphinxtableatstartofbodyhook%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[4]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'footnote in table caption\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[5]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'footnote in table header\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces '
+        '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+        'VIDIOC\\_CROPCAP\n&\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Information about VIDIOC\\_CROPCAP %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[6]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'footnote in table not in header\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n\\\\\n'
+        '\\sphinxbottomrule\n\\end{tabulary}\n'
+        '\\sphinxtableafterendhook\\par\n\\sphinxattableend\\end{savenotes}\n'
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='footnotes')
@@ -790,36 +974,55 @@ def test_reference_in_caption_and_codeblock_in_footnote(app):
     print(result)
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
-    assert ('\\caption{This is the figure caption with a reference to '
-            '\\sphinxcite{index:authoryear}.}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\caption{This is the figure caption with a reference to '
+        '\\sphinxcite{index:authoryear}.}'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\chapter{The section with a reference to {[}AuthorYear{]}}' in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxcaption{The table title with a reference'
-            ' to {[}AuthorYear{]}}' in result)
-    assert '\\subsubsection*{The rubric title with a reference to {[}AuthorYear{]}}' in result
-    assert ('\\chapter{The section with a reference to \\sphinxfootnotemark[6]}\n'
-            '\\label{\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to}}'
-            '%\n\\begin{footnotetext}[6]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Footnote in section\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}') in result
-    assert ('\\caption{This is the figure caption with a footnote to '
-            '\\sphinxfootnotemark[8].}\\label{\\detokenize{index:id35}}\\end{figure}\n'
-            '%\n\\begin{footnotetext}[8]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Footnote in caption\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxcaption{footnote \\sphinxfootnotemark[9] in '
-            'caption of normal table}\\label{\\detokenize{index:id36}}') in result
-    assert ('\\caption{footnote \\sphinxfootnotemark[10] '
-            'in caption \\sphinxfootnotemark[11] of longtable\\strut}') in result
-    assert ('\\endlastfoot\n\\sphinxtableatstartofbodyhook\n%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[10]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Foot note in longtable\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[11]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Second footnote in caption of longtable\n') in result
-    assert ('This is a reference to the code\\sphinxhyphen{}block in the footnote:\n'
-            '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:codeblockinfootnote}]'
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{I am in a footnote}}}}') in result
-    assert ('&\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nThis is one more footnote with some code in it %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[12]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Third footnote in longtable\n') in result
-    assert ('\\end{sphinxVerbatim}\n%\n\\end{footnote}.\n') in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxcaption{The table title with a reference to {[}AuthorYear{]}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\subsubsection*{The rubric title with a reference to {[}AuthorYear{]}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\chapter{The section with a reference to \\sphinxfootnotemark[6]}\n'
+        '\\label{\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to}}'
+        '%\n\\begin{footnotetext}[6]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Footnote in section\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\caption{This is the figure caption with a footnote to '
+        '\\sphinxfootnotemark[8].}\\label{\\detokenize{index:id35}}\\end{figure}\n'
+        '%\n\\begin{footnotetext}[8]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Footnote in caption\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxcaption{footnote \\sphinxfootnotemark[9] in '
+        'caption of normal table}\\label{\\detokenize{index:id36}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\caption{footnote \\sphinxfootnotemark[10] '
+        'in caption \\sphinxfootnotemark[11] of longtable\\strut}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\endlastfoot\n\\sphinxtableatstartofbodyhook\n%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[10]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Foot note in longtable\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[11]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Second footnote in caption of longtable\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'This is a reference to the code\\sphinxhyphen{}block in the footnote:\n'
+        '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:codeblockinfootnote}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{I am in a footnote}}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '&\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nThis is one more footnote with some code in it %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[12]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Third footnote in longtable\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert '\\end{sphinxVerbatim}\n%\n\\end{footnote}.\n' in result
     assert '\\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}]' in result
 
 
@@ -831,189 +1034,285 @@ def test_footnote_referred_multiple_times(app):
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
 
-    assert ('Explicitly numbered footnote: %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[100]'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\nNumbered footnote\n%\n'
-            '\\end{footnote} \\sphinxfootnotemark[100]\n'
-            in result)
-    assert ('Named footnote: %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[13]'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\nNamed footnote\n%\n'
-            '\\end{footnote} \\sphinxfootnotemark[13]\n'
-            in result)
+    assert (
+        'Explicitly numbered footnote: %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[100]'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\nNumbered footnote\n%\n'
+        '\\end{footnote} \\sphinxfootnotemark[100]\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Named footnote: %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[13]'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\nNamed footnote\n%\n'
+        '\\end{footnote} \\sphinxfootnotemark[13]\n'
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='footnotes',
-    confoverrides={'latex_show_urls': 'inline'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='footnotes',
+    confoverrides={'latex_show_urls': 'inline'},
+)
 def test_latex_show_urls_is_inline(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     print(result)
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
-    assert ('Same footnote number %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'footnote in bar\n%\n\\end{footnote} in bar.rst') in result
-    assert ('Auto footnote number %\n\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'footnote in baz\n%\n\\end{footnote} in baz.rst') in result
-    assert ('\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id38}}'
-            '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section'
-            '-with-a-reference-to-authoryear}]'
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference to '
-            '\\sphinxcite{index:authoryear}}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id39}}'
-            '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to}]'
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference to }}}' in result)
-    assert ('First footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[2]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'First\n%\n\\end{footnote}') in result
-    assert ('Second footnote: %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Second\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n') in result
-    assert '\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Sphinx} (https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/)' in result
-    assert ('Third footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[3]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Third \\sphinxfootnotemark[4]\n%\n\\end{footnote}%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[4]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Footnote inside footnote\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces') in result
-    assert ('Fourth footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[5]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Fourth\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/~test/}{URL including tilde} '
-            '(https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/\\textasciitilde{}test/)') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{URL in term} '
-            '(https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/)}\n'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription' in result)
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{Footnote in term \\sphinxfootnotemark[7]}%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[7]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n' in result)
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{URL in term} '
-            '(https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/)}\n'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription' in result)
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{Footnote in term \\sphinxfootnotemark[7]}%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[7]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Footnote in term\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces '
-            '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Term in deflist} '
-            '(https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/)}'
-            '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription') in result
+    assert (
+        'Same footnote number %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'footnote in bar\n%\n\\end{footnote} in bar.rst'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Auto footnote number %\n\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'footnote in baz\n%\n\\end{footnote} in baz.rst'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id38}}'
+        '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section'
+        '-with-a-reference-to-authoryear}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference to '
+        '\\sphinxcite{index:authoryear}}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id39}}'
+        '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference to }}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'First footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[2]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'First\n%\n\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Second footnote: %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Second\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Sphinx} (https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/)'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Third footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[3]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Third \\sphinxfootnotemark[4]\n%\n\\end{footnote}%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[4]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Footnote inside footnote\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Fourth footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[5]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Fourth\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/~test/}{URL including tilde} '
+        '(https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/\\textasciitilde{}test/)'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{URL in term} '
+        '(https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/)}\n'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{Footnote in term \\sphinxfootnotemark[7]}%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[7]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{URL in term} '
+        '(https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/)}\n'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{Footnote in term \\sphinxfootnotemark[7]}%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[7]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Footnote in term\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces '
+        '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Term in deflist} '
+        '(https://sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}doc.org/)}'
+        '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\sphinxurl{https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx}\n' in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxhref{mailto:sphinx-dev@googlegroups.com}'
-            '{sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}dev@googlegroups.com}') in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxhref{mailto:sphinx-dev@googlegroups.com}'
+        '{sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}dev@googlegroups.com}'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\begin{savenotes}\\begin{fulllineitems}' not in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='footnotes',
-    confoverrides={'latex_show_urls': 'footnote'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='footnotes',
+    confoverrides={'latex_show_urls': 'footnote'},
+)
 def test_latex_show_urls_is_footnote(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     print(result)
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
-    assert ('Same footnote number %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'footnote in bar\n%\n\\end{footnote} in bar.rst') in result
-    assert ('Auto footnote number %\n\\begin{footnote}[2]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'footnote in baz\n%\n\\end{footnote} in baz.rst') in result
-    assert ('\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id38}}'
-            '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to-authoryear}]'
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference '
-            'to \\sphinxcite{index:authoryear}}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id39}}'
-            '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to}]'
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference to }}}') in result
-    assert ('First footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[3]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'First\n%\n\\end{footnote}') in result
-    assert ('Second footnote: %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Second\n%\n\\end{footnote}') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Sphinx}'
-            '%\n\\begin{footnote}[4]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            '\\sphinxnolinkurl{https://sphinx-doc.org/}\n%\n\\end{footnote}') in result
-    assert ('Third footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[6]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Third \\sphinxfootnotemark[7]\n%\n\\end{footnote}%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[7]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Footnote inside footnote\n%\n'
-            '\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces') in result
-    assert ('Fourth footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[8]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Fourth\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/~test/}{URL including tilde}'
-            '%\n\\begin{footnote}[5]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            '\\sphinxnolinkurl{https://sphinx-doc.org/~test/}\n%\n\\end{footnote}') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}'
-            '{URL in term}\\sphinxfootnotemark[10]}%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[10]'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            '\\sphinxnolinkurl{https://sphinx-doc.org/}\n%\n'
-            '\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces \n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{Footnote in term \\sphinxfootnotemark[12]}%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[12]'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Footnote in term\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces '
-            '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Term in deflist}'
-            '\\sphinxfootnotemark[11]}%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[11]'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            '\\sphinxnolinkurl{https://sphinx-doc.org/}\n%\n'
-            '\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces \n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxurl{https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx}\n' in result)
-    assert ('\\sphinxhref{mailto:sphinx-dev@googlegroups.com}'
-            '{sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}dev@googlegroups.com}\n') in result
+    assert (
+        'Same footnote number %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'footnote in bar\n%\n\\end{footnote} in bar.rst'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Auto footnote number %\n\\begin{footnote}[2]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'footnote in baz\n%\n\\end{footnote} in baz.rst'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id38}}'
+        '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to-authoryear}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference '
+        'to \\sphinxcite{index:authoryear}}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id39}}'
+        '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference to }}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'First footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[3]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'First\n%\n\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Second footnote: %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Second\n%\n\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Sphinx}'
+        '%\n\\begin{footnote}[4]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        '\\sphinxnolinkurl{https://sphinx-doc.org/}\n%\n\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Third footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[6]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Third \\sphinxfootnotemark[7]\n%\n\\end{footnote}%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[7]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Footnote inside footnote\n%\n'
+        '\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Fourth footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[8]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Fourth\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/~test/}{URL including tilde}'
+        '%\n\\begin{footnote}[5]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        '\\sphinxnolinkurl{https://sphinx-doc.org/~test/}\n%\n\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}'
+        '{URL in term}\\sphinxfootnotemark[10]}%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[10]'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        '\\sphinxnolinkurl{https://sphinx-doc.org/}\n%\n'
+        '\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces \n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{Footnote in term \\sphinxfootnotemark[12]}%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[12]'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Footnote in term\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces '
+        '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Term in deflist}'
+        '\\sphinxfootnotemark[11]}%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[11]'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        '\\sphinxnolinkurl{https://sphinx-doc.org/}\n%\n'
+        '\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces \n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
+    assert '\\sphinxurl{https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx}\n' in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxhref{mailto:sphinx-dev@googlegroups.com}'
+        '{sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}dev@googlegroups.com}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\begin{savenotes}\\begin{fulllineitems}' in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='footnotes',
-    confoverrides={'latex_show_urls': 'no'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='footnotes',
+    confoverrides={'latex_show_urls': 'no'},
+)
 def test_latex_show_urls_is_no(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     print(result)
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
-    assert ('Same footnote number %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'footnote in bar\n%\n\\end{footnote} in bar.rst') in result
-    assert ('Auto footnote number %\n\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'footnote in baz\n%\n\\end{footnote} in baz.rst') in result
-    assert ('\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id38}}'
-            '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to-authoryear}]'
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference '
-            'to \\sphinxcite{index:authoryear}}}}') in result
-    assert ('\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id39}}'
-            '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to}]'
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference to }}}' in result)
-    assert ('First footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[2]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'First\n%\n\\end{footnote}') in result
-    assert ('Second footnote: %\n'
-            '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Second\n%\n\\end{footnote}') in result
+    assert (
+        'Same footnote number %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'footnote in bar\n%\n\\end{footnote} in bar.rst'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Auto footnote number %\n\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'footnote in baz\n%\n\\end{footnote} in baz.rst'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id38}}'
+        '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to-authoryear}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference '
+        'to \\sphinxcite{index:authoryear}}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\phantomsection\\label{\\detokenize{index:id39}}'
+        '{\\hyperref[\\detokenize{index:the-section-with-a-reference-to}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{The section with a reference to }}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'First footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[2]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'First\n%\n\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Second footnote: %\n'
+        '\\begin{footnote}[1]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Second\n%\n\\end{footnote}'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Sphinx}' in result
-    assert ('Third footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[3]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Third \\sphinxfootnotemark[4]\n%\n\\end{footnote}%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[4]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Footnote inside footnote\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces') in result
-    assert ('Fourth footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[5]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Fourth\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n') in result
+    assert (
+        'Third footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[3]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Third \\sphinxfootnotemark[4]\n%\n\\end{footnote}%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[4]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Footnote inside footnote\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        'Fourth footnote: %\n\\begin{footnote}[5]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Fourth\n%\n\\end{footnote}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/~test/}{URL including tilde}' in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{URL in term}}\n'
-            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{Footnote in term \\sphinxfootnotemark[7]}%\n'
-            '\\begin{footnotetext}[7]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
-            'Footnote in term\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces '
-            '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Term in deflist}}'
-            '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription') in result
-    assert ('\\sphinxurl{https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx}\n' in result)
-    assert ('\\sphinxhref{mailto:sphinx-dev@googlegroups.com}'
-            '{sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}dev@googlegroups.com}\n') in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{URL in term}}\n'
+        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{Footnote in term \\sphinxfootnotemark[7]}%\n'
+        '\\begin{footnotetext}[7]\\sphinxAtStartFootnote\n'
+        'Footnote in term\n%\n\\end{footnotetext}\\ignorespaces '
+        '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxlineitem{\\sphinxhref{https://sphinx-doc.org/}{Term in deflist}}'
+        '\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nDescription'
+    ) in result
+    assert '\\sphinxurl{https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx}\n' in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxhref{mailto:sphinx-dev@googlegroups.com}'
+        '{sphinx\\sphinxhyphen{}dev@googlegroups.com}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\begin{savenotes}\\begin{fulllineitems}' not in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='footnotes',
-    confoverrides={'latex_show_urls': 'footnote',
-                   'rst_prolog': '.. |URL| replace:: `text <https://www.example.com/>`__'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='footnotes',
+    confoverrides={
+        'latex_show_urls': 'footnote',
+        'rst_prolog': '.. |URL| replace:: `text <https://www.example.com/>`__',
+    },
+)
 def test_latex_show_urls_footnote_and_substitutions(app):
     # hyperlinks in substitutions should not effect to make footnotes (refs: #4784)
     test_latex_show_urls_is_footnote(app)
@@ -1026,17 +1325,23 @@ def test_image_in_section(app):
     print(result)
     print(app.status.getvalue())
     print(app.warning.getvalue())
-    assert ('\\chapter[Test section]{\\lowercase{\\sphinxincludegraphics'
-            '[width=15bp,height=15bp]}{{pic}.png} Test section}'
-            in result)
-    assert ('\\chapter[Other {[}blah{]} section]{Other {[}blah{]} '
-            '\\lowercase{\\sphinxincludegraphics[width=15bp,height=15bp]}'
-            '{{pic}.png} section}' in result)
-    assert ('\\chapter{Another section}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\chapter[Test section]{\\lowercase{\\sphinxincludegraphics'
+        '[width=15bp,height=15bp]}{{pic}.png} Test section}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\chapter[Other {[}blah{]} section]{Other {[}blah{]} '
+        '\\lowercase{\\sphinxincludegraphics[width=15bp,height=15bp]}'
+        '{{pic}.png} section}'
+    ) in result
+    assert '\\chapter{Another section}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'latex_logo': 'notfound.jpg'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'latex_logo': 'notfound.jpg'},
+)
 def test_latex_logo_if_not_found(app):
     with pytest.raises(SphinxError):
         app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -1055,11 +1360,20 @@ def test_toctree_maxdepth_manual(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'latex_documents': [
-        ('index', 'projectnamenotset.tex', 'Sphinx Tests Documentation',
-         'Georg Brandl', 'howto'),
-    ]})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={
+        'latex_documents': [
+            (
+                'index',
+                'projectnamenotset.tex',
+                'Sphinx Tests Documentation',
+                'Georg Brandl',
+                'howto',
+            ),
+        ]
+    },
+)
 def test_toctree_maxdepth_howto(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1072,8 +1386,10 @@ def test_toctree_maxdepth_howto(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'root_doc': 'foo'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={'root_doc': 'foo'},
+)
 def test_toctree_not_found(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1086,8 +1402,10 @@ def test_toctree_not_found(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'root_doc': 'bar'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={'root_doc': 'bar'},
+)
 def test_toctree_without_maxdepth(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1099,8 +1417,10 @@ def test_toctree_without_maxdepth(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'root_doc': 'qux'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={'root_doc': 'qux'},
+)
 def test_toctree_with_deeper_maxdepth(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1112,8 +1432,10 @@ def test_toctree_with_deeper_maxdepth(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': None})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': None},
+)
 def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_None(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1124,8 +1446,10 @@ def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_None(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'part'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'part'},
+)
 def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_part(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1138,12 +1462,21 @@ def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_part(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'part',
-                   'latex_documents': [
-                       ('index', 'projectnamenotset.tex', 'Sphinx Tests Documentation',
-                        'Georg Brandl', 'howto'),
-                   ]})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={
+        'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'part',
+        'latex_documents': [
+            (
+                'index',
+                'projectnamenotset.tex',
+                'Sphinx Tests Documentation',
+                'Georg Brandl',
+                'howto',
+            ),
+        ],
+    },
+)
 def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_part_with_howto(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1156,8 +1489,10 @@ def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_part_with_howto(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'chapter'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'chapter'},
+)
 def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_chapter(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1168,12 +1503,21 @@ def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_chapter(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'chapter',
-                   'latex_documents': [
-                       ('index', 'projectnamenotset.tex', 'Sphinx Tests Documentation',
-                        'Georg Brandl', 'howto'),
-                   ]})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={
+        'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'chapter',
+        'latex_documents': [
+            (
+                'index',
+                'projectnamenotset.tex',
+                'Sphinx Tests Documentation',
+                'Georg Brandl',
+                'howto',
+            ),
+        ],
+    },
+)
 def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_chapter_with_howto(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1184,8 +1528,10 @@ def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_chapter_with_howto(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'latex', testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
-    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'section'})
+    'latex',
+    testroot='toctree-maxdepth',
+    confoverrides={'latex_toplevel_sectioning': 'section'},
+)
 def test_latex_toplevel_sectioning_is_section(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1206,8 +1552,11 @@ def test_maxlistdepth_at_ten(app):
     compile_latex_document(app, 'projectnamenotset.tex')
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-table',
-                    confoverrides={'latex_table_style': []})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-table',
+    confoverrides={'latex_table_style': []},
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='latex-table')
 def test_latex_table_tabulars(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -1219,7 +1568,11 @@ def test_latex_table_tabulars(app):
         tables[sectname] = content.strip()
 
     def get_expected(name):
-        return (app.srcdir / 'expects' / (name + '.tex')).read_text(encoding='utf8').strip()
+        return (
+            (app.srcdir / 'expects' / (name + '.tex'))
+            .read_text(encoding='utf8')
+            .strip()
+        )
 
     # simple_table
     actual = tables['simple table']
@@ -1277,8 +1630,11 @@ def get_expected(name):
     assert actual == expected
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-table',
-                    confoverrides={'latex_table_style': []})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-table',
+    confoverrides={'latex_table_style': []},
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='latex-table')
 def test_latex_table_longtable(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -1290,7 +1646,11 @@ def test_latex_table_longtable(app):
         tables[sectname] = content.strip()
 
     def get_expected(name):
-        return (app.srcdir / 'expects' / (name + '.tex')).read_text(encoding='utf8').strip()
+        return (
+            (app.srcdir / 'expects' / (name + '.tex'))
+            .read_text(encoding='utf8')
+            .strip()
+        )
 
     # longtable
     actual = tables['longtable']
@@ -1338,8 +1698,11 @@ def get_expected(name):
     assert actual == expected
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-table',
-                    confoverrides={'latex_table_style': []})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-table',
+    confoverrides={'latex_table_style': []},
+)
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='latex-table')
 def test_latex_table_complex_tables(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -1350,7 +1713,11 @@ def test_latex_table_complex_tables(app):
         tables[sectname] = content.strip()
 
     def get_expected(name):
-        return (app.srcdir / 'expects' / (name + '.tex')).read_text(encoding='utf8').strip()
+        return (
+            (app.srcdir / 'expects' / (name + '.tex'))
+            .read_text(encoding='utf8')
+            .strip()
+        )
 
     # grid table
     actual = tables['grid table']
@@ -1385,8 +1752,11 @@ def test_latex_table_with_booktabs_and_colorrows(app):
     assert r'\begin{tabular}[t]{\X{30}{100}\X{70}{100}}' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-table',
-                    confoverrides={'templates_path': ['_mytemplates/latex']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-table',
+    confoverrides={'templates_path': ['_mytemplates/latex']},
+)
 def test_latex_table_custom_template_caseA(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1394,8 +1764,11 @@ def test_latex_table_custom_template_caseA(app):
     assert 'AU REVOIR, KANIGGETS' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-table',
-                    confoverrides={'templates_path': ['_mytemplates']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-table',
+    confoverrides={'templates_path': ['_mytemplates']},
+)
 def test_latex_table_custom_template_caseB(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1417,8 +1790,9 @@ def test_latex_raw_directive(app):
 
     # standard case
     assert 'standalone raw directive (HTML)' not in result
-    assert ('\\label{\\detokenize{index:id1}}\n'
-            'standalone raw directive (LaTeX)' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\label{\\detokenize{index:id1}}\nstandalone raw directive (LaTeX)'
+    ) in result
 
     # with substitution
     assert 'HTML: abc  ghi' in result
@@ -1438,16 +1812,22 @@ def test_latex_images(app):
 
     # not found images
     assert '\\sphinxincludegraphics{{NOT_EXIST}.PNG}' not in result
-    assert ('WARNING: Could not fetch remote image: '
-            'http://localhost:7777/NOT_EXIST.PNG [404]' in app.warning.getvalue())
+    assert (
+        'WARNING: Could not fetch remote image: '
+        'http://localhost:7777/NOT_EXIST.PNG [404]'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     # an image having target
-    assert ('\\sphinxhref{https://www.sphinx-doc.org/}'
-            '{\\sphinxincludegraphics{{rimg}.png}}\n\n' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxhref{https://www.sphinx-doc.org/}'
+        '{\\sphinxincludegraphics{{rimg}.png}}\n\n'
+    ) in result
 
-    # a centerized image having target
-    assert ('\\sphinxhref{https://www.python.org/}{{\\hspace*{\\fill}'
-            '\\sphinxincludegraphics{{rimg}.png}\\hspace*{\\fill}}}\n\n' in result)
+    # a centered image having target
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxhref{https://www.python.org/}{{\\hspace*{\\fill}'
+        '\\sphinxincludegraphics{{rimg}.png}\\hspace*{\\fill}}}\n\n'
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-index')
@@ -1455,13 +1835,19 @@ def test_latex_index(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('A \\index{famous@\\spxentry{famous}}famous '
-            '\\index{equation@\\spxentry{equation}}equation:\n' in result)
-    assert ('\n\\index{Einstein@\\spxentry{Einstein}}'
-            '\\index{relativity@\\spxentry{relativity}}'
-            '\\ignorespaces \n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nand') in result
-    assert ('\n\\index{main \\sphinxleftcurlybrace{}@\\spxentry{'
-            'main \\sphinxleftcurlybrace{}}}\\ignorespaces ' in result)
+    assert (
+        'A \\index{famous@\\spxentry{famous}}famous '
+        '\\index{equation@\\spxentry{equation}}equation:\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\n\\index{Einstein@\\spxentry{Einstein}}'
+        '\\index{relativity@\\spxentry{relativity}}'
+        '\\ignorespaces \n\\sphinxAtStartPar\nand'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\n\\index{main \\sphinxleftcurlybrace{}@\\spxentry{'
+        'main \\sphinxleftcurlybrace{}}}\\ignorespaces '
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-equations')
@@ -1469,7 +1855,11 @@ def test_latex_equations(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expected = (app.srcdir / 'expects' / 'latex-equations.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8').strip()
+    expected = (
+        (app.srcdir / 'expects' / 'latex-equations.tex')
+        .read_text(encoding='utf8')
+        .strip()
+    )
 
     assert expected in result
 
@@ -1479,9 +1869,11 @@ def test_latex_image_in_parsed_literal(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('{\\sphinxunactivateextrasandspace \\raisebox{-0.5\\height}'
-            '{\\sphinxincludegraphics[height=2.00000cm]{{pic}.png}}'
-            '}AFTER') in result
+    assert (
+        '{\\sphinxunactivateextrasandspace \\raisebox{-0.5\\height}'
+        '{\\sphinxincludegraphics[height=2.00000cm]{{pic}.png}}'
+        '}AFTER'
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='nested-enumerated-list')
@@ -1489,16 +1881,26 @@ def test_latex_nested_enumerated_list(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\arabic}{enumi}{enumii}{}{.}%\n'
-            '\\setcounter{enumi}{4}\n' in result)
-    assert ('\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\alph}{enumii}{enumiii}{}{.}%\n'
-            '\\setcounter{enumii}{3}\n' in result)
-    assert ('\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\arabic}{enumiii}{enumiv}{}{)}%\n'
-            '\\setcounter{enumiii}{9}\n' in result)
-    assert ('\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\arabic}{enumiv}{enumv}{(}{)}%\n'
-            '\\setcounter{enumiv}{23}\n' in result)
-    assert ('\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\roman}{enumii}{enumiii}{}{.}%\n'
-            '\\setcounter{enumii}{2}\n' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\arabic}{enumi}{enumii}{}{.}%\n'
+        '\\setcounter{enumi}{4}\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\alph}{enumii}{enumiii}{}{.}%\n'
+        '\\setcounter{enumii}{3}\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\arabic}{enumiii}{enumiv}{}{)}%\n'
+        '\\setcounter{enumiii}{9}\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\arabic}{enumiv}{enumv}{(}{)}%\n'
+        '\\setcounter{enumiv}{23}\n'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\sphinxsetlistlabels{\\roman}{enumii}{enumiii}{}{.}%\n'
+        '\\setcounter{enumii}{2}\n'
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='footnotes')
@@ -1507,10 +1909,12 @@ def test_latex_thebibliography(app):
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     print(result)
-    assert ('\\begin{sphinxthebibliography}{AuthorYe}\n'
-            '\\bibitem[AuthorYear]{index:authoryear}\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-            'Author, Title, Year\n'
-            '\\end{sphinxthebibliography}\n' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\begin{sphinxthebibliography}{AuthorYe}\n'
+        '\\bibitem[AuthorYear]{index:authoryear}\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+        'Author, Title, Year\n'
+        '\\end{sphinxthebibliography}\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '\\sphinxcite{index:authoryear}' in result
 
 
@@ -1519,23 +1923,33 @@ def test_latex_glossary(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert (r'\sphinxlineitem{ähnlich\index{ähnlich@\spxentry{ähnlich}|spxpagem}'
-            r'\phantomsection'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-ahnlich}}}' in result)
-    assert (r'\sphinxlineitem{boson\index{boson@\spxentry{boson}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-boson}}}' in result)
-    assert (r'\sphinxlineitem{\sphinxstyleemphasis{fermion}'
-            r'\index{fermion@\spxentry{fermion}|spxpagem}'
-            r'\phantomsection'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-fermion}}}' in result)
-    assert (r'\sphinxlineitem{tauon\index{tauon@\spxentry{tauon}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-tauon}}}'
-            r'\sphinxlineitem{myon\index{myon@\spxentry{myon}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-myon}}}'
-            r'\sphinxlineitem{electron\index{electron@\spxentry{electron}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-electron}}}' in result)
-    assert (r'\sphinxlineitem{über\index{über@\spxentry{über}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-uber}}}' in result)
+    assert (
+        r'\sphinxlineitem{ähnlich\index{ähnlich@\spxentry{ähnlich}|spxpagem}'
+        r'\phantomsection'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-ahnlich}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        r'\sphinxlineitem{boson\index{boson@\spxentry{boson}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-boson}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        r'\sphinxlineitem{\sphinxstyleemphasis{fermion}'
+        r'\index{fermion@\spxentry{fermion}|spxpagem}'
+        r'\phantomsection'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-fermion}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        r'\sphinxlineitem{tauon\index{tauon@\spxentry{tauon}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-tauon}}}'
+        r'\sphinxlineitem{myon\index{myon@\spxentry{myon}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-myon}}}'
+        r'\sphinxlineitem{electron\index{electron@\spxentry{electron}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-electron}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        r'\sphinxlineitem{über\index{über@\spxentry{über}|spxpagem}\phantomsection'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:term-uber}}}'
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-labels')
@@ -1545,43 +1959,57 @@ def test_latex_labels(app):
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     # figures
-    assert (r'\caption{labeled figure}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:id1}}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:figure2}}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:figure1}}'
-            r'\end{figure}' in result)
-    assert (r'\caption{labeled figure}'
-            '\\label{\\detokenize{index:figure3}}\n'
-            '\\begin{sphinxlegend}\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-            'with a legend\n\\end{sphinxlegend}\n'
-            r'\end{figure}' in result)
+    assert (
+        r'\caption{labeled figure}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:id1}}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:figure2}}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:figure1}}'
+        r'\end{figure}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        r'\caption{labeled figure}'
+        '\\label{\\detokenize{index:figure3}}\n'
+        '\\begin{sphinxlegend}\n\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+        'with a legend\n\\end{sphinxlegend}\n'
+        r'\end{figure}'
+    ) in result
 
     # code-blocks
-    assert (r'\def\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:codeblock2}}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:codeblock1}}}' in result)
-    assert (r'\def\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:codeblock3}}}' in result)
+    assert (
+        r'\def\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:codeblock2}}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:codeblock1}}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        r'\def\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{\label{\detokenize{index:codeblock3}}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # tables
-    assert (r'\sphinxcaption{table caption}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:id2}}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:table2}}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:table1}}' in result)
-    assert (r'\sphinxcaption{table caption}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:table3}}' in result)
+    assert (
+        r'\sphinxcaption{table caption}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:id2}}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:table2}}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:table1}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert r'\sphinxcaption{table caption}\label{\detokenize{index:table3}}' in result
 
     # sections
-    assert ('\\chapter{subsection}\n'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:subsection}}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:section2}}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:section1}}' in result)
-    assert ('\\section{subsubsection}\n'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:subsubsection}}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{index:section3}}' in result)
-    assert ('\\subsection{otherdoc}\n'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{otherdoc:otherdoc}}'
-            r'\label{\detokenize{otherdoc::doc}}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\chapter{subsection}\n'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:subsection}}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:section2}}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:section1}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\section{subsubsection}\n'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:subsubsection}}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{index:section3}}'
+    ) in result
+    assert (
+        '\\subsection{otherdoc}\n'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{otherdoc:otherdoc}}'
+        r'\label{\detokenize{otherdoc::doc}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # Embedded standalone hyperlink reference (refs: #5948)
     assert result.count(r'\label{\detokenize{index:section1}}') == 1
@@ -1598,14 +2026,24 @@ def test_latex_figure_in_admonition(app):
 
 def test_default_latex_documents():
     from sphinx.util import texescape
+
     texescape.init()
-    config = Config({'root_doc': 'index',
-                     'project': 'STASI™ Documentation',
-                     'author': "Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein."})
+    config = Config({
+        'root_doc': 'index',
+        'project': 'STASI™ Documentation',
+        'author': "Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein.",
+    })
     config.add('latex_engine', None, True, None)
     config.add('latex_theme', 'manual', True, None)
-    expected = [('index', 'stasi.tex', 'STASI™ Documentation',
-                 r"Wolfgang Schäuble \& G\textquotesingle{}Beckstein.\@{}", 'manual')]
+    expected = [
+        (
+            'index',
+            'stasi.tex',
+            'STASI™ Documentation',
+            r'Wolfgang Schäuble \& G\textquotesingle{}Beckstein.\@{}',
+            'manual',
+        )
+    ]
     assert default_latex_documents(config) == expected
 
 
@@ -1623,14 +2061,18 @@ def test_includegraphics_oversized(app):
 def test_index_on_title(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('\\chapter{Test for index in top level title}\n'
-            '\\label{\\detokenize{contents:test-for-index-in-top-level-title}}'
-            '\\index{index@\\spxentry{index}}\n'
-            in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\chapter{Test for index in top level title}\n'
+        '\\label{\\detokenize{contents:test-for-index-in-top-level-title}}'
+        '\\index{index@\\spxentry{index}}\n'
+    ) in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-unicode',
-                    confoverrides={'latex_engine': 'pdflatex'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-unicode',
+    confoverrides={'latex_engine': 'pdflatex'},
+)
 def test_texescape_for_non_unicode_supported_engine(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1641,8 +2083,11 @@ def test_texescape_for_non_unicode_supported_engine(app):
     assert r'subscript: \(\sb{\text{0}}\), \(\sb{\text{1}}\)' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-unicode',
-                    confoverrides={'latex_engine': 'xelatex'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='latex-unicode',
+    confoverrides={'latex_engine': 'xelatex'},
+)
 def test_texescape_for_unicode_supported_engine(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1653,8 +2098,11 @@ def test_texescape_for_unicode_supported_engine(app):
     assert 'subscript: ₀, ₁' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'latex_elements': {'extrapackages': r'\usepackage{foo}'}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'latex_elements': {'extrapackages': r'\usepackage{foo}'}},
+)
 def test_latex_elements_extrapackages(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'test.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -1695,11 +2143,18 @@ def test_latex_code_role(app):
         r'\PYG{l+s+s2}{\PYGZdq{}}'
         r'\PYG{p}{)}'
         r'\PYG{p}{:} '
-        r'\PYG{k}{pass}')
-    assert (r'Inline \sphinxcode{\sphinxupquote{%' + '\n' +
-            common_content + '%\n}} code block') in content
-    assert (r'\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]' +
-            '\n' + common_content + '\n' + r'\end{sphinxVerbatim}') in content
+        r'\PYG{k}{pass}'
+    )
+    assert (
+        r'Inline \sphinxcode{\sphinxupquote{%'  # NoQA: ISC003
+        + '\n'
+        + common_content
+        + '%\n}} code block'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        r'\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]'
+        '\n' + common_content + '\n' + r'\end{sphinxVerbatim}'
+    ) in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='images')
@@ -1708,7 +2163,8 @@ def test_copy_images(app):
 
     test_dir = Path(app.outdir)
     images = {
-        image.name for image in test_dir.rglob('*')
+        image.name
+        for image in test_dir.rglob('*')
         if image.suffix in {'.gif', '.pdf', '.png', '.svg'}
     }
     images.discard('sphinx.png')
@@ -1717,7 +2173,7 @@ def test_copy_images(app):
         'img.pdf',
         'rimg.png',
         'testimäge.png',
-    }
+    }  # fmt: skip
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='latex-labels-before-module')
@@ -1729,7 +2185,9 @@ def count_label(name):
         text = r'\phantomsection\label{\detokenize{%s}}' % name
         return content.count(text)
 
-    pattern = r'\\phantomsection\\label\{\\detokenize\{index:label-(?:auto-)?\d+[a-z]*}}'
+    pattern = (
+        r'\\phantomsection\\label\{\\detokenize\{index:label-(?:auto-)?\d+[a-z]*}}'
+    )
     # labels found in the TeX output
     output_labels = frozenset(match.group() for match in re.finditer(pattern, content))
     # labels that have been tested and occurring exactly once in the output
@@ -1737,12 +2195,20 @@ def count_label(name):
 
     # iterate over the (explicit) labels in the corresponding index.rst
     for rst_label_name in [
-        'label_1a', 'label_1b', 'label_2', 'label_3',
-        'label_auto_1a', 'label_auto_1b', 'label_auto_2', 'label_auto_3',
+        'label_1a',
+        'label_1b',
+        'label_2',
+        'label_3',
+        'label_auto_1a',
+        'label_auto_1b',
+        'label_auto_2',
+        'label_auto_3',
     ]:
         tex_label_name = 'index:' + rst_label_name.replace('_', '-')
         tex_label_code = r'\phantomsection\label{\detokenize{%s}}' % tex_label_name
-        assert content.count(tex_label_code) == 1, f'duplicated label: {tex_label_name!r}'
+        assert (
+            content.count(tex_label_code) == 1
+        ), f'duplicated label: {tex_label_name!r}'
         tested_labels.add(tex_label_code)
 
     # ensure that we did not forget any label to check
@@ -1750,39 +2216,54 @@ def count_label(name):
     assert sorted(tested_labels) == sorted(output_labels)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='domain-py-python_maximum_signature_line_length',
-                    confoverrides={'python_maximum_signature_line_length': 23})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='domain-py-python_maximum_signature_line_length',
+    confoverrides={'python_maximum_signature_line_length': 23},
+)
 def test_one_parameter_per_line(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     # TODO: should these asserts check presence or absence of a final \sphinxparamcomma?
     # signature of 23 characters is too short to trigger one-param-per-line mark-up
-    assert ('\\pysiglinewithargsret{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{hello}}}' in result)
+    assert '\\pysiglinewithargsret{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{hello}}}' in result
 
-    assert ('\\pysigwithonelineperarg{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{foo}}}' in result)
+    assert '\\pysigwithonelineperarg{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{foo}}}' in result
 
     # generic_arg[T]
-    assert ('\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{generic\\_arg}}}'
-            '{\\sphinxtypeparam{\\DUrole{n}{T}}}{}{}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{generic\\_arg}}}'
+        '{\\sphinxtypeparam{\\DUrole{n}{T}}}{}{}'
+    ) in result
 
     # generic_foo[T]()
-    assert ('\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{generic\\_foo}}}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{generic\\_foo}}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # generic_bar[T](x: list[T])
-    assert ('\\pysigwithonelineperargwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{generic\\_bar}}}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\pysigwithonelineperargwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{generic\\_bar}}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # generic_ret[R]() -> R
-    assert ('\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{generic\\_ret}}}'
-            '{\\sphinxtypeparam{\\DUrole{n}{R}}}{}{{ $\\rightarrow$ R}}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{generic\\_ret}}}'
+        '{\\sphinxtypeparam{\\DUrole{n}{R}}}{}{{ $\\rightarrow$ R}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # MyGenericClass[X]
-    assert ('\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{class\\DUrole{w}{ '
-            '}}}\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{MyGenericClass}}}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{class\\DUrole{w}{ '
+        '}}}\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{MyGenericClass}}}'
+    ) in result
 
     # MyList[T](list[T])
-    assert ('\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{class\\DUrole{w}{ '
-            '}}}\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{MyList}}}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '\\pysiglinewithargsretwithtypelist{\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{class\\DUrole{w}{ '
+        '}}}\\sphinxbfcode{\\sphinxupquote{MyList}}}'
+    ) in result
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='markup-rubric')
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_linkcheck.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_linkcheck.py
index 8a132ec0656..fd15a28f1d8 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_linkcheck.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_linkcheck.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 from tests.utils import CERT_FILE, serve_application
 
-ts_re = re.compile(r".*\[(?P<ts>.*)\].*")
+ts_re = re.compile(r'.*\[(?P<ts>.*)\].*')
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
@@ -45,35 +45,35 @@
 
 
 class DefaultsHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-    protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
     def do_HEAD(self):
-        if self.path[1:].rstrip() in {"", "anchor.html"}:
-            self.send_response(200, "OK")
-            self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+        if self.path[1:].rstrip() in {'', 'anchor.html'}:
+            self.send_response(200, 'OK')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             self.end_headers()
         else:
-            self.send_response(404, "Not Found")
-            self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+            self.send_response(404, 'Not Found')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             self.end_headers()
 
     def do_GET(self):
-        if self.path[1:].rstrip() == "":
-            content = b"ok\n\n"
-        elif self.path[1:].rstrip() == "anchor.html":
+        if self.path[1:].rstrip() == '':
+            content = b'ok\n\n'
+        elif self.path[1:].rstrip() == 'anchor.html':
             doc = '<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><a id="found"></a></body></html>'
-            content = doc.encode("utf-8")
+            content = doc.encode('utf-8')
         else:
-            content = b""
+            content = b''
 
         if content:
-            self.send_response(200, "OK")
-            self.send_header("Content-Length", str(len(content)))
+            self.send_response(200, 'OK')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(content)))
             self.end_headers()
             self.wfile.write(content)
         else:
-            self.send_response(404, "Not Found")
-            self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+            self.send_response(404, 'Not Found')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             self.end_headers()
 
 
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ def connection_collector(obj, url):
             connection = self.urllib3_connection_from_url(obj, url)
             self.connections.add(connection)
             return connection
+
         return connection_collector
 
     def __enter__(self):
@@ -110,7 +111,11 @@ def connection_count(self):
         return len(self.connections)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_defaults(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, DefaultsHandler) as address:
         with ConnectionMeasurement() as m:
@@ -125,10 +130,10 @@ def test_defaults(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     assert "Anchor 'top' not found" in content
     assert "Anchor 'does-not-exist' not found" in content
     # images should fail
-    assert f"Not Found for url: http://{address}/image.png" in content
-    assert f"Not Found for url: http://{address}/image2.png" in content
+    assert f'Not Found for url: http://{address}/image.png' in content
+    assert f'Not Found for url: http://{address}/image2.png' in content
     # looking for missing local file should fail
-    assert "[broken] path/to/notfound" in content
+    assert '[broken] path/to/notfound' in content
     assert len(content.splitlines()) == 5
 
     # JSON output
@@ -137,17 +142,17 @@ def test_defaults(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
 
     rows = [json.loads(x) for x in content.splitlines()]
     row = rows[0]
-    for attr in ("filename", "lineno", "status", "code", "uri", "info"):
+    for attr in ('filename', 'lineno', 'status', 'code', 'uri', 'info'):
         assert attr in row
 
     assert len(content.splitlines()) == 10
     assert len(rows) == 10
     # the output order of the rows is not stable
     # due to possible variance in network latency
-    rowsby = {row["uri"]: row for row in rows}
+    rowsby = {row['uri']: row for row in rows}
     # looking for local file that exists should succeed
-    assert rowsby["conf.py"]["status"] == "working"
-    assert rowsby[f"http://{address}#!bar"] == {
+    assert rowsby['conf.py']['status'] == 'working'
+    assert rowsby[f'http://{address}#!bar'] == {
         'filename': 'links.rst',
         'lineno': 5,
         'status': 'working',
@@ -165,15 +170,24 @@ def _missing_resource(filename: str, lineno: int) -> dict[str, str | int]:
             'uri': f'http://{address}/{filename}',
             'info': f'404 Client Error: Not Found for url: http://{address}/{filename}',
         }
+
     accurate_linenumbers = docutils.__version_info__[:2] >= (0, 21)
     image2_lineno = 12 if accurate_linenumbers else 13
-    assert rowsby[f'http://{address}/image2.png'] == _missing_resource("image2.png", image2_lineno)
+    assert rowsby[f'http://{address}/image2.png'] == _missing_resource(
+        'image2.png', image2_lineno
+    )
     # looking for '#top' and '#does-not-exist' not found should fail
-    assert rowsby[f"http://{address}/#top"]["info"] == "Anchor 'top' not found"
-    assert rowsby[f"http://{address}/#top"]["status"] == "broken"
-    assert rowsby[f"http://{address}#does-not-exist"]["info"] == "Anchor 'does-not-exist' not found"
+    assert rowsby[f'http://{address}/#top']['info'] == "Anchor 'top' not found"
+    assert rowsby[f'http://{address}/#top']['status'] == 'broken'
+    assert (
+        rowsby[f'http://{address}#does-not-exist']['info']
+        == "Anchor 'does-not-exist' not found"
+    )
     # images should fail
-    assert f"Not Found for url: http://{address}/image.png" in rowsby[f"http://{address}/image.png"]["info"]
+    assert (
+        f'Not Found for url: http://{address}/image.png'
+        in rowsby[f'http://{address}/image.png']['info']
+    )
     # anchor should be found
     assert rowsby[f'http://{address}/anchor.html#found'] == {
         'filename': 'links.rst',
@@ -186,8 +200,11 @@ def _missing_resource(filename: str, lineno: int) -> dict[str, str | int]:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck', freshenv=True,
-    confoverrides={'linkcheck_anchors': False})
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'linkcheck_anchors': False},
+)
 def test_check_link_response_only(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, DefaultsHandler) as address:
         app.build()
@@ -197,11 +214,15 @@ def test_check_link_response_only(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.json').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     rows = [json.loads(x) for x in content.splitlines()]
-    rowsby = {row["uri"]: row for row in rows}
-    assert rowsby[f"http://{address}/#top"]["status"] == "working"
+    rowsby = {row['uri']: row for row in rows}
+    assert rowsby[f'http://{address}/#top']['status'] == 'working'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-too-many-retries', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-too-many-retries',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_too_many_retries(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, DefaultsHandler) as address:
         app.build()
@@ -211,7 +232,7 @@ def test_too_many_retries(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     # looking for non-existent URL should fail
-    assert " Max retries exceeded with url: /doesnotexist" in content
+    assert ' Max retries exceeded with url: /doesnotexist' in content
 
     # JSON output
     assert (app.outdir / 'output.json').exists()
@@ -230,16 +251,19 @@ def test_too_many_retries(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     assert row['uri'] == f'https://{address}/doesnotexist'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-raw-node', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-raw-node',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_raw_node(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, OKHandler) as address:
         # write an index file that contains a link back to this webserver's root
         # URL.  docutils will replace the raw node with the contents retrieved..
         # ..and then the linkchecker will check that the root URL is available.
-        index = (app.srcdir / "index.rst")
+        index = app.srcdir / 'index.rst'
         index.write_text(
-            ".. raw:: 'html'\n"
-            "   :url: http://{address}/".format(address=address),
+            f".. raw:: 'html'\n   :url: http://{address}/",
             encoding='utf-8',
         )
         app.build()
@@ -263,8 +287,11 @@ def test_raw_node(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-anchors-ignore', freshenv=True,
-    confoverrides={'linkcheck_anchors_ignore': ["^!", "^top$"]})
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-anchors-ignore',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'linkcheck_anchors_ignore': ['^!', '^top$']},
+)
 def test_anchors_ignored(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, OKHandler):
         app.build()
@@ -280,7 +307,6 @@ class AnchorsIgnoreForUrlHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
     protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
     def _chunk_content(self, content: str, *, max_chunk_size: int) -> Iterable[bytes]:
-
         def _encode_chunk(chunk: bytes) -> Iterable[bytes]:
             """Encode a bytestring into a format suitable for HTTP chunked-transfer.
 
@@ -316,9 +342,9 @@ def _send_chunked(self, content: str) -> bool:
 
     def do_HEAD(self):
         if self.path in {'/valid', '/ignored'}:
-            self.send_response(200, "OK")
+            self.send_response(200, 'OK')
         else:
-            self.send_response(404, "Not Found")
+            self.send_response(404, 'Not Found')
         self.end_headers()
 
     def do_GET(self):
@@ -336,7 +362,11 @@ def do_GET(self):
         self._send_chunked(content)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-anchors-ignore-for-url', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-anchors-ignore-for-url',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_anchors_ignored_for_url(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, AnchorsIgnoreForUrlHandler) as address:
         app.config.linkcheck_anchors_ignore_for_url = [
@@ -378,25 +408,33 @@ def test_anchors_ignored_for_url(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     }
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver-anchor', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver-anchor',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_raises_for_invalid_status(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     class InternalServerErrorHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-        protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+        protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
         def do_GET(self):
-            self.send_error(500, "Internal Server Error")
+            self.send_error(500, 'Internal Server Error')
 
     with serve_application(app, InternalServerErrorHandler) as address:
         app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert content == (
-        f"index.rst:1: [broken] http://{address}/#anchor: "
-        "500 Server Error: Internal Server Error "
-        f"for url: http://{address}/\n"
+        f'index.rst:1: [broken] http://{address}/#anchor: '
+        '500 Server Error: Internal Server Error '
+        f'for url: http://{address}/\n'
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver-anchor', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver-anchor',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_incomplete_html_anchor(app):
     class IncompleteHTMLDocumentHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
         protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
@@ -418,7 +456,11 @@ def do_GET(self):
     assert row['status'] == 'working'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver-anchor', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver-anchor',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_decoding_error_anchor_ignored(app):
     class NonASCIIHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
         protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
@@ -442,7 +484,7 @@ def do_GET(self):
 
 def custom_handler(
     valid_credentials: tuple[str, str] | None = None,
-    success_criteria: Callable[[Any], bool] = lambda _: True
+    success_criteria: Callable[[Any], bool] = lambda _: True,
 ) -> type[BaseHTTPRequestHandler]:
     """
     Returns an HTTP request handler that authenticates the client and then determines
@@ -451,30 +493,30 @@ def custom_handler(
     """
     expected_token = None
     if valid_credentials:
-        assert len(valid_credentials) == 2, "expected a pair of strings as credentials"
-        expected_token = b64encode(":".join(valid_credentials).encode()).decode("utf-8")
+        assert len(valid_credentials) == 2, 'expected a pair of strings as credentials'
+        expected_token = b64encode(':'.join(valid_credentials).encode()).decode('utf-8')
         del valid_credentials
 
     def authenticated(
-        method: Callable[[CustomHandler], None]
+        method: Callable[[CustomHandler], None],
     ) -> Callable[[CustomHandler], None]:
         def method_if_authenticated(self):
             if expected_token is None:
                 return method(self)
-            elif not self.headers["Authorization"]:
-                self.send_response(401, "Unauthorized")
+            elif not self.headers['Authorization']:
+                self.send_response(401, 'Unauthorized')
                 self.end_headers()
-            elif self.headers["Authorization"] == f"Basic {expected_token}":
+            elif self.headers['Authorization'] == f'Basic {expected_token}':
                 return method(self)
             else:
-                self.send_response(403, "Forbidden")
-                self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+                self.send_response(403, 'Forbidden')
+                self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
                 self.end_headers()
 
         return method_if_authenticated
 
     class CustomHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-        protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+        protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
         @authenticated
         def do_HEAD(self):
@@ -483,158 +525,195 @@ def do_HEAD(self):
         @authenticated
         def do_GET(self):
             if success_criteria(self):
-                self.send_response(200, "OK")
-                self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+                self.send_response(200, 'OK')
+                self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             else:
-                self.send_response(400, "Bad Request")
-                self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+                self.send_response(400, 'Bad Request')
+                self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             self.end_headers()
 
     return CustomHandler
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_auth_header_uses_first_match(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
-    with serve_application(app, custom_handler(valid_credentials=("user1", "password"))) as address:
+    with serve_application(
+        app, custom_handler(valid_credentials=('user1', 'password'))
+    ) as address:
         app.config.linkcheck_auth = [
             (r'^$', ('no', 'match')),
-            (fr'^http://{re.escape(address)}/$', ('user1', 'password')),
+            (rf'^http://{re.escape(address)}/$', ('user1', 'password')),
             (r'.*local.*', ('user2', 'hunter2')),
         ]
         app.build()
 
-    with open(app.outdir / "output.json", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+    with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
 
-    assert content["status"] == "working"
+    assert content['status'] == 'working'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True,
-    confoverrides={'linkcheck_allow_unauthorized': False})
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'linkcheck_allow_unauthorized': False},
+)
 def test_unauthorized_broken(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
-    with serve_application(app, custom_handler(valid_credentials=("user1", "password"))):
+    with serve_application(
+        app, custom_handler(valid_credentials=('user1', 'password'))
+    ):
         app.build()
 
-    with open(app.outdir / "output.json", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+    with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
 
-    assert content["info"] == "unauthorized"
-    assert content["status"] == "broken"
+    assert content['info'] == 'unauthorized'
+    assert content['status'] == 'broken'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True,
-    confoverrides={'linkcheck_auth': [(r'^$', ('user1', 'password'))]})
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'linkcheck_auth': [(r'^$', ('user1', 'password'))]},
+)
 def test_auth_header_no_match(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
-    with serve_application(app, custom_handler(valid_credentials=("user1", "password"))):
+    with serve_application(
+        app, custom_handler(valid_credentials=('user1', 'password'))
+    ):
         app.build()
 
-    with open(app.outdir / "output.json", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+    with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
 
-    assert content["info"] == "unauthorized"
-    assert content["status"] == "broken"
+    assert content['info'] == 'unauthorized'
+    assert content['status'] == 'broken'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_linkcheck_request_headers(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     def check_headers(self):
-        if "X-Secret" in self.headers:
+        if 'X-Secret' in self.headers:
             return False
-        return self.headers["Accept"] == "text/html"
+        return self.headers['Accept'] == 'text/html'
 
-    with serve_application(app, custom_handler(success_criteria=check_headers)) as address:
+    with serve_application(
+        app, custom_handler(success_criteria=check_headers)
+    ) as address:
         app.config.linkcheck_request_headers = {
-            f"http://{address}/": {"Accept": "text/html"},
-            "*": {"X-Secret": "open sesami"},
+            f'http://{address}/': {'Accept': 'text/html'},
+            '*': {'X-Secret': 'open sesami'},
         }
         app.build()
 
-    with open(app.outdir / "output.json", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+    with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
 
-    assert content["status"] == "working"
+    assert content['status'] == 'working'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_linkcheck_request_headers_no_slash(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     def check_headers(self):
-        if "X-Secret" in self.headers:
+        if 'X-Secret' in self.headers:
             return False
-        return self.headers["Accept"] == "application/json"
+        return self.headers['Accept'] == 'application/json'
 
-    with serve_application(app, custom_handler(success_criteria=check_headers)) as address:
+    with serve_application(
+        app, custom_handler(success_criteria=check_headers)
+    ) as address:
         app.config.linkcheck_request_headers = {
-            f"http://{address}": {"Accept": "application/json"},
-            "*": {"X-Secret": "open sesami"},
+            f'http://{address}': {'Accept': 'application/json'},
+            '*': {'X-Secret': 'open sesami'},
         }
         app.build()
 
-    with open(app.outdir / "output.json", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+    with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
 
-    assert content["status"] == "working"
+    assert content['status'] == 'working'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True,
-    confoverrides={'linkcheck_request_headers': {
-        "http://do.not.match.org": {"Accept": "application/json"},
-        "*": {"X-Secret": "open sesami"},
-    }})
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={
+        'linkcheck_request_headers': {
+            'http://do.not.match.org': {'Accept': 'application/json'},
+            '*': {'X-Secret': 'open sesami'},
+        }
+    },
+)
 def test_linkcheck_request_headers_default(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     def check_headers(self):
-        if self.headers["X-Secret"] != "open sesami":
+        if self.headers['X-Secret'] != 'open sesami':
             return False
-        return self.headers["Accept"] != "application/json"
+        return self.headers['Accept'] != 'application/json'
 
     with serve_application(app, custom_handler(success_criteria=check_headers)):
         app.build()
 
-    with open(app.outdir / "output.json", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+    with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
 
-    assert content["status"] == "working"
+    assert content['status'] == 'working'
 
 
 def make_redirect_handler(*, support_head: bool) -> type[BaseHTTPRequestHandler]:
     class RedirectOnceHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-        protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+        protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
         def do_HEAD(self) -> None:
             if support_head:
                 self.do_GET()
             else:
-                self.send_response(405, "Method Not Allowed")
-                self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+                self.send_response(405, 'Method Not Allowed')
+                self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
                 self.end_headers()
 
         def do_GET(self) -> None:
-            if self.path == "/?redirected=1":
-                self.send_response(204, "No content")
+            if self.path == '/?redirected=1':
+                self.send_response(204, 'No content')
             else:
-                self.send_response(302, "Found")
-                self.send_header("Location", "/?redirected=1")
-            self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+                self.send_response(302, 'Found')
+                self.send_header('Location', '/?redirected=1')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             self.end_headers()
 
         def log_date_time_string(self):
             """Strip date and time from logged messages for assertions."""
-            return ""
+            return ''
 
     return RedirectOnceHandler
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_follows_redirects_on_HEAD(app, capsys):
     with serve_application(app, make_redirect_handler(support_head=True)) as address:
         app.build()
     stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert content == (
-        "index.rst:1: [redirected with Found] "
-        f"http://{address}/ to http://{address}/?redirected=1\n"
+        'index.rst:1: [redirected with Found] '
+        f'http://{address}/ to http://{address}/?redirected=1\n'
     )
     assert stderr == textwrap.dedent(
         """\
@@ -645,15 +724,19 @@ def test_follows_redirects_on_HEAD(app, capsys):
     assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_follows_redirects_on_GET(app, capsys):
     with serve_application(app, make_redirect_handler(support_head=False)) as address:
         app.build()
     stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert content == (
-        "index.rst:1: [redirected with Found] "
-        f"http://{address}/ to http://{address}/?redirected=1\n"
+        'index.rst:1: [redirected with Found] '
+        f'http://{address}/ to http://{address}/?redirected=1\n'
     )
     assert stderr == textwrap.dedent(
         """\
@@ -676,9 +759,9 @@ def test_linkcheck_allowed_redirects(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
         rows = [json.loads(l) for l in fp]
 
     assert len(rows) == 2
-    records = {row["uri"]: row for row in rows}
-    assert records[f"http://{address}/path1"]["status"] == "working"
-    assert records[f"http://{address}/path2"] == {
+    records = {row['uri']: row for row in rows}
+    assert records[f'http://{address}/path1']['status'] == 'working'
+    assert records[f'http://{address}/path2'] == {
         'filename': 'index.rst',
         'lineno': 3,
         'status': 'redirected',
@@ -687,29 +770,35 @@ def test_linkcheck_allowed_redirects(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
         'info': f'http://{address}/?redirected=1',
     }
 
-    assert (f"index.rst:3: WARNING: redirect  http://{address}/path2 - with Found to "
-            f"http://{address}/?redirected=1\n" in strip_colors(app.warning.getvalue()))
+    assert (
+        f'index.rst:3: WARNING: redirect  http://{address}/path2 - with Found to '
+        f'http://{address}/?redirected=1\n'
+    ) in strip_colors(app.warning.getvalue())
     assert len(app.warning.getvalue().splitlines()) == 1
 
 
 class OKHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-    protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
     def do_HEAD(self):
-        self.send_response(200, "OK")
-        self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+        self.send_response(200, 'OK')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
         self.end_headers()
 
     def do_GET(self):
-        content = b"ok\n"
-        self.send_response(200, "OK")
-        self.send_header("Content-Length", str(len(content)))
+        content = b'ok\n'
+        self.send_response(200, 'OK')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(content)))
         self.end_headers()
         self.wfile.write(content)
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.builders.linkcheck.requests.get", wraps=requests.get)
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https', freshenv=True)
+@mock.patch('sphinx.builders.linkcheck.requests.get', wraps=requests.get)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_invalid_ssl(get_request, app):
     # Link indicates SSL should be used (https) but the server does not handle it.
     with serve_application(app, OKHandler) as address:
@@ -718,29 +807,37 @@ def test_invalid_ssl(get_request, app):
 
     with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
-    assert content["status"] == "broken"
-    assert content["filename"] == "index.rst"
-    assert content["lineno"] == 1
-    assert content["uri"] == f"https://{address}/"
-    assert "SSLError" in content["info"]
+    assert content['status'] == 'broken'
+    assert content['filename'] == 'index.rst'
+    assert content['lineno'] == 1
+    assert content['uri'] == f'https://{address}/'
+    assert 'SSLError' in content['info']
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_connect_to_selfsigned_fails(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, OKHandler, tls_enabled=True) as address:
         app.build()
 
     with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
-    assert content["status"] == "broken"
-    assert content["filename"] == "index.rst"
-    assert content["lineno"] == 1
-    assert content["uri"] == f"https://{address}/"
-    assert "[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]" in content["info"]
+    assert content['status'] == 'broken'
+    assert content['filename'] == 'index.rst'
+    assert content['lineno'] == 1
+    assert content['uri'] == f'https://{address}/'
+    assert '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]' in content['info']
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'tls_verify': False})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'tls_verify': False},
+)
 def test_connect_to_selfsigned_with_tls_verify_false(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, OKHandler, tls_enabled=True) as address:
         app.build()
@@ -748,17 +845,21 @@ def test_connect_to_selfsigned_with_tls_verify_false(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None
     with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
     assert content == {
-        "code": 0,
-        "status": "working",
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "uri": f'https://{address}/',
-        "info": "",
+        'code': 0,
+        'status': 'working',
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'uri': f'https://{address}/',
+        'info': '',
     }
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'tls_cacerts': CERT_FILE})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'tls_cacerts': CERT_FILE},
+)
 def test_connect_to_selfsigned_with_tls_cacerts(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, OKHandler, tls_enabled=True) as address:
         app.build()
@@ -766,35 +867,43 @@ def test_connect_to_selfsigned_with_tls_cacerts(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
     assert content == {
-        "code": 0,
-        "status": "working",
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "uri": f'https://{address}/',
-        "info": "",
+        'code': 0,
+        'status': 'working',
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'uri': f'https://{address}/',
+        'info': '',
     }
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_connect_to_selfsigned_with_requests_env_var(monkeypatch, app):
-    monkeypatch.setenv("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE", CERT_FILE)
+    monkeypatch.setenv('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE', CERT_FILE)
     with serve_application(app, OKHandler, tls_enabled=True) as address:
         app.build()
 
     with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
     assert content == {
-        "code": 0,
-        "status": "working",
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "uri": f'https://{address}/',
-        "info": "",
+        'code': 0,
+        'status': 'working',
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'uri': f'https://{address}/',
+        'info': '',
     }
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'tls_cacerts': "does/not/exist"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver-https',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'tls_cacerts': 'does/not/exist'},
+)
 def test_connect_to_selfsigned_nonexistent_cert_file(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, OKHandler, tls_enabled=True) as address:
         app.build()
@@ -802,38 +911,44 @@ def test_connect_to_selfsigned_nonexistent_cert_file(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None
     with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
     assert content == {
-        "code": 0,
-        "status": "broken",
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "uri": f'https://{address}/',
-        "info": "Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, invalid path: does/not/exist",
+        'code': 0,
+        'status': 'broken',
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'uri': f'https://{address}/',
+        'info': 'Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, invalid path: does/not/exist',
     }
 
 
 class InfiniteRedirectOnHeadHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-    protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
     def do_HEAD(self):
-        self.send_response(302, "Found")
-        self.send_header("Location", "/")
-        self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+        self.send_response(302, 'Found')
+        self.send_header('Location', '/')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
         self.end_headers()
 
     def do_GET(self):
-        content = b"ok\n"
-        self.send_response(200, "OK")
-        self.send_header("Content-Length", str(len(content)))
+        content = b'ok\n'
+        self.send_response(200, 'OK')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(content)))
         self.end_headers()
         self.wfile.write(content)
-        self.close_connection = True  # we don't expect the client to read this response body
+        self.close_connection = (
+            True  # we don't expect the client to read this response body
+        )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_TooManyRedirects_on_HEAD(app, monkeypatch):
     import requests.sessions
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr(requests.sessions, "DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT", 5)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(requests.sessions, 'DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT', 5)
 
     with serve_application(app, InfiniteRedirectOnHeadHandler) as address:
         app.build()
@@ -841,52 +956,60 @@ def test_TooManyRedirects_on_HEAD(app, monkeypatch):
     with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
     assert content == {
-        "code": 0,
-        "status": "working",
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "uri": f'http://{address}/',
-        "info": "",
+        'code': 0,
+        'status': 'working',
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'uri': f'http://{address}/',
+        'info': '',
     }
 
 
-def make_retry_after_handler(responses: list[tuple[int, str | None]]) -> type[BaseHTTPRequestHandler]:
+def make_retry_after_handler(
+    responses: list[tuple[int, str | None]],
+) -> type[BaseHTTPRequestHandler]:
     class RetryAfterHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-        protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+        protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
         def do_HEAD(self):
             status, retry_after = responses.pop(0)
             self.send_response(status)
             if retry_after:
                 self.send_header('Retry-After', retry_after)
-            self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             self.end_headers()
 
         def log_date_time_string(self):
             """Strip date and time from logged messages for assertions."""
-            return ""
+            return ''
 
     return RetryAfterHandler
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_too_many_requests_retry_after_int_delay(app, capsys):
     with (
-        serve_application(app, make_retry_after_handler([(429, "0"), (200, None)])) as address,
-        mock.patch("sphinx.builders.linkcheck.DEFAULT_DELAY", 0),
-        mock.patch("sphinx.builders.linkcheck.QUEUE_POLL_SECS", 0.01),
+        serve_application(
+            app, make_retry_after_handler([(429, '0'), (200, None)])
+        ) as address,
+        mock.patch('sphinx.builders.linkcheck.DEFAULT_DELAY', 0),
+        mock.patch('sphinx.builders.linkcheck.QUEUE_POLL_SECS', 0.01),
     ):
         app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.json').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert json.loads(content) == {
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "status": "working",
-        "code": 0,
-        "uri": f'http://{address}/',
-        "info": "",
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'status': 'working',
+        'code': 0,
+        'uri': f'http://{address}/',
+        'info': '',
     }
-    rate_limit_log = f"-rate limited-   http://{address}/ | sleeping...\n"
+    rate_limit_log = f'-rate limited-   http://{address}/ | sleeping...\n'
     assert rate_limit_log in strip_colors(app.status.getvalue())
     _stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
     assert stderr == textwrap.dedent(
@@ -898,29 +1021,36 @@ def test_too_many_requests_retry_after_int_delay(app, capsys):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('tz', [None, 'GMT', 'GMT+3', 'GMT-3'])
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_too_many_requests_retry_after_HTTP_date(tz, app, monkeypatch, capsys):
     retry_after = wsgiref.handlers.format_date_time(time.time())
 
     with monkeypatch.context() as m:
         if tz is not None:
             m.setenv('TZ', tz)
-            if sys.platform != "win32":
+            if sys.platform != 'win32':
                 time.tzset()
-            m.setattr(sphinx.util.http_date, '_GMT_OFFSET',
-                      float(time.localtime().tm_gmtoff))
+            m.setattr(
+                sphinx.util.http_date, '_GMT_OFFSET', float(time.localtime().tm_gmtoff)
+            )
 
-        with serve_application(app, make_retry_after_handler([(429, retry_after), (200, None)])) as address:
+        with serve_application(
+            app, make_retry_after_handler([(429, retry_after), (200, None)])
+        ) as address:
             app.build()
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.json').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert json.loads(content) == {
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "status": "working",
-        "code": 0,
-        "uri": f'http://{address}/',
-        "info": "",
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'status': 'working',
+        'code': 0,
+        'uri': f'http://{address}/',
+        'info': '',
     }
     _stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
     assert stderr == textwrap.dedent(
@@ -931,21 +1061,27 @@ def test_too_many_requests_retry_after_HTTP_date(tz, app, monkeypatch, capsys):
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_too_many_requests_retry_after_without_header(app, capsys):
     with (
-        serve_application(app, make_retry_after_handler([(429, None), (200, None)])) as address,
-        mock.patch("sphinx.builders.linkcheck.DEFAULT_DELAY", 0),
+        serve_application(
+            app, make_retry_after_handler([(429, None), (200, None)])
+        ) as address,
+        mock.patch('sphinx.builders.linkcheck.DEFAULT_DELAY', 0),
     ):
         app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.json').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert json.loads(content) == {
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "status": "working",
-        "code": 0,
-        "uri": f'http://{address}/',
-        "info": "",
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'status': 'working',
+        'code': 0,
+        'uri': f'http://{address}/',
+        'info': '',
     }
     _stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
     assert stderr == textwrap.dedent(
@@ -957,89 +1093,105 @@ def test_too_many_requests_retry_after_without_header(app, capsys):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True,
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
     confoverrides={
         'linkcheck_report_timeouts_as_broken': False,
         'linkcheck_timeout': 0.01,
-    }
+    },
 )
 def test_requests_timeout(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     class DelayedResponseHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-        protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+        protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
         def do_GET(self):
             time.sleep(0.2)  # wait before sending any response data
-            self.send_response(200, "OK")
-            self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+            self.send_response(200, 'OK')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
             self.end_headers()
 
     with serve_application(app, DelayedResponseHandler):
         app.build()
 
-    with open(app.outdir / "output.json", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+    with open(app.outdir / 'output.json', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
         content = json.load(fp)
 
-    assert content["status"] == "timeout"
+    assert content['status'] == 'timeout'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'linkcheck_rate_limit_timeout': 0.0})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'linkcheck_rate_limit_timeout': 0.0},
+)
 def test_too_many_requests_user_timeout(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, make_retry_after_handler([(429, None)])) as address:
         app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.json').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert json.loads(content) == {
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "status": "broken",
-        "code": 0,
-        "uri": f'http://{address}/',
-        "info": f"429 Client Error: Too Many Requests for url: http://{address}/",
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'status': 'broken',
+        'code': 0,
+        'uri': f'http://{address}/',
+        'info': f'429 Client Error: Too Many Requests for url: http://{address}/',
     }
 
 
 class FakeResponse:
     headers: dict[str, str] = {}
-    url = "http://localhost/"
+    url = 'http://localhost/'
 
 
 def test_limit_rate_default_sleep(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     worker = HyperlinkAvailabilityCheckWorker(app.config, Queue(), Queue(), {})
     with mock.patch('time.time', return_value=0.0):
-        next_check = worker.limit_rate(FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get("Retry-After"))
+        next_check = worker.limit_rate(
+            FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get('Retry-After')
+        )
     assert next_check == 60.0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(confoverrides={'linkcheck_rate_limit_timeout': 0.0})
 def test_limit_rate_user_max_delay(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     worker = HyperlinkAvailabilityCheckWorker(app.config, Queue(), Queue(), {})
-    next_check = worker.limit_rate(FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get("Retry-After"))
+    next_check = worker.limit_rate(
+        FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get('Retry-After')
+    )
     assert next_check is None
 
 
 def test_limit_rate_doubles_previous_wait_time(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
-    rate_limits = {"localhost": RateLimit(60.0, 0.0)}
+    rate_limits = {'localhost': RateLimit(60.0, 0.0)}
     worker = HyperlinkAvailabilityCheckWorker(app.config, Queue(), Queue(), rate_limits)
     with mock.patch('time.time', return_value=0.0):
-        next_check = worker.limit_rate(FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get("Retry-After"))
+        next_check = worker.limit_rate(
+            FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get('Retry-After')
+        )
     assert next_check == 120.0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(confoverrides={'linkcheck_rate_limit_timeout': 90})
 def test_limit_rate_clips_wait_time_to_max_time(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
-    rate_limits = {"localhost": RateLimit(60.0, 0.0)}
+    rate_limits = {'localhost': RateLimit(60.0, 0.0)}
     worker = HyperlinkAvailabilityCheckWorker(app.config, Queue(), Queue(), rate_limits)
     with mock.patch('time.time', return_value=0.0):
-        next_check = worker.limit_rate(FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get("Retry-After"))
+        next_check = worker.limit_rate(
+            FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get('Retry-After')
+        )
     assert next_check == 90.0
     assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(confoverrides={'linkcheck_rate_limit_timeout': 90.0})
 def test_limit_rate_bails_out_after_waiting_max_time(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
-    rate_limits = {"localhost": RateLimit(90.0, 0.0)}
+    rate_limits = {'localhost': RateLimit(90.0, 0.0)}
     worker = HyperlinkAvailabilityCheckWorker(app.config, Queue(), Queue(), rate_limits)
-    next_check = worker.limit_rate(FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get("Retry-After"))
+    next_check = worker.limit_rate(
+        FakeResponse.url, FakeResponse.headers.get('Retry-After')
+    )
     assert next_check is None
     assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
@@ -1048,21 +1200,26 @@ def test_limit_rate_bails_out_after_waiting_max_time(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None
 def test_connection_contention(get_adapter, app, capsys):
     # Create a shared, but limited-size, connection pool
     import requests
+
     get_adapter.return_value = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(pool_maxsize=1)
 
     # Set an upper-bound on socket timeouts globally
     import socket
+
     socket.setdefaulttimeout(5)
 
     # Create parallel consumer threads
     with serve_application(app, make_redirect_handler(support_head=True)) as address:
-
         # Place a workload into the linkcheck queue
         link_count = 10
         wqueue: Queue[CheckRequest] = Queue()
         rqueue: Queue[CheckResult] = Queue()
         for _ in range(link_count):
-            wqueue.put(CheckRequest(0, Hyperlink(f"http://{address}", "test", _StrPath("test.rst"), 1)))
+            wqueue.put(
+                CheckRequest(
+                    0, Hyperlink(f'http://{address}', 'test', _StrPath('test.rst'), 1)
+                )
+            )
 
         begin = time.time()
         checked: list[CheckResult] = []
@@ -1085,22 +1242,26 @@ def test_connection_contention(get_adapter, app, capsys):
     # Ensure that all items were consumed within the time limit
     _, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
     assert len(checked) == link_count
-    assert "TimeoutError" not in stderr
+    assert 'TimeoutError' not in stderr
 
 
 class ConnectionResetHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-    protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
+    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
 
     def do_HEAD(self):
         self.close_connection = True
 
     def do_GET(self):
-        self.send_response(200, "OK")
-        self.send_header("Content-Length", "0")
+        self.send_response(200, 'OK')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
         self.end_headers()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-localserver', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-localserver',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_get_after_head_raises_connection_error(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, ConnectionResetHandler) as address:
         app.build()
@@ -1108,16 +1269,20 @@ def test_get_after_head_raises_connection_error(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     assert not content
     content = (app.outdir / 'output.json').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert json.loads(content) == {
-        "filename": "index.rst",
-        "lineno": 1,
-        "status": "working",
-        "code": 0,
-        "uri": f'http://{address}/',
-        "info": "",
+        'filename': 'index.rst',
+        'lineno': 1,
+        'status': 'working',
+        'code': 0,
+        'uri': f'http://{address}/',
+        'info': '',
     }
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('linkcheck', testroot='linkcheck-documents_exclude', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'linkcheck',
+    testroot='linkcheck-documents_exclude',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_linkcheck_exclude_documents(app: SphinxTestApp) -> None:
     with serve_application(app, DefaultsHandler):
         app.build()
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_manpage.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_manpage.py
index 544ddd4e261..fa71c24195e 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_manpage.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_manpage.py
@@ -31,8 +31,11 @@ def test_all(app):
     assert 'Footnotes' not in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('man', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'man_pages': [('index', 'title', None, [], 1)]})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'man',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'man_pages': [('index', 'title', None, [], 1)]},
+)
 def test_man_pages_empty_description(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -40,8 +43,11 @@ def test_man_pages_empty_description(app):
     assert r'title \-' not in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('man', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'man_make_section_directory': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'man',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'man_make_section_directory': True},
+)
 def test_man_make_section_directory(app):
     app.build()
     assert (app.outdir / 'man1' / 'projectnamenotset.1').exists()
@@ -89,11 +95,20 @@ def ruby?
 
 
 def test_default_man_pages():
-    config = Config({'project': 'STASI™ Documentation',
-                     'author': "Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein",
-                     'release': '1.0'})
-    expected = [('index', 'stasi', 'STASI™ Documentation 1.0',
-                 ["Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein"], 1)]
+    config = Config({
+        'project': 'STASI™ Documentation',
+        'author': "Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein",
+        'release': '1.0',
+    })
+    expected = [
+        (
+            'index',
+            'stasi',
+            'STASI™ Documentation 1.0',
+            ["Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein"],
+            1,
+        )
+    ]
     assert default_man_pages(config) == expected
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_texinfo.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_texinfo.py
index 389dfbd026e..07934ad1825 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_texinfo.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_texinfo.py
@@ -19,9 +19,11 @@ def test_texinfo(app):
     TexinfoTranslator.ignore_missing_images = True
     app.build(force_all=True)
     result = (app.outdir / 'sphinxtests.texi').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('@anchor{markup doc}@anchor{11}'
-            '@anchor{markup id1}@anchor{12}'
-            '@anchor{markup testing-various-markup}@anchor{13}' in result)
+    assert (
+        '@anchor{markup doc}@anchor{11}'
+        '@anchor{markup id1}@anchor{12}'
+        '@anchor{markup testing-various-markup}@anchor{13}'
+    ) in result
     assert 'Footnotes' not in result
     # now, try to run makeinfo over it
     try:
@@ -52,26 +54,36 @@ def test_texinfo_citation(app):
 
     output = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.texi').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert 'This is a citation ref; @ref{1,,[CITE1]} and @ref{2,,[CITE2]}.' in output
-    assert ('@anchor{index cite1}@anchor{1}@w{(CITE1)} \n'
-            'This is a citation\n') in output
-    assert ('@anchor{index cite2}@anchor{2}@w{(CITE2)} \n'
-            'This is a multiline citation\n') in output
+    assert (
+        '@anchor{index cite1}@anchor{1}@w{(CITE1)} \nThis is a citation\n'
+    ) in output
+    assert (
+        '@anchor{index cite2}@anchor{2}@w{(CITE2)} \nThis is a multiline citation\n'
+    ) in output
 
 
 def test_default_texinfo_documents():
-    config = Config({'project': 'STASI™ Documentation',
-                     'author': "Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein"})
-    expected = [('index', 'stasi', 'STASI™ Documentation',
-                 "Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein", 'stasi',
-                 'One line description of project', 'Miscellaneous')]
+    config = Config({
+        'project': 'STASI™ Documentation',
+        'author': "Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein",
+    })
+    expected = [
+        (
+            'index',
+            'stasi',
+            'STASI™ Documentation',
+            "Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein",
+            'stasi',
+            'One line description of project',
+            'Miscellaneous',
+        )
+    ]
     assert default_texinfo_documents(config) == expected
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('texinfo')
 def test_texinfo_escape_id(app):
-    settings = Mock(title='',
-                    texinfo_dir_entry='',
-                    texinfo_elements={})
+    settings = Mock(title='', texinfo_dir_entry='', texinfo_elements={})
     document = new_document('', settings)
     translator = app.builder.create_translator(document, app.builder)
 
@@ -103,7 +115,9 @@ def test_texinfo_xrefs(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     output = (app.outdir / 'sphinxtests.texi').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert not re.search(r'@ref{\w+,,--plugin\.option}', output)
-    assert 'Link to perl +p, --ObjC++, --plugin.option, create-auth-token, arg and -j' in output
+    assert (
+        'Link to perl +p, --ObjC++, --plugin.option, create-auth-token, arg and -j'
+    ) in output
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('texinfo', testroot='root')
@@ -129,4 +143,4 @@ def test_copy_images(app):
         'img.png',
         'rimg.png',
         'testimäge.png',
-    }
+    }  # fmt: skip
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_text.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_text.py
index 1fe8b50f2c5..8b633d2e449 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_text.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_text.py
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ def test_lineblock(app):
     app.build()
     result = (app.outdir / 'lineblock.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     expect = (
-        "* one\n"
-        "\n"
-        "     line-block 1\n"
-        "     line-block 2\n"
-        "\n"
-        "followed paragraph.\n"
+        '* one\n'
+        '\n'
+        '     line-block 1\n'
+        '     line-block 2\n'
+        '\n'
+        'followed paragraph.\n'
     )
     assert result == expect
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def test_nonascii_title_line(app):
     result = (app.outdir / 'nonascii_title.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     expect_underline = '*********'
     result_underline = result.splitlines()[1].strip()
-    assert expect_underline == result_underline
+    assert result_underline == expect_underline
 
 
 @with_text_app()
@@ -89,37 +89,37 @@ def test_nonascii_maxwidth(app):
 
 def test_table_builder():
     table = Table([6, 6])
-    table.add_cell(Cell("foo"))
-    table.add_cell(Cell("bar"))
-    table_str = str(table).split("\n")
-    assert table_str[0] == "+--------+--------+"
-    assert table_str[1] == "| foo    | bar    |"
-    assert table_str[2] == "+--------+--------+"
-    assert repr(table).count("<Cell ") == 2
+    table.add_cell(Cell('foo'))
+    table.add_cell(Cell('bar'))
+    table_str = str(table).split('\n')
+    assert table_str[0] == '+--------+--------+'
+    assert table_str[1] == '| foo    | bar    |'
+    assert table_str[2] == '+--------+--------+'
+    assert repr(table).count('<Cell ') == 2
 
 
 def test_table_separator():
     table = Table([6, 6])
-    table.add_cell(Cell("foo"))
-    table.add_cell(Cell("bar"))
+    table.add_cell(Cell('foo'))
+    table.add_cell(Cell('bar'))
     table.set_separator()
     table.add_row()
-    table.add_cell(Cell("FOO"))
-    table.add_cell(Cell("BAR"))
-    table_str = str(table).split("\n")
-    assert table_str[0] == "+--------+--------+"
-    assert table_str[1] == "| foo    | bar    |"
-    assert table_str[2] == "|========|========|"
-    assert table_str[3] == "| FOO    | BAR    |"
-    assert table_str[4] == "+--------+--------+"
-    assert repr(table).count("<Cell ") == 4
+    table.add_cell(Cell('FOO'))
+    table.add_cell(Cell('BAR'))
+    table_str = str(table).split('\n')
+    assert table_str[0] == '+--------+--------+'
+    assert table_str[1] == '| foo    | bar    |'
+    assert table_str[2] == '|========|========|'
+    assert table_str[3] == '| FOO    | BAR    |'
+    assert table_str[4] == '+--------+--------+'
+    assert repr(table).count('<Cell ') == 4
 
 
 def test_table_cell():
-    cell = Cell("Foo bar baz")
+    cell = Cell('Foo bar baz')
     cell.wrap(3)
-    assert "Cell" in repr(cell)
-    assert cell.wrapped == ["Foo", "bar", "baz"]
+    assert 'Cell' in repr(cell)
+    assert cell.wrapped == ['Foo', 'bar', 'baz']
 
 
 @with_text_app()
@@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ def test_table_with_empty_cell(app):
     app.build()
     result = (app.outdir / 'table.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     lines = [line.strip() for line in result.splitlines() if line.strip()]
-    assert lines[0] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[1] == "| XXX   | XXX   |"
-    assert lines[2] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[3] == "|       | XXX   |"
-    assert lines[4] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[5] == "| XXX   |       |"
-    assert lines[6] == "+-------+-------+"
+    assert lines[0] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[1] == '| XXX   | XXX   |'
+    assert lines[2] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[3] == '|       | XXX   |'
+    assert lines[4] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[5] == '| XXX   |       |'
+    assert lines[6] == '+-------+-------+'
 
 
 @with_text_app()
@@ -141,13 +141,13 @@ def test_table_with_rowspan(app):
     app.build()
     result = (app.outdir / 'table_rowspan.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     lines = [line.strip() for line in result.splitlines() if line.strip()]
-    assert lines[0] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[1] == "| XXXXXXXXX     |"
-    assert lines[2] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[3] == "|       | XXX   |"
-    assert lines[4] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[5] == "| XXX   |       |"
-    assert lines[6] == "+-------+-------+"
+    assert lines[0] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[1] == '| XXXXXXXXX     |'
+    assert lines[2] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[3] == '|       | XXX   |'
+    assert lines[4] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[5] == '| XXX   |       |'
+    assert lines[6] == '+-------+-------+'
 
 
 @with_text_app()
@@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ def test_table_with_colspan(app):
     app.build()
     result = (app.outdir / 'table_colspan.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     lines = [line.strip() for line in result.splitlines() if line.strip()]
-    assert lines[0] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[1] == "| XXX   | XXX   |"
-    assert lines[2] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[3] == "|       | XXX   |"
-    assert lines[4] == "+-------+       |"
-    assert lines[5] == "| XXX   |       |"
-    assert lines[6] == "+-------+-------+"
+    assert lines[0] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[1] == '| XXX   | XXX   |'
+    assert lines[2] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[3] == '|       | XXX   |'
+    assert lines[4] == '+-------+       |'
+    assert lines[5] == '| XXX   |       |'
+    assert lines[6] == '+-------+-------+'
 
 
 @with_text_app()
@@ -169,13 +169,13 @@ def test_table_with_colspan_left(app):
     app.build()
     result = (app.outdir / 'table_colspan_left.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     lines = [line.strip() for line in result.splitlines() if line.strip()]
-    assert lines[0] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[1] == "| XXX   | XXX   |"
-    assert lines[2] == "+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[3] == "| XXX   | XXX   |"
-    assert lines[4] == "|       +-------+"
-    assert lines[5] == "|       |       |"
-    assert lines[6] == "+-------+-------+"
+    assert lines[0] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[1] == '| XXX   | XXX   |'
+    assert lines[2] == '+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[3] == '| XXX   | XXX   |'
+    assert lines[4] == '|       +-------+'
+    assert lines[5] == '|       |       |'
+    assert lines[6] == '+-------+-------+'
 
 
 @with_text_app()
@@ -184,13 +184,13 @@ def test_table_with_colspan_and_rowspan(app):
     result = (app.outdir / 'table_colspan_and_rowspan.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     lines = [line.strip() for line in result.splitlines() if line.strip()]
     assert result
-    assert lines[0] == "+-------+-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[1] == "| AAA           | BBB   |"
-    assert lines[2] == "+-------+-------+       |"
-    assert lines[3] == "| DDD   | XXX   |       |"
-    assert lines[4] == "|       +-------+-------+"
-    assert lines[5] == "|       | CCC           |"
-    assert lines[6] == "+-------+-------+-------+"
+    assert lines[0] == '+-------+-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[1] == '| AAA           | BBB   |'
+    assert lines[2] == '+-------+-------+       |'
+    assert lines[3] == '| DDD   | XXX   |       |'
+    assert lines[4] == '|       +-------+-------+'
+    assert lines[5] == '|       | CCC           |'
+    assert lines[6] == '+-------+-------+-------+'
 
 
 @with_text_app()
@@ -198,11 +198,11 @@ def test_list_items_in_admonition(app):
     app.build()
     result = (app.outdir / 'listitems.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     lines = [line.rstrip() for line in result.splitlines()]
-    assert lines[0] == "See also:"
-    assert lines[1] == ""
-    assert lines[2] == "  * item 1"
-    assert lines[3] == ""
-    assert lines[4] == "  * item 2"
+    assert lines[0] == 'See also:'
+    assert lines[1] == ''
+    assert lines[2] == '  * item 1'
+    assert lines[3] == ''
+    assert lines[4] == '  * item 2'
 
 
 @with_text_app()
@@ -210,51 +210,51 @@ def test_secnums(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     index = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     lines = index.splitlines()
-    assert lines[0] == "* 1. Section A"
-    assert lines[1] == ""
-    assert lines[2] == "* 2. Section B"
-    assert lines[3] == ""
-    assert lines[4] == "  * 2.1. Sub Ba"
-    assert lines[5] == ""
-    assert lines[6] == "  * 2.2. Sub Bb"
+    assert lines[0] == '* 1. Section A'
+    assert lines[1] == ''
+    assert lines[2] == '* 2. Section B'
+    assert lines[3] == ''
+    assert lines[4] == '  * 2.1. Sub Ba'
+    assert lines[5] == ''
+    assert lines[6] == '  * 2.2. Sub Bb'
     doc2 = (app.outdir / 'doc2.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     expect = (
-        "2. Section B\n"
-        "************\n"
-        "\n"
-        "\n"
-        "2.1. Sub Ba\n"
-        "===========\n"
-        "\n"
-        "\n"
-        "2.2. Sub Bb\n"
-        "===========\n"
+        '2. Section B\n'
+        '************\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n'
+        '2.1. Sub Ba\n'
+        '===========\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n'
+        '2.2. Sub Bb\n'
+        '===========\n'
     )
     assert doc2 == expect
 
-    app.config.text_secnumber_suffix = " "
+    app.config.text_secnumber_suffix = ' '
     app.build(force_all=True)
     index = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     lines = index.splitlines()
-    assert lines[0] == "* 1 Section A"
-    assert lines[1] == ""
-    assert lines[2] == "* 2 Section B"
-    assert lines[3] == ""
-    assert lines[4] == "  * 2.1 Sub Ba"
-    assert lines[5] == ""
-    assert lines[6] == "  * 2.2 Sub Bb"
+    assert lines[0] == '* 1 Section A'
+    assert lines[1] == ''
+    assert lines[2] == '* 2 Section B'
+    assert lines[3] == ''
+    assert lines[4] == '  * 2.1 Sub Ba'
+    assert lines[5] == ''
+    assert lines[6] == '  * 2.2 Sub Bb'
     doc2 = (app.outdir / 'doc2.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     expect = (
-        "2 Section B\n"
-        "***********\n"
-        "\n"
-        "\n"
-        "2.1 Sub Ba\n"
-        "==========\n"
-        "\n"
-        "\n"
-        "2.2 Sub Bb\n"
-        "==========\n"
+        '2 Section B\n'
+        '***********\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n'
+        '2.1 Sub Ba\n'
+        '==========\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n'
+        '2.2 Sub Bb\n'
+        '==========\n'
     )
     assert doc2 == expect
 
@@ -262,24 +262,24 @@ def test_secnums(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     index = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     lines = index.splitlines()
-    assert lines[0] == "* Section A"
-    assert lines[1] == ""
-    assert lines[2] == "* Section B"
-    assert lines[3] == ""
-    assert lines[4] == "  * Sub Ba"
-    assert lines[5] == ""
-    assert lines[6] == "  * Sub Bb"
+    assert lines[0] == '* Section A'
+    assert lines[1] == ''
+    assert lines[2] == '* Section B'
+    assert lines[3] == ''
+    assert lines[4] == '  * Sub Ba'
+    assert lines[5] == ''
+    assert lines[6] == '  * Sub Bb'
     doc2 = (app.outdir / 'doc2.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     expect = (
-        "Section B\n"
-        "*********\n"
-        "\n"
-        "\n"
-        "Sub Ba\n"
-        "======\n"
-        "\n"
-        "\n"
-        "Sub Bb\n"
-        "======\n"
+        'Section B\n'
+        '*********\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Sub Ba\n'
+        '======\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Sub Bb\n'
+        '======\n'
     )
     assert doc2 == expect
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_build_warnings.py b/tests/test_builders/test_build_warnings.py
index 0ccade75e07..7489ed9fd44 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_build_warnings.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_build_warnings.py
@@ -18,54 +18,75 @@
 with "\\?": b?'here: >>>(\\\\|/)xbb<<<((\\\\|/)r)?'
 """
 
-HTML_WARNINGS = ENV_WARNINGS + """\
+HTML_WARNINGS = (
+    ENV_WARNINGS
+    + """\
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: unknown option: '&option' \\[ref.option\\]
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: citation not found: missing \\[ref.ref\\]
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: a suitable image for html builder not found: foo.\\*
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: Lexing literal_block ".*" as "c" resulted in an error at token: ".*". Retrying in relaxed mode. \\[misc.highlighting_failure\\]
 """
+)
 
-LATEX_WARNINGS = ENV_WARNINGS + """\
+LATEX_WARNINGS = (
+    ENV_WARNINGS
+    + """\
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: unknown option: '&option' \\[ref.option\\]
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: citation not found: missing \\[ref.ref\\]
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: a suitable image for latex builder not found: foo.\\*
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: Lexing literal_block ".*" as "c" resulted in an error at token: ".*". Retrying in relaxed mode. \\[misc.highlighting_failure\\]
 """
+)
 
-TEXINFO_WARNINGS = ENV_WARNINGS + """\
+TEXINFO_WARNINGS = (
+    ENV_WARNINGS
+    + """\
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: unknown option: '&option' \\[ref.option\\]
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: citation not found: missing \\[ref.ref\\]
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: a suitable image for texinfo builder not found: foo.\\*
 {root}/index.rst:\\d+: WARNING: a suitable image for texinfo builder not found: \
 \\['application/pdf', 'image/svg\\+xml'\\] \\(svgimg.\\*\\)
 """
+)
 
 
 def _check_warnings(expected_warnings: str, warning: str) -> None:
     warnings = strip_colors(re.sub(re.escape(os.sep) + '{1,2}', '/', warning))
     assert re.match(f'{expected_warnings}$', warnings), (
         "Warnings don't match:\n"
-        + f'--- Expected (regex):\n{expected_warnings}\n'
-        + f'--- Got:\n{warnings}'
+        f'--- Expected (regex):\n{expected_warnings}\n'
+        f'--- Got:\n{warnings}'
     )
     sys.modules.pop('autodoc_fodder', None)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='warnings', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='warnings',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_html_warnings(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     warnings_exp = HTML_WARNINGS.format(root=re.escape(app.srcdir.as_posix()))
     _check_warnings(warnings_exp, app.warning.getvalue())
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='warnings', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='warnings',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_latex_warnings(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     warnings_exp = LATEX_WARNINGS.format(root=re.escape(app.srcdir.as_posix()))
     _check_warnings(warnings_exp, app.warning.getvalue())
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('texinfo', testroot='warnings', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'texinfo',
+    testroot='warnings',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_texinfo_warnings(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     warnings_exp = TEXINFO_WARNINGS.format(root=re.escape(app.srcdir.as_posix()))
@@ -74,16 +95,19 @@ def test_texinfo_warnings(app):
 
 def test_uncacheable_config_warning(make_app, tmp_path):
     """Test that an unpickleable config value raises a warning."""
-    tmp_path.joinpath('conf.py').write_text("""\
+    tmp_path.joinpath('conf.py').write_text(
+        """\
 my_config = lambda: None
 show_warning_types = True
 def setup(app):
     app.add_config_value('my_config', None, 'env')
-    """, encoding='utf-8')
+    """,
+        encoding='utf-8',
+    )
     tmp_path.joinpath('index.rst').write_text('Test\n====\n', encoding='utf-8')
     app = make_app(srcdir=tmp_path)
     app.build()
     assert strip_colors(app.warning.getvalue()).strip() == (
         "WARNING: cannot cache unpickable configuration value: 'my_config' "
-        "(because it contains a function, class, or module object) [config.cache]"
+        '(because it contains a function, class, or module object) [config.cache]'
     )
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/test_builder.py b/tests/test_builders/test_builder.py
index ee946a5d576..f25b0626c48 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/test_builder.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/test_builder.py
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@
 import pytest
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', srcdir="test_builder", freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    srcdir='test_builder',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_incremental_reading(app):
     # first reading
     updated = app.builder.read()
@@ -28,7 +32,11 @@ def test_incremental_reading(app):
     assert 'autodoc' not in app.env.found_docs
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='warnings', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='warnings',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_incremental_reading_for_missing_files(app):
     # first reading
     updated = app.builder.read()
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/xpath_data.py b/tests/test_builders/xpath_data.py
index 30f8e07abaf..1dad7094cf5 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/xpath_data.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/xpath_data.py
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from typing import Final
 
-FIGURE_CAPTION: Final[str] = ".//figure/figcaption/p"
+FIGURE_CAPTION: Final[str] = './/figure/figcaption/p'
diff --git a/tests/test_builders/xpath_util.py b/tests/test_builders/xpath_util.py
index 7525c195624..b926c1aefec 100644
--- a/tests/test_builders/xpath_util.py
+++ b/tests/test_builders/xpath_util.py
@@ -56,8 +56,10 @@ def check_xpath(
         assert nodes == [], f'found nodes matching xpath {xpath!r} in file {filename}'
         return
 
-    assert len(nodes) >= min_count, (f'expecting at least {min_count} node(s) '
-                                     f'to satisfy {xpath!r} in file {filename}')
+    assert len(nodes) >= min_count, (
+        f'expecting at least {min_count} node(s) '
+        f'to satisfy {xpath!r} in file {filename}'
+    )
 
     if check == '':
         return
@@ -75,5 +77,7 @@ def check_xpath(
             return
 
     ctx = textwrap.indent(_prettify(nodes), ' ' * 2)
-    msg = f'{check!r} not found in any node matching {xpath!r} in file {filename}:\n{ctx}'
+    msg = (
+        f'{check!r} not found in any node matching {xpath!r} in file {filename}:\n{ctx}'
+    )
     raise AssertionError(msg)
diff --git a/tests/test_config/test_config.py b/tests/test_config/test_config.py
index 0aa69f3a6f1..01972c5f213 100644
--- a/tests/test_config/test_config.py
+++ b/tests/test_config/test_config.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test the sphinx.config.Config class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import pickle
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ def check_is_serializable(subject: object, *, circular: bool) -> None:
     assert is_serializable(subject)
 
     if circular:
+
         class UselessGuard(frozenset[int]):
             def __or__(self, other: object, /) -> UselessGuard:
                 # do nothing
@@ -77,11 +79,15 @@ def test_config_opt_deprecated(recwarn):
         _ = list(opt)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='config', confoverrides={
-    'root_doc': 'root',
-    'nonexisting_value': 'True',
-    'latex_elements.maketitle': 'blah blah blah',
-    'modindex_common_prefix': 'path1,path2'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='config',
+    confoverrides={
+        'root_doc': 'root',
+        'nonexisting_value': 'True',
+        'latex_elements.maketitle': 'blah blah blah',
+        'modindex_common_prefix': 'path1,path2',
+    },
+)
 def test_core_config(app):
     cfg = app.config
 
@@ -137,7 +143,7 @@ def test_config_not_found(tmp_path):
         Config.read(tmp_path)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", list(range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('protocol', list(range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)))
 def test_config_pickle_protocol(tmp_path, protocol: int):
     config = Config()
 
@@ -310,9 +316,17 @@ def test_extension_values():
 
 
 def test_overrides():
-    config = Config({'value1': '1', 'value2': 2, 'value6': {'default': 6}},
-                    {'value2': 999, 'value3': '999', 'value5.attr1': 999, 'value6.attr1': 999,
-                     'value7': 'abc,def,ghi', 'value8': 'abc,def,ghi'})
+    config = Config(
+        {'value1': '1', 'value2': 2, 'value6': {'default': 6}},
+        {
+            'value2': 999,
+            'value3': '999',
+            'value5.attr1': 999,
+            'value6.attr1': 999,
+            'value7': 'abc,def,ghi',
+            'value8': 'abc,def,ghi',
+        },
+    )
     config.add('value1', None, 'env', ())
     config.add('value2', None, 'env', ())
     config.add('value3', 0, 'env', ())
@@ -333,9 +347,7 @@ def test_overrides():
 
 
 def test_overrides_boolean():
-    config = Config({}, {'value1': '1',
-                         'value2': '0',
-                         'value3': '0'})
+    config = Config({}, {'value1': '1', 'value2': '0', 'value3': '0'})
     config.add('value1', None, 'env', [bool])
     config.add('value2', None, 'env', [bool])
     config.add('value3', True, 'env', ())
@@ -345,7 +357,7 @@ def test_overrides_boolean():
     assert config.value3 is False
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
 def test_overrides_dict_str(logger):
     config = Config({}, {'spam': 'lobster'})
 
@@ -357,8 +369,10 @@ def test_overrides_dict_str(logger):
     # msg = caplog.messages[0]
     assert logger.method_calls
     msg = str(logger.method_calls[0].args[1])
-    assert msg == ("cannot override dictionary config setting 'spam', "
-                   "ignoring (use 'spam.key=value' to set individual elements)")
+    assert msg == (
+        "cannot override dictionary config setting 'spam', "
+        "ignoring (use 'spam.key=value' to set individual elements)"
+    )
 
 
 def test_callable_defer():
@@ -376,7 +390,7 @@ def test_callable_defer():
     assert config.alias == 'spam'
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
 def test_errors_warnings(logger, tmp_path):
     # test the error for syntax errors in the config file
     (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text('project = \n', encoding='ascii')
@@ -401,11 +415,12 @@ def test_errors_if_setup_is_not_callable(tmp_path, make_app):
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def make_app_with_empty_project(make_app, tmp_path):
-    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').touch()
 
     def _make_app(*args, **kw):
         kw.setdefault('srcdir', Path(tmp_path))
         return make_app(*args, **kw)
+
     return _make_app
 
 
@@ -431,7 +446,7 @@ def test_needs_sphinx(make_app_with_empty_project):
         make_app(confoverrides={'needs_sphinx': '2'})  # NG: greater
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
 def test_config_eol(logger, tmp_path):
     # test config file's eol patterns: LF, CRLF
     configfile = tmp_path / 'conf.py'
@@ -442,19 +457,22 @@ def test_config_eol(logger, tmp_path):
         assert logger.called is False
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(confoverrides={'root_doc': 123,
-                                   'language': 'foo',
-                                   'primary_domain': None})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    confoverrides={'root_doc': 123, 'language': 'foo', 'primary_domain': None},
+)
 def test_builtin_conf(app):
     warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
-    assert 'root_doc' in warnings, (
-        'override on builtin "root_doc" should raise a type warning')
+    assert (
+        'root_doc'
+    ) in warnings, 'override on builtin "root_doc" should raise a type warning'
     assert 'language' not in warnings, (
         'explicitly permitted override on builtin "language" should NOT raise '
-        'a type warning')
+        'a type warning'
+    )
     assert 'primary_domain' not in warnings, (
         'override to None on builtin "primary_domain" should NOT raise a type '
-        'warning')
+        'warning'
+    )
 
 
 # example classes for type checking
@@ -472,23 +490,26 @@ class C(A):
 
 # name, default, annotation, actual, warned
 TYPECHECK_WARNINGS = [
-    ('value1', 'string', None, 123, True),                      # wrong type
-    ('value2', lambda _: [], None, 123, True),                  # lambda with wrong type
-    ('value3', lambda _: [], None, [], False),                  # lambda with correct type
-    ('value4', 100, None, True, True),                          # child type
-    ('value5', False, None, True, False),                       # parent type
-    ('value6', [], None, (), True),                             # other sequence type
-    ('value7', 'string', [list], ['foo'], False),               # explicit type annotation
-    ('value8', B(), None, C(), False),                          # sibling type
-    ('value9', None, None, 'foo', False),                       # no default or no annotations
-    ('value10', None, None, 123, False),                        # no default or no annotations
-    ('value11', None, [str], 'bar', False),                     # str
-    ('value12', 'string', None, 'bar', False),                  # str
-]
-
-
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('name', 'default', 'annotation', 'actual', 'warned'), TYPECHECK_WARNINGS)
+    ('value1', 'string', None, 123, True),              # wrong type
+    ('value2', lambda _: [], None, 123, True),          # lambda with wrong type
+    ('value3', lambda _: [], None, [], False),          # lambda with correct type
+    ('value4', 100, None, True, True),                  # child type
+    ('value5', False, None, True, False),               # parent type
+    ('value6', [], None, (), True),                     # other sequence type
+    ('value7', 'string', [list], ['foo'], False),       # explicit type annotation
+    ('value8', B(), None, C(), False),                  # sibling type
+    ('value9', None, None, 'foo', False),               # no default or no annotations
+    ('value10', None, None, 123, False),                # no default or no annotations
+    ('value11', None, [str], 'bar', False),             # str
+    ('value12', 'string', None, 'bar', False),          # str
+]  # fmt: skip
+
+
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('name', 'default', 'annotation', 'actual', 'warned'),
+    TYPECHECK_WARNINGS,
+)
 def test_check_types(logger, name, default, annotation, actual, warned):
     config = Config({name: actual})
     config.add(name, default, 'env', annotation or ())
@@ -497,17 +518,35 @@ def test_check_types(logger, name, default, annotation, actual, warned):
 
 
 TYPECHECK_WARNING_MESSAGES = [
-    ('value1', 'string', [str], ['foo', 'bar'],
-        "The config value `value1' has type `list'; expected `str'."),
-    ('value1', 'string', [str, int], ['foo', 'bar'],
-        "The config value `value1' has type `list'; expected `int' or `str'."),
-    ('value1', 'string', [str, int, tuple], ['foo', 'bar'],
-        "The config value `value1' has type `list'; expected `int', `str', or `tuple'."),
+    (
+        'value1',
+        'string',
+        [str],
+        ['foo', 'bar'],
+        "The config value `value1' has type `list'; expected `str'.",
+    ),
+    (
+        'value1',
+        'string',
+        [str, int],
+        ['foo', 'bar'],
+        "The config value `value1' has type `list'; expected `int' or `str'.",
+    ),
+    (
+        'value1',
+        'string',
+        [str, int, tuple],
+        ['foo', 'bar'],
+        "The config value `value1' has type `list'; expected `int', `str', or `tuple'.",
+    ),
 ]
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('name', 'default', 'annotation', 'actual', 'message'), TYPECHECK_WARNING_MESSAGES)
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('name', 'default', 'annotation', 'actual', 'message'),
+    TYPECHECK_WARNING_MESSAGES,
+)
 def test_conf_warning_message(logger, name, default, annotation, actual, message):
     config = Config({name: actual})
     config.add(name, default, False, annotation or ())
@@ -516,7 +555,7 @@ def test_conf_warning_message(logger, name, default, annotation, actual, message
     assert logger.warning.call_args[0][0] == message
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
 def test_check_enum(logger):
     config = Config()
     config.add('value', 'default', False, ENUM('default', 'one', 'two'))
@@ -524,7 +563,7 @@ def test_check_enum(logger):
     logger.warning.assert_not_called()  # not warned
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
 def test_check_enum_failed(logger):
     config = Config({'value': 'invalid'})
     config.add('value', 'default', False, ENUM('default', 'one', 'two'))
@@ -532,7 +571,7 @@ def test_check_enum_failed(logger):
     assert logger.warning.called
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
 def test_check_enum_for_list(logger):
     config = Config({'value': ['one', 'two']})
     config.add('value', 'default', False, ENUM('default', 'one', 'two'))
@@ -540,7 +579,7 @@ def test_check_enum_for_list(logger):
     logger.warning.assert_not_called()  # not warned
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
 def test_check_enum_for_list_failed(logger):
     config = Config({'value': ['one', 'two', 'invalid']})
     config.add('value', 'default', False, ENUM('default', 'one', 'two'))
@@ -548,7 +587,7 @@ def test_check_enum_for_list_failed(logger):
     assert logger.warning.called
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
 def test_check_any(logger):
     config = Config({'value': None})
     config.add('value', 'default', '', Any)
@@ -557,10 +596,10 @@ def test_check_any(logger):
 
 
 nitpick_warnings = [
-    "WARNING: py:const reference target not found: prefix.anything.postfix",
-    "WARNING: py:class reference target not found: prefix.anything",
-    "WARNING: py:class reference target not found: anything.postfix",
-    "WARNING: js:class reference target not found: prefix.anything.postfix",
+    'WARNING: py:const reference target not found: prefix.anything.postfix',
+    'WARNING: py:class reference target not found: prefix.anything',
+    'WARNING: py:class reference target not found: anything.postfix',
+    'WARNING: js:class reference target not found: prefix.anything.postfix',
 ]
 
 
@@ -573,53 +612,65 @@ def test_nitpick_base(app):
         assert expected in actual
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='nitpicky-warnings', confoverrides={
-    'nitpick_ignore': {
-        ('py:const', 'prefix.anything.postfix'),
-        ('py:class', 'prefix.anything'),
-        ('py:class', 'anything.postfix'),
-        ('js:class', 'prefix.anything.postfix'),
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='nitpicky-warnings',
+    confoverrides={
+        'nitpick_ignore': {
+            ('py:const', 'prefix.anything.postfix'),
+            ('py:class', 'prefix.anything'),
+            ('py:class', 'anything.postfix'),
+            ('js:class', 'prefix.anything.postfix'),
+        },
     },
-})
+)
 def test_nitpick_ignore(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     assert not len(app.warning.getvalue().strip())
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='nitpicky-warnings', confoverrides={
-    'nitpick_ignore_regex': [
-        (r'py:.*', r'.*postfix'),
-        (r'.*:class', r'prefix.*'),
-    ],
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='nitpicky-warnings',
+    confoverrides={
+        'nitpick_ignore_regex': [
+            (r'py:.*', r'.*postfix'),
+            (r'.*:class', r'prefix.*'),
+        ],
+    },
+)
 def test_nitpick_ignore_regex1(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     assert not len(app.warning.getvalue().strip())
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='nitpicky-warnings', confoverrides={
-    'nitpick_ignore_regex': [
-        (r'py:.*', r'prefix.*'),
-        (r'.*:class', r'.*postfix'),
-    ],
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='nitpicky-warnings',
+    confoverrides={
+        'nitpick_ignore_regex': [
+            (r'py:.*', r'prefix.*'),
+            (r'.*:class', r'.*postfix'),
+        ],
+    },
+)
 def test_nitpick_ignore_regex2(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     assert not len(app.warning.getvalue().strip())
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='nitpicky-warnings', confoverrides={
-    'nitpick_ignore_regex': [
-        # None of these should match
-        (r'py:', r'.*'),
-        (r':class', r'.*'),
-        (r'', r'.*'),
-        (r'.*', r'anything'),
-        (r'.*', r'prefix'),
-        (r'.*', r'postfix'),
-        (r'.*', r''),
-    ],
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='nitpicky-warnings',
+    confoverrides={
+        'nitpick_ignore_regex': [
+            # None of these should match
+            (r'py:', r'.*'),
+            (r':class', r'.*'),
+            (r'', r'.*'),
+            (r'.*', r'anything'),
+            (r'.*', r'prefix'),
+            (r'.*', r'postfix'),
+            (r'.*', r''),
+        ],
+    },
+)
 def test_nitpick_ignore_regex_fullmatch(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -631,20 +682,20 @@ def test_nitpick_ignore_regex_fullmatch(app):
 def test_conf_py_language_none(tmp_path):
     """Regression test for #10474."""
     # Given a conf.py file with language = None
-    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text("language = None", encoding='utf-8')
+    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text('language = None', encoding='utf-8')
 
     # When we load conf.py into a Config object
     cfg = Config.read(tmp_path, {}, None)
 
     # Then the language is coerced to English
-    assert cfg.language == "en"
+    assert cfg.language == 'en'
 
 
-@mock.patch("sphinx.config.logger")
+@mock.patch('sphinx.config.logger')
 def test_conf_py_language_none_warning(logger, tmp_path):
     """Regression test for #10474."""
     # Given a conf.py file with language = None
-    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text("language = None", encoding='utf-8')
+    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text('language = None', encoding='utf-8')
 
     # When we load conf.py into a Config object
     Config.read(tmp_path, {}, None)
@@ -653,26 +704,27 @@ def test_conf_py_language_none_warning(logger, tmp_path):
     assert logger.warning.called
     assert logger.warning.call_args[0][0] == (
         "Invalid configuration value found: 'language = None'. "
-        "Update your configuration to a valid language code. "
-        "Falling back to 'en' (English).")
+        'Update your configuration to a valid language code. '
+        "Falling back to 'en' (English)."
+    )
 
 
 def test_conf_py_no_language(tmp_path):
     """Regression test for #10474."""
     # Given a conf.py file with no language attribute
-    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text("", encoding='utf-8')
+    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').touch()
 
     # When we load conf.py into a Config object
     cfg = Config.read(tmp_path, {}, None)
 
     # Then the language is coerced to English
-    assert cfg.language == "en"
+    assert cfg.language == 'en'
 
 
 def test_conf_py_nitpick_ignore_list(tmp_path):
     """Regression test for #11355."""
     # Given a conf.py file with no language attribute
-    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').write_text("", encoding='utf-8')
+    (tmp_path / 'conf.py').touch()
 
     # When we load conf.py into a Config object
     cfg = Config.read(tmp_path, {}, None)
@@ -682,13 +734,15 @@ def test_conf_py_nitpick_ignore_list(tmp_path):
     assert cfg.nitpick_ignore_regex == []
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(params=[
-    # test with SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH unset: no modification
-    None,
-    # test with SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH set: copyright year should be updated
-    1293840000,
-    1293839999,
-])
+@pytest.fixture(
+    params=[
+        # test with SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH unset: no modification
+        None,
+        # test with SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH set: copyright year should be updated
+        1293840000,
+        1293839999,
+    ]
+)
 def source_date_year(request, monkeypatch):
     sde = request.param
     with monkeypatch.context() as m:
@@ -754,12 +808,15 @@ def test_multi_line_copyright(source_date_year, app, monkeypatch):
         ) in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('conf_copyright', 'expected_copyright'), [
-    ('1970', '{current_year}'),
-    # https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues/11913
-    ('1970-1990', '1970-{current_year}'),
-    ('1970-1990 Alice', '1970-{current_year} Alice'),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('conf_copyright', 'expected_copyright'),
+    [
+        ('1970', '{current_year}'),
+        # https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues/11913
+        ('1970-1990', '1970-{current_year}'),
+        ('1970-1990 Alice', '1970-{current_year} Alice'),
+    ],
+)
 def test_correct_copyright_year(conf_copyright, expected_copyright, source_date_year):
     config = Config({}, {'copyright': conf_copyright})
     correct_copyright_year(_app=None, config=config)
diff --git a/tests/test_config/test_correct_year.py b/tests/test_config/test_correct_year.py
index 4ef77a6f5ff..815383dfaf4 100644
--- a/tests/test_config/test_correct_year.py
+++ b/tests/test_config/test_correct_year.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test copyright year adjustment"""
+
 import pytest
 
 
@@ -10,7 +11,6 @@
         ('1293840000', '2006-2011'),
         ('1293839999', '2006-2010'),
     ],
-
 )
 def expect_date(request, monkeypatch):
     sde, expect = request.param
diff --git a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_code.py b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_code.py
index 3f65bf58646..c3a99fa9b8e 100644
--- a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_code.py
+++ b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_code.py
@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_pyobject1(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'lineno-match': True, 'pyobject': 'Foo'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("class Foo:\n"
-                       "    pass\n")
+    assert content == 'class Foo:\n    pass\n'
     assert reader.lineno_start == 5
 
 
@@ -54,9 +53,7 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_pyobject2(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'pyobject': 'Bar'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("class Bar:\n"
-                       "    def baz():\n"
-                       "        pass\n")
+    assert content == 'class Bar:\n    def baz():\n        pass\n'
     assert reader.lineno_start == 1  # no lineno-match
 
 
@@ -64,43 +61,43 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_pyobject3(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'pyobject': 'Bar.baz'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("    def baz():\n"
-                       "        pass\n")
+    assert content == '    def baz():\n        pass\n'
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_pyobject_and_lines(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'pyobject': 'Bar', 'lines': '2-'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("    def baz():\n"
-                       "        pass\n")
+    assert content == '    def baz():\n        pass\n'
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_lines1(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'lines': '1-3'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("# Literally included file using Python highlighting\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "foo = \"Including Unicode characters: üöä\"\n")
+    assert content == (
+        '# Literally included file using Python highlighting\n'
+        '\n'
+        'foo = "Including Unicode characters: üöä"\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_lines2(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'lines': '1,3,5'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("# Literally included file using Python highlighting\n"
-                       "foo = \"Including Unicode characters: üöä\"\n"
-                       "class Foo:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        '# Literally included file using Python highlighting\n'
+        'foo = "Including Unicode characters: üöä"\n'
+        'class Foo:\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_lines_and_lineno_match1(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'lines': '3-5', 'lineno-match': True}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("foo = \"Including Unicode characters: üöä\"\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "class Foo:\n")
+    assert content == 'foo = "Including Unicode characters: üöä"\n\nclass Foo:\n'
     assert reader.lineno_start == 3
 
 
@@ -108,7 +105,9 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_lines_and_lineno_match1(literal_inc_path):
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_lines_and_lineno_match2(literal_inc_path, app):
     options = {'lines': '0,3,5', 'lineno-match': True}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Cannot use "lineno-match" with a disjoint set of "lines"'):
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ValueError, match='Cannot use "lineno-match" with a disjoint set of "lines"'
+    ):
         reader.read()
 
 
@@ -116,7 +115,9 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_lines_and_lineno_match2(literal_inc_path, app):
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_lines_and_lineno_match3(literal_inc_path, app):
     options = {'lines': '100-', 'lineno-match': True}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Line spec '100-': no lines pulled from include file"):
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ValueError, match="Line spec '100-': no lines pulled from include file"
+    ):
         reader.read()
 
 
@@ -124,10 +125,7 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_start_at(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'lineno-match': True, 'start-at': 'Foo', 'end-at': 'Bar'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("class Foo:\n"
-                       "    pass\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "class Bar:\n")
+    assert content == 'class Foo:\n    pass\n\nclass Bar:\n'
     assert reader.lineno_start == 5
 
 
@@ -135,21 +133,20 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_start_after(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'lineno-match': True, 'start-after': 'Foo', 'end-before': 'Bar'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("    pass\n"
-                       "\n")
+    assert content == '    pass\n\n'
     assert reader.lineno_start == 6
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_start_after_and_lines(literal_inc_path):
-    options = {'lineno-match': True, 'lines': '6-',
-               'start-after': 'Literally', 'end-before': 'comment'}
+    options = {
+        'lineno-match': True,
+        'lines': '6-',
+        'start-after': 'Literally',
+        'end-before': 'comment',
+    }
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("\n"
-                       "class Bar:\n"
-                       "    def baz():\n"
-                       "        pass\n"
-                       "\n")
+    assert content == '\nclass Bar:\n    def baz():\n        pass\n\n'
     assert reader.lineno_start == 7
 
 
@@ -157,9 +154,7 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_start_at_and_lines(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'lines': '2, 3, 5', 'start-at': 'foo', 'end-before': '#'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("\n"
-                       "class Foo:\n"
-                       "\n")
+    assert content == '\nclass Foo:\n\n'
     assert reader.lineno_start == 1
 
 
@@ -189,17 +184,16 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_end_before(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'end-before': 'nclud'}  # *nclud* matches first and third lines.
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("# Literally included file using Python highlighting\n"
-                       "\n")
+    assert content == '# Literally included file using Python highlighting\n\n'
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_prepend(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'lines': '1', 'prepend': 'Hello', 'append': 'Sphinx'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("Hello\n"
-                       "# Literally included file using Python highlighting\n"
-                       "Sphinx\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'Hello\n# Literally included file using Python highlighting\nSphinx\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_dedent(literal_inc_path):
@@ -207,45 +201,38 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_dedent(literal_inc_path):
     options = {'lines': '9-11', 'dedent': 2}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("  def baz():\n"
-                       "      pass\n"
-                       "\n")
+    assert content == '  def baz():\n      pass\n\n'
 
     # dedent: 4
     options = {'lines': '9-11', 'dedent': 4}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("def baz():\n"
-                       "    pass\n"
-                       "\n")
+    assert content == 'def baz():\n    pass\n\n'
 
     # dedent: 6
     options = {'lines': '9-11', 'dedent': 6}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("f baz():\n"
-                       "  pass\n"
-                       "\n")
+    assert content == 'f baz():\n  pass\n\n'
 
     # dedent: None
     options = {'lines': '9-11', 'dedent': None}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("def baz():\n"
-                       "    pass\n"
-                       "\n")
+    assert content == 'def baz():\n    pass\n\n'
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_dedent_and_append_and_prepend(literal_inc_path):
     # dedent: 2
-    options = {'lines': '9-11', 'dedent': 2, 'prepend': 'class Foo:', 'append': '# comment'}
+    options = {
+        'lines': '9-11',
+        'dedent': 2,
+        'prepend': 'class Foo:',
+        'append': '# comment',
+    }
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("class Foo:\n"
-                       "  def baz():\n"
-                       "      pass\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "# comment\n")
+    assert content == 'class Foo:\n  def baz():\n      pass\n\n# comment\n'
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_tabwidth(testroot):
@@ -253,44 +240,41 @@ def test_LiteralIncludeReader_tabwidth(testroot):
     options = {'tab-width': 4, 'pyobject': 'Qux'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(testroot / 'target.py', options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("class Qux:\n"
-                       "    def quux(self):\n"
-                       "        pass\n")
+    assert content == 'class Qux:\n    def quux(self):\n        pass\n'
 
     # tab-width: 8
     options = {'tab-width': 8, 'pyobject': 'Qux'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(testroot / 'target.py', options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("class Qux:\n"
-                       "        def quux(self):\n"
-                       "                pass\n")
+    assert content == 'class Qux:\n        def quux(self):\n                pass\n'
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_tabwidth_dedent(testroot):
     options = {'tab-width': 4, 'dedent': 4, 'pyobject': 'Qux.quux'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(testroot / 'target.py', options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("def quux(self):\n"
-                       "    pass\n")
+    assert content == 'def quux(self):\n    pass\n'
 
 
 def test_LiteralIncludeReader_diff(testroot, literal_inc_path):
     options = {'diff': testroot / 'literal-diff.inc'}
     reader = LiteralIncludeReader(literal_inc_path, options, DUMMY_CONFIG)
     content, lines = reader.read()
-    assert content == ("--- " + os.path.join(testroot, 'literal-diff.inc') + "\n"
-                       "+++ " + os.path.join(testroot, 'literal.inc') + "\n"
-                       "@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@\n"
-                       "     pass\n"
-                       " \n"
-                       " class Bar:\n"
-                       "-    def baz(self):\n"
-                       "+    def baz():\n"
-                       "         pass\n"
-                       " \n"
-                       "-# comment after Bar class\n"
-                       "+# comment after Bar class definition\n"
-                       " def bar(): pass\n")
+    assert content == (
+        '--- ' + os.path.join(testroot, 'literal-diff.inc') + '\n'
+        '+++ ' + os.path.join(testroot, 'literal.inc') + '\n'
+        '@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@\n'
+        '     pass\n'
+        ' \n'
+        ' class Bar:\n'
+        '-    def baz(self):\n'
+        '+    def baz():\n'
+        '         pass\n'
+        ' \n'
+        '-# comment after Bar class\n'
+        '+# comment after Bar class definition\n'
+        ' def bar(): pass\n'
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('xml', testroot='directive-code')
@@ -301,11 +285,7 @@ def test_code_block(app):
     code_block = secs[0].findall('literal_block')
     assert len(code_block) > 0
     actual = code_block[0].text
-    expect = (
-        "    def ruby?\n" +
-        "        false\n" +
-        "    end"
-    )
+    expect = '    def ruby?\n        false\n    end'
     assert actual == expect
 
 
@@ -319,11 +299,13 @@ def test_force_option(app):
 def test_code_block_caption_html(app):
     app.build(filenames=[app.srcdir / 'caption.rst'])
     html = (app.outdir / 'caption.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    caption = ('<div class="code-block-caption">'
-               '<span class="caption-number">Listing 1 </span>'
-               '<span class="caption-text">caption <em>test</em> rb'
-               '</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" '
-               'title="Link to this code">\xb6</a></div>')
+    caption = (
+        '<div class="code-block-caption">'
+        '<span class="caption-number">Listing 1 </span>'
+        '<span class="caption-text">caption <em>test</em> rb'
+        '</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" '
+        'title="Link to this code">\xb6</a></div>'
+    )
     assert caption in html
 
 
@@ -333,8 +315,10 @@ def test_code_block_caption_latex(app):
     latex = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     caption = '\\sphinxSetupCaptionForVerbatim{caption \\sphinxstyleemphasis{test} rb}'
     label = '\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{\\label{\\detokenize{caption:id1}}}'
-    link = '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{caption:name-test-rb}]' \
-           '{Listing \\ref{\\detokenize{caption:name-test-rb}}}'
+    link = (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{caption:name-test-rb}]'
+        '{Listing \\ref{\\detokenize{caption:name-test-rb}}}'
+    )
     assert caption in latex
     assert label in latex
     assert link in latex
@@ -344,13 +328,21 @@ def test_code_block_caption_latex(app):
 def test_code_block_namedlink_latex(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     latex = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    label1 = '\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{\\label{\\detokenize{caption:name-test-rb}}}'
-    link1 = '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{caption:name-test-rb}]'\
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{Ruby}}'
-    label2 = ('\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel'
-              '{\\label{\\detokenize{namedblocks:some-ruby-code}}}')
-    link2 = '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{namedblocks:some-ruby-code}]'\
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{the ruby code}}}'
+    label1 = (
+        '\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{\\label{\\detokenize{caption:name-test-rb}}}'
+    )
+    link1 = (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{caption:name-test-rb}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{Ruby}}'
+    )
+    label2 = (
+        '\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel'
+        '{\\label{\\detokenize{namedblocks:some-ruby-code}}}'
+    )
+    link2 = (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{namedblocks:some-ruby-code}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{the ruby code}}}'
+    )
     assert label1 in latex
     assert link1 in latex
     assert label2 in latex
@@ -360,7 +352,11 @@ def test_code_block_namedlink_latex(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='directive-code')
 def test_code_block_emphasize_latex(app):
     app.build(filenames=[app.srcdir / 'emphasize.rst'])
-    latex = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8').replace('\r\n', '\n')
+    latex = (
+        (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex')
+        .read_text(encoding='utf8')
+        .replace('\r\n', '\n')
+    )
     includes = '\\fvset{hllines={, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26,}}%\n'
     assert includes in latex
     includes = '\\end{sphinxVerbatim}\n\\sphinxresetverbatimhllines\n'
@@ -387,19 +383,11 @@ def test_literal_include_block_start_with_comment_or_brank(app):
     literal_include = secs[0].findall('literal_block')
     assert len(literal_include) > 0
     actual = literal_include[0].text
-    expect = (
-        'def block_start_with_comment():\n'
-        '    # Comment\n'
-        '    return 1\n'
-    )
+    expect = 'def block_start_with_comment():\n    # Comment\n    return 1\n'
     assert actual == expect
 
     actual = literal_include[1].text
-    expect = (
-        'def block_start_with_blank():\n'
-        '\n'
-        '    return 1\n'
-    )
+    expect = 'def block_start_with_blank():\n\n    return 1\n'
     assert actual == expect
 
 
@@ -409,29 +397,40 @@ def test_literal_include_linenos(app):
     html = (app.outdir / 'linenos.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     # :linenos:
-    assert ('<span class="linenos"> 1</span><span class="c1">'
-            '# Literally included file using Python highlighting</span>' in html)
+    assert (
+        '<span class="linenos"> 1</span><span class="c1">'
+        '# Literally included file using Python highlighting</span>'
+    ) in html
 
     # :lineno-start:
-    assert ('<span class="linenos">200</span><span class="c1">'
-            '# Literally included file using Python highlighting</span>' in html)
+    assert (
+        '<span class="linenos">200</span><span class="c1">'
+        '# Literally included file using Python highlighting</span>'
+    ) in html
 
     # :lines: 5-9
-    assert ('<span class="linenos">5</span><span class="k">class</span> '
-            '<span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">:</span>' in html)
+    assert (
+        '<span class="linenos">5</span><span class="k">class</span> '
+        '<span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">:</span>'
+    ) in html
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='directive-code')
 def test_literalinclude_file_whole_of_emptyline(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    latex = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8').replace('\r\n', '\n')
+    latex = (
+        (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex')
+        .read_text(encoding='utf8')
+        .replace('\r\n', '\n')
+    )
     includes = (
         '\\begin{sphinxVerbatim}'
         '[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\},numbers=left,firstnumber=1,stepnumber=1]\n'
         '\n'
         '\n'
         '\n'
-        '\\end{sphinxVerbatim}\n')
+        '\\end{sphinxVerbatim}\n'
+    )
     assert includes in latex
 
 
@@ -439,11 +438,13 @@ def test_literalinclude_file_whole_of_emptyline(app):
 def test_literalinclude_caption_html(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     html = (app.outdir / 'caption.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    caption = ('<div class="code-block-caption">'
-               '<span class="caption-number">Listing 2 </span>'
-               '<span class="caption-text">caption <strong>test</strong> py'
-               '</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" '
-               'title="Link to this code">\xb6</a></div>')
+    caption = (
+        '<div class="code-block-caption">'
+        '<span class="caption-number">Listing 2 </span>'
+        '<span class="caption-text">caption <strong>test</strong> py'
+        '</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" '
+        'title="Link to this code">\xb6</a></div>'
+    )
     assert caption in html
 
 
@@ -453,8 +454,10 @@ def test_literalinclude_caption_latex(app):
     latex = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     caption = '\\sphinxSetupCaptionForVerbatim{caption \\sphinxstylestrong{test} py}'
     label = '\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{\\label{\\detokenize{caption:id2}}}'
-    link = '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{caption:name-test-py}]' \
-           '{Listing \\ref{\\detokenize{caption:name-test-py}}}'
+    link = (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{caption:name-test-py}]'
+        '{Listing \\ref{\\detokenize{caption:name-test-py}}}'
+    )
     assert caption in latex
     assert label in latex
     assert link in latex
@@ -464,13 +467,21 @@ def test_literalinclude_caption_latex(app):
 def test_literalinclude_namedlink_latex(app):
     app.build(filenames='index')
     latex = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    label1 = '\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{\\label{\\detokenize{caption:name-test-py}}}'
-    link1 = '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{caption:name-test-py}]'\
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{Python}}'
-    label2 = ('\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel'
-              '{\\label{\\detokenize{namedblocks:some-python-code}}}')
-    link2 = '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{namedblocks:some-python-code}]'\
-            '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{the python code}}}'
+    label1 = (
+        '\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel{\\label{\\detokenize{caption:name-test-py}}}'
+    )
+    link1 = (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{caption:name-test-py}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{Python}}'
+    )
+    label2 = (
+        '\\def\\sphinxLiteralBlockLabel'
+        '{\\label{\\detokenize{namedblocks:some-python-code}}}'
+    )
+    link2 = (
+        '\\hyperref[\\detokenize{namedblocks:some-python-code}]'
+        '{\\sphinxcrossref{\\DUrole{std,std-ref}{the python code}}}'
+    )
     assert label1 in latex
     assert link1 in latex
     assert label2 in latex
@@ -553,19 +564,25 @@ def test_linenothreshold(app):
     html = (app.outdir / 'linenothreshold.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     # code-block using linenothreshold
-    assert ('<span class="linenos">1</span><span class="k">class</span> '
-            '<span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">:</span>' in html)
+    assert (
+        '<span class="linenos">1</span><span class="k">class</span> '
+        '<span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">:</span>'
+    ) in html
 
     # code-block not using linenothreshold (no line numbers)
     assert '<span></span><span class="c1"># comment</span>' in html
 
     # literal include using linenothreshold
-    assert ('<span class="linenos"> 1</span><span class="c1">'
-            '# Literally included file using Python highlighting</span>' in html)
+    assert (
+        '<span class="linenos"> 1</span><span class="c1">'
+        '# Literally included file using Python highlighting</span>'
+    ) in html
 
     # literal include not using linenothreshold (no line numbers)
-    assert ('<span></span><span class="c1"># Very small literal include '
-            '(linenothreshold check)</span>' in html)
+    assert (
+        '<span></span><span class="c1"># Very small literal include '
+        '(linenothreshold check)</span>'
+    ) in html
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='directive-code')
@@ -574,18 +591,18 @@ def test_code_block_dedent(app):
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('dedent')
     codeblocks = list(doctree.findall(nodes.literal_block))
     # Note: comparison string should not have newlines at the beginning or end
-    text_0_indent = '''First line
+    text_0_indent = """First line
 Second line
     Third line
-Fourth line'''
-    text_2_indent = '''  First line
+Fourth line"""
+    text_2_indent = """  First line
   Second line
       Third line
-  Fourth line'''
-    text_4_indent = '''    First line
+  Fourth line"""
+    text_4_indent = """    First line
     Second line
         Third line
-    Fourth line'''
+    Fourth line"""
 
     assert codeblocks[0].astext() == text_0_indent
     assert codeblocks[1].astext() == text_0_indent
diff --git a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_object_description.py b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_object_description.py
index 8808c3580a8..af731d2bbdc 100644
--- a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_object_description.py
+++ b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_object_description.py
@@ -55,9 +55,7 @@ def test_object_description_sections(app):
 
 
 def test_object_description_content_line_number(app):
-    text = (".. py:function:: foo(bar)\n" +
-            "\n" +
-            "   Some link here: :ref:`abc`\n")
+    text = '.. py:function:: foo(bar)\n\n   Some link here: :ref:`abc`\n'
     doc = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     xrefs = list(doc.findall(condition=addnodes.pending_xref))
     assert len(xrefs) == 1
diff --git a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_only.py b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_only.py
index 564c3198662..f4e205036b6 100644
--- a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_only.py
+++ b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_only.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='directive-only')
 def test_sectioning(app):
-
     def getsects(section):
         if not isinstance(section, nodes.section):
             return [getsects(n) for n in section.children]
@@ -26,21 +25,25 @@ def getsects(section):
     def testsects(prefix, sects, indent=0):
         title = sects[0]
         parent_num = title.split()[0]
-        assert prefix == parent_num, \
-            'Section out of place: %r' % title
+        assert prefix == parent_num, f'Section out of place: {title!r}'
         for i, subsect in enumerate(sects[1]):
             num = subsect[0].split()[0]
-            assert re.match('[0-9]+[.0-9]*[.]', num), \
-                'Unnumbered section: %r' % subsect[0]
+            assert re.match(
+                '[0-9]+[.0-9]*[.]', num
+            ), f'Unnumbered section: {subsect[0]!r}'
             testsects(prefix + str(i + 1) + '.', subsect, indent + 4)
 
     app.build(filenames=[app.srcdir / 'only.rst'])
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('only')
     app.env.apply_post_transforms(doctree, 'only')
 
-    parts = [getsects(n)
-             for n in [_n for _n in doctree.children if isinstance(_n, nodes.section)]]
+    parts = [
+        getsects(n)
+        for n in [_n for _n in doctree.children if isinstance(_n, nodes.section)]
+    ]
     for i, s in enumerate(parts):
         testsects(str(i + 1) + '.', s, 4)
-    assert len(parts) == 4, 'Expected 4 document level headings, got:\n%s' % \
-        '\n'.join(p[0] for p in parts)
+    actual_headings = '\n'.join(p[0] for p in parts)
+    assert (
+        len(parts) == 4
+    ), f'Expected 4 document level headings, got:\n{actual_headings}'
diff --git a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_option.py b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_option.py
index e93f392d127..8f07e538545 100644
--- a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_option.py
+++ b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_option.py
@@ -1,19 +1,26 @@
 import pytest
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='root',
-                    confoverrides={'option_emphasise_placeholders': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='root',
+    confoverrides={'option_emphasise_placeholders': True},
+)
 def test_option_emphasise_placeholders(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'objects.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert '<em><span class="pre">TYPE</span></em>' in content
     assert '{TYPE}' not in content
-    assert ('<em><span class="pre">WHERE</span></em>'
-            '<span class="pre">-</span>'
-            '<em><span class="pre">COUNT</span></em>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<em><span class="pre">WHERE</span></em>'
+        '<span class="pre">-</span>'
+        '<em><span class="pre">COUNT</span></em>'
+    ) in content
     assert '<span class="pre">{{value}}</span>' in content
-    assert ('<span class="pre">--plugin.option</span></span>'
-            '<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-perl-plugin.option" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>') in content
+    assert (
+        '<span class="pre">--plugin.option</span></span>'
+        '<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-perl-plugin.option" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>'
+    ) in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='root')
@@ -23,18 +30,28 @@ def test_option_emphasise_placeholders_default(app):
     assert '<span class="pre">={TYPE}</span>' in content
     assert '<span class="pre">={WHERE}-{COUNT}</span></span>' in content
     assert '<span class="pre">{client_name}</span>' in content
-    assert ('<span class="pre">--plugin.option</span></span>'
-            '<span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span>'
-            '<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-perl-plugin.option" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>') in content
+    assert (
+        '<span class="pre">--plugin.option</span></span>'
+        '<span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span>'
+        '<a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-perl-plugin.option" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>'
+    ) in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='root')
 def test_option_reference_with_value(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'objects.html').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
-    assert ('<span class="pre">-mapi</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname">'
-            '</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-git-commit-mapi"') in content
-    assert 'first option <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-git-commit-mapi">' in content
-    assert ('<a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-git-commit-mapi">'
-            '<code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-mapi[=xxx]</span></code></a>') in content
-    assert '<span class="pre">-mapi</span> <span class="pre">with_space</span>' in content
+    assert (
+        '<span class="pre">-mapi</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname">'
+        '</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-git-commit-mapi"'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        'first option <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-git-commit-mapi">'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-git-commit-mapi">'
+        '<code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-mapi[=xxx]</span></code></a>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<span class="pre">-mapi</span> <span class="pre">with_space</span>'
+    ) in content
diff --git a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_other.py b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_other.py
index e00e2914d24..9cd5674dc44 100644
--- a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_other.py
+++ b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_other.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test the other directives."""
+
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
@@ -11,137 +12,130 @@
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='toctree-glob')
 def test_toctree(app):
-    text = (".. toctree::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   foo\n"
-            "   bar/index\n"
-            "   baz\n")
+    text = '.. toctree::\n\n   foo\n   bar/index\n   baz\n'
 
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0],
-                entries=[(None, 'foo'), (None, 'bar/index'), (None, 'baz')],
-                includefiles=['foo', 'bar/index', 'baz'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        entries=[(None, 'foo'), (None, 'bar/index'), (None, 'baz')],
+        includefiles=['foo', 'bar/index', 'baz'],
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='toctree-glob')
 def test_relative_toctree(app):
-    text = (".. toctree::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   bar_1\n"
-            "   bar_2\n"
-            "   bar_3\n"
-            "   ../quux\n")
+    text = '.. toctree::\n\n   bar_1\n   bar_2\n   bar_3\n   ../quux\n'
 
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'bar/index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0],
-                entries=[(None, 'bar/bar_1'), (None, 'bar/bar_2'), (None, 'bar/bar_3'),
-                         (None, 'quux')],
-                includefiles=['bar/bar_1', 'bar/bar_2', 'bar/bar_3', 'quux'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        entries=[
+            (None, 'bar/bar_1'),
+            (None, 'bar/bar_2'),
+            (None, 'bar/bar_3'),
+            (None, 'quux'),
+        ],
+        includefiles=['bar/bar_1', 'bar/bar_2', 'bar/bar_3', 'quux'],
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='toctree-glob')
 def test_toctree_urls_and_titles(app):
-    text = (".. toctree::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   Sphinx <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>\n"
-            "   https://readthedocs.org/\n"
-            "   The BAR <bar/index>\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. toctree::\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Sphinx <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>\n'
+        '   https://readthedocs.org/\n'
+        '   The BAR <bar/index>\n'
+    )
 
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0],
-                entries=[('Sphinx', 'https://www.sphinx-doc.org/'),
-                         (None, 'https://readthedocs.org/'),
-                         ('The BAR', 'bar/index')],
-                includefiles=['bar/index'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        entries=[
+            ('Sphinx', 'https://www.sphinx-doc.org/'),
+            (None, 'https://readthedocs.org/'),
+            ('The BAR', 'bar/index'),
+        ],
+        includefiles=['bar/index'],
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='toctree-glob')
 def test_toctree_glob(app):
-    text = (".. toctree::\n"
-            "   :glob:\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   *\n")
+    text = '.. toctree::\n   :glob:\n\n   *\n'
 
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0],
-                entries=[(None, 'baz'), (None, 'foo'), (None, 'quux')],
-                includefiles=['baz', 'foo', 'quux'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        entries=[(None, 'baz'), (None, 'foo'), (None, 'quux')],
+        includefiles=['baz', 'foo', 'quux'],
+    )
 
     # give both docname and glob (case1)
-    text = (".. toctree::\n"
-            "   :glob:\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   foo\n"
-            "   *\n")
+    text = '.. toctree::\n   :glob:\n\n   foo\n   *\n'
 
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0],
-                entries=[(None, 'foo'), (None, 'baz'), (None, 'quux')],
-                includefiles=['foo', 'baz', 'quux'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        entries=[(None, 'foo'), (None, 'baz'), (None, 'quux')],
+        includefiles=['foo', 'baz', 'quux'],
+    )
 
     # give both docname and glob (case2)
-    text = (".. toctree::\n"
-            "   :glob:\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   *\n"
-            "   foo\n")
+    text = '.. toctree::\n   :glob:\n\n   *\n   foo\n'
 
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0],
-                entries=[(None, 'baz'), (None, 'foo'), (None, 'quux'), (None, 'foo')],
-                includefiles=['baz', 'foo', 'quux', 'foo'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        entries=[(None, 'baz'), (None, 'foo'), (None, 'quux'), (None, 'foo')],
+        includefiles=['baz', 'foo', 'quux', 'foo'],
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='toctree-glob')
 def test_toctree_glob_and_url(app):
-    text = (".. toctree::\n"
-            "   :glob:\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   https://example.com/?q=sphinx\n")
+    text = '.. toctree::\n   :glob:\n\n   https://example.com/?q=sphinx\n'
 
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0],
-                entries=[(None, 'https://example.com/?q=sphinx')],
-                includefiles=[])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        entries=[(None, 'https://example.com/?q=sphinx')],
+        includefiles=[],
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='toctree-glob')
 def test_reversed_toctree(app):
-    text = (".. toctree::\n"
-            "   :reversed:\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   foo\n"
-            "   bar/index\n"
-            "   baz\n")
+    text = '.. toctree::\n   :reversed:\n\n   foo\n   bar/index\n   baz\n'
 
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0],
-                entries=[(None, 'baz'), (None, 'bar/index'), (None, 'foo')],
-                includefiles=['baz', 'bar/index', 'foo'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        entries=[(None, 'baz'), (None, 'bar/index'), (None, 'foo')],
+        includefiles=['baz', 'bar/index', 'foo'],
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='toctree-glob')
 def test_toctree_class(app):
-    text = ('.. toctree::\n'
-            '   :class: custom-toc\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   foo\n')
+    text = '.. toctree::\n   :class: custom-toc\n\n   foo\n'
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
@@ -150,17 +144,16 @@ def test_toctree_class(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='toctree-glob')
 def test_toctree_twice(app):
-    text = (".. toctree::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   foo\n"
-            "   foo\n")
+    text = '.. toctree::\n\n   foo\n   foo\n'
 
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.compound, addnodes.toctree])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0],
-                entries=[(None, 'foo'), (None, 'foo')],
-                includefiles=['foo', 'foo'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        entries=[(None, 'foo'), (None, 'foo')],
+        includefiles=['foo', 'foo'],
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='directive-include')
@@ -170,7 +163,7 @@ def test_include_include_read_event(app):
     def source_read_handler(_app, relative_path, parent_docname, source):
         sources_reported.append((relative_path, parent_docname, source[0]))
 
-    app.connect("include-read", source_read_handler)
+    app.connect('include-read', source_read_handler)
     text = """\
 .. include:: baz/baz.rst
    :start-line: 4
@@ -181,27 +174,32 @@ def source_read_handler(_app, relative_path, parent_docname, source):
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
 
-    included_files = {filename.as_posix()
-                      for filename, p, s in sources_reported}
-    assert 'index.rst' not in included_files  # sources don't emit 'include-read'
+    included_files = {filename.as_posix() for filename, p, s in sources_reported}
+    # sources don't emit 'include-read'
+    assert 'index.rst' not in included_files
+
     assert 'baz/baz.rst' in included_files
-    assert 'text.txt' not in included_files  # text was included as literal, no rst parsing
-    assert 'bar.txt' in included_files  # suffix not in source-suffixes
+
+    # text was included as literal, no rst parsing
+    assert 'text.txt' not in included_files
+
+    # suffix not in source-suffixes
+    assert 'bar.txt' in included_files
+
     assert (Path('baz/baz.rst'), 'index', '\nBaz was here.') in sources_reported
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='directive-include')
 def test_include_include_read_event_nested_includes(app):
-
     def source_read_handler(_app, _relative_path, _parent_docname, source):
-        text = source[0].replace("#magical", "amazing")
+        text = source[0].replace('#magical', 'amazing')
         source[0] = text
 
-    app.connect("include-read", source_read_handler)
-    text = ".. include:: baz/baz.rst\n"
+    app.connect('include-read', source_read_handler)
+    text = '.. include:: baz/baz.rst\n'
     app.env.find_files(app.config, app.builder)
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'index')
     assert_node(doctree, addnodes.document)
     assert len(doctree.children) == 3
     assert_node(doctree.children[1], nodes.paragraph)
-    assert doctree.children[1].rawsource == "The amazing foo."
+    assert doctree.children[1].rawsource == 'The amazing foo.'
diff --git a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_patch.py b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_patch.py
index f4eb8f9db0a..9981a56a55b 100644
--- a/tests/test_directives/test_directive_patch.py
+++ b/tests/test_directives/test_directive_patch.py
@@ -9,73 +9,81 @@
 
 def test_code_directive(app):
     # normal case
-    text = ('.. code::\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   print("hello world")\n')
+    text = '.. code::\n\n   print("hello world")\n'
 
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.literal_block, 'print("hello world")'])
-    assert_node(doctree[0], language="default", highlight_args={})
+    assert_node(doctree[0], language='default', highlight_args={})
 
     # with language
-    text = ('.. code:: python\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   print("hello world")\n')
+    text = '.. code:: python\n\n   print("hello world")\n'
 
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.literal_block, 'print("hello world")'])
-    assert_node(doctree[0], language="python", highlight_args={})
+    assert_node(doctree[0], language='python', highlight_args={})
 
     # :number-lines: option
-    text = ('.. code:: python\n'
-            '   :number-lines:\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   print("hello world")\n')
+    text = '.. code:: python\n   :number-lines:\n\n   print("hello world")\n'
 
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.literal_block, 'print("hello world")'])
-    assert_node(doctree[0], language="python", linenos=True, highlight_args={})
+    assert_node(doctree[0], language='python', linenos=True, highlight_args={})
 
     # :number-lines: option
-    text = ('.. code:: python\n'
-            '   :number-lines: 5\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   print("hello world")\n')
+    text = '.. code:: python\n   :number-lines: 5\n\n   print("hello world")\n'
 
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.literal_block, 'print("hello world")'])
-    assert_node(doctree[0], language="python", linenos=True, highlight_args={'linenostart': 5})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0], language='python', linenos=True, highlight_args={'linenostart': 5}
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='directive-csv-table')
 def test_csv_table_directive(app):
     # relative path from current document
-    text = ('.. csv-table::\n'
-            '   :file: example.csv\n')
-    doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, docname="subdir/index")
-    assert_node(doctree,
-                ([nodes.table, nodes.tgroup, (nodes.colspec,
-                                              nodes.colspec,
-                                              nodes.colspec,
-                                              [nodes.tbody, nodes.row])],))
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][3][0],
-                ([nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, "FOO"],
-                 [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, "BAR"],
-                 [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, "BAZ"]))
+    text = '.. csv-table::\n   :file: example.csv\n'
+    doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, docname='subdir/index')
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [
+                nodes.table,
+                nodes.tgroup,
+                (nodes.colspec, nodes.colspec, nodes.colspec, [nodes.tbody, nodes.row]),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0][3][0],
+        (
+            [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, 'FOO'],
+            [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, 'BAR'],
+            [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, 'BAZ'],
+        ),
+    )
 
     # absolute path from source directory
-    text = ('.. csv-table::\n'
-            '   :file: /example.csv\n')
-    doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, docname="subdir/index")
-    assert_node(doctree,
-                ([nodes.table, nodes.tgroup, (nodes.colspec,
-                                              nodes.colspec,
-                                              nodes.colspec,
-                                              [nodes.tbody, nodes.row])],))
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][3][0],
-                ([nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, "foo"],
-                 [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, "bar"],
-                 [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, "baz"]))
+    text = '.. csv-table::\n   :file: /example.csv\n'
+    doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text, docname='subdir/index')
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [
+                nodes.table,
+                nodes.tgroup,
+                (nodes.colspec, nodes.colspec, nodes.colspec, [nodes.tbody, nodes.row]),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0][3][0],
+        (
+            [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, 'foo'],
+            [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, 'bar'],
+            [nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, 'baz'],
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 def test_math_directive(app):
@@ -85,26 +93,32 @@ def test_math_directive(app):
     assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, nodes.math_block, 'E = mc^2\n\n'])
 
     # :name: option
-    text = ('.. math:: E = mc^2\n'
-            '   :name: eq1\n')
+    text = '.. math:: E = mc^2\n   :name: eq1\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, (nodes.target,
-                                           [nodes.math_block, "E = mc^2\n\n"])])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], nodes.math_block, docname='index', label="eq1", number=1)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree, [nodes.document, (nodes.target, [nodes.math_block, 'E = mc^2\n\n'])]
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[1], nodes.math_block, docname='index', label='eq1', number=1)
 
     # :label: option
-    text = ('.. math:: E = mc^2\n'
-            '   :label: eq2\n')
+    text = '.. math:: E = mc^2\n   :label: eq2\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, (nodes.target,
-                                           [nodes.math_block, 'E = mc^2\n\n'])])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], nodes.math_block, docname='index', label="eq2", number=2)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree, [nodes.document, (nodes.target, [nodes.math_block, 'E = mc^2\n\n'])]
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[1], nodes.math_block, docname='index', label='eq2', number=2)
 
     # :label: option without value
-    text = ('.. math:: E = mc^2\n'
-            '   :label:\n')
+    text = '.. math:: E = mc^2\n   :label:\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, [nodes.document, (nodes.target,
-                                           [nodes.math_block, 'E = mc^2\n\n'])])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], nodes.math_block, ids=['equation-index-0'],
-                docname='index', label="index:0", number=3)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree, [nodes.document, (nodes.target, [nodes.math_block, 'E = mc^2\n\n'])]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        nodes.math_block,
+        ids=['equation-index-0'],
+        docname='index',
+        label='index:0',
+        number=3,
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_directives/test_directives_no_typesetting.py b/tests/test_directives/test_directives_no_typesetting.py
index fd101fb4cf3..2bd22865201 100644
--- a/tests/test_directives/test_directives_no_typesetting.py
+++ b/tests/test_directives/test_directives_no_typesetting.py
@@ -9,100 +9,203 @@
 
 DOMAINS = [
     # directive, no-index, no-index-entry, signature of f, signature of g, index entry of g
-    ('c:function', False, True, 'void f()', 'void g()', ('single', 'g (C function)', 'c.g', '', None)),
-    ('cpp:function', False, True, 'void f()', 'void g()', ('single', 'g (C++ function)', '_CPPv41gv', '', None)),
-    ('js:function', True, True, 'f()', 'g()', ('single', 'g() (built-in function)', 'g', '', None)),
-    ('py:function', True, True, 'f()', 'g()', ('pair', 'built-in function; g()', 'g', '', None)),
-    ('rst:directive', True, False, 'f', 'g', ('single', 'g (directive)', 'directive-g', '', None)),
-    ('cmdoption', True, False, 'f', 'g', ('pair', 'command line option; g', 'cmdoption-arg-g', '', None)),
-    ('envvar', True, False, 'f', 'g', ('single', 'environment variable; g', 'envvar-g', '', None)),
+    (
+        'c:function',
+        False,
+        True,
+        'void f()',
+        'void g()',
+        ('single', 'g (C function)', 'c.g', '', None),
+    ),
+    (
+        'cpp:function',
+        False,
+        True,
+        'void f()',
+        'void g()',
+        ('single', 'g (C++ function)', '_CPPv41gv', '', None),
+    ),
+    (
+        'js:function',
+        True,
+        True,
+        'f()',
+        'g()',
+        ('single', 'g() (built-in function)', 'g', '', None),
+    ),
+    (
+        'py:function',
+        True,
+        True,
+        'f()',
+        'g()',
+        ('pair', 'built-in function; g()', 'g', '', None),
+    ),
+    (
+        'rst:directive',
+        True,
+        False,
+        'f',
+        'g',
+        ('single', 'g (directive)', 'directive-g', '', None),
+    ),
+    (
+        'cmdoption',
+        True,
+        False,
+        'f',
+        'g',
+        ('pair', 'command line option; g', 'cmdoption-arg-g', '', None),
+    ),
+    (
+        'envvar',
+        True,
+        False,
+        'f',
+        'g',
+        ('single', 'environment variable; g', 'envvar-g', '', None),
+    ),
 ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'), DOMAINS)
-def test_object_description_no_typesetting(app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g):
-    text = (f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'),
+    DOMAINS,
+)
+def test_object_description_no_typesetting(
+    app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g
+):
+    text = f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n   :no-typesetting:\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, nodes.target))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'), DOMAINS)
-def test_object_description_no_typesetting_twice(app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g):
-    text = (f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
-            f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'),
+    DOMAINS,
+)
+def test_object_description_no_typesetting_twice(
+    app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g
+):
+    text = (
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     # Note that all index nodes come before the target nodes
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, addnodes.index, nodes.target, nodes.target))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'), DOMAINS)
-def test_object_description_no_typesetting_noindex_orig(app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'),
+    DOMAINS,
+)
+def test_object_description_no_typesetting_noindex_orig(
+    app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g
+):
     if not no_index:
         pytest.skip(f'{directive} does not support :no-index: option')
-    text = (f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
-            f'   :no-index:\n'
-            f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n')
+    text = f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n   :no-index:\n.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, addnodes.desc, addnodes.index, addnodes.desc))
     assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[index_g])
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'), DOMAINS)
-def test_object_description_no_typesetting_noindex(app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'),
+    DOMAINS,
+)
+def test_object_description_no_typesetting_noindex(
+    app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g
+):
     if not no_index:
         pytest.skip(f'{directive} does not support :no-index: option')
-    text = (f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
-            f'   :no-index:\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
-            f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n')
+    text = (
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
+        f'   :no-index:\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, addnodes.index, nodes.target))
     assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[])
     assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.index, entries=[index_g])
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'), DOMAINS)
-def test_object_description_no_typesetting_no_index_entry(app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'),
+    DOMAINS,
+)
+def test_object_description_no_typesetting_no_index_entry(
+    app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g
+):
     if not no_index_entry:
         pytest.skip(f'{directive} does not support :no-index-entry: option')
-    text = (f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
-            f'   :no-index-entry:\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
-            f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n')
+    text = (
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
+        f'   :no-index-entry:\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, addnodes.index, nodes.target, nodes.target))
     assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[])
     assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.index, entries=[index_g])
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'), DOMAINS)
-def test_object_description_no_typesetting_code(app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g):
-    text = (f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
-            f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
-            f'.. code::\n'
-            f'\n'
-            f'   code\n')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'),
+    DOMAINS,
+)
+def test_object_description_no_typesetting_code(
+    app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g
+):
+    text = (
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+        f'.. code::\n'
+        f'\n'
+        f'   code\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     # Note that all index nodes come before the targets
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, addnodes.index, nodes.target, nodes.target, nodes.literal_block))
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'), DOMAINS)
-def test_object_description_no_typesetting_heading(app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g):
-    text = (f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
-            f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
-            f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
-            f'\n'
-            f'Heading\n'
-            f'=======\n')
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.literal_block,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('directive', 'no_index', 'no_index_entry', 'sig_f', 'sig_g', 'index_g'),
+    DOMAINS,
+)
+def test_object_description_no_typesetting_heading(
+    app, directive, no_index, no_index_entry, sig_f, sig_g, index_g
+):
+    text = (
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_f}\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+        f'.. {directive}:: {sig_g}\n'
+        f'   :no-typesetting:\n'
+        f'\n'
+        f'Heading\n'
+        f'=======\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     # Note that all index nodes come before the targets and the heading is floated before those.
-    assert_node(doctree, (nodes.title, addnodes.index, addnodes.index, nodes.target, nodes.target))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (nodes.title, addnodes.index, addnodes.index, nodes.target, nodes.target),
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_c.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_c.py
index 2139e0508fb..14dd51570dc 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_c.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_c.py
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@
 
 
 class Config:
-    c_id_attributes = ["id_attr", 'LIGHTGBM_C_EXPORT']
-    c_paren_attributes = ["paren_attr"]
+    c_id_attributes = ['id_attr', 'LIGHTGBM_C_EXPORT']
+    c_paren_attributes = ['paren_attr']
     c_extra_keywords = _macroKeywords
 
 
@@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ def _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput):
     res = str(ast)
     if res != outputAst:
         print()
-        print("Input:    ", input)
-        print("Result:   ", res)
-        print("Expected: ", outputAst)
+        print('Input:    ', input)
+        print('Result:   ', res)
+        print('Expected: ', outputAst)
         raise DefinitionError
     rootSymbol = Symbol(None, None, None, None, None)
-    symbol = rootSymbol.add_declaration(ast, docname="TestDoc", line=42)
+    symbol = rootSymbol.add_declaration(ast, docname='TestDoc', line=42)
     parentNode = addnodes.desc()
     signode = addnodes.desc_signature(input, '')
     parentNode += signode
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ def _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput):
     resAsText = parentNode.astext()
     if resAsText != outputAsText:
         print()
-        print("Input:    ", input)
-        print("astext(): ", resAsText)
-        print("Expected: ", outputAsText)
+        print('Input:    ', input)
+        print('astext(): ', resAsText)
+        print('Expected: ', outputAsText)
         raise DefinitionError
 
     idExpected = [None]
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput):
         # try:
         id = ast.get_id(version=i)
         assert id is not None
-        idActual.append(id[len(_id_prefix[i]):])
+        idActual.append(id[len(_id_prefix[i]) :])
         # except NoOldIdError:
         #     idActual.append(None)
 
@@ -102,13 +102,13 @@ def _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput):
         res.append(idExpected[i] == idActual[i])
 
     if not all(res):
-        print("input:    %s" % input.rjust(20))
+        print('input:    %s' % input.rjust(20))
         for i in range(1, _max_id + 1):
             if res[i]:
                 continue
-            print("Error in id version %d." % i)
-            print("result:   %s" % idActual[i])
-            print("expected: %s" % idExpected[i])
+            print('Error in id version %d.' % i)
+            print('result:   %s' % idActual[i])
+            print('expected: %s' % idExpected[i])
         # print(rootSymbol.dump(0))
         raise DefinitionError
 
@@ -120,8 +120,14 @@ def check(name, input, idDict, output=None, key=None, asTextOutput=None):
     _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput)
     if name != 'macro':
         # Second, check with semicolon
-        _check(name, input + ' ;', idDict, output + ';', key,
-               asTextOutput + ';' if asTextOutput is not None else None)
+        _check(
+            name,
+            input + ' ;',
+            idDict,
+            output + ';',
+            key,
+            asTextOutput + ';' if asTextOutput is not None else None,
+        )
 
 
 def test_domain_c_ast_expressions():
@@ -136,17 +142,17 @@ def exprCheck(expr, output=None):
         res = str(ast)
         if res != output:
             print()
-            print("Input:    ", input)
-            print("Result:   ", res)
-            print("Expected: ", output)
+            print('Input:    ', input)
+            print('Result:   ', res)
+            print('Expected: ', output)
             raise DefinitionError
         displayString = ast.get_display_string()
         if res != displayString:
             # note: if the expression contains an anon name then this will trigger a falsely
             print()
-            print("Input:    ", expr)
-            print("Result:   ", res)
-            print("Display:  ", displayString)
+            print('Input:    ', expr)
+            print('Result:   ', res)
+            print('Display:  ', displayString)
             raise DefinitionError
 
     # type expressions
@@ -164,8 +170,19 @@ def exprCheck(expr, output=None):
     # primary
     exprCheck('true')
     exprCheck('false')
-    ints = ['5', '0', '075', '0x0123456789ABCDEF', '0XF', '0b1', '0B1',
-            "0b0'1'0", "00'1'2", "0x0'1'2", "1'2'3"]
+    ints = [
+        '5',
+        '0',
+        '075',
+        '0x0123456789ABCDEF',
+        '0XF',
+        '0b1',
+        '0B1',
+        "0b0'1'0",
+        "00'1'2",
+        "0x0'1'2",
+        "1'2'3",
+    ]
     unsignedSuffix = ['', 'u', 'U']
     longSuffix = ['', 'l', 'L', 'll', 'LL']
     for i in ints:
@@ -177,22 +194,50 @@ def exprCheck(expr, output=None):
                 exprCheck(expr)
     for suffix in ['', 'f', 'F', 'l', 'L']:
         for e in [
-                '5e42', '5e+42', '5e-42',
-                '5.', '5.e42', '5.e+42', '5.e-42',
-                '.5', '.5e42', '.5e+42', '.5e-42',
-                '5.0', '5.0e42', '5.0e+42', '5.0e-42',
-                "1'2'3e7'8'9", "1'2'3.e7'8'9",
-                ".4'5'6e7'8'9", "1'2'3.4'5'6e7'8'9"]:
+            '5e42',
+            '5e+42',
+            '5e-42',
+            '5.',
+            '5.e42',
+            '5.e+42',
+            '5.e-42',
+            '.5',
+            '.5e42',
+            '.5e+42',
+            '.5e-42',
+            '5.0',
+            '5.0e42',
+            '5.0e+42',
+            '5.0e-42',
+            "1'2'3e7'8'9",
+            "1'2'3.e7'8'9",
+            ".4'5'6e7'8'9",
+            "1'2'3.4'5'6e7'8'9",
+        ]:
             expr = e + suffix
             exprCheck(expr)
         for e in [
-                'ApF', 'Ap+F', 'Ap-F',
-                'A.', 'A.pF', 'A.p+F', 'A.p-F',
-                '.A', '.ApF', '.Ap+F', '.Ap-F',
-                'A.B', 'A.BpF', 'A.Bp+F', 'A.Bp-F',
-                "A'B'Cp1'2'3", "A'B'C.p1'2'3",
-                ".D'E'Fp1'2'3", "A'B'C.D'E'Fp1'2'3"]:
-            expr = "0x" + e + suffix
+            'ApF',
+            'Ap+F',
+            'Ap-F',
+            'A.',
+            'A.pF',
+            'A.p+F',
+            'A.p-F',
+            '.A',
+            '.ApF',
+            '.Ap+F',
+            '.Ap-F',
+            'A.B',
+            'A.BpF',
+            'A.Bp+F',
+            'A.Bp-F',
+            "A'B'Cp1'2'3",
+            "A'B'C.p1'2'3",
+            ".D'E'Fp1'2'3",
+            "A'B'C.D'E'Fp1'2'3",
+        ]:
+            expr = '0x' + e + suffix
             exprCheck(expr)
     exprCheck('"abc\\"cba"')  # string
     # character literals
@@ -313,14 +358,18 @@ def signed(t):
         yield from ('_Decimal32', '_Decimal64', '_Decimal128')
         for f in ('float', 'double', 'long double'):
             yield f
-            yield from (f + "  _Complex", f + "  complex")
-            yield from ("_Complex  " + f, "complex  " + f)
-            yield from ("_Imaginary  " + f, "imaginary  " + f)
+            yield from (f + '  _Complex', f + '  complex')
+            yield from ('_Complex  ' + f, 'complex  ' + f)
+            yield from ('_Imaginary  ' + f, 'imaginary  ' + f)
         # extensions
         # https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Floating-Types.html#Floating-Types
-        yield from ('__float80', '_Float64x',
-                    '__float128', '_Float128',
-                    '__ibm128')
+        yield from (
+            '__float80',
+            '_Float64x',
+            '__float128',
+            '_Float128',
+            '__ibm128',
+        )
         # https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Half-Precision.html#Half-Precision
         yield '__fp16'
 
@@ -334,37 +383,41 @@ def signed(t):
                         yield sat + tt
 
     for t in types():
-        input = "{key}%s foo" % t
+        input = '{key}%s foo' % t
         output = ' '.join(input.split())
         check('type', input, {1: 'foo'}, key='typedef', output=output)
         if ' ' in t:
             # try permutations of all components
             tcs = t.split()
             for p in itertools.permutations(tcs):
-                input = "{key}%s foo" % ' '.join(p)
+                input = '{key}%s foo' % ' '.join(p)
                 output = ' '.join(input.split())
-                check("type", input, {1: 'foo'}, key='typedef', output=output)
+                check('type', input, {1: 'foo'}, key='typedef', output=output)
 
 
 def test_domain_c_ast_type_definitions():
-    check('type', "{key}T", {1: "T"})
-
-    check('type', "{key}bool *b", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', "{key}bool *const b", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', "{key}bool *const *b", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', "{key}bool *volatile *b", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', "{key}bool *restrict *b", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', "{key}bool *volatile const b", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', "{key}bool *volatile const b", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', "{key}bool *volatile const *b", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', "{key}bool b[]", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', "{key}long long int foo", {1: 'foo'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}T', {1: 'T'})
+
+    check('type', '{key}bool *b', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *const b', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *const *b', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *volatile *b', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *restrict *b', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *volatile const b', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *volatile const b', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *volatile const *b', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool b[]', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}long long int foo', {1: 'foo'}, key='typedef')
     # test decl specs on right
-    check('type', "{key}bool const b", {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool const b', {1: 'b'}, key='typedef')
 
     # from breathe#267 (named function parameters for function pointers
-    check('type', '{key}void (*gpio_callback_t)(struct device *port, uint32_t pin)',
-          {1: 'gpio_callback_t'}, key='typedef')
+    check(
+        'type',
+        '{key}void (*gpio_callback_t)(struct device *port, uint32_t pin)',
+        {1: 'gpio_callback_t'},
+        key='typedef',
+    )
 
 
 def test_domain_c_ast_macro_definitions():
@@ -432,11 +485,9 @@ def test_domain_c_ast_member_definitions():
     check('member', 'thread_local int a', {1: 'a'})
     check('member', '_Thread_local int a', {1: 'a'})
     check('member', 'extern thread_local int a', {1: 'a'})
-    check('member', 'thread_local extern int a', {1: 'a'},
-          'extern thread_local int a')
+    check('member', 'thread_local extern int a', {1: 'a'}, 'extern thread_local int a')
     check('member', 'static thread_local int a', {1: 'a'})
-    check('member', 'thread_local static int a', {1: 'a'},
-          'static thread_local int a')
+    check('member', 'thread_local static int a', {1: 'a'}, 'static thread_local int a')
 
     check('member', 'int b : 3', {1: 'b'})
 
@@ -466,13 +517,13 @@ def test_domain_c_ast_function_definitions():
     check('function', 'inline void f()', {1: 'f'})
 
     # tests derived from issue #1753 (skip to keep sanity)
-    check('function', "void f(float *q(double))", {1: 'f'})
-    check('function', "void f(float *(*q)(double))", {1: 'f'})
-    check('function', "void f(float (*q)(double))", {1: 'f'})
-    check('function', "int (*f(double d))(float)", {1: 'f'})
-    check('function', "int (*f(bool b))[5]", {1: 'f'})
-    check('function', "void f(int *const p)", {1: 'f'})
-    check('function', "void f(int *volatile const p)", {1: 'f'})
+    check('function', 'void f(float *q(double))', {1: 'f'})
+    check('function', 'void f(float *(*q)(double))', {1: 'f'})
+    check('function', 'void f(float (*q)(double))', {1: 'f'})
+    check('function', 'int (*f(double d))(float)', {1: 'f'})
+    check('function', 'int (*f(bool b))[5]', {1: 'f'})
+    check('function', 'void f(int *const p)', {1: 'f'})
+    check('function', 'void f(int *volatile const p)', {1: 'f'})
 
     # from breathe#223
     check('function', 'void f(struct E e)', {1: 'f'})
@@ -489,10 +540,18 @@ def test_domain_c_ast_function_definitions():
         check('function', f'void f(int arr[{cvr}])', {1: 'f'})
         check('function', f'void f(int arr[{cvr}{space}42])', {1: 'f'})
         check('function', f'void f(int arr[static{space}{cvr} 42])', {1: 'f'})
-        check('function', f'void f(int arr[{cvr}{space}static 42])', {1: 'f'},
-              output=f'void f(int arr[static{space}{cvr} 42])')
-    check('function', 'void f(int arr[const static volatile 42])', {1: 'f'},
-          output='void f(int arr[static volatile const 42])')
+        check(
+            'function',
+            f'void f(int arr[{cvr}{space}static 42])',
+            {1: 'f'},
+            output=f'void f(int arr[static{space}{cvr} 42])',
+        )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void f(int arr[const static volatile 42])',
+        {1: 'f'},
+        output='void f(int arr[static volatile const 42])',
+    )
 
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
         parse('function', 'void f(int for)')
@@ -502,10 +561,10 @@ def test_domain_c_ast_function_definitions():
 
 
 def test_domain_c_ast_nested_name():
-    check('struct', '{key}.A', {1: "A"})
-    check('struct', '{key}.A.B', {1: "A.B"})
-    check('function', 'void f(.A a)', {1: "f"})
-    check('function', 'void f(.A.B a)', {1: "f"})
+    check('struct', '{key}.A', {1: 'A'})
+    check('struct', '{key}.A.B', {1: 'A.B'})
+    check('function', 'void f(.A a)', {1: 'f'})
+    check('function', 'void f(.A.B a)', {1: 'f'})
 
 
 def test_domain_c_ast_struct_definitions():
@@ -524,11 +583,11 @@ def test_domain_c_ast_enum_definitions():
 
 
 def test_domain_c_ast_anon_definitions():
-    check('struct', '@a', {1: "@a"}, asTextOutput='struct [anonymous]')
-    check('union', '@a', {1: "@a"}, asTextOutput='union [anonymous]')
-    check('enum', '@a', {1: "@a"}, asTextOutput='enum [anonymous]')
-    check('struct', '@1', {1: "@1"}, asTextOutput='struct [anonymous]')
-    check('struct', '@a.A', {1: "@a.A"}, asTextOutput='struct [anonymous].A')
+    check('struct', '@a', {1: '@a'}, asTextOutput='struct [anonymous]')
+    check('union', '@a', {1: '@a'}, asTextOutput='union [anonymous]')
+    check('enum', '@a', {1: '@a'}, asTextOutput='enum [anonymous]')
+    check('struct', '@1', {1: '@1'}, asTextOutput='struct [anonymous]')
+    check('struct', '@a.A', {1: '@a.A'}, asTextOutput='struct [anonymous].A')
 
 
 def test_domain_c_ast_initializers():
@@ -553,9 +612,13 @@ def test_domain_c_ast_initializers():
 def test_domain_c_ast_attributes():
     # style: C++
     check('member', '[[]] int f', {1: 'f'})
-    check('member', '[ [ ] ] int f', {1: 'f'},
-          # this will fail when the proper grammar is implemented
-          output='[[ ]] int f')
+    check(
+        'member',
+        '[ [ ] ] int f',
+        {1: 'f'},
+        # this will fail when the proper grammar is implemented
+        output='[[ ]] int f',
+    )
     check('member', '[[a]] int f', {1: 'f'})
     # style: GNU
     check('member', '__attribute__(()) int f', {1: 'f'})
@@ -584,13 +647,21 @@ def test_domain_c_ast_attributes():
         parse('member', 'paren_attr({]}) int f')
 
     # position: decl specs
-    check('function', 'static inline __attribute__(()) void f()', {1: 'f'},
-          output='__attribute__(()) static inline void f()')
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'static inline __attribute__(()) void f()',
+        {1: 'f'},
+        output='__attribute__(()) static inline void f()',
+    )
     check('function', '[[attr1]] [[attr2]] void f()', {1: 'f'})
     # position: declarator
     check('member', 'int *[[attr1]] [[attr2]] i', {1: 'i'})
-    check('member', 'int *const [[attr1]] [[attr2]] volatile i', {1: 'i'},
-          output='int *[[attr1]] [[attr2]] volatile const i')
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'int *const [[attr1]] [[attr2]] volatile i',
+        {1: 'i'},
+        output='int *[[attr1]] [[attr2]] volatile const i',
+    )
     check('member', 'int *[[attr1]] [[attr2]] *i', {1: 'i'})
     # position: parameters
     check('function', 'void f() [[attr1]] [[attr2]]', {1: 'f'})
@@ -600,13 +671,15 @@ def test_domain_c_ast_attributes():
     check('enumerator', '{key}Foo [[attr1]] [[attr2]] = 42', {1: 'Foo'})
 
     # issue michaeljones/breathe#500
-    check('function', 'LIGHTGBM_C_EXPORT int LGBM_BoosterFree(int handle)',
-          {1: 'LGBM_BoosterFree'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'LIGHTGBM_C_EXPORT int LGBM_BoosterFree(int handle)',
+        {1: 'LGBM_BoosterFree'},
+    )
 
 
 def test_extra_keywords():
-    with pytest.raises(DefinitionError,
-                       match='Expected identifier in nested name'):
+    with pytest.raises(DefinitionError, match='Expected identifier in nested name'):
         parse('function', 'void complex(void)')
 
 
@@ -618,16 +691,21 @@ def test_extra_keywords():
 
 
 def split_warnings(warning: StringIO):
-    ws = warning.getvalue().split("\n")
+    ws = warning.getvalue().split('\n')
     assert len(ws) >= 1
-    assert ws[-1] == ""
+    assert ws[-1] == ''
     return ws[:-1]
 
 
 def filter_warnings(warning: StringIO, file):
     lines = split_warnings(warning)
-    res = [l for l in lines if "domain-c" in l and f"{file}.rst" in l and
-           "WARNING: document isn't included in any toctree" not in l]
+    res = [
+        l
+        for l in lines
+        if 'domain-c' in l
+        and f'{file}.rst' in l
+        and "WARNING: document isn't included in any toctree" not in l
+    ]
     print(f"Filtered warnings for file '{file}':")
     for w in res:
         print(w)
@@ -636,7 +714,7 @@ def filter_warnings(warning: StringIO, file):
 
 def extract_role_links(app, filename):
     t = (app.outdir / filename).read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    lis = [l for l in t.split('\n') if l.startswith("<li")]
+    lis = [l for l in t.split('\n') if l.startswith('<li')]
     entries = []
     for l in lis:
         li = ElementTree.fromstring(l)  # NoQA: S314  # using known data in tests
@@ -656,16 +734,16 @@ def extract_role_links(app, filename):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-c', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_c_build(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "index")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'index')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-c', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_c_build_namespace(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "namespace")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'namespace')
     assert len(ws) == 0
-    t = (app.outdir / "namespace.html").read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    t = (app.outdir / 'namespace.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     for id_ in ('NS.NSVar', 'NULLVar', 'ZeroVar', 'NS2.NS3.NS2NS3Var', 'PopVar'):
         assert f'id="c.{id_}"' in t
 
@@ -673,10 +751,10 @@ def test_domain_c_build_namespace(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-c', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_c_build_anon_dup_decl(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "anon-dup-decl")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'anon-dup-decl')
     assert len(ws) == 2
-    assert "WARNING: c:identifier reference target not found: @a" in ws[0]
-    assert "WARNING: c:identifier reference target not found: @b" in ws[1]
+    assert 'WARNING: c:identifier reference target not found: @a' in ws[0]
+    assert 'WARNING: c:identifier reference target not found: @b' in ws[1]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
@@ -702,9 +780,9 @@ def test_domain_c_build_semicolon(app):
 def test_domain_c_build_function_param_target(app):
     # the anchor for function parameters should be the function
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "function_param_target")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'function_param_target')
     assert len(ws) == 0
-    entries = extract_role_links(app, "function_param_target.html")
+    entries = extract_role_links(app, 'function_param_target.html')
     assert entries == [
         ('c.function_param_target.f', 'i', 'i'),
         ('c.function_param_target.f', 'f.i', 'f.i'),
@@ -714,14 +792,14 @@ def test_domain_c_build_function_param_target(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-c', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_c_build_ns_lookup(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "ns_lookup")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'ns_lookup')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-c', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_c_build_field_role(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "field-role")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'field-role')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
 
@@ -729,8 +807,8 @@ def _get_obj(app, queryName):
     domain = app.env.get_domain('c')
     for name, _dispname, objectType, docname, anchor, _prio in domain.get_objects():
         if name == queryName:
-            return (docname, anchor, objectType)
-    return (queryName, "not", "found")
+            return docname, anchor, objectType
+    return queryName, 'not', 'found'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-c-intersphinx', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
@@ -752,12 +830,14 @@ def test_domain_c_build_intersphinx(tmp_path, app):
 .. c:function:: void _functionParam(int param)
 """  # NoQA: F841
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
-    inv_file.write_bytes(b'''\
+    inv_file.write_bytes(
+        b"""\
 # Sphinx inventory version 2
 # Project: C Intersphinx Test
 # Version:
 # The remainder of this file is compressed using zlib.
-''' + zlib.compress(b'''\
+"""
+        + zlib.compress(b"""\
 _enum c:enum 1 index.html#c.$ -
 _enum._enumerator c:enumerator 1 index.html#c.$ -
 _enumerator c:enumerator 1 index.html#c._enum.$ -
@@ -770,7 +850,8 @@ def test_domain_c_build_intersphinx(tmp_path, app):
 _type c:type 1 index.html#c.$ -
 _union c:union 1 index.html#c.$ -
 _var c:member 1 index.html#c.$ -
-'''))  # NoQA: W291
+""")
+    )  # NoQA: W291
     app.config.intersphinx_mapping = {
         'local': ('https://localhost/intersphinx/c/', str(inv_file)),
     }
@@ -780,262 +861,490 @@ def test_domain_c_build_intersphinx(tmp_path, app):
     load_mappings(app)
 
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "index")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'index')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
 
 def test_domain_c_parse_cfunction(app):
-    text = (".. c:function:: PyObject* "
-            "PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)")
+    text = (
+        '.. c:function:: PyObject* '
+        'PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="c", objtype="function", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
     entry = _get_obj(app, 'PyType_GenericAlloc')
     assert entry == ('index', 'c.PyType_GenericAlloc', 'function')
 
 
 def test_domain_c_parse_cmember(app):
-    text = ".. c:member:: PyObject* PyTypeObject.tp_bases"
+    text = '.. c:member:: PyObject* PyTypeObject.tp_bases'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="member",
-                domain="c", objtype="member", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='member',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='member',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
     entry = _get_obj(app, 'PyTypeObject.tp_bases')
     assert entry == ('index', 'c.PyTypeObject.tp_bases', 'member')
 
 
 def test_domain_c_parse_cvar(app):
-    text = ".. c:var:: PyObject* PyClass_Type"
+    text = '.. c:var:: PyObject* PyClass_Type'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="var",
-                domain="c", objtype="var", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='var',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='var',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
     entry = _get_obj(app, 'PyClass_Type')
     assert entry == ('index', 'c.PyClass_Type', 'member')
 
 
 def test_domain_c_parse_no_index_entry(app):
-    text = (".. c:function:: void f()\n"
-            ".. c:function:: void g()\n"
-            "   :no-index-entry:\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. c:function:: void f()\n'
+        '.. c:function:: void g()\n'
+        '   :no-index-entry:\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, desc, addnodes.index, desc))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'f (C function)', 'c.f', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'f (C function)', 'c.f', '', None)],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[])
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'c_maximum_signature_line_length': len("str hello(str name)"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'c_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cfunction_signature_with_c_maximum_signature_line_length_equal(app):
-    text = ".. c:function:: str hello(str name)"
+    text = '.. c:function:: str hello(str name)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, "hello"]],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="c", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, "str"]],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, "name"],
-    )])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'c_maximum_signature_line_length': len("str hello(str name)"),
-})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'c_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cfunction_signature_with_c_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(app):
-    text = (".. c:function:: str hello(str names)\n"
-            "   :single-line-parameter-list:")
+    text = '.. c:function:: str hello(str names)\n   :single-line-parameter-list:'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, "hello"]],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="c", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, "str"]],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, "names"],
-    )])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'c_maximum_signature_line_length': len("str hello(str name)"),
-})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'c_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cfunction_signature_with_c_maximum_signature_line_length_break(app):
-    text = ".. c:function:: str hello(str names)"
+    text = '.. c:function:: str hello(str names)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, "hello"]],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="c", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, "str"]],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, "names"],
-    )])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=True)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("str hello(str name)"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cfunction_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_equal(app):
-    text = ".. c:function:: str hello(str name)"
+    text = '.. c:function:: str hello(str name)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, "hello"]],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="c", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, "str"]],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, "name"],
-    )])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("str hello(str name)"),
-})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cfunction_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(app):
-    text = (".. c:function:: str hello(str names)\n"
-            "   :single-line-parameter-list:")
+    text = '.. c:function:: str hello(str names)\n   :single-line-parameter-list:'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, "hello"]],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="c", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, "str"]],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, "names"],
-    )])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("str hello(str name)"),
-})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cfunction_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_break(app):
-    text = ".. c:function:: str hello(str names)"
+    text = '.. c:function:: str hello(str names)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, "hello"]],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="c", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, "str"]],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, "names"],
-    )])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=True)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'c_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': 1,
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'c_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': 1,
+    },
+)
 def test_c_maximum_signature_line_length_overrides_global(app):
     text = '.. c:function:: str hello(str name)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )]
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype='function',
-                domain='c', objtype='function', no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, "str"]],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
-    )])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        ([
+                            desc_signature_line,
+                            (
+                                pending_xref,
+                                desc_sig_space,
+                                [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                desc_parameterlist,
+                            ),
+                        ]),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='c',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='domain-c-c_maximum_signature_line_length')
@@ -1061,13 +1370,14 @@ def test_domain_c_c_maximum_signature_line_length_in_html(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'text', testroot='domain-c-c_maximum_signature_line_length',
+    'text',
+    testroot='domain-c-c_maximum_signature_line_length',
 )
 def test_domain_c_c_maximum_signature_line_length_in_text(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    param_line_fmt = STDINDENT * " " + "{}\n"
+    param_line_fmt = STDINDENT * ' ' + '{}\n'
 
-    expected_parameter_list_hello = "(\n{})".format(param_line_fmt.format("str name,"))
+    expected_parameter_list_hello = '(\n{})'.format(param_line_fmt.format('str name,'))
 
     assert expected_parameter_list_hello in content
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_cpp.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_cpp.py
index 64c4bd2ac0a..be087fd50ce 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_cpp.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_cpp.py
@@ -33,14 +33,15 @@
 
 def parse(name, string):
     class Config:
-        cpp_id_attributes = ["id_attr"]
-        cpp_paren_attributes = ["paren_attr"]
+        cpp_id_attributes = ['id_attr']
+        cpp_paren_attributes = ['paren_attr']
+
     parser = DefinitionParser(string, location=None, config=Config())
     parser.allowFallbackExpressionParsing = False
     ast = parser.parse_declaration(name, name)
     parser.assert_end()
     # The scopedness would usually have been set by CPPEnumObject
-    if name == "enum":
+    if name == 'enum':
         ast.scoped = None  # simulate unscoped enum
     return ast
 
@@ -65,12 +66,12 @@ def _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput):
     res = str(ast)
     if res != outputAst:
         print()
-        print("Input:    ", input)
-        print("Result:   ", res)
-        print("Expected: ", outputAst)
+        print('Input:    ', input)
+        print('Result:   ', res)
+        print('Expected: ', outputAst)
         raise DefinitionError
     rootSymbol = Symbol(None, None, None, None, None, None, None)
-    symbol = rootSymbol.add_declaration(ast, docname="TestDoc", line=42)
+    symbol = rootSymbol.add_declaration(ast, docname='TestDoc', line=42)
     parentNode = addnodes.desc()
     signode = addnodes.desc_signature(input, '')
     parentNode += signode
@@ -78,10 +79,10 @@ def _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput):
     resAsText = parentNode.astext()
     if resAsText != outputAsText:
         print()
-        print("Input:    ", input)
-        print("astext(): ", resAsText)
-        print("Expected: ", outputAsText)
-        print("Node:", parentNode)
+        print('Input:    ', input)
+        print('astext(): ', resAsText)
+        print('Expected: ', outputAsText)
+        print('Node:', parentNode)
         raise DefinitionError
 
     idExpected = [None]
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ def _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput):
         try:
             id = ast.get_id(version=i)
             assert id is not None
-            idActual.append(id[len(_id_prefix[i]):])
+            idActual.append(id[len(_id_prefix[i]) :])
         except NoOldIdError:
             idActual.append(None)
 
@@ -104,13 +105,13 @@ def _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput):
         res.append(idExpected[i] == idActual[i])
 
     if not all(res):
-        print("input:    %s" % input.rjust(20))
+        print('input:    %s' % input.rjust(20))
         for i in range(1, _max_id + 1):
             if res[i]:
                 continue
-            print("Error in id version %d." % i)
-            print("result:   %s" % idActual[i])
-            print("expected: %s" % idExpected[i])
+            print('Error in id version %d.' % i)
+            print('result:   %s' % idActual[i])
+            print('expected: %s' % idExpected[i])
         print(rootSymbol.dump(0))
         raise DefinitionError
 
@@ -121,45 +122,53 @@ def check(name, input, idDict, output=None, key=None, asTextOutput=None):
     # First, check without semicolon
     _check(name, input, idDict, output, key, asTextOutput)
     # Second, check with semicolon
-    _check(name, input + ' ;', idDict, output + ';', key,
-           asTextOutput + ';' if asTextOutput is not None else None)
+    _check(
+        name,
+        input + ' ;',
+        idDict,
+        output + ';',
+        key,
+        asTextOutput + ';' if asTextOutput is not None else None,
+    )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('type_', 'id_v2'),
-                         sphinx.domains.cpp._ids._id_fundamental_v2.items())
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('type_', 'id_v2'),
+    sphinx.domains.cpp._ids._id_fundamental_v2.items(),
+)
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_fundamental_types(type_, id_v2):
     # see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/types
     def make_id_v1():
         if type_ == 'decltype(auto)':
             return None
-        id_ = type_.replace(" ", "-").replace("long", "l")
-        if "__int" not in type_:
-            id_ = id_.replace("int", "i")
-        id_ = id_.replace("bool", "b").replace("char", "c")
-        id_ = id_.replace("wc_t", "wchar_t").replace("c16_t", "char16_t")
-        id_ = id_.replace("c8_t", "char8_t")
-        id_ = id_.replace("c32_t", "char32_t")
-        return f"f__{id_}"
+        id_ = type_.replace(' ', '-').replace('long', 'l')
+        if '__int' not in type_:
+            id_ = id_.replace('int', 'i')
+        id_ = id_.replace('bool', 'b').replace('char', 'c')
+        id_ = id_.replace('wc_t', 'wchar_t').replace('c16_t', 'char16_t')
+        id_ = id_.replace('c8_t', 'char8_t')
+        id_ = id_.replace('c32_t', 'char32_t')
+        return f'f__{id_}'
 
     def make_id_v2():
         id_ = id_v2
-        if type_ == "std::nullptr_t":
-            id_ = "NSt9nullptr_tE"
-        return f"1f{id_}"
+        if type_ == 'std::nullptr_t':
+            id_ = 'NSt9nullptr_tE'
+        return f'1f{id_}'
 
     id1 = make_id_v1()
     id2 = make_id_v2()
 
     input = f"void f({type_.replace(' ', '  ')} arg)"
-    output = f"void f({type_} arg)"
+    output = f'void f({type_} arg)'
 
-    check("function", input, {1: id1, 2: id2}, output=output)
+    check('function', input, {1: id1, 2: id2}, output=output)
     if ' ' in type_:
         # try permutations of all components
         tcs = type_.split()
         for p in itertools.permutations(tcs):
             input = f"void f({' '.join(p)} arg)"
-            check("function", input, {1: id1, 2: id2})
+            check('function', input, {1: id1, 2: id2})
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_expressions():
@@ -172,81 +181,130 @@ def exprCheck(expr, id, id4=None):
         check('class', 'template<> {key}C<a[%s]>' % expr, idDict)
 
         class Config:
-            cpp_id_attributes = ["id_attr"]
-            cpp_paren_attributes = ["paren_attr"]
+            cpp_id_attributes = ['id_attr']
+            cpp_paren_attributes = ['paren_attr']
 
-        parser = DefinitionParser(expr, location=None,
-                                  config=Config())
+        parser = DefinitionParser(expr, location=None, config=Config())
         parser.allowFallbackExpressionParsing = False
         ast = parser.parse_expression()
         res = str(ast)
         if res != expr:
             print()
-            print("Input:    ", expr)
-            print("Result:   ", res)
+            print('Input:    ', expr)
+            print('Result:   ', res)
             raise DefinitionError
         displayString = ast.get_display_string()
         if res != displayString:
             # note: if the expression contains an anon name then this will trigger a falsely
             print()
-            print("Input:    ", expr)
-            print("Result:   ", res)
-            print("Display:  ", displayString)
+            print('Input:    ', expr)
+            print('Result:   ', res)
+            print('Display:  ', displayString)
             raise DefinitionError
 
     # primary
     exprCheck('nullptr', 'LDnE')
     exprCheck('true', 'L1E')
     exprCheck('false', 'L0E')
-    ints = ['5', '0', '075', '0x0123456789ABCDEF', '0XF', '0b1', '0B1',
-            "0b0'1'0", "00'1'2", "0x0'1'2", "1'2'3"]
+    ints = [
+        '5',
+        '0',
+        '075',
+        '0x0123456789ABCDEF',
+        '0XF',
+        '0b1',
+        '0B1',
+        "0b0'1'0",
+        "00'1'2",
+        "0x0'1'2",
+        "1'2'3",
+    ]
     unsignedSuffix = ['', 'u', 'U']
     longSuffix = ['', 'l', 'L', 'll', 'LL']
     for i in ints:
         for u in unsignedSuffix:
             for l in longSuffix:
                 expr = i + u + l
-                exprCheck(expr, 'L' + expr.replace("'", "") + 'E')
+                exprCheck(expr, 'L' + expr.replace("'", '') + 'E')
                 expr = i + l + u
-                exprCheck(expr, 'L' + expr.replace("'", "") + 'E')
-    decimalFloats = ['5e42', '5e+42', '5e-42',
-                     '5.', '5.e42', '5.e+42', '5.e-42',
-                     '.5', '.5e42', '.5e+42', '.5e-42',
-                     '5.0', '5.0e42', '5.0e+42', '5.0e-42',
-                     "1'2'3e7'8'9", "1'2'3.e7'8'9",
-                     ".4'5'6e7'8'9", "1'2'3.4'5'6e7'8'9"]
-    hexFloats = ['ApF', 'Ap+F', 'Ap-F',
-                 'A.', 'A.pF', 'A.p+F', 'A.p-F',
-                 '.A', '.ApF', '.Ap+F', '.Ap-F',
-                 'A.B', 'A.BpF', 'A.Bp+F', 'A.Bp-F',
-                 "A'B'Cp1'2'3", "A'B'C.p1'2'3",
-                 ".D'E'Fp1'2'3", "A'B'C.D'E'Fp1'2'3"]
+                exprCheck(expr, 'L' + expr.replace("'", '') + 'E')
+    decimalFloats = [
+        '5e42',
+        '5e+42',
+        '5e-42',
+        '5.',
+        '5.e42',
+        '5.e+42',
+        '5.e-42',
+        '.5',
+        '.5e42',
+        '.5e+42',
+        '.5e-42',
+        '5.0',
+        '5.0e42',
+        '5.0e+42',
+        '5.0e-42',
+        "1'2'3e7'8'9",
+        "1'2'3.e7'8'9",
+        ".4'5'6e7'8'9",
+        "1'2'3.4'5'6e7'8'9",
+    ]
+    hexFloats = [
+        'ApF',
+        'Ap+F',
+        'Ap-F',
+        'A.',
+        'A.pF',
+        'A.p+F',
+        'A.p-F',
+        '.A',
+        '.ApF',
+        '.Ap+F',
+        '.Ap-F',
+        'A.B',
+        'A.BpF',
+        'A.Bp+F',
+        'A.Bp-F',
+        "A'B'Cp1'2'3",
+        "A'B'C.p1'2'3",
+        ".D'E'Fp1'2'3",
+        "A'B'C.D'E'Fp1'2'3",
+    ]
     for suffix in ['', 'f', 'F', 'l', 'L']:
         for e in decimalFloats:
             expr = e + suffix
-            exprCheck(expr, 'L' + expr.replace("'", "") + 'E')
+            exprCheck(expr, 'L' + expr.replace("'", '') + 'E')
         for e in hexFloats:
-            expr = "0x" + e + suffix
-            exprCheck(expr, 'L' + expr.replace("'", "") + 'E')
+            expr = '0x' + e + suffix
+            exprCheck(expr, 'L' + expr.replace("'", '') + 'E')
     exprCheck('"abc\\"cba"', 'LA8_KcE')  # string
     exprCheck('this', 'fpT')
     # character literals
     charPrefixAndIds = [('', 'c'), ('u8', 'c'), ('u', 'Ds'), ('U', 'Di'), ('L', 'w')]
-    chars = [('a', '97'), ('\\n', '10'), ('\\012', '10'), ('\\0', '0'),
-             ('\\x0a', '10'), ('\\x0A', '10'), ('\\u0a42', '2626'), ('\\u0A42', '2626'),
-             ('\\U0001f34c', '127820'), ('\\U0001F34C', '127820')]
+    chars = [
+        ('a', '97'),
+        ('\\n', '10'),
+        ('\\012', '10'),
+        ('\\0', '0'),
+        ('\\x0a', '10'),
+        ('\\x0A', '10'),
+        ('\\u0a42', '2626'),
+        ('\\u0A42', '2626'),
+        ('\\U0001f34c', '127820'),
+        ('\\U0001F34C', '127820'),
+    ]
     for p, t in charPrefixAndIds:
         for c, val in chars:
             exprCheck(f"{p}'{c}'", t + val)
     # user-defined literals
     for i in ints:
-        exprCheck(i + '_udl', 'clL_Zli4_udlEL' + i.replace("'", "") + 'EE')
-        exprCheck(i + 'uludl', 'clL_Zli5uludlEL' + i.replace("'", "") + 'EE')
+        exprCheck(i + '_udl', 'clL_Zli4_udlEL' + i.replace("'", '') + 'EE')
+        exprCheck(i + 'uludl', 'clL_Zli5uludlEL' + i.replace("'", '') + 'EE')
     for f in decimalFloats:
-        exprCheck(f + '_udl', 'clL_Zli4_udlEL' + f.replace("'", "") + 'EE')
-        exprCheck(f + 'fudl', 'clL_Zli4fudlEL' + f.replace("'", "") + 'EE')
+        exprCheck(f + '_udl', 'clL_Zli4_udlEL' + f.replace("'", '') + 'EE')
+        exprCheck(f + 'fudl', 'clL_Zli4fudlEL' + f.replace("'", '') + 'EE')
     for f in hexFloats:
-        exprCheck('0x' + f + '_udl', 'clL_Zli4_udlEL0x' + f.replace("'", "") + 'EE')
+        exprCheck('0x' + f + '_udl', 'clL_Zli4_udlEL0x' + f.replace("'", '') + 'EE')
     for p, t in charPrefixAndIds:
         for c, val in chars:
             exprCheck(f"{p}'{c}'_udl", 'clL_Zli4_udlE' + t + val + 'E')
@@ -371,11 +429,14 @@ class Config:
     # Additional tests
     # a < expression that starts with something that could be a template
     exprCheck('A < 42', 'lt1AL42E')
-    check('function', 'template<> void f(A<B, 2> &v)',
-          {2: "IE1fR1AI1BX2EE", 3: "IE1fR1AI1BXL2EEE", 4: "IE1fvR1AI1BXL2EEE"})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'template<> void f(A<B, 2> &v)',
+        {2: 'IE1fR1AI1BX2EE', 3: 'IE1fR1AI1BXL2EEE', 4: 'IE1fvR1AI1BXL2EEE'},
+    )
     exprCheck('A<1>::value', 'N1AIXL1EEE5valueE')
-    check('class', "template<int T = 42> {key}A", {2: "I_iE1A"})
-    check('enumerator', '{key}A = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max()', {2: "1A"})
+    check('class', 'template<int T = 42> {key}A', {2: 'I_iE1A'})
+    check('enumerator', '{key}A = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max()', {2: '1A'})
 
     exprCheck('operator()()', 'clclE')
     exprCheck('operator()<int>()', 'clclIiEE')
@@ -385,44 +446,78 @@ class Config:
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_type_definitions():
-    check("type", "public bool b", {1: "b", 2: "1b"}, "{key}bool b", key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}bool A::b", {1: "A::b", 2: "N1A1bE"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}bool *b", {1: "b", 2: "1b"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}bool *const b", {1: "b", 2: "1b"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}bool *volatile const b", {1: "b", 2: "1b"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}bool *volatile const b", {1: "b", 2: "1b"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}bool *volatile const *b", {1: "b", 2: "1b"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}bool &b", {1: "b", 2: "1b"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}bool b[]", {1: "b", 2: "1b"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}std::pair<int, int> coord", {1: "coord", 2: "5coord"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}long long int foo", {1: "foo", 2: "3foo"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", '{key}std::vector<std::pair<std::string, long long>> module::blah',
-          {1: "module::blah", 2: "N6module4blahE"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}std::function<void()> F", {1: "F", 2: "1F"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}std::function<R(A1, A2)> F", {1: "F", 2: "1F"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}std::function<R(A1, A2, A3)> F", {1: "F", 2: "1F"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}std::function<R(A1, A2, A3, As...)> F", {1: "F", 2: "1F"}, key='typedef')
-    check("type", "{key}MyContainer::const_iterator",
-          {1: "MyContainer::const_iterator", 2: "N11MyContainer14const_iteratorE"})
-    check("type",
-          "public MyContainer::const_iterator",
-          {1: "MyContainer::const_iterator", 2: "N11MyContainer14const_iteratorE"},
-          output="{key}MyContainer::const_iterator")
+    check('type', 'public bool b', {1: 'b', 2: '1b'}, '{key}bool b', key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool A::b', {1: 'A::b', 2: 'N1A1bE'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *b', {1: 'b', 2: '1b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *const b', {1: 'b', 2: '1b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *volatile const b', {1: 'b', 2: '1b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *volatile const b', {1: 'b', 2: '1b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool *volatile const *b', {1: 'b', 2: '1b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool &b', {1: 'b', 2: '1b'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool b[]', {1: 'b', 2: '1b'}, key='typedef')
+    check(
+        'type',
+        '{key}std::pair<int, int> coord',
+        {1: 'coord', 2: '5coord'},
+        key='typedef',
+    )
+    check('type', '{key}long long int foo', {1: 'foo', 2: '3foo'}, key='typedef')
+    check(
+        'type',
+        '{key}std::vector<std::pair<std::string, long long>> module::blah',
+        {1: 'module::blah', 2: 'N6module4blahE'},
+        key='typedef',
+    )
+    check('type', '{key}std::function<void()> F', {1: 'F', 2: '1F'}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}std::function<R(A1, A2)> F', {1: 'F', 2: '1F'}, key='typedef')
+    check(
+        'type', '{key}std::function<R(A1, A2, A3)> F', {1: 'F', 2: '1F'}, key='typedef'
+    )
+    check(
+        'type',
+        '{key}std::function<R(A1, A2, A3, As...)> F',
+        {1: 'F', 2: '1F'},
+        key='typedef',
+    )
+    check(
+        'type',
+        '{key}MyContainer::const_iterator',
+        {1: 'MyContainer::const_iterator', 2: 'N11MyContainer14const_iteratorE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'type',
+        'public MyContainer::const_iterator',
+        {1: 'MyContainer::const_iterator', 2: 'N11MyContainer14const_iteratorE'},
+        output='{key}MyContainer::const_iterator',
+    )
     # test decl specs on right
-    check("type", "{key}bool const b", {1: "b", 2: "1b"}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool const b', {1: 'b', 2: '1b'}, key='typedef')
     # test name in global scope
-    check("type", "{key}bool ::B::b", {1: "B::b", 2: "N1B1bE"}, key='typedef')
+    check('type', '{key}bool ::B::b', {1: 'B::b', 2: 'N1B1bE'}, key='typedef')
 
     check('type', '{key}A = B', {2: '1A'}, key='using')
     check('type', '{key}A = decltype(b)', {2: '1A'}, key='using')
 
     # from breathe#267 (named function parameters for function pointers
-    check('type', '{key}void (*gpio_callback_t)(struct device *port, uint32_t pin)',
-          {1: 'gpio_callback_t', 2: '15gpio_callback_t'}, key='typedef')
-    check('type', '{key}void (*f)(std::function<void(int i)> g)', {1: 'f', 2: '1f'},
-          key='typedef')
+    check(
+        'type',
+        '{key}void (*gpio_callback_t)(struct device *port, uint32_t pin)',
+        {1: 'gpio_callback_t', 2: '15gpio_callback_t'},
+        key='typedef',
+    )
+    check(
+        'type',
+        '{key}void (*f)(std::function<void(int i)> g)',
+        {1: 'f', 2: '1f'},
+        key='typedef',
+    )
 
-    check('type', '{key}T = A::template B<int>::template C<double>', {2: '1T'}, key='using')
+    check(
+        'type',
+        '{key}T = A::template B<int>::template C<double>',
+        {2: '1T'},
+        key='using',
+    )
 
     check('type', '{key}T = Q<A::operator()>', {2: '1T'}, key='using')
     check('type', '{key}T = Q<A::operator()<int>>', {2: '1T'}, key='using')
@@ -430,10 +525,16 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_type_definitions():
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_concept_definitions():
-    check('concept', 'template<typename Param> {key}A::B::Concept',
-          {2: 'I0EN1A1B7ConceptE'})
-    check('concept', 'template<typename A, typename B, typename ...C> {key}Foo',
-          {2: 'I00DpE3Foo'})
+    check(
+        'concept',
+        'template<typename Param> {key}A::B::Concept',
+        {2: 'I0EN1A1B7ConceptE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'concept',
+        'template<typename A, typename B, typename ...C> {key}Foo',
+        {2: 'I00DpE3Foo'},
+    )
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
         parse('concept', '{key}Foo')
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
@@ -441,22 +542,41 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_concept_definitions():
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_member_definitions():
-    check('member', '  const  std::string  &  name = 42',
-          {1: "name__ssCR", 2: "4name"}, output='const std::string &name = 42')
-    check('member', '  const  std::string  &  name', {1: "name__ssCR", 2: "4name"},
-          output='const std::string &name')
-    check('member', '  const  std::string  &  name [ n ]',
-          {1: "name__ssCRA", 2: "4name"}, output='const std::string &name[n]')
-    check('member', 'const std::vector< unsigned int, long> &name',
-          {1: "name__std::vector:unsigned-i.l:CR", 2: "4name"},
-          output='const std::vector<unsigned int, long> &name')
-    check('member', 'module::myclass foo[n]', {1: "foo__module::myclassA", 2: "3foo"})
+    check(
+        'member',
+        '  const  std::string  &  name = 42',
+        {1: 'name__ssCR', 2: '4name'},
+        output='const std::string &name = 42',
+    )
+    check(
+        'member',
+        '  const  std::string  &  name',
+        {1: 'name__ssCR', 2: '4name'},
+        output='const std::string &name',
+    )
+    check(
+        'member',
+        '  const  std::string  &  name [ n ]',
+        {1: 'name__ssCRA', 2: '4name'},
+        output='const std::string &name[n]',
+    )
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'const std::vector< unsigned int, long> &name',
+        {1: 'name__std::vector:unsigned-i.l:CR', 2: '4name'},
+        output='const std::vector<unsigned int, long> &name',
+    )
+    check('member', 'module::myclass foo[n]', {1: 'foo__module::myclassA', 2: '3foo'})
     check('member', 'int *const p', {1: 'p__iPC', 2: '1p'})
     check('member', 'extern int myInt', {1: 'myInt__i', 2: '5myInt'})
     check('member', 'thread_local int myInt', {1: 'myInt__i', 2: '5myInt'})
     check('member', 'extern thread_local int myInt', {1: 'myInt__i', 2: '5myInt'})
-    check('member', 'thread_local extern int myInt', {1: 'myInt__i', 2: '5myInt'},
-          'extern thread_local int myInt')
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'thread_local extern int myInt',
+        {1: 'myInt__i', 2: '5myInt'},
+        'extern thread_local int myInt',
+    )
 
     # tests based on https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/bit_field
     check('member', 'int b : 3', {1: 'b__i', 2: '1b'})
@@ -473,145 +593,272 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_member_definitions():
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_function_definitions():
-    check('function', 'void f(volatile int)', {1: "f__iV", 2: "1fVi"})
-    check('function', 'void f(std::size_t)', {1: "f__std::s", 2: "1fNSt6size_tE"})
-    check('function', 'operator bool() const', {1: "castto-b-operatorC", 2: "NKcvbEv"})
-    check('function', 'A::operator bool() const',
-          {1: "A::castto-b-operatorC", 2: "NK1AcvbEv"})
-    check('function', 'A::operator bool() volatile const &',
-          {1: "A::castto-b-operatorVCR", 2: "NVKR1AcvbEv"})
-    check('function', 'A::operator bool() volatile const &&',
-          {1: "A::castto-b-operatorVCO", 2: "NVKO1AcvbEv"})
-    check('function', 'bool namespaced::theclass::method(arg1, arg2)',
-          {1: "namespaced::theclass::method__arg1.arg2",
-           2: "N10namespaced8theclass6methodE4arg14arg2"})
-    x = 'std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>> &module::test(register int ' \
+    check('function', 'void f(volatile int)', {1: 'f__iV', 2: '1fVi'})
+    check('function', 'void f(std::size_t)', {1: 'f__std::s', 2: '1fNSt6size_tE'})
+    check('function', 'operator bool() const', {1: 'castto-b-operatorC', 2: 'NKcvbEv'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'A::operator bool() const',
+        {1: 'A::castto-b-operatorC', 2: 'NK1AcvbEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'A::operator bool() volatile const &',
+        {1: 'A::castto-b-operatorVCR', 2: 'NVKR1AcvbEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'A::operator bool() volatile const &&',
+        {1: 'A::castto-b-operatorVCO', 2: 'NVKO1AcvbEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'bool namespaced::theclass::method(arg1, arg2)',
+        {
+            1: 'namespaced::theclass::method__arg1.arg2',
+            2: 'N10namespaced8theclass6methodE4arg14arg2',
+        },
+    )
+    x = (
+        'std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>> &module::test(register int '
         'foo, bar, std::string baz = "foobar, blah, bleh") const = 0'
-    check('function', x, {1: "module::test__i.bar.ssC",
-                          2: "NK6module4testEi3barNSt6stringE"})
-    check('function', 'void f(std::pair<A, B>)',
-          {1: "f__std::pair:A.B:", 2: "1fNSt4pairI1A1BEE"})
-    check('function', 'explicit module::myclass::foo::foo()',
-          {1: "module::myclass::foo::foo", 2: "N6module7myclass3foo3fooEv"})
-    check('function', 'module::myclass::foo::~foo()',
-          {1: "module::myclass::foo::~foo", 2: "N6module7myclass3fooD0Ev"})
-    check('function', 'int printf(const char *fmt, ...)',
-          {1: "printf__cCP.z", 2: "6printfPKcz"})
-    check('function', 'int foo(const unsigned int j)',
-          {1: "foo__unsigned-iC", 2: "3fooKj"})
-    check('function', 'int foo(const int *const ptr)',
-          {1: "foo__iCPC", 2: "3fooPCKi"})
-    check('function', 'module::myclass::operator std::vector<std::string>()',
-          {1: "module::myclass::castto-std::vector:ss:-operator",
-           2: "N6module7myclasscvNSt6vectorINSt6stringEEEEv"})
-    check('function',
-          'void operator()(const boost::array<VertexID, 2> &v) const',
-          {1: "call-operator__boost::array:VertexID.2:CRC",
-           2: "NKclERKN5boost5arrayI8VertexIDX2EEE",
-           3: "NKclERKN5boost5arrayI8VertexIDXL2EEEE"})
-    check('function',
-          'void operator()(const boost::array<VertexID, 2, "foo,  bar"> &v) const',
-          {1: 'call-operator__boost::array:VertexID.2."foo,--bar":CRC',
-           2: 'NKclERKN5boost5arrayI8VertexIDX2EX"foo,  bar"EEE',
-           3: 'NKclERKN5boost5arrayI8VertexIDXL2EEXLA9_KcEEEE'})
-    check('function', 'MyClass::MyClass(MyClass::MyClass&&)',
-          {1: "MyClass::MyClass__MyClass::MyClassRR",
-           2: "N7MyClass7MyClassERRN7MyClass7MyClassE"})
-    check('function', 'constexpr int get_value()', {1: "get_valueCE", 2: "9get_valuev"})
-    check('function', 'static constexpr int get_value()',
-          {1: "get_valueCE", 2: "9get_valuev"})
-    check('function', 'int get_value() const noexcept',
-          {1: "get_valueC", 2: "NK9get_valueEv"})
-    check('function', 'int get_value() const noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value)',
-          {1: "get_valueC", 2: "NK9get_valueEv"})
-    check('function', 'int get_value() const noexcept("see below")',
-          {1: "get_valueC", 2: "NK9get_valueEv"})
-    check('function', 'int get_value() const noexcept = delete',
-          {1: "get_valueC", 2: "NK9get_valueEv"})
-    check('function', 'int get_value() volatile const',
-          {1: "get_valueVC", 2: "NVK9get_valueEv"})
-    check('function', 'MyClass::MyClass(MyClass::MyClass&&) = default',
-          {1: "MyClass::MyClass__MyClass::MyClassRR",
-           2: "N7MyClass7MyClassERRN7MyClass7MyClassE"})
-    check('function', 'virtual MyClass::a_virtual_function() const override',
-          {1: "MyClass::a_virtual_functionC", 2: "NK7MyClass18a_virtual_functionEv"})
-    check('function', 'A B() override', {1: "B", 2: "1Bv"})
-    check('function', 'A B() final', {1: "B", 2: "1Bv"})
-    check('function', 'A B() final override', {1: "B", 2: "1Bv"})
-    check('function', 'A B() override final', {1: "B", 2: "1Bv"},
-          output='A B() final override')
-    check('function', 'MyClass::a_member_function() volatile',
-          {1: "MyClass::a_member_functionV", 2: "NV7MyClass17a_member_functionEv"})
-    check('function', 'MyClass::a_member_function() volatile const',
-          {1: "MyClass::a_member_functionVC", 2: "NVK7MyClass17a_member_functionEv"})
-    check('function', 'MyClass::a_member_function() &&',
-          {1: "MyClass::a_member_functionO", 2: "NO7MyClass17a_member_functionEv"})
-    check('function', 'MyClass::a_member_function() &',
-          {1: "MyClass::a_member_functionR", 2: "NR7MyClass17a_member_functionEv"})
-    check('function', 'MyClass::a_member_function() const &',
-          {1: "MyClass::a_member_functionCR", 2: "NKR7MyClass17a_member_functionEv"})
-    check('function', 'int main(int argc, char *argv[])',
-          {1: "main__i.cPA", 2: "4mainiA_Pc"})
-    check('function', 'MyClass &MyClass::operator++()',
-          {1: "MyClass::inc-operator", 2: "N7MyClassppEv"})
-    check('function', 'MyClass::pointer MyClass::operator->()',
-          {1: "MyClass::pointer-operator", 2: "N7MyClassptEv"})
-
-    x = 'std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>> &module::test(register int ' \
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        x,
+        {1: 'module::test__i.bar.ssC', 2: 'NK6module4testEi3barNSt6stringE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void f(std::pair<A, B>)',
+        {1: 'f__std::pair:A.B:', 2: '1fNSt4pairI1A1BEE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'explicit module::myclass::foo::foo()',
+        {1: 'module::myclass::foo::foo', 2: 'N6module7myclass3foo3fooEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'module::myclass::foo::~foo()',
+        {1: 'module::myclass::foo::~foo', 2: 'N6module7myclass3fooD0Ev'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int printf(const char *fmt, ...)',
+        {1: 'printf__cCP.z', 2: '6printfPKcz'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int foo(const unsigned int j)',
+        {1: 'foo__unsigned-iC', 2: '3fooKj'},
+    )
+    check('function', 'int foo(const int *const ptr)', {1: 'foo__iCPC', 2: '3fooPCKi'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'module::myclass::operator std::vector<std::string>()',
+        {
+            1: 'module::myclass::castto-std::vector:ss:-operator',
+            2: 'N6module7myclasscvNSt6vectorINSt6stringEEEEv',
+        },
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void operator()(const boost::array<VertexID, 2> &v) const',
+        {
+            1: 'call-operator__boost::array:VertexID.2:CRC',
+            2: 'NKclERKN5boost5arrayI8VertexIDX2EEE',
+            3: 'NKclERKN5boost5arrayI8VertexIDXL2EEEE',
+        },
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void operator()(const boost::array<VertexID, 2, "foo,  bar"> &v) const',
+        {
+            1: 'call-operator__boost::array:VertexID.2."foo,--bar":CRC',
+            2: 'NKclERKN5boost5arrayI8VertexIDX2EX"foo,  bar"EEE',
+            3: 'NKclERKN5boost5arrayI8VertexIDXL2EEXLA9_KcEEEE',
+        },
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'MyClass::MyClass(MyClass::MyClass&&)',
+        {
+            1: 'MyClass::MyClass__MyClass::MyClassRR',
+            2: 'N7MyClass7MyClassERRN7MyClass7MyClassE',
+        },
+    )
+    check('function', 'constexpr int get_value()', {1: 'get_valueCE', 2: '9get_valuev'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'static constexpr int get_value()',
+        {1: 'get_valueCE', 2: '9get_valuev'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int get_value() const noexcept',
+        {1: 'get_valueC', 2: 'NK9get_valueEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int get_value() const noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value)',
+        {1: 'get_valueC', 2: 'NK9get_valueEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int get_value() const noexcept("see below")',
+        {1: 'get_valueC', 2: 'NK9get_valueEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int get_value() const noexcept = delete',
+        {1: 'get_valueC', 2: 'NK9get_valueEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int get_value() volatile const',
+        {1: 'get_valueVC', 2: 'NVK9get_valueEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'MyClass::MyClass(MyClass::MyClass&&) = default',
+        {
+            1: 'MyClass::MyClass__MyClass::MyClassRR',
+            2: 'N7MyClass7MyClassERRN7MyClass7MyClassE',
+        },
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'virtual MyClass::a_virtual_function() const override',
+        {1: 'MyClass::a_virtual_functionC', 2: 'NK7MyClass18a_virtual_functionEv'},
+    )
+    check('function', 'A B() override', {1: 'B', 2: '1Bv'})
+    check('function', 'A B() final', {1: 'B', 2: '1Bv'})
+    check('function', 'A B() final override', {1: 'B', 2: '1Bv'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'A B() override final',
+        {1: 'B', 2: '1Bv'},
+        output='A B() final override',
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'MyClass::a_member_function() volatile',
+        {1: 'MyClass::a_member_functionV', 2: 'NV7MyClass17a_member_functionEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'MyClass::a_member_function() volatile const',
+        {1: 'MyClass::a_member_functionVC', 2: 'NVK7MyClass17a_member_functionEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'MyClass::a_member_function() &&',
+        {1: 'MyClass::a_member_functionO', 2: 'NO7MyClass17a_member_functionEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'MyClass::a_member_function() &',
+        {1: 'MyClass::a_member_functionR', 2: 'NR7MyClass17a_member_functionEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'MyClass::a_member_function() const &',
+        {1: 'MyClass::a_member_functionCR', 2: 'NKR7MyClass17a_member_functionEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int main(int argc, char *argv[])',
+        {1: 'main__i.cPA', 2: '4mainiA_Pc'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'MyClass &MyClass::operator++()',
+        {1: 'MyClass::inc-operator', 2: 'N7MyClassppEv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'MyClass::pointer MyClass::operator->()',
+        {1: 'MyClass::pointer-operator', 2: 'N7MyClassptEv'},
+    )
+
+    x = (
+        'std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>> &module::test(register int '
         'foo, bar[n], std::string baz = "foobar, blah, bleh") const = 0'
-    check('function', x, {1: "module::test__i.barA.ssC",
-                          2: "NK6module4testEiAn_3barNSt6stringE",
-                          3: "NK6module4testEiA1n_3barNSt6stringE"})
-    check('function',
-          'int foo(Foo f = Foo(double(), std::make_pair(int(2), double(3.4))))',
-          {1: "foo__Foo", 2: "3foo3Foo"})
-    check('function', 'int foo(A a = x(a))', {1: "foo__A", 2: "3foo1A"})
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        x,
+        {
+            1: 'module::test__i.barA.ssC',
+            2: 'NK6module4testEiAn_3barNSt6stringE',
+            3: 'NK6module4testEiA1n_3barNSt6stringE',
+        },
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int foo(Foo f = Foo(double(), std::make_pair(int(2), double(3.4))))',
+        {1: 'foo__Foo', 2: '3foo3Foo'},
+    )
+    check('function', 'int foo(A a = x(a))', {1: 'foo__A', 2: '3foo1A'})
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
         parse('function', 'int foo(B b=x(a)')
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
         parse('function', 'int foo)C c=x(a))')
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
         parse('function', 'int foo(D d=x(a')
-    check('function', 'int foo(const A&... a)', {1: "foo__ACRDp", 2: "3fooDpRK1A"})
-    check('function', 'int foo(const A&...)', {1: "foo__ACRDp", 2: "3fooDpRK1A"})
-    check('function', 'int foo(const A*... a)', {1: "foo__ACPDp", 2: "3fooDpPK1A"})
-    check('function', 'int foo(const A*...)', {1: "foo__ACPDp", 2: "3fooDpPK1A"})
-    check('function', 'int foo(const int A::*... a)', {2: "3fooDpM1AKi"})
-    check('function', 'int foo(const int A::*...)', {2: "3fooDpM1AKi"})
+    check('function', 'int foo(const A&... a)', {1: 'foo__ACRDp', 2: '3fooDpRK1A'})
+    check('function', 'int foo(const A&...)', {1: 'foo__ACRDp', 2: '3fooDpRK1A'})
+    check('function', 'int foo(const A*... a)', {1: 'foo__ACPDp', 2: '3fooDpPK1A'})
+    check('function', 'int foo(const A*...)', {1: 'foo__ACPDp', 2: '3fooDpPK1A'})
+    check('function', 'int foo(const int A::*... a)', {2: '3fooDpM1AKi'})
+    check('function', 'int foo(const int A::*...)', {2: '3fooDpM1AKi'})
     # check('function', 'int foo(int (*a)(A)...)', {1: "foo__ACRDp", 2: "3fooDpPK1A"})
     # check('function', 'int foo(int (*)(A)...)', {1: "foo__ACRDp", 2: "3fooDpPK1A"})
-    check('function', 'virtual void f()', {1: "f", 2: "1fv"})
+    check('function', 'virtual void f()', {1: 'f', 2: '1fv'})
     # test for ::nestedName, from issue 1738
-    check("function", "result(int val, ::std::error_category const &cat)",
-          {1: "result__i.std::error_categoryCR", 2: "6resultiRKNSt14error_categoryE"})
-    check("function", "int *f()", {1: "f", 2: "1fv"})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'result(int val, ::std::error_category const &cat)',
+        {1: 'result__i.std::error_categoryCR', 2: '6resultiRKNSt14error_categoryE'},
+    )
+    check('function', 'int *f()', {1: 'f', 2: '1fv'})
     # tests derived from issue #1753 (skip to keep sanity)
-    check("function", "f(int (&array)[10])", {2: "1fRA10_i", 3: "1fRAL10E_i"})
-    check("function", "void f(int (&array)[10])", {2: "1fRA10_i", 3: "1fRAL10E_i"})
-    check("function", "void f(float *q(double))", {2: "1fFPfdE"})
-    check("function", "void f(float *(*q)(double))", {2: "1fPFPfdE"})
-    check("function", "void f(float (*q)(double))", {2: "1fPFfdE"})
-    check("function", "int (*f(double d))(float)", {1: "f__double", 2: "1fd"})
-    check("function", "int (*f(bool b))[5]", {1: "f__b", 2: "1fb"})
-    check("function", "int (*A::f(double d) const)(float)",
-          {1: "A::f__doubleC", 2: "NK1A1fEd"})
-    check("function", "void f(std::shared_ptr<int(double)> ptr)",
-          {2: "1fNSt10shared_ptrIFidEEE"})
-    check("function", "void f(int *const p)", {1: "f__iPC", 2: "1fPCi"})
-    check("function", "void f(int *volatile const p)", {1: "f__iPVC", 2: "1fPVCi"})
+    check('function', 'f(int (&array)[10])', {2: '1fRA10_i', 3: '1fRAL10E_i'})
+    check('function', 'void f(int (&array)[10])', {2: '1fRA10_i', 3: '1fRAL10E_i'})
+    check('function', 'void f(float *q(double))', {2: '1fFPfdE'})
+    check('function', 'void f(float *(*q)(double))', {2: '1fPFPfdE'})
+    check('function', 'void f(float (*q)(double))', {2: '1fPFfdE'})
+    check('function', 'int (*f(double d))(float)', {1: 'f__double', 2: '1fd'})
+    check('function', 'int (*f(bool b))[5]', {1: 'f__b', 2: '1fb'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int (*A::f(double d) const)(float)',
+        {1: 'A::f__doubleC', 2: 'NK1A1fEd'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void f(std::shared_ptr<int(double)> ptr)',
+        {2: '1fNSt10shared_ptrIFidEEE'},
+    )
+    check('function', 'void f(int *const p)', {1: 'f__iPC', 2: '1fPCi'})
+    check('function', 'void f(int *volatile const p)', {1: 'f__iPVC', 2: '1fPVCi'})
 
     check('function', 'extern int f()', {1: 'f', 2: '1fv'})
     check('function', 'consteval int f()', {1: 'f', 2: '1fv'})
 
     check('function', 'explicit(true) void f()', {1: 'f', 2: '1fv'})
 
-    check('function', 'decltype(auto) f()', {1: 'f', 2: "1fv"})
+    check('function', 'decltype(auto) f()', {1: 'f', 2: '1fv'})
 
     # TODO: make tests for functions in a template, e.g., Test<int&&()>
     # such that the id generation for function type types is correct.
 
-    check('function', 'friend std::ostream &f(std::ostream &s, int i)',
-          {1: 'f__osR.i', 2: '1fRNSt7ostreamEi'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'friend std::ostream &f(std::ostream &s, int i)',
+        {1: 'f__osR.i', 2: '1fRNSt7ostreamEi'},
+    )
 
     # from breathe#223
     check('function', 'void f(struct E e)', {1: 'f__E', 2: '1f1E'})
@@ -627,8 +874,12 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_function_definitions():
     check('function', 'void f(int C::*const)', {2: '1fKM1Ci'})
     check('function', 'void f(int C::*const&)', {2: '1fRKM1Ci'})
     check('function', 'void f(int C::*volatile)', {2: '1fVM1Ci'})
-    check('function', 'void f(int C::*const volatile)', {2: '1fVKM1Ci'},
-          output='void f(int C::*volatile const)')
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void f(int C::*const volatile)',
+        {2: '1fVKM1Ci'},
+        output='void f(int C::*volatile const)',
+    )
     check('function', 'void f(int C::*volatile const)', {2: '1fVKM1Ci'})
     check('function', 'void f(int (C::*)(float, double))', {2: '1fM1CFifdE'})
     check('function', 'void f(int (C::* p)(float, double))', {2: '1fM1CFifdE'})
@@ -657,7 +908,11 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_function_definitions():
     check('function', 'template<typename T> f() -> int', ids)
 
     # from breathe#441
-    check('function', 'auto MakeThingy() -> Thingy*', {1: 'MakeThingy', 2: '10MakeThingyv'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'auto MakeThingy() -> Thingy*',
+        {1: 'MakeThingy', 2: '10MakeThingyv'},
+    )
 
     # from #8960
     check('function', 'void f(void (*p)(int, double), int i)', {2: '1fPFvidEi'})
@@ -667,86 +922,95 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_function_definitions():
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_operators():
-    check('function', 'void operator new()', {1: "new-operator", 2: "nwv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator new[]()', {1: "new-array-operator", 2: "nav"})
-    check('function', 'void operator delete()', {1: "delete-operator", 2: "dlv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator delete[]()', {1: "delete-array-operator", 2: "dav"})
-    check('function', 'operator bool() const', {1: "castto-b-operatorC", 2: "NKcvbEv"})
+    check('function', 'void operator new()', {1: 'new-operator', 2: 'nwv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator new[]()', {1: 'new-array-operator', 2: 'nav'})
+    check('function', 'void operator delete()', {1: 'delete-operator', 2: 'dlv'})
+    check(
+        'function', 'void operator delete[]()', {1: 'delete-array-operator', 2: 'dav'}
+    )
+    check('function', 'operator bool() const', {1: 'castto-b-operatorC', 2: 'NKcvbEv'})
     check('function', 'void operator""_udl()', {2: 'li4_udlv'})
 
-    check('function', 'void operator~()', {1: "inv-operator", 2: "cov"})
-    check('function', 'void operator compl()', {2: "cov"})
-    check('function', 'void operator+()', {1: "add-operator", 2: "plv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator-()', {1: "sub-operator", 2: "miv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator*()', {1: "mul-operator", 2: "mlv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator/()', {1: "div-operator", 2: "dvv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator%()', {1: "mod-operator", 2: "rmv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator&()', {1: "and-operator", 2: "anv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator bitand()', {2: "anv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator|()', {1: "or-operator", 2: "orv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator bitor()', {2: "orv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator^()', {1: "xor-operator", 2: "eov"})
-    check('function', 'void operator xor()', {2: "eov"})
-    check('function', 'void operator=()', {1: "assign-operator", 2: "aSv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator+=()', {1: "add-assign-operator", 2: "pLv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator-=()', {1: "sub-assign-operator", 2: "mIv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator*=()', {1: "mul-assign-operator", 2: "mLv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator/=()', {1: "div-assign-operator", 2: "dVv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator%=()', {1: "mod-assign-operator", 2: "rMv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator&=()', {1: "and-assign-operator", 2: "aNv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator and_eq()', {2: "aNv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator|=()', {1: "or-assign-operator", 2: "oRv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator or_eq()', {2: "oRv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator^=()', {1: "xor-assign-operator", 2: "eOv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator xor_eq()', {2: "eOv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator<<()', {1: "lshift-operator", 2: "lsv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator>>()', {1: "rshift-operator", 2: "rsv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator<<=()', {1: "lshift-assign-operator", 2: "lSv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator>>=()', {1: "rshift-assign-operator", 2: "rSv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator==()', {1: "eq-operator", 2: "eqv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator!=()', {1: "neq-operator", 2: "nev"})
-    check('function', 'void operator not_eq()', {2: "nev"})
-    check('function', 'void operator<()', {1: "lt-operator", 2: "ltv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator>()', {1: "gt-operator", 2: "gtv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator<=()', {1: "lte-operator", 2: "lev"})
-    check('function', 'void operator>=()', {1: "gte-operator", 2: "gev"})
-    check('function', 'void operator<=>()', {2: "ssv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator!()', {1: "not-operator", 2: "ntv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator not()', {2: "ntv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator&&()', {1: "sand-operator", 2: "aav"})
-    check('function', 'void operator and()', {2: "aav"})
-    check('function', 'void operator||()', {1: "sor-operator", 2: "oov"})
-    check('function', 'void operator or()', {2: "oov"})
-    check('function', 'void operator++()', {1: "inc-operator", 2: "ppv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator--()', {1: "dec-operator", 2: "mmv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator,()', {1: "comma-operator", 2: "cmv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator->*()', {1: "pointer-by-pointer-operator", 2: "pmv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator->()', {1: "pointer-operator", 2: "ptv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator()()', {1: "call-operator", 2: "clv"})
-    check('function', 'void operator[]()', {1: "subscript-operator", 2: "ixv"})
+    check('function', 'void operator~()', {1: 'inv-operator', 2: 'cov'})
+    check('function', 'void operator compl()', {2: 'cov'})
+    check('function', 'void operator+()', {1: 'add-operator', 2: 'plv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator-()', {1: 'sub-operator', 2: 'miv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator*()', {1: 'mul-operator', 2: 'mlv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator/()', {1: 'div-operator', 2: 'dvv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator%()', {1: 'mod-operator', 2: 'rmv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator&()', {1: 'and-operator', 2: 'anv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator bitand()', {2: 'anv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator|()', {1: 'or-operator', 2: 'orv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator bitor()', {2: 'orv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator^()', {1: 'xor-operator', 2: 'eov'})
+    check('function', 'void operator xor()', {2: 'eov'})
+    check('function', 'void operator=()', {1: 'assign-operator', 2: 'aSv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator+=()', {1: 'add-assign-operator', 2: 'pLv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator-=()', {1: 'sub-assign-operator', 2: 'mIv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator*=()', {1: 'mul-assign-operator', 2: 'mLv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator/=()', {1: 'div-assign-operator', 2: 'dVv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator%=()', {1: 'mod-assign-operator', 2: 'rMv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator&=()', {1: 'and-assign-operator', 2: 'aNv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator and_eq()', {2: 'aNv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator|=()', {1: 'or-assign-operator', 2: 'oRv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator or_eq()', {2: 'oRv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator^=()', {1: 'xor-assign-operator', 2: 'eOv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator xor_eq()', {2: 'eOv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator<<()', {1: 'lshift-operator', 2: 'lsv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator>>()', {1: 'rshift-operator', 2: 'rsv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator<<=()', {1: 'lshift-assign-operator', 2: 'lSv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator>>=()', {1: 'rshift-assign-operator', 2: 'rSv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator==()', {1: 'eq-operator', 2: 'eqv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator!=()', {1: 'neq-operator', 2: 'nev'})
+    check('function', 'void operator not_eq()', {2: 'nev'})
+    check('function', 'void operator<()', {1: 'lt-operator', 2: 'ltv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator>()', {1: 'gt-operator', 2: 'gtv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator<=()', {1: 'lte-operator', 2: 'lev'})
+    check('function', 'void operator>=()', {1: 'gte-operator', 2: 'gev'})
+    check('function', 'void operator<=>()', {2: 'ssv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator!()', {1: 'not-operator', 2: 'ntv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator not()', {2: 'ntv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator&&()', {1: 'sand-operator', 2: 'aav'})
+    check('function', 'void operator and()', {2: 'aav'})
+    check('function', 'void operator||()', {1: 'sor-operator', 2: 'oov'})
+    check('function', 'void operator or()', {2: 'oov'})
+    check('function', 'void operator++()', {1: 'inc-operator', 2: 'ppv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator--()', {1: 'dec-operator', 2: 'mmv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator,()', {1: 'comma-operator', 2: 'cmv'})
+    check(
+        'function', 'void operator->*()', {1: 'pointer-by-pointer-operator', 2: 'pmv'}
+    )
+    check('function', 'void operator->()', {1: 'pointer-operator', 2: 'ptv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator()()', {1: 'call-operator', 2: 'clv'})
+    check('function', 'void operator[]()', {1: 'subscript-operator', 2: 'ixv'})
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_nested_name():
-    check('class', '{key}::A', {1: "A", 2: "1A"})
-    check('class', '{key}::A::B', {1: "A::B", 2: "N1A1BE"})
-    check('function', 'void f(::A a)', {1: "f__A", 2: "1f1A"})
-    check('function', 'void f(::A::B a)', {1: "f__A::B", 2: "1fN1A1BE"})
+    check('class', '{key}::A', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
+    check('class', '{key}::A::B', {1: 'A::B', 2: 'N1A1BE'})
+    check('function', 'void f(::A a)', {1: 'f__A', 2: '1f1A'})
+    check('function', 'void f(::A::B a)', {1: 'f__A::B', 2: '1fN1A1BE'})
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_class_definitions():
-    check('class', 'public A', {1: "A", 2: "1A"}, output='{key}A')
-    check('class', 'private {key}A', {1: "A", 2: "1A"})
+    check('class', 'public A', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'}, output='{key}A')
+    check('class', 'private {key}A', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
     check('class', '{key}A final', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
 
     # test bases
-    check('class', '{key}A', {1: "A", 2: "1A"})
-    check('class', '{key}A::B::C', {1: "A::B::C", 2: "N1A1B1CE"})
-    check('class', '{key}A : B', {1: "A", 2: "1A"})
-    check('class', '{key}A : private B', {1: "A", 2: "1A"})
-    check('class', '{key}A : public B', {1: "A", 2: "1A"})
-    check('class', '{key}A : B, C', {1: "A", 2: "1A"})
-    check('class', '{key}A : B, protected C, D', {1: "A", 2: "1A"})
-    check('class', 'A : virtual private B', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'}, output='{key}A : private virtual B')
+    check('class', '{key}A', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
+    check('class', '{key}A::B::C', {1: 'A::B::C', 2: 'N1A1B1CE'})
+    check('class', '{key}A : B', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
+    check('class', '{key}A : private B', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
+    check('class', '{key}A : public B', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
+    check('class', '{key}A : B, C', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
+    check('class', '{key}A : B, protected C, D', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'A : virtual private B',
+        {1: 'A', 2: '1A'},
+        output='{key}A : private virtual B',
+    )
     check('class', '{key}A : private virtual B', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
     check('class', '{key}A : B, virtual C', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
     check('class', '{key}A : public virtual B', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
@@ -754,207 +1018,351 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_class_definitions():
     check('class', '{key}A : B..., C', {1: 'A', 2: '1A'})
 
     # from #4094
-    check('class', 'template<class, class = std::void_t<>> {key}has_var', {2: 'I00E7has_var'})
-    check('class', 'template<class T> {key}has_var<T, std::void_t<decltype(&T::var)>>',
-          {2: 'I0E7has_varI1TNSt6void_tIDTadN1T3varEEEEE'})
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'template<class, class = std::void_t<>> {key}has_var',
+        {2: 'I00E7has_var'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'template<class T> {key}has_var<T, std::void_t<decltype(&T::var)>>',
+        {2: 'I0E7has_varI1TNSt6void_tIDTadN1T3varEEEEE'},
+    )
 
-    check('class', 'template<typename ...Ts> {key}T<int (*)(Ts)...>',
-          {2: 'IDpE1TIJPFi2TsEEE'})
-    check('class', 'template<int... Is> {key}T<(Is)...>',
-          {2: 'I_DpiE1TIJX(Is)EEE', 3: 'I_DpiE1TIJX2IsEEE'})
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'template<typename ...Ts> {key}T<int (*)(Ts)...>',
+        {2: 'IDpE1TIJPFi2TsEEE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'template<int... Is> {key}T<(Is)...>',
+        {2: 'I_DpiE1TIJX(Is)EEE', 3: 'I_DpiE1TIJX2IsEEE'},
+    )
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_union_definitions():
-    check('union', '{key}A', {2: "1A"})
+    check('union', '{key}A', {2: '1A'})
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_enum_definitions():
-    check('enum', '{key}A', {2: "1A"})
-    check('enum', '{key}A : std::underlying_type<B>::type', {2: "1A"})
-    check('enum', '{key}A : unsigned int', {2: "1A"})
-    check('enum', 'public A', {2: "1A"}, output='{key}A')
-    check('enum', 'private {key}A', {2: "1A"})
+    check('enum', '{key}A', {2: '1A'})
+    check('enum', '{key}A : std::underlying_type<B>::type', {2: '1A'})
+    check('enum', '{key}A : unsigned int', {2: '1A'})
+    check('enum', 'public A', {2: '1A'}, output='{key}A')
+    check('enum', 'private {key}A', {2: '1A'})
 
-    check('enumerator', '{key}A', {2: "1A"})
-    check('enumerator', '{key}A = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max()', {2: "1A"})
+    check('enumerator', '{key}A', {2: '1A'})
+    check('enumerator', '{key}A = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max()', {2: '1A'})
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_anon_definitions():
-    check('class', '@a', {3: "Ut1_a"}, asTextOutput='class [anonymous]')
-    check('union', '@a', {3: "Ut1_a"}, asTextOutput='union [anonymous]')
-    check('enum', '@a', {3: "Ut1_a"}, asTextOutput='enum [anonymous]')
-    check('class', '@1', {3: "Ut1_1"}, asTextOutput='class [anonymous]')
-    check('class', '@a::A', {3: "NUt1_a1AE"}, asTextOutput='class [anonymous]::A')
-
-    check('function', 'int f(int @a)', {1: 'f__i', 2: '1fi'},
-          asTextOutput='int f(int [anonymous])')
+    check('class', '@a', {3: 'Ut1_a'}, asTextOutput='class [anonymous]')
+    check('union', '@a', {3: 'Ut1_a'}, asTextOutput='union [anonymous]')
+    check('enum', '@a', {3: 'Ut1_a'}, asTextOutput='enum [anonymous]')
+    check('class', '@1', {3: 'Ut1_1'}, asTextOutput='class [anonymous]')
+    check('class', '@a::A', {3: 'NUt1_a1AE'}, asTextOutput='class [anonymous]::A')
+
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'int f(int @a)',
+        {1: 'f__i', 2: '1fi'},
+        asTextOutput='int f(int [anonymous])',
+    )
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_templates():
-    check('class', "A<T>", {2: "IE1AI1TE"}, output="template<> {key}A<T>")
+    check('class', 'A<T>', {2: 'IE1AI1TE'}, output='template<> {key}A<T>')
     # first just check which objects support templating
-    check('class', "template<> {key}A", {2: "IE1A"})
-    check('function', "template<> void A()", {2: "IE1Av", 4: "IE1Avv"})
-    check('member', "template<> A a", {2: "IE1a"})
-    check('type', "template<> {key}a = A", {2: "IE1a"}, key='using')
+    check('class', 'template<> {key}A', {2: 'IE1A'})
+    check('function', 'template<> void A()', {2: 'IE1Av', 4: 'IE1Avv'})
+    check('member', 'template<> A a', {2: 'IE1a'})
+    check('type', 'template<> {key}a = A', {2: 'IE1a'}, key='using')
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
-        parse('enum', "template<> A")
+        parse('enum', 'template<> A')
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
-        parse('enumerator', "template<> A")
+        parse('enumerator', 'template<> A')
     # then all the real tests
-    check('class', "template<typename T1, typename T2> {key}A", {2: "I00E1A"})
-    check('type', "template<> {key}a", {2: "IE1a"}, key='using')
-
-    check('class', "template<typename T> {key}A", {2: "I0E1A"})
-    check('class', "template<class T> {key}A", {2: "I0E1A"})
-    check('class', "template<typename ...T> {key}A", {2: "IDpE1A"})
-    check('class', "template<typename...> {key}A", {2: "IDpE1A"})
-    check('class', "template<typename = Test> {key}A", {2: "I0E1A"})
-    check('class', "template<typename T = Test> {key}A", {2: "I0E1A"})
-
-    check('class', "template<template<typename> typename T> {key}A", {2: "II0E0E1A"})
-    check('class', "template<template<typename> class T> {key}A", {2: "II0E0E1A"})
-    check('class', "template<template<typename> typename> {key}A", {2: "II0E0E1A"})
-    check('class', "template<template<typename> typename ...T> {key}A", {2: "II0EDpE1A"})
-    check('class', "template<template<typename> typename...> {key}A", {2: "II0EDpE1A"})
-    check('class', "template<typename T, template<typename> typename...> {key}A", {2: "I0I0EDpE1A"})
-
-    check('class', "template<int> {key}A", {2: "I_iE1A"})
-    check('class', "template<int T> {key}A", {2: "I_iE1A"})
-    check('class', "template<int... T> {key}A", {2: "I_DpiE1A"})
-    check('class', "template<int T = 42> {key}A", {2: "I_iE1A"})
-    check('class', "template<int = 42> {key}A", {2: "I_iE1A"})
-
-    check('class', "template<typename A<B>::C> {key}A", {2: "I_N1AI1BE1CEE1A"})
-    check('class', "template<typename A<B>::C = 42> {key}A", {2: "I_N1AI1BE1CEE1A"})
+    check('class', 'template<typename T1, typename T2> {key}A', {2: 'I00E1A'})
+    check('type', 'template<> {key}a', {2: 'IE1a'}, key='using')
+
+    check('class', 'template<typename T> {key}A', {2: 'I0E1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<class T> {key}A', {2: 'I0E1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<typename ...T> {key}A', {2: 'IDpE1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<typename...> {key}A', {2: 'IDpE1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<typename = Test> {key}A', {2: 'I0E1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<typename T = Test> {key}A', {2: 'I0E1A'})
+
+    check('class', 'template<template<typename> typename T> {key}A', {2: 'II0E0E1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<template<typename> class T> {key}A', {2: 'II0E0E1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<template<typename> typename> {key}A', {2: 'II0E0E1A'})
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'template<template<typename> typename ...T> {key}A',
+        {2: 'II0EDpE1A'},
+    )
+    check('class', 'template<template<typename> typename...> {key}A', {2: 'II0EDpE1A'})
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'template<typename T, template<typename> typename...> {key}A',
+        {2: 'I0I0EDpE1A'},
+    )
+
+    check('class', 'template<int> {key}A', {2: 'I_iE1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<int T> {key}A', {2: 'I_iE1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<int... T> {key}A', {2: 'I_DpiE1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<int T = 42> {key}A', {2: 'I_iE1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<int = 42> {key}A', {2: 'I_iE1A'})
+
+    check('class', 'template<typename A<B>::C> {key}A', {2: 'I_N1AI1BE1CEE1A'})
+    check('class', 'template<typename A<B>::C = 42> {key}A', {2: 'I_N1AI1BE1CEE1A'})
     # from #7944
-    check('function', "template<typename T, "
-                      "typename std::enable_if<!has_overloaded_addressof<T>::value, bool>::type = false"
-                      "> constexpr T *static_addressof(T &ref)",
-          {2: "I0_NSt9enable_ifIX!has_overloaded_addressof<T>::valueEbE4typeEE16static_addressofR1T",
-           3: "I0_NSt9enable_ifIXntN24has_overloaded_addressofI1TE5valueEEbE4typeEE16static_addressofR1T",
-           4: "I0_NSt9enable_ifIXntN24has_overloaded_addressofI1TE5valueEEbE4typeEE16static_addressofP1TR1T"})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'template<typename T, '
+        'typename std::enable_if<!has_overloaded_addressof<T>::value, bool>::type = false'
+        '> constexpr T *static_addressof(T &ref)',
+        {
+            2: 'I0_NSt9enable_ifIX!has_overloaded_addressof<T>::valueEbE4typeEE16static_addressofR1T',
+            3: 'I0_NSt9enable_ifIXntN24has_overloaded_addressofI1TE5valueEEbE4typeEE16static_addressofR1T',
+            4: 'I0_NSt9enable_ifIXntN24has_overloaded_addressofI1TE5valueEEbE4typeEE16static_addressofP1TR1T',
+        },
+    )
 
-    check('class', "template<> {key}A<NS::B<>>", {2: "IE1AIN2NS1BIEEE"})
+    check('class', 'template<> {key}A<NS::B<>>', {2: 'IE1AIN2NS1BIEEE'})
 
     # from #2058
-    check('function',
-          "template<typename Char, typename Traits> "
-          "inline std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits> &operator<<("
-          "std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits> &os, "
-          "const c_string_view_base<const Char, Traits> &str)",
-          {2: "I00ElsRNSt13basic_ostreamI4Char6TraitsEE"
-              "RK18c_string_view_baseIK4Char6TraitsE",
-           4: "I00Els"
-              "RNSt13basic_ostreamI4Char6TraitsEE"
-              "RNSt13basic_ostreamI4Char6TraitsEE"
-              "RK18c_string_view_baseIK4Char6TraitsE"})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'template<typename Char, typename Traits> '
+        'inline std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits> &operator<<('
+        'std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits> &os, '
+        'const c_string_view_base<const Char, Traits> &str)',
+        {
+            2: 'I00ElsRNSt13basic_ostreamI4Char6TraitsEE'
+            'RK18c_string_view_baseIK4Char6TraitsE',
+            4: 'I00Els'
+            'RNSt13basic_ostreamI4Char6TraitsEE'
+            'RNSt13basic_ostreamI4Char6TraitsEE'
+            'RK18c_string_view_baseIK4Char6TraitsE',
+        },
+    )
 
     # template introductions
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
         parse('enum', 'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, id_2} A')
     with pytest.raises(DefinitionError):
         parse('enumerator', 'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, id_2} A')
-    check('class', 'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, id_2}} {key}xyz::bar',
-          {2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barE'})
-    check('class', 'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, ...id_2}} {key}xyz::bar',
-          {2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barE'})
-    check('class', 'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, id_2}} {key}xyz::bar<id_0, id_1, id_2>',
-          {2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barE'})
-    check('class', 'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, ...id_2}} {key}xyz::bar<id_0, id_1, id_2...>',
-          {2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barE'})
-
-    check('class', 'template<> Concept{{U}} {key}A<int>::B', {2: 'IEI0EX7ConceptI1UEEN1AIiE1BE'})
-
-    check('type', 'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, id_2}} {key}xyz::bar = ghi::qux',
-          {2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barE'}, key='using')
-    check('type', 'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, ...id_2}} {key}xyz::bar = ghi::qux',
-          {2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barE'}, key='using')
-    check('function', 'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, id_2} void xyz::bar()',
-          {2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barEv',
-           4: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barEvv'})
-    check('function', 'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, ...id_2} void xyz::bar()',
-          {2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barEv',
-           4: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barEvv'})
-    check('member', 'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, id_2} ghi::qux xyz::bar',
-          {2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barE'})
-    check('member', 'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, ...id_2} ghi::qux xyz::bar',
-          {2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barE'})
-    check('concept', 'Iterator{{T, U}} {key}Another', {2: 'I00EX8IteratorI1T1UEE7Another'})
-    check('concept', 'template<typename ...Pack> {key}Numerics = (... && Numeric<Pack>)',
-          {2: 'IDpE8Numerics'})
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, id_2}} {key}xyz::bar',
+        {2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, ...id_2}} {key}xyz::bar',
+        {2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, id_2}} {key}xyz::bar<id_0, id_1, id_2>',
+        {2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, ...id_2}} {key}xyz::bar<id_0, id_1, id_2...>',
+        {2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barE'},
+    )
+
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'template<> Concept{{U}} {key}A<int>::B',
+        {2: 'IEI0EX7ConceptI1UEEN1AIiE1BE'},
+    )
+
+    check(
+        'type',
+        'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, id_2}} {key}xyz::bar = ghi::qux',
+        {2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barE'},
+        key='using',
+    )
+    check(
+        'type',
+        'abc::ns::foo{{id_0, id_1, ...id_2}} {key}xyz::bar = ghi::qux',
+        {2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barE'},
+        key='using',
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, id_2} void xyz::bar()',
+        {
+            2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barEv',
+            4: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barEvv',
+        },
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, ...id_2} void xyz::bar()',
+        {
+            2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barEv',
+            4: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barEvv',
+        },
+    )
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, id_2} ghi::qux xyz::bar',
+        {2: 'I000EXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_14id_2EEN3xyz3barE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'abc::ns::foo{id_0, id_1, ...id_2} ghi::qux xyz::bar',
+        {2: 'I00DpEXN3abc2ns3fooEI4id_04id_1sp4id_2EEN3xyz3barE'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'concept', 'Iterator{{T, U}} {key}Another', {2: 'I00EX8IteratorI1T1UEE7Another'}
+    )
+    check(
+        'concept',
+        'template<typename ...Pack> {key}Numerics = (... && Numeric<Pack>)',
+        {2: 'IDpE8Numerics'},
+    )
 
     # explicit specializations of members
     check('member', 'template<> int A<int>::a', {2: 'IEN1AIiE1aE'})
-    check('member', 'template int A<int>::a', {2: 'IEN1AIiE1aE'},
-          output='template<> int A<int>::a')  # same as above
-    check('member', 'template<> template<> int A<int>::B<int>::b', {2: 'IEIEN1AIiE1BIiE1bE'})
-    check('member', 'template int A<int>::B<int>::b', {2: 'IEIEN1AIiE1BIiE1bE'},
-          output='template<> template<> int A<int>::B<int>::b')  # same as above
+    # same as above
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'template int A<int>::a',
+        {2: 'IEN1AIiE1aE'},
+        output='template<> int A<int>::a',
+    )
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'template<> template<> int A<int>::B<int>::b',
+        {2: 'IEIEN1AIiE1BIiE1bE'},
+    )
+    # same as above
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'template int A<int>::B<int>::b',
+        {2: 'IEIEN1AIiE1BIiE1bE'},
+        output='template<> template<> int A<int>::B<int>::b',
+    )
 
     # defaulted constrained type parameters
     check('type', 'template<C T = int&> {key}A', {2: 'I_1CE1A'}, key='using')
 
     # pack expansion after non-type template parameter
-    check('type', 'template<int (X::*)(bool)...> {key}A', {2: 'I_DpM1XFibEE1A'}, key='using')
+    check(
+        'type',
+        'template<int (X::*)(bool)...> {key}A',
+        {2: 'I_DpM1XFibEE1A'},
+        key='using',
+    )
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_placeholder_types():
-    check('function', 'void f(Sortable auto &v)', {1: 'f__SortableR', 2: '1fR8Sortable'})
-    check('function', 'void f(const Sortable auto &v)', {1: 'f__SortableCR', 2: '1fRK8Sortable'})
-    check('function', 'void f(Sortable decltype(auto) &v)', {1: 'f__SortableR', 2: '1fR8Sortable'})
-    check('function', 'void f(const Sortable decltype(auto) &v)', {1: 'f__SortableCR', 2: '1fRK8Sortable'})
-    check('function', 'void f(Sortable decltype ( auto ) &v)', {1: 'f__SortableR', 2: '1fR8Sortable'},
-          output='void f(Sortable decltype(auto) &v)')
+    check(
+        'function', 'void f(Sortable auto &v)', {1: 'f__SortableR', 2: '1fR8Sortable'}
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void f(const Sortable auto &v)',
+        {1: 'f__SortableCR', 2: '1fRK8Sortable'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void f(Sortable decltype(auto) &v)',
+        {1: 'f__SortableR', 2: '1fR8Sortable'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void f(const Sortable decltype(auto) &v)',
+        {1: 'f__SortableCR', 2: '1fRK8Sortable'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'void f(Sortable decltype ( auto ) &v)',
+        {1: 'f__SortableR', 2: '1fR8Sortable'},
+        output='void f(Sortable decltype(auto) &v)',
+    )
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_requires_clauses():
-    check('function', 'template<typename T> requires A auto f() -> void requires B',
-          {4: 'I0EIQaa1A1BE1fvv'})
-    check('function', 'template<typename T> requires A || B or C void f()',
-          {4: 'I0EIQoo1Aoo1B1CE1fvv'})
-    check('function', 'void f() requires A || B || C',
-          {4: 'IQoo1Aoo1B1CE1fv'})
-    check('function', 'Foo() requires A || B || C',
-          {4: 'IQoo1Aoo1B1CE3Foov'})
-    check('function', 'template<typename T> requires A && B || C and D void f()',
-          {4: 'I0EIQooaa1A1Baa1C1DE1fvv'})
-    check('function',
-          'template<typename T> requires R<T> ' +
-          'template<typename U> requires S<T> ' +
-          'void A<T>::f() requires B',
-          {4: 'I0EIQ1RI1TEEI0EIQaa1SI1TE1BEN1A1fEvv'})
-    check('function',
-          'template<template<typename T> requires R<T> typename X> ' +
-          'void f()',
-          {2: 'II0EIQ1RI1TEE0E1fv', 4: 'II0EIQ1RI1TEE0E1fvv'})
-    check('type',
-          'template<typename T> requires IsValid<T> {key}T = true_type',
-          {4: 'I0EIQ7IsValidI1TEE1T'}, key='using')
-    check('class',
-          'template<typename T> requires IsValid<T> {key}T : Base',
-          {4: 'I0EIQ7IsValidI1TEE1T'}, key='class')
-    check('union',
-          'template<typename T> requires IsValid<T> {key}T',
-          {4: 'I0EIQ7IsValidI1TEE1T'}, key='union')
-    check('member',
-          'template<typename T> requires IsValid<T> int Val = 7',
-          {4: 'I0EIQ7IsValidI1TEE3Val'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'template<typename T> requires A auto f() -> void requires B',
+        {4: 'I0EIQaa1A1BE1fvv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'template<typename T> requires A || B or C void f()',
+        {4: 'I0EIQoo1Aoo1B1CE1fvv'},
+    )
+    check('function', 'void f() requires A || B || C', {4: 'IQoo1Aoo1B1CE1fv'})
+    check('function', 'Foo() requires A || B || C', {4: 'IQoo1Aoo1B1CE3Foov'})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'template<typename T> requires A && B || C and D void f()',
+        {4: 'I0EIQooaa1A1Baa1C1DE1fvv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'template<typename T> requires R<T> '
+        'template<typename U> requires S<T> '
+        'void A<T>::f() requires B',
+        {4: 'I0EIQ1RI1TEEI0EIQaa1SI1TE1BEN1A1fEvv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'template<template<typename T> requires R<T> typename X> void f()',
+        {2: 'II0EIQ1RI1TEE0E1fv', 4: 'II0EIQ1RI1TEE0E1fvv'},
+    )
+    check(
+        'type',
+        'template<typename T> requires IsValid<T> {key}T = true_type',
+        {4: 'I0EIQ7IsValidI1TEE1T'},
+        key='using',
+    )
+    check(
+        'class',
+        'template<typename T> requires IsValid<T> {key}T : Base',
+        {4: 'I0EIQ7IsValidI1TEE1T'},
+        key='class',
+    )
+    check(
+        'union',
+        'template<typename T> requires IsValid<T> {key}T',
+        {4: 'I0EIQ7IsValidI1TEE1T'},
+        key='union',
+    )
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'template<typename T> requires IsValid<T> int Val = 7',
+        {4: 'I0EIQ7IsValidI1TEE3Val'},
+    )
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_template_args():
     # from breathe#218
-    check('function',
-          "template<typename F> "
-          "void allow(F *f, typename func<F, B, G != 1>::type tt)",
-          {2: "I0E5allowP1FN4funcI1F1BXG != 1EE4typeE",
-           3: "I0E5allowP1FN4funcI1F1BXne1GL1EEE4typeE",
-           4: "I0E5allowvP1FN4funcI1F1BXne1GL1EEE4typeE"})
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'template<typename F> '
+        'void allow(F *f, typename func<F, B, G != 1>::type tt)',
+        {
+            2: 'I0E5allowP1FN4funcI1F1BXG != 1EE4typeE',
+            3: 'I0E5allowP1FN4funcI1F1BXne1GL1EEE4typeE',
+            4: 'I0E5allowvP1FN4funcI1F1BXne1GL1EEE4typeE',
+        },
+    )
     # from #3542
-    check('type', "template<typename T> {key}"
-          "enable_if_not_array_t = std::enable_if_t<!is_array<T>::value, int>",
-          {2: "I0E21enable_if_not_array_t"},
-          key='using')
+    check(
+        'type',
+        'template<typename T> {key}'
+        'enable_if_not_array_t = std::enable_if_t<!is_array<T>::value, int>',
+        {2: 'I0E21enable_if_not_array_t'},
+        key='using',
+    )
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_initializers():
@@ -994,9 +1402,13 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_initializers():
 def test_domain_cpp_ast_attributes():
     # style: C++
     check('member', '[[]] int f', {1: 'f__i', 2: '1f'})
-    check('member', '[ [ ] ] int f', {1: 'f__i', 2: '1f'},
-          # this will fail when the proper grammar is implemented
-          output='[[ ]] int f')
+    check(
+        'member',
+        '[ [ ] ] int f',
+        {1: 'f__i', 2: '1f'},
+        # this will fail when the proper grammar is implemented
+        output='[[ ]] int f',
+    )
     check('member', '[[a]] int f', {1: 'f__i', 2: '1f'})
     # style: GNU
     check('member', '__attribute__(()) int f', {1: 'f__i', 2: '1f'})
@@ -1025,14 +1437,21 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_attributes():
         parse('member', 'paren_attr({]}) int f')
 
     # position: decl specs
-    check('function', 'static inline __attribute__(()) void f()',
-          {1: 'f', 2: '1fv'},
-          output='__attribute__(()) static inline void f()')
+    check(
+        'function',
+        'static inline __attribute__(()) void f()',
+        {1: 'f', 2: '1fv'},
+        output='__attribute__(()) static inline void f()',
+    )
     check('function', '[[attr1]] [[attr2]] void f()', {1: 'f', 2: '1fv'})
     # position: declarator
     check('member', 'int *[[attr1]] [[attr2]] i', {1: 'i__iP', 2: '1i'})
-    check('member', 'int *const [[attr1]] [[attr2]] volatile i', {1: 'i__iPVC', 2: '1i'},
-          output='int *[[attr1]] [[attr2]] volatile const i')
+    check(
+        'member',
+        'int *const [[attr1]] [[attr2]] volatile i',
+        {1: 'i__iPVC', 2: '1i'},
+        output='int *[[attr1]] [[attr2]] volatile const i',
+    )
     check('member', 'int &[[attr1]] [[attr2]] i', {1: 'i__iR', 2: '1i'})
     check('member', 'int *[[attr1]] [[attr2]] *i', {1: 'i__iPP', 2: '1i'})
     # position: parameters and qualifiers
@@ -1049,8 +1468,8 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_attributes():
 
 def check_ast_xref_parsing(target):
     class Config:
-        cpp_id_attributes = ["id_attr"]
-        cpp_paren_attributes = ["paren_attr"]
+        cpp_id_attributes = ['id_attr']
+        cpp_paren_attributes = ['paren_attr']
 
     parser = DefinitionParser(target, location='', config=Config())
     parser.parse_xref_object()
@@ -1065,33 +1484,36 @@ def test_domain_cpp_ast_xref_parsing():
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    ("param", "is_pack"),
-    [('typename', False),
-     ('typename T', False),
-     ('typename...', True),
-     ('typename... T', True),
-     ('int', False),
-     ('int N', False),
-     ('int* N', False),
-     ('int& N', False),
-     ('int&... N', True),
-     ('int*... N', True),
-     ('int...', True),
-     ('int... N', True),
-     ('auto', False),
-     ('auto...', True),
-     ('int X::*', False),
-     ('int X::*...', True),
-     ('int (X::*)(bool)', False),
-     ('int (X::*x)(bool)', False),
-     ('int (X::*)(bool)...', True),
-     ('template<typename> class', False),
-     ('template<typename> class...', True),
-     ])
+    ('param', 'is_pack'),
+    [
+        ('typename', False),
+        ('typename T', False),
+        ('typename...', True),
+        ('typename... T', True),
+        ('int', False),
+        ('int N', False),
+        ('int* N', False),
+        ('int& N', False),
+        ('int&... N', True),
+        ('int*... N', True),
+        ('int...', True),
+        ('int... N', True),
+        ('auto', False),
+        ('auto...', True),
+        ('int X::*', False),
+        ('int X::*...', True),
+        ('int (X::*)(bool)', False),
+        ('int (X::*x)(bool)', False),
+        ('int (X::*)(bool)...', True),
+        ('template<typename> class', False),
+        ('template<typename> class...', True),
+    ],
+)
 def test_domain_cpp_template_parameters_is_pack(param: str, is_pack: bool):
     def parse_template_parameter(param: str):
         ast = parse('type', 'template<' + param + '> X')
         return ast.templatePrefix.templates[0].params[0]
+
     ast = parse_template_parameter(param)
     assert ast.isPack == is_pack
 
@@ -1104,9 +1526,14 @@ def parse_template_parameter(param: str):
 
 
 def filter_warnings(warning: StringIO, file):
-    lines = warning.getvalue().split("\n")
-    res = [l for l in lines if "domain-cpp" in l and f"{file}.rst" in l and
-           "WARNING: document isn't included in any toctree" not in l]
+    lines = warning.getvalue().split('\n')
+    res = [
+        l
+        for l in lines
+        if 'domain-cpp' in l
+        and f'{file}.rst' in l
+        and "WARNING: document isn't included in any toctree" not in l
+    ]
     print(f"Filtered warnings for file '{file}':")
     for w in res:
         print(w)
@@ -1116,63 +1543,76 @@ def filter_warnings(warning: StringIO, file):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_cpp_build_multi_decl_lookup(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "lookup-key-overload")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'lookup-key-overload')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "multi-decl-lookup")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'multi-decl-lookup')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_cpp_build_warn_template_param_qualified_name(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "warn-template-param-qualified-name")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'warn-template-param-qualified-name')
     assert len(ws) == 2
-    assert "WARNING: cpp:type reference target not found: T::typeWarn" in ws[0]
-    assert "WARNING: cpp:type reference target not found: T::U::typeWarn" in ws[1]
+    assert 'WARNING: cpp:type reference target not found: T::typeWarn' in ws[0]
+    assert 'WARNING: cpp:type reference target not found: T::U::typeWarn' in ws[1]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_cpp_build_backslash_ok_true(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "backslash")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'backslash')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_cpp_build_semicolon(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "semicolon")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'semicolon')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp',
-                    confoverrides={'nitpicky': True, 'strip_signature_backslash': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='domain-cpp',
+    confoverrides={'nitpicky': True, 'strip_signature_backslash': True},
+)
 def test_domain_cpp_build_backslash_ok_false(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "backslash")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'backslash')
     assert len(ws) == 1
-    assert "WARNING: Parsing of expression failed. Using fallback parser." in ws[0]
+    assert 'WARNING: Parsing of expression failed. Using fallback parser.' in ws[0]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_cpp_build_anon_dup_decl(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "anon-dup-decl")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'anon-dup-decl')
     assert len(ws) == 2
-    assert "WARNING: cpp:identifier reference target not found: @a" in ws[0]
-    assert "WARNING: cpp:identifier reference target not found: @b" in ws[1]
+    assert 'WARNING: cpp:identifier reference target not found: @a' in ws[0]
+    assert 'WARNING: cpp:identifier reference target not found: @b' in ws[1]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp')
 def test_domain_cpp_build_misuse_of_roles(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "roles-targets-ok")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'roles-targets-ok')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "roles-targets-warn")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'roles-targets-warn')
     # the roles that should be able to generate warnings:
-    allRoles = ['class', 'struct', 'union', 'func', 'member', 'var', 'type', 'concept', 'enum', 'enumerator']
+    allRoles = [
+        'class',
+        'struct',
+        'union',
+        'func',
+        'member',
+        'var',
+        'type',
+        'concept',
+        'enum',
+        'enumerator',
+    ]
     ok = [  # targetType, okRoles
         ('class', ['class', 'struct', 'type']),
         ('union', ['union', 'type']),
@@ -1187,22 +1627,22 @@ def test_domain_cpp_build_misuse_of_roles(app):
     ]
     warn = []
     for targetType, roles in ok:
-        txtTargetType = "function" if targetType == "func" else targetType
+        txtTargetType = 'function' if targetType == 'func' else targetType
         for r in allRoles:
             if r not in roles:
-                warn.append(f"WARNING: cpp:{r} targets a {txtTargetType} (")
+                warn.append(f'WARNING: cpp:{r} targets a {txtTargetType} (')
                 if targetType == 'templateParam':
-                    warn.append(f"WARNING: cpp:{r} targets a {txtTargetType} (")
-                    warn.append(f"WARNING: cpp:{r} targets a {txtTargetType} (")
+                    warn.append(f'WARNING: cpp:{r} targets a {txtTargetType} (')
+                    warn.append(f'WARNING: cpp:{r} targets a {txtTargetType} (')
     warn = sorted(warn)
     for w in ws:
-        assert "targets a" in w
-    ws = [w[w.index("WARNING:"):] for w in ws]
+        assert 'targets a' in w
+    ws = [w[w.index('WARNING:') :] for w in ws]
     ws = sorted(ws)
-    print("Expected warnings:")
+    print('Expected warnings:')
     for w in warn:
         print(w)
-    print("Actual warnings:")
+    print('Actual warnings:')
     for w in ws:
         print(w)
 
@@ -1212,7 +1652,10 @@ def test_domain_cpp_build_misuse_of_roles(app):
     assert len(ws) == len(warn)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp', confoverrides={'add_function_parentheses': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='domain-cpp',
+    confoverrides={'add_function_parentheses': True},
+)
 def test_domain_cpp_build_with_add_function_parentheses_is_True(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -1236,22 +1679,27 @@ def test_domain_cpp_build_with_add_function_parentheses_is_True(app):
 
     text = (app.outdir / 'roles.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     for ref_text in rolePatterns:
-        pattern = f'<li><p><a .*?><code .*?><span .*?>{ref_text}</span></code></a></p></li>'
+        pattern = (
+            f'<li><p><a .*?><code .*?><span .*?>{ref_text}</span></code></a></p></li>'
+        )
         match = re.search(pattern, text)
-        assert match is not None, f"Pattern not found in roles.html:\n\t{pattern}"
-    for (desc_text, ref_text) in parenPatterns:
+        assert match is not None, f'Pattern not found in roles.html:\n\t{pattern}'
+    for desc_text, ref_text in parenPatterns:
         pattern = f'<li><p>{desc_text}<a .*?><code .*?><span .*?>{ref_text}</span></code></a></p></li>'
         match = re.search(pattern, text)
-        assert match is not None, f"Pattern not found in roles.html:\n\t{pattern}"
+        assert match is not None, f'Pattern not found in roles.html:\n\t{pattern}'
 
     text = (app.outdir / 'any-role.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    for (desc_text, ref_text) in parenPatterns:
+    for desc_text, ref_text in parenPatterns:
         pattern = f'<li><p>{desc_text}<a .*?><code .*?><span .*?>{ref_text}</span></code></a></p></li>'
         match = re.search(pattern, text)
-        assert match is not None, f"Pattern not found in any-role.html:\n\t{pattern}"
+        assert match is not None, f'Pattern not found in any-role.html:\n\t{pattern}'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp', confoverrides={'add_function_parentheses': False})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='domain-cpp',
+    confoverrides={'add_function_parentheses': False},
+)
 def test_domain_cpp_build_with_add_function_parentheses_is_False(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -1275,19 +1723,21 @@ def test_domain_cpp_build_with_add_function_parentheses_is_False(app):
 
     text = (app.outdir / 'roles.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     for ref_text in rolePatterns:
-        pattern = f'<li><p><a .*?><code .*?><span .*?>{ref_text}</span></code></a></p></li>'
+        pattern = (
+            f'<li><p><a .*?><code .*?><span .*?>{ref_text}</span></code></a></p></li>'
+        )
         match = re.search(pattern, text)
-        assert match is not None, f"Pattern not found in roles.html:\n\t{pattern}"
-    for (desc_text, ref_text) in parenPatterns:
+        assert match is not None, f'Pattern not found in roles.html:\n\t{pattern}'
+    for desc_text, ref_text in parenPatterns:
         pattern = f'<li><p>{desc_text}<a .*?><code .*?><span .*?>{ref_text}</span></code></a></p></li>'
         match = re.search(pattern, text)
-        assert match is not None, f"Pattern not found in roles.html:\n\t{pattern}"
+        assert match is not None, f'Pattern not found in roles.html:\n\t{pattern}'
 
     text = (app.outdir / 'any-role.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    for (desc_text, ref_text) in parenPatterns:
+    for desc_text, ref_text in parenPatterns:
         pattern = f'<li><p>{desc_text}<a .*?><code .*?><span .*?>{ref_text}</span></code></a></p></li>'
         match = re.search(pattern, text)
-        assert match is not None, f"Pattern not found in any-role.html:\n\t{pattern}"
+        assert match is not None, f'Pattern not found in any-role.html:\n\t{pattern}'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp')
@@ -1298,16 +1748,18 @@ def test_domain_cpp_build_xref_consistency(app):
     output = (app.outdir / test).read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     def classes(role, tag):
-        pattern = (fr'{role}-role:.*?'
-                   fr'<(?P<tag>{tag}) .*?class=["\'](?P<classes>.*?)["\'].*?>'
-                   r'.*'
-                   r'</(?P=tag)>')
+        pattern = (
+            rf'{role}-role:.*?'
+            rf'<(?P<tag>{tag}) .*?class=["\'](?P<classes>.*?)["\'].*?>'
+            r'.*'
+            r'</(?P=tag)>'
+        )
         result = re.search(pattern, output)
-        expect = f'''\
+        expect = f"""\
 Pattern for role `{role}` with tag `{tag}`
 \t{pattern}
 not found in `{test}`
-'''
+"""
         assert result, expect
         return set(result.group('classes').split())
 
@@ -1335,11 +1787,13 @@ def __init__(self, role, root, contents):
     # any and cpp:any do not put these classes at the root
 
     # n.b. the generic any machinery finds the specific 'cpp-class' object type
+    any_role_classes = any_role.content_classes['code']
     expect = 'any uses XRefRole classes'
-    assert {'xref', 'any', 'cpp', 'cpp-class'} <= any_role.content_classes['code'], expect
+    assert {'xref', 'any', 'cpp', 'cpp-class'} <= any_role_classes, expect
 
+    cpp_any_role_classes = cpp_any_role.content_classes['code']
     expect = 'cpp:any uses XRefRole classes'
-    assert {'xref', 'cpp-any', 'cpp'} <= cpp_any_role.content_classes['code'], expect
+    assert {'xref', 'cpp-any', 'cpp'} <= cpp_any_role_classes, expect
 
     for role in (expr_role, texpr_role):
         name = role.name
@@ -1357,21 +1811,25 @@ def __init__(self, role, root, contents):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_cpp_build_field_role(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "field-role")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'field-role')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 def test_domain_cpp_build_operator_lookup(app):
     app.builder.build_all()
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "operator-lookup")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'operator-lookup')
     assert len(ws) == 5
     # TODO: the first one should not happen
-    assert ":10: WARNING: cpp:identifier reference target not found: _lit" in ws[0]
-    assert ":18: WARNING: cpp:func reference target not found: int h" in ws[1]
-    assert ":19: WARNING: cpp:func reference target not found: int operator+(bool, bool)" in ws[2]
-    assert ":20: WARNING: cpp:func reference target not found: int operator\"\"_udl" in ws[3]
-    assert ":21: WARNING: cpp:func reference target not found: operator bool" in ws[4]
+    assert ':10: WARNING: cpp:identifier reference target not found: _lit' in ws[0]
+    assert ':18: WARNING: cpp:func reference target not found: int h' in ws[1]
+    assert (
+        ':19: WARNING: cpp:func reference target not found: int operator+(bool, bool)'
+    ) in ws[2]
+    assert (
+        ':20: WARNING: cpp:func reference target not found: int operator""_udl'
+    ) in ws[3]
+    assert ':21: WARNING: cpp:func reference target not found: operator bool' in ws[4]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='domain-cpp-intersphinx', confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
@@ -1398,12 +1856,14 @@ def test_domain_cpp_build_intersphinx(tmp_path, app):
 .. cpp:function:: template<typename TParam> void _templateParam()
 """  # NoQA: F841
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
-    inv_file.write_bytes(b'''\
+    inv_file.write_bytes(
+        b"""\
 # Sphinx inventory version 2
 # Project: C Intersphinx Test
 # Version:
 # The remainder of this file is compressed using zlib.
-''' + zlib.compress(b'''\
+"""
+        + zlib.compress(b"""\
 _class cpp:class 1 index.html#_CPPv46$ -
 _concept cpp:concept 1 index.html#_CPPv4I0E8$ -
 _concept::T cpp:templateParam 1 index.html#_CPPv4I0E8_concept -
@@ -1423,7 +1883,8 @@ def test_domain_cpp_build_intersphinx(tmp_path, app):
 _type cpp:type 1 index.html#_CPPv45$ -
 _union cpp:union 1 index.html#_CPPv46$ -
 _var cpp:member 1 index.html#_CPPv44$ -
-'''))  # NoQA: W291
+""")
+    )  # NoQA: W291
     app.config.intersphinx_mapping = {
         'test': ('https://localhost/intersphinx/cpp/', str(inv_file)),
     }
@@ -1433,33 +1894,41 @@ def test_domain_cpp_build_intersphinx(tmp_path, app):
     load_mappings(app)
 
     app.build(force_all=True)
-    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, "index")
+    ws = filter_warnings(app.warning, 'index')
     assert len(ws) == 0
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_parse_no_index_entry(app):
-    text = (".. cpp:function:: void f()\n"
-            ".. cpp:function:: void g()\n"
-            "   :no-index-entry:\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. cpp:function:: void f()\n'
+        '.. cpp:function:: void g()\n'
+        '   :no-index-entry:\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, desc, addnodes.index, desc))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'f (C++ function)', '_CPPv41fv', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'f (C++ function)', '_CPPv41fv', '', None)],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[])
 
 
 def test_domain_cpp_parse_mix_decl_duplicate(app):
     # Issue 8270
-    text = (".. cpp:struct:: A\n"
-            ".. cpp:function:: void A()\n"
-            ".. cpp:struct:: A\n")
+    text = '.. cpp:struct:: A\n.. cpp:function:: void A()\n.. cpp:struct:: A\n'
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    ws = app.warning.getvalue().split("\n")
+    ws = app.warning.getvalue().split('\n')
     assert len(ws) == 5
-    assert "index.rst:2: WARNING: Duplicate C++ declaration, also defined at index:1." in ws[0]
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:2: WARNING: Duplicate C++ declaration, also defined at index:1.'
+    ) in ws[0]
     assert "Declaration is '.. cpp:function:: void A()'." in ws[1]
-    assert "index.rst:3: WARNING: Duplicate C++ declaration, also defined at index:1." in ws[2]
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:3: WARNING: Duplicate C++ declaration, also defined at index:1.'
+    ) in ws[2]
     assert "Declaration is '.. cpp:struct:: A'." in ws[3]
-    assert ws[4] == ""
+    assert ws[4] == ''
 
 
 # For some reason, using the default testroot of "root" leads to the contents of
@@ -1469,8 +1938,8 @@ def test_domain_cpp_parse_mix_decl_duplicate(app):
 def test_domain_cpp_normalize_unspecialized_template_args(make_app, app_params):
     args, kwargs = app_params
 
-    text1 = (".. cpp:class:: template <typename T> A\n")
-    text2 = (".. cpp:class:: template <typename T> template <typename U> A<T>::B\n")
+    text1 = '.. cpp:class:: template <typename T> A\n'
+    text2 = '.. cpp:class:: template <typename T> template <typename U> A<T>::B\n'
 
     app1 = make_app(*args, **kwargs)
     restructuredtext.parse(app=app1, text=text1, docname='text1')
@@ -1512,211 +1981,421 @@ def test_domain_cpp_normalize_unspecialized_template_args(make_app, app_params):
     assert 'Internal C++ domain error during symbol merging' not in warning
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'cpp_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'cpp_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cpp_function_signature_with_cpp_maximum_signature_line_length_equal(app):
     text = '.. cpp:function:: str hello(str name)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype='function',
-                domain='cpp', objtype='function', no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
-    )])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'cpp_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
-})
-def test_cpp_function_signature_with_cpp_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(app):
-    text = ('.. cpp:function:: str hello(str names)\n'
-            '   :single-line-parameter-list:')
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='cpp',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'cpp_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
+def test_cpp_function_signature_with_cpp_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(
+    app,
+):
+    text = '.. cpp:function:: str hello(str names)\n   :single-line-parameter-list:'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype='function',
-                domain='cpp', objtype='function', no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, 'names']),
-    ])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'cpp_maximum_signature_line_length': len("str hello(str name)"),
-})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='cpp',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'cpp_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cpp_function_signature_with_cpp_maximum_signature_line_length_break(app):
     text = '.. cpp:function:: str hello(str names)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype='function',
-                domain='cpp', objtype='function', no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, 'names']),
-    ])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='cpp',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=True)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cpp_function_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_equal(app):
     text = '.. cpp:function:: str hello(str name)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype='function',
-                domain='cpp', objtype='function', no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
-    )])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
-})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='cpp',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cpp_function_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(app):
-    text = ('.. cpp:function:: str hello(str names)\n'
-            '   :single-line-parameter-list:')
+    text = '.. cpp:function:: str hello(str names)\n   :single-line-parameter-list:'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype='function',
-                domain='cpp', objtype='function', no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, 'names']),
-    ])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("str hello(str name)"),
-})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='cpp',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_cpp_function_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_break(app):
     text = '.. cpp:function:: str hello(str names)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_signature_line, (
-                    pending_xref,
-                    desc_sig_space,
-                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
-                    desc_parameterlist,
-                )],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype='function',
-                domain='cpp', objtype='function', no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, 'names']),
-    ])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_signature_line,
+                                (
+                                    pending_xref,
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                    desc_parameterlist,
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='cpp',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=True)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'cpp_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': 1,
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'cpp_maximum_signature_line_length': len('str hello(str name)'),
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': 1,
+    },
+)
 def test_cpp_maximum_signature_line_length_overrides_global(app):
     text = '.. cpp:function:: str hello(str name)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_signature_line, (pending_xref,
-                                                         desc_sig_space,
-                                                         [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, "hello"]],
-                                                         desc_parameterlist)])],
-                desc_content)],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype='function',
-                domain='cpp', objtype='function', no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
-    )])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        ([
+                            desc_signature_line,
+                            (
+                                pending_xref,
+                                desc_sig_space,
+                                [desc_name, [desc_sig_name, 'hello']],
+                                desc_parameterlist,
+                            ),
+                        ]),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='cpp',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [pending_xref, [desc_sig_name, 'str']],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][0][3], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='domain-cpp-cpp_maximum_signature_line_length')
@@ -1740,13 +2419,14 @@ def test_domain_cpp_cpp_maximum_signature_line_length_in_html(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'text', testroot='domain-cpp-cpp_maximum_signature_line_length',
+    'text',
+    testroot='domain-cpp-cpp_maximum_signature_line_length',
 )
 def test_domain_cpp_cpp_maximum_signature_line_length_in_text(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    param_line_fmt = STDINDENT * " " + "{}\n"
+    param_line_fmt = STDINDENT * ' ' + '{}\n'
 
-    expected_parameter_list_hello = "(\n{})".format(param_line_fmt.format("str name,"))
+    expected_parameter_list_hello = '(\n{})'.format(param_line_fmt.format('str name,'))
 
     assert expected_parameter_list_hello in content
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_js.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_js.py
index a7d093060be..282b21552ca 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_js.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_js.py
@@ -30,8 +30,7 @@ def test_domain_js_xrefs(app):
     """Domain objects have correct prefixes when looking up xrefs"""
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
-    def assert_refnode(node, mod_name, prefix, target, reftype=None,
-                       domain='js'):
+    def assert_refnode(node, mod_name, prefix, target, reftype=None, domain='js'):
         attributes = {
             'refdomain': domain,
             'reftarget': target,
@@ -49,14 +48,21 @@ def assert_refnode(node, mod_name, prefix, target, reftype=None,
     assert_refnode(refnodes[0], None, None, 'TopLevel', 'class')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[1], None, None, 'top_level', 'func')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[2], None, 'NestedParentA', 'child_1', 'func')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[3], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_2', 'func')
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[3], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_2', 'func'
+    )
     assert_refnode(refnodes[4], None, 'NestedParentA', 'child_2', 'func')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[5], False, 'NestedParentA', 'any_child', domain='')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[6], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA', 'class')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[7], None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'subchild_2', 'func')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[8], None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
-                   'NestedParentA.child_1', 'func')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[9], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'func')
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[7], None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'subchild_2', 'func'
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[8], None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'NestedParentA.child_1', 'func'
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[9], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'func'
+    )
     assert_refnode(refnodes[10], None, 'NestedParentB', 'child_1', 'func')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[11], None, 'NestedParentB', 'NestedParentB', 'class')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[12], None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class')
@@ -64,20 +70,31 @@ def assert_refnode(node, mod_name, prefix, target, reftype=None,
 
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('module')
     refnodes = list(doctree.findall(addnodes.pending_xref))
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[0], 'module_a.submodule', None, 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'class')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[1], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'mod_child_1', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[2], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'ModTopLevel.mod_child_1', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[3], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'mod_child_2', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[4], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_1', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[5], 'module_b.submodule', None, 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'class')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[6], 'module_b.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'module_a.submodule', 'mod')
+    assert_refnode(refnodes[0], 'module_a.submodule', None, 'ModTopLevel', 'class')
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[1], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'mod_child_1', 'meth'
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[2],
+        'module_a.submodule',
+        'ModTopLevel',
+        'ModTopLevel.mod_child_1',
+        'meth',
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[3], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'mod_child_2', 'meth'
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[4],
+        'module_a.submodule',
+        'ModTopLevel',
+        'module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_1',
+        'meth',
+    )
+    assert_refnode(refnodes[5], 'module_b.submodule', None, 'ModTopLevel', 'class')
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[6], 'module_b.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'module_a.submodule', 'mod'
+    )
     assert len(refnodes) == 7
 
 
@@ -113,37 +130,45 @@ def test_domain_js_objects(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='domain-js')
 def test_domain_js_find_obj(app):
-
     def find_obj(mod_name, prefix, obj_name, obj_type, searchmode=0):
         return app.env.domains['js'].find_obj(
-            app.env, mod_name, prefix, obj_name, obj_type, searchmode)
+            app.env, mod_name, prefix, obj_name, obj_type, searchmode
+        )
 
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
-    assert (find_obj(None, None, 'NONEXISTANT', 'class') == (None, None))
-    assert (find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA', 'class') ==
-            ('NestedParentA', ('roles', 'NestedParentA', 'class')))
-    assert (find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class') ==
-            ('NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
-             ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class')))
-    assert (find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA', 'class') ==
-            ('NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
-             ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class')))
-    assert (find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'func') ==
-            ('NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
-             ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'function')))
-    assert (find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'func') ==
-            ('NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
-             ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'function')))
-    assert (find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'subchild_1', 'func') ==
-            ('NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
-             ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'function')))
-    assert (find_obj('module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'mod_child_2', 'meth') ==
-            ('module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_2',
-             ('module', 'module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_2', 'method')))
-    assert (find_obj('module_b.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'module_a.submodule', 'mod') ==
-            ('module_a.submodule',
-             ('module', 'module-module_a.submodule', 'module')))
+    assert find_obj(None, None, 'NONEXISTANT', 'class') == (None, None)
+    assert find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA', 'class') == (
+        'NestedParentA',
+        ('roles', 'NestedParentA', 'class'),
+    )
+    assert find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class') == (
+        'NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
+        ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class'),
+    )
+    assert find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA', 'class') == (
+        'NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
+        ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class'),
+    )
+    assert find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'func') == (
+        'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
+        ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'function'),
+    )
+    assert find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'func') == (
+        'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
+        ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'function'),
+    )
+    assert find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'subchild_1', 'func') == (
+        'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
+        ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'function'),
+    )
+    assert find_obj('module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'mod_child_2', 'meth') == (
+        'module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_2',
+        ('module', 'module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_2', 'method'),
+    )
+    assert find_obj(
+        'module_b.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'module_a.submodule', 'mod'
+    ) == ('module_a.submodule', ('module', 'module-module_a.submodule', 'module'))
 
 
 def test_get_full_qualified_name():
@@ -175,68 +200,128 @@ def test_get_full_qualified_name():
 
 
 def test_js_module(app):
-    text = ".. js:module:: sphinx"
+    text = '.. js:module:: sphinx'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          nodes.target))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[("single", "sphinx (module)", "module-sphinx", "", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], nodes.target, ids=["module-sphinx"])
+    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, nodes.target))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'sphinx (module)', 'module-sphinx', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[1], nodes.target, ids=['module-sphinx'])
 
 
 def test_js_function(app):
-    text = ".. js:function:: sum(a, b)"
+    text = '.. js:function:: sum(a, b)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "sum"])],
-                                                    desc_parameterlist)],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "a"])],
-                                                        [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "b"])])])
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[("single", "sum() (built-in function)", "sum", "", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, domain="js", objtype="function", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        ([desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'sum'])], desc_parameterlist),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            (
+                [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'a'])],
+                [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'b'])],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'sum() (built-in function)', 'sum', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1], addnodes.desc, domain='js', objtype='function', no_index=False
+    )
 
 
 def test_js_class(app):
-    text = ".. js:class:: Application"
+    text = '.. js:class:: Application'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_keyword, 'class'],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "Application"])],
-                                                    [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[("single", "Application() (class)", "Application", "", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, domain="js", objtype="class", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                ([desc_sig_keyword, 'class'], desc_sig_space),
+                            ],
+                            [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'Application'])],
+                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'Application() (class)', 'Application', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, domain='js', objtype='class', no_index=False)
 
 
 def test_js_data(app):
-    text = ".. js:data:: name"
+    text = '.. js:data:: name'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "name"])])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[("single", "name (global variable or constant)", "name", "", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, domain="js", objtype="data", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [desc_signature, ([desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'name'])])],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'name (global variable or constant)', 'name', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, domain='js', objtype='data', no_index=False)
 
 
 def test_no_index_entry(app):
-    text = (".. js:function:: f()\n"
-            ".. js:function:: g()\n"
-            "   :no-index-entry:\n")
+    text = '.. js:function:: f()\n.. js:function:: g()\n   :no-index-entry:\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, desc, addnodes.index, desc))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'f() (built-in function)', 'f', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'f() (built-in function)', 'f', '', None)],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[])
 
 
 def test_module_content_line_number(app):
-    text = (".. js:module:: foo\n" +
-            "\n" +
-            "   Some link here: :ref:`abc`\n")
+    text = '.. js:module:: foo\n\n   Some link here: :ref:`abc`\n'
     doc = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     xrefs = list(doc.findall(condition=addnodes.pending_xref))
     assert len(xrefs) == 1
@@ -245,170 +330,306 @@ def test_module_content_line_number(app):
     assert line == 3
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'javascript_maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name)"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'javascript_maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_jsfunction_signature_with_javascript_maximum_signature_line_length_equal(app):
-    text = ".. js:function:: hello(name)"
+    text = '.. js:function:: hello(name)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "hello"])],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="js", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "name"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'hello'])],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='js',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'name'])],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'javascript_maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name)"),
-})
-def test_jsfunction_signature_with_javascript_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(app):
-    text = (".. js:function:: hello(names)\n"
-            "   :single-line-parameter-list:")
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'javascript_maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name)'),
+    },
+)
+def test_jsfunction_signature_with_javascript_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(
+    app,
+):
+    text = '.. js:function:: hello(names)\n   :single-line-parameter-list:'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "hello"])],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="js", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "names"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'hello'])],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='js',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'names'])],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'javascript_maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name)"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'javascript_maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_jsfunction_signature_with_javascript_maximum_signature_line_length_break(app):
-    text = ".. js:function:: hello(names)"
+    text = '.. js:function:: hello(names)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "hello"])],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="js", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "names"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'hello'])],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='js',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'names'])],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=True)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name)"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_jsfunction_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_equal(app):
-    text = ".. js:function:: hello(name)"
+    text = '.. js:function:: hello(name)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "hello"])],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="js", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "name"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'hello'])],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='js',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'name'])],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name)"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_jsfunction_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(app):
-    text = (".. js:function:: hello(names)\n"
-            "   :single-line-parameter-list:")
+    text = '.. js:function:: hello(names)\n   :single-line-parameter-list:'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "hello"])],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="js", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "names"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'hello'])],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='js',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'names'])],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name)"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name)'),
+    },
+)
 def test_jsfunction_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_break(app):
-    text = ".. js:function:: hello(names)"
+    text = '.. js:function:: hello(names)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "hello"])],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="js", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "names"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'hello'])],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='js',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'names'])],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=True)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
     'html',
     confoverrides={
-        'javascript_maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name)"),
+        'javascript_maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name)'),
         'maximum_signature_line_length': 1,
     },
 )
 def test_javascript_maximum_signature_line_length_overrides_global(app):
-    text = ".. js:function:: hello(name)"
+    text = '.. js:function:: hello(name)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    expected_doctree = (addnodes.index,
-                        [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, "hello"])],
-                                                  desc_parameterlist)],
-                                desc_content)])
+    expected_doctree = (
+        addnodes.index,
+        [
+            desc,
+            (
+                [
+                    desc_signature,
+                    ([desc_name, ([desc_sig_name, 'hello'])], desc_parameterlist),
+                ],
+                desc_content,
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree, expected_doctree)
-    assert_node(doctree[1], desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="js", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    expected_sig = [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, [desc_sig_name, "name"]]
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='js',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    expected_sig = [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, [desc_sig_name, 'name']]
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], expected_sig)
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'html', testroot='domain-js-javascript_maximum_signature_line_length',
+    'html',
+    testroot='domain-js-javascript_maximum_signature_line_length',
 )
 def test_domain_js_javascript_maximum_signature_line_length_in_html(app):
     app.build()
@@ -436,25 +657,35 @@ def test_domain_js_javascript_maximum_signature_line_length_in_html(app):
     optional_fmt = '<span class="optional">{}</span>'
 
     expected_a = param_line_fmt.format(
-        optional_fmt.format("[") + param_name_fmt.format("a") + "," + optional_fmt.format("["),
+        optional_fmt.format('[')
+        + param_name_fmt.format('a')
+        + ','
+        + optional_fmt.format('['),
     )
     assert expected_a in content
 
     expected_b = param_line_fmt.format(
-        param_name_fmt.format("b") + "," + optional_fmt.format("]") + optional_fmt.format("]"),
+        param_name_fmt.format('b')
+        + ','
+        + optional_fmt.format(']')
+        + optional_fmt.format(']'),
     )
     assert expected_b in content
 
-    expected_c = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format("c") + ",")
+    expected_c = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format('c') + ',')
     assert expected_c in content
 
-    expected_d = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format("d") + optional_fmt.format("[") + ",")
+    expected_d = param_line_fmt.format(
+        param_name_fmt.format('d') + optional_fmt.format('[') + ','
+    )
     assert expected_d in content
 
-    expected_e = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format("e") + ",")
+    expected_e = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format('e') + ',')
     assert expected_e in content
 
-    expected_f = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format("f") + "," + optional_fmt.format("]"))
+    expected_f = param_line_fmt.format(
+        param_name_fmt.format('f') + ',' + optional_fmt.format(']')
+    )
     assert expected_f in content
 
     expected_parameter_list_foo = """\
@@ -470,36 +701,42 @@ def test_domain_js_javascript_maximum_signature_line_length_in_html(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'text', testroot='domain-js-javascript_maximum_signature_line_length',
+    'text',
+    testroot='domain-js-javascript_maximum_signature_line_length',
 )
 def test_domain_js_javascript_maximum_signature_line_length_in_text(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    param_line_fmt = STDINDENT * " " + "{}\n"
+    param_line_fmt = STDINDENT * ' ' + '{}\n'
 
-    expected_parameter_list_hello = "(\n{})".format(param_line_fmt.format("name,"))
+    expected_parameter_list_hello = '(\n{})'.format(param_line_fmt.format('name,'))
 
     assert expected_parameter_list_hello in content
 
-    expected_a = param_line_fmt.format("[a,[")
+    expected_a = param_line_fmt.format('[a,[')
     assert expected_a in content
 
-    expected_b = param_line_fmt.format("b,]]")
+    expected_b = param_line_fmt.format('b,]]')
     assert expected_b in content
 
-    expected_c = param_line_fmt.format("c,")
+    expected_c = param_line_fmt.format('c,')
     assert expected_c in content
 
-    expected_d = param_line_fmt.format("d[,")
+    expected_d = param_line_fmt.format('d[,')
     assert expected_d in content
 
-    expected_e = param_line_fmt.format("e,")
+    expected_e = param_line_fmt.format('e,')
     assert expected_e in content
 
-    expected_f = param_line_fmt.format("f,]")
+    expected_f = param_line_fmt.format('f,]')
     assert expected_f in content
 
-    expected_parameter_list_foo = "(\n{}{}{}{}{}{})".format(
-        expected_a, expected_b, expected_c, expected_d, expected_e, expected_f,
+    expected_parameter_list_foo = '(\n{}{}{}{}{}{})'.format(
+        expected_a,
+        expected_b,
+        expected_c,
+        expected_d,
+        expected_e,
+        expected_f,
     )
     assert expected_parameter_list_foo in content
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py.py
index 4362469f838..5d4d995126b 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py.py
@@ -74,8 +74,9 @@ def test_domain_py_xrefs(app):
     """Domain objects have correct prefixes when looking up xrefs"""
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
-    def assert_refnode(node, module_name, class_name, target, reftype=None,
-                       domain='py'):
+    def assert_refnode(
+        node, module_name, class_name, target, reftype=None, domain='py'
+    ):
         attributes = {
             'refdomain': domain,
             'reftarget': target,
@@ -94,14 +95,21 @@ def assert_refnode(node, module_name, class_name, target, reftype=None,
     assert_refnode(refnodes[1], None, None, 'top_level', 'meth')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[2], None, None, 'TopLevelType', 'type')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[3], None, 'NestedParentA', 'child_1', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[4], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_2', 'meth')
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[4], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_2', 'meth'
+    )
     assert_refnode(refnodes[5], None, 'NestedParentA', 'child_2', 'meth')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[6], False, 'NestedParentA', 'any_child', domain='')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[7], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA', 'class')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[8], None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'subchild_2', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[9], None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
-                   'NestedParentA.child_1', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[10], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'meth')
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[8], None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'subchild_2', 'meth'
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[9], None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'NestedParentA.child_1', 'meth'
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[10], None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'meth'
+    )
     assert_refnode(refnodes[11], None, 'NestedParentB', 'child_1', 'meth')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[12], None, 'NestedParentB', 'NestedParentB', 'class')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[13], None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class')
@@ -110,24 +118,33 @@ def assert_refnode(node, module_name, class_name, target, reftype=None,
 
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('module')
     refnodes = list(doctree.findall(pending_xref))
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[0], 'module_a.submodule', None,
-                   'ModTopLevel', 'class')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[1], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'mod_child_1', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[2], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'ModTopLevel.mod_child_1', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[3], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'mod_child_2', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[4], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_1', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[5], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'prop', 'attr')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[6], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'prop', 'meth')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[7], 'module_b.submodule', None,
-                   'ModTopLevel', 'class')
-    assert_refnode(refnodes[8], 'module_b.submodule', 'ModTopLevel',
-                   'ModNoModule', 'class')
+    assert_refnode(refnodes[0], 'module_a.submodule', None, 'ModTopLevel', 'class')
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[1], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'mod_child_1', 'meth'
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[2],
+        'module_a.submodule',
+        'ModTopLevel',
+        'ModTopLevel.mod_child_1',
+        'meth',
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[3], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'mod_child_2', 'meth'
+    )
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[4],
+        'module_a.submodule',
+        'ModTopLevel',
+        'module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_1',
+        'meth',
+    )
+    assert_refnode(refnodes[5], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'prop', 'attr')
+    assert_refnode(refnodes[6], 'module_a.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'prop', 'meth')
+    assert_refnode(refnodes[7], 'module_b.submodule', None, 'ModTopLevel', 'class')
+    assert_refnode(
+        refnodes[8], 'module_b.submodule', 'ModTopLevel', 'ModNoModule', 'class'
+    )
     assert_refnode(refnodes[9], False, False, 'int', 'class')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[10], False, False, 'tuple', 'class')
     assert_refnode(refnodes[11], False, False, 'str', 'class')
@@ -157,22 +174,32 @@ def test_domain_py_xrefs_abbreviations(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'abbr.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert re.search(r'normal: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.'
-                     r'mod_child_1" .*><.*>module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_1\(\)'
-                     r'<.*></a>',
-                     content)
-    assert re.search(r'relative: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.'
-                     r'mod_child_1" .*><.*>ModTopLevel.mod_child_1\(\)<.*></a>',
-                     content)
-    assert re.search(r'short name: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.'
-                     r'mod_child_1" .*><.*>mod_child_1\(\)<.*></a>',
-                     content)
-    assert re.search(r'relative \+ short name: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.'
-                     r'ModTopLevel.mod_child_1" .*><.*>mod_child_1\(\)<.*></a>',
-                     content)
-    assert re.search(r'short name \+ relative: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.'
-                     r'ModTopLevel.mod_child_1" .*><.*>mod_child_1\(\)<.*></a>',
-                     content)
+    assert re.search(
+        r'normal: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.'
+        r'mod_child_1" .*><.*>module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.mod_child_1\(\)'
+        r'<.*></a>',
+        content,
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        r'relative: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.'
+        r'mod_child_1" .*><.*>ModTopLevel.mod_child_1\(\)<.*></a>',
+        content,
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        r'short name: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.'
+        r'mod_child_1" .*><.*>mod_child_1\(\)<.*></a>',
+        content,
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        r'relative \+ short name: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.'
+        r'ModTopLevel.mod_child_1" .*><.*>mod_child_1\(\)<.*></a>',
+        content,
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        r'short name \+ relative: <a .* href="module.html#module_a.submodule.'
+        r'ModTopLevel.mod_child_1" .*><.*>mod_child_1\(\)<.*></a>',
+        content,
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='domain-py')
@@ -214,50 +241,78 @@ def test_resolve_xref_for_properties(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'module.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('Link to <a class="reference internal" href="#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop"'
-            ' title="module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop">'
-            '<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
-            'prop</span> <span class="pre">attribute</span></code></a>' in content)
-    assert ('Link to <a class="reference internal" href="#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop"'
-            ' title="module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop">'
-            '<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
-            'prop</span> <span class="pre">method</span></code></a>' in content)
-    assert ('Link to <a class="reference internal" href="#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop"'
-            ' title="module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop">'
-            '<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
-            'prop</span> <span class="pre">attribute</span></code></a>' in content)
+    assert (
+        'Link to <a class="reference internal" href="#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop"'
+        ' title="module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop">'
+        '<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
+        'prop</span> <span class="pre">attribute</span></code></a>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        'Link to <a class="reference internal" href="#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop"'
+        ' title="module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop">'
+        '<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
+        'prop</span> <span class="pre">method</span></code></a>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        'Link to <a class="reference internal" href="#module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop"'
+        ' title="module_a.submodule.ModTopLevel.prop">'
+        '<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
+        'prop</span> <span class="pre">attribute</span></code></a>'
+    ) in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='domain-py')
 def test_domain_py_find_obj(app):
-
     def find_obj(modname, prefix, obj_name, obj_type, searchmode=0):
         return app.env.domains['py'].find_obj(
-            app.env, modname, prefix, obj_name, obj_type, searchmode)
+            app.env, modname, prefix, obj_name, obj_type, searchmode
+        )
 
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
-    assert (find_obj(None, None, 'NONEXISTANT', 'class') == [])
-    assert (find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA', 'class') ==
-            [('NestedParentA', ('roles', 'NestedParentA', 'class', False))])
-    assert (find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedTypeA', 'type') ==
-            [('NestedParentA.NestedTypeA',
-              ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedTypeA', 'type', False))])
-    assert (find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class') ==
-            [('NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
-              ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class', False))])
-    assert (find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA', 'class') ==
-            [('NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
-              ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class', False))])
-    assert (find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'meth') ==
-            [('NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
-              ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'method', False))])
-    assert (find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'meth') ==
-            [('NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
-              ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'method', False))])
-    assert (find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'subchild_1', 'meth') ==
-            [('NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
-              ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'method', False))])
+    assert find_obj(None, None, 'NONEXISTANT', 'class') == []
+    assert find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA', 'class') == [
+        (
+            'NestedParentA',
+            ('roles', 'NestedParentA', 'class', False),
+        )
+    ]
+    assert find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedTypeA', 'type') == [
+        (
+            'NestedParentA.NestedTypeA',
+            ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedTypeA', 'type', False),
+        )
+    ]
+    assert find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class') == [
+        (
+            'NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
+            ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class', False),
+        )
+    ]
+    assert find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA', 'class') == [
+        (
+            'NestedParentA.NestedChildA',
+            ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'class', False),
+        )
+    ]
+    assert find_obj(None, None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'meth') == [
+        (
+            'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
+            ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'method', False),
+        )
+    ]
+    assert find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA', 'NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'meth') == [
+        (
+            'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
+            ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'method', False),
+        )
+    ]
+    assert find_obj(None, 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA', 'subchild_1', 'meth') == [
+        (
+            'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1',
+            ('roles', 'NestedParentA.NestedChildA.subchild_1', 'method', False),
+        )
+    ]
 
 
 def test_get_full_qualified_name():
@@ -289,226 +344,383 @@ def test_get_full_qualified_name():
 
 
 def test_parse_annotation(app):
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("int", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "int"],))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], pending_xref, refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="int")
-
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("List[int]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "List"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [pending_xref, "int"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
-
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("Tuple[int, int]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "Tuple"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [pending_xref, "int"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [pending_xref, "int"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
-
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("Tuple[()]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "Tuple"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "("],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ")"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
-
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("Tuple[int, ...]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "Tuple"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [pending_xref, "int"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "..."],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
-
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("Callable[[int, int], int]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "Callable"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [pending_xref, "int"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [pending_xref, "int"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [pending_xref, "int"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
-
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("Callable[[], int]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "Callable"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [pending_xref, "int"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
-
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("List[None]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "List"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [pending_xref, "None"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('int', app.env)
+    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, 'int'],))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0], pending_xref, refdomain='py', reftype='class', reftarget='int'
+    )
+
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('List[int]', app.env)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'List'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('Tuple[int, int]', app.env)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Tuple'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('Tuple[()]', app.env)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Tuple'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '('],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ')'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('Tuple[int, ...]', app.env)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Tuple'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '...'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('Callable[[int, int], int]', app.env)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Callable'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('Callable[[], int]', app.env)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Callable'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('List[None]', app.env)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'List'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [pending_xref, 'None'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
 
     # None type makes an object-reference (not a class reference)
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("None", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "None"],))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], pending_xref, refdomain="py", reftype="obj", reftarget="None")
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('None', app.env)
+    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, 'None'],))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0], pending_xref, refdomain='py', reftype='obj', reftarget='None'
+    )
 
     # Literal type makes an object-reference (not a class reference)
     doctree = _parse_annotation("typing.Literal['a', 'b']", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "Literal"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [desc_sig_literal_string, "'a'"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [desc_sig_literal_string, "'b'"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], pending_xref, refdomain="py", reftype="obj", reftarget="typing.Literal")
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Literal'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [desc_sig_literal_string, "'a'"],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [desc_sig_literal_string, "'b'"],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='obj',
+        reftarget='typing.Literal',
+    )
 
     # Annotated type with callable gets parsed
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("Annotated[Optional[str], annotated_types.MaxLen(max_length=10)]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        [pending_xref, 'Annotated'],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
-        [pending_xref, 'str'],
-        [desc_sig_space, ' '],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
-        [desc_sig_space, ' '],
-        [pending_xref, 'None'],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
-        [desc_sig_space, ' '],
-        [pending_xref, 'annotated_types.MaxLen'],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, '('],
-        [desc_sig_name, 'max_length'],
-        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
-        [desc_sig_literal_number, '10'],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, ')'],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
-    ))
+    doctree = _parse_annotation(
+        'Annotated[Optional[str], annotated_types.MaxLen(max_length=10)]', app.env
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Annotated'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [pending_xref, 'str'],
+            [desc_sig_space, ' '],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+            [desc_sig_space, ' '],
+            [pending_xref, 'None'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            [desc_sig_space, ' '],
+            [pending_xref, 'annotated_types.MaxLen'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '('],
+            [desc_sig_name, 'max_length'],
+            [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+            [desc_sig_literal_number, '10'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ')'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 def test_parse_annotation_suppress(app):
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("~typing.Dict[str, str]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "Dict"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [pending_xref, "str"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [pending_xref, "str"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], pending_xref, refdomain="py", reftype="obj", reftarget="typing.Dict")
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('~typing.Dict[str, str]', app.env)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Dict'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [pending_xref, 'str'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [pending_xref, 'str'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0], pending_xref, refdomain='py', reftype='obj', reftarget='typing.Dict'
+    )
 
 
 def test_parse_annotation_Literal(app):
-    doctree = _parse_annotation("Literal[True, False]", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "Literal"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [desc_sig_keyword, "True"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [desc_sig_keyword, "False"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
+    doctree = _parse_annotation('Literal[True, False]', app.env)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Literal'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [desc_sig_keyword, 'True'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [desc_sig_keyword, 'False'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
 
     doctree = _parse_annotation("typing.Literal[0, 1, 'abc']", app.env)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([pending_xref, "Literal"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                          [desc_sig_literal_number, "0"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [desc_sig_literal_number, "1"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                          desc_sig_space,
-                          [desc_sig_literal_string, "'abc'"],
-                          [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [pending_xref, 'Literal'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+            [desc_sig_literal_number, '0'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [desc_sig_literal_number, '1'],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [desc_sig_literal_string, "'abc'"],
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(freshenv=True)
 def test_module_index(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: docutils\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx.config\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx.builders\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx.builders.html\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx_intl\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:module:: docutils\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx.config\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx.builders\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx.builders.html\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx_intl\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = PythonModuleIndex(app.env.get_domain('py'))
     assert index.generate() == (
-        [('d', [IndexEntry('docutils', 0, 'index', 'module-docutils', '', '', '')]),
-         ('s', [IndexEntry('sphinx', 1, 'index', 'module-sphinx', '', '', ''),
-                IndexEntry('sphinx.builders', 2, 'index', 'module-sphinx.builders', '', '', ''),
-                IndexEntry('sphinx.builders.html', 2, 'index', 'module-sphinx.builders.html', '', '', ''),
-                IndexEntry('sphinx.config', 2, 'index', 'module-sphinx.config', '', '', ''),
-                IndexEntry('sphinx_intl', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx_intl', '', '', '')])],
+        [
+            ('d', [IndexEntry('docutils', 0, 'index', 'module-docutils', '', '', '')]),
+            (
+                's',
+                [
+                    IndexEntry('sphinx', 1, 'index', 'module-sphinx', '', '', ''),
+                    IndexEntry(
+                        'sphinx.builders',
+                        2,
+                        'index',
+                        'module-sphinx.builders',
+                        '',
+                        '',
+                        '',
+                    ),
+                    IndexEntry(
+                        'sphinx.builders.html',
+                        2,
+                        'index',
+                        'module-sphinx.builders.html',
+                        '',
+                        '',
+                        '',
+                    ),
+                    IndexEntry(
+                        'sphinx.config', 2, 'index', 'module-sphinx.config', '', '', ''
+                    ),
+                    IndexEntry(
+                        'sphinx_intl', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx_intl', '', '', ''
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
         False,
     )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(freshenv=True)
 def test_module_index_submodule(app):
-    text = ".. py:module:: sphinx.config\n"
+    text = '.. py:module:: sphinx.config\n'
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = PythonModuleIndex(app.env.get_domain('py'))
     assert index.generate() == (
-        [('s', [IndexEntry('sphinx', 1, '', '', '', '', ''),
-                IndexEntry('sphinx.config', 2, 'index', 'module-sphinx.config', '', '', '')])],
+        [
+            (
+                's',
+                [
+                    IndexEntry('sphinx', 1, '', '', '', '', ''),
+                    IndexEntry(
+                        'sphinx.config', 2, 'index', 'module-sphinx.config', '', '', ''
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+        ],
         False,
     )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(freshenv=True)
 def test_module_index_not_collapsed(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: docutils\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx\n")
+    text = '.. py:module:: docutils\n.. py:module:: sphinx\n'
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = PythonModuleIndex(app.env.get_domain('py'))
     assert index.generate() == (
-        [('d', [IndexEntry('docutils', 0, 'index', 'module-docutils', '', '', '')]),
-         ('s', [IndexEntry('sphinx', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx', '', '', '')])],
+        [
+            ('d', [IndexEntry('docutils', 0, 'index', 'module-docutils', '', '', '')]),
+            ('s', [IndexEntry('sphinx', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx', '', '', '')]),
+        ],
         True,
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(freshenv=True, confoverrides={'modindex_common_prefix': ['sphinx.']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'modindex_common_prefix': ['sphinx.']},
+)
 def test_modindex_common_prefix(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: docutils\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx.config\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx.builders\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx.builders.html\n"
-            ".. py:module:: sphinx_intl\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:module:: docutils\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx.config\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx.builders\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx.builders.html\n'
+        '.. py:module:: sphinx_intl\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = PythonModuleIndex(app.env.get_domain('py'))
     assert index.generate() == (
-        [('b', [IndexEntry('sphinx.builders', 1, 'index', 'module-sphinx.builders', '', '', ''),
-                IndexEntry('sphinx.builders.html', 2, 'index', 'module-sphinx.builders.html', '', '', '')]),
-         ('c', [IndexEntry('sphinx.config', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx.config', '', '', '')]),
-         ('d', [IndexEntry('docutils', 0, 'index', 'module-docutils', '', '', '')]),
-         ('s', [IndexEntry('sphinx', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx', '', '', ''),
-                IndexEntry('sphinx_intl', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx_intl', '', '', '')])],
+        [
+            (
+                'b',
+                [
+                    IndexEntry(
+                        'sphinx.builders',
+                        1,
+                        'index',
+                        'module-sphinx.builders',
+                        '',
+                        '',
+                        '',
+                    ),
+                    IndexEntry(
+                        'sphinx.builders.html',
+                        2,
+                        'index',
+                        'module-sphinx.builders.html',
+                        '',
+                        '',
+                        '',
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                'c',
+                [
+                    IndexEntry(
+                        'sphinx.config', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx.config', '', '', ''
+                    )
+                ],
+            ),
+            ('d', [IndexEntry('docutils', 0, 'index', 'module-docutils', '', '', '')]),
+            (
+                's',
+                [
+                    IndexEntry('sphinx', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx', '', '', ''),
+                    IndexEntry(
+                        'sphinx_intl', 0, 'index', 'module-sphinx_intl', '', '', ''
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
         True,
     )
 
 
 def test_no_index_entry(app):
-    text = (".. py:function:: f()\n"
-            ".. py:function:: g()\n"
-            "   :no-index-entry:\n")
+    text = '.. py:function:: f()\n.. py:function:: g()\n   :no-index-entry:\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, desc, addnodes.index, desc))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[('pair', 'built-in function; f()', 'f', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('pair', 'built-in function; f()', 'f', '', None)],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[])
 
-    text = (".. py:class:: f\n"
-            ".. py:class:: g\n"
-            "   :no-index-entry:\n")
+    text = '.. py:class:: f\n.. py:class:: g\n   :no-index-entry:\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index, desc, addnodes.index, desc))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'f (built-in class)', 'f', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'f (built-in class)', 'f', '', None)],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[])
 
 
@@ -516,24 +728,35 @@ def test_no_index_entry(app):
 def test_python_python_use_unqualified_type_names(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="#foo.Name" title="foo.Name">'
-            '<span class="pre">Name</span></a></span>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="#foo.Name" title="foo.Name">'
+        '<span class="pre">Name</span></a></span>'
+    ) in content
     assert '<span class="n"><span class="pre">foo.Age</span></span>' in content
-    assert ('<p><strong>name</strong> (<a class="reference internal" href="#foo.Name" '
-            'title="foo.Name"><em>Name</em></a>) – blah blah</p>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<p><strong>name</strong> (<a class="reference internal" href="#foo.Name" '
+        'title="foo.Name"><em>Name</em></a>) – blah blah</p>'
+    ) in content
     assert '<p><strong>age</strong> (<em>foo.Age</em>) – blah blah</p>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='domain-py-python_use_unqualified_type_names',
-                    confoverrides={'python_use_unqualified_type_names': False})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='domain-py-python_use_unqualified_type_names',
+    confoverrides={'python_use_unqualified_type_names': False},
+)
 def test_python_python_use_unqualified_type_names_disabled(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="#foo.Name" title="foo.Name">'
-            '<span class="pre">foo.Name</span></a></span>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="#foo.Name" title="foo.Name">'
+        '<span class="pre">foo.Name</span></a></span>'
+    ) in content
     assert '<span class="n"><span class="pre">foo.Age</span></span>' in content
-    assert ('<p><strong>name</strong> (<a class="reference internal" href="#foo.Name" '
-            'title="foo.Name"><em>foo.Name</em></a>) – blah blah</p>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<p><strong>name</strong> (<a class="reference internal" href="#foo.Name" '
+        'title="foo.Name"><em>foo.Name</em></a>) – blah blah</p>'
+    ) in content
     assert '<p><strong>age</strong> (<em>foo.Age</em>) – blah blah</p>' in content
 
 
@@ -541,15 +764,18 @@ def test_python_python_use_unqualified_type_names_disabled(app):
 def test_warn_missing_reference(app):
     app.build()
     assert "index.rst:6: WARNING: undefined label: 'no-label'" in app.warning.getvalue()
-    assert ("index.rst:6: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. "
-            "A title or caption not found: 'existing-label'") in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:6: WARNING: Failed to create a cross reference. '
+        "A title or caption not found: 'existing-label'"
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(confoverrides={'nitpicky': True})
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('include_options', [True, False])
 def test_signature_line_number(app, include_options):
-    text = (".. py:function:: foo(bar : string)\n" +
-            ("   :no-index-entry:\n" if include_options else ""))
+    text = '.. py:function:: foo(bar : string)\n' + (
+        '   :no-index-entry:\n' if include_options else ''
+    )
     doc = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     xrefs = list(doc.findall(condition=addnodes.pending_xref))
     assert len(xrefs) == 1
@@ -561,32 +787,57 @@ def test_signature_line_number(app, include_options):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
     'html',
     confoverrides={
-        'python_maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name: str) -> str"),
+        'python_maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name: str) -> str'),
         'maximum_signature_line_length': 1,
     },
 )
 def test_python_maximum_signature_line_length_overrides_global(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(name: str) -> str"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(name: str) -> str'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    expected_doctree = (addnodes.index,
-                        [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "hello"],
-                                                  desc_parameterlist,
-                                                  [desc_returns, pending_xref, "str"])],
-                                desc_content)])
+    expected_doctree = (
+        addnodes.index,
+        [
+            desc,
+            (
+                [
+                    desc_signature,
+                    (
+                        [desc_name, 'hello'],
+                        desc_parameterlist,
+                        [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                desc_content,
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree, expected_doctree)
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    signame_node = [desc_sig_name, "name"]
-    expected_sig = [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (signame_node,
-                                                         [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-                                                         desc_sig_space,
-                                                         [nodes.inline, pending_xref, "str"])]
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    signame_node = [desc_sig_name, 'name']
+    expected_sig = [
+        desc_parameterlist,
+        desc_parameter,
+        (
+            signame_node,
+            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+            desc_sig_space,
+            [nodes.inline, pending_xref, 'str'],
+        ),
+    ]
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], expected_sig)
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'html', testroot='domain-py-python_maximum_signature_line_length',
+    'html',
+    testroot='domain-py-python_maximum_signature_line_length',
 )
 def test_domain_py_python_maximum_signature_line_length_in_html(app):
     app.build()
@@ -621,25 +872,35 @@ def test_domain_py_python_maximum_signature_line_length_in_html(app):
     optional_fmt = '<span class="optional">{}</span>'
 
     expected_a = param_line_fmt.format(
-        optional_fmt.format("[") + param_name_fmt.format("a") + "," + optional_fmt.format("["),
+        optional_fmt.format('[')
+        + param_name_fmt.format('a')
+        + ','
+        + optional_fmt.format('['),
     )
     assert expected_a in content
 
     expected_b = param_line_fmt.format(
-        param_name_fmt.format("b") + "," + optional_fmt.format("]") + optional_fmt.format("]"),
+        param_name_fmt.format('b')
+        + ','
+        + optional_fmt.format(']')
+        + optional_fmt.format(']'),
     )
     assert expected_b in content
 
-    expected_c = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format("c") + ",")
+    expected_c = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format('c') + ',')
     assert expected_c in content
 
-    expected_d = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format("d") + optional_fmt.format("[") + ",")
+    expected_d = param_line_fmt.format(
+        param_name_fmt.format('d') + optional_fmt.format('[') + ','
+    )
     assert expected_d in content
 
-    expected_e = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format("e") + ",")
+    expected_e = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format('e') + ',')
     assert expected_e in content
 
-    expected_f = param_line_fmt.format(param_name_fmt.format("f") + "," + optional_fmt.format("]"))
+    expected_f = param_line_fmt.format(
+        param_name_fmt.format('f') + ',' + optional_fmt.format(']')
+    )
     assert expected_f in content
 
     expected_parameter_list_foo = """\
@@ -655,45 +916,51 @@ def test_domain_py_python_maximum_signature_line_length_in_html(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'text', testroot='domain-py-python_maximum_signature_line_length',
+    'text',
+    testroot='domain-py-python_maximum_signature_line_length',
 )
 def test_domain_py_python_maximum_signature_line_length_in_text(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    param_line_fmt = STDINDENT * " " + "{}\n"
+    param_line_fmt = STDINDENT * ' ' + '{}\n'
 
-    expected_parameter_list_hello = "(\n{}) -> str".format(param_line_fmt.format("name: str,"))
+    expected_parameter_list_hello = '(\n{}) -> str'.format(
+        param_line_fmt.format('name: str,')
+    )
 
     assert expected_parameter_list_hello in content
 
-    expected_a = param_line_fmt.format("[a,[")
+    expected_a = param_line_fmt.format('[a,[')
     assert expected_a in content
 
-    expected_b = param_line_fmt.format("b,]]")
+    expected_b = param_line_fmt.format('b,]]')
     assert expected_b in content
 
-    expected_c = param_line_fmt.format("c,")
+    expected_c = param_line_fmt.format('c,')
     assert expected_c in content
 
-    expected_d = param_line_fmt.format("d[,")
+    expected_d = param_line_fmt.format('d[,')
     assert expected_d in content
 
-    expected_e = param_line_fmt.format("e,")
+    expected_e = param_line_fmt.format('e,')
     assert expected_e in content
 
-    expected_f = param_line_fmt.format("f,]")
+    expected_f = param_line_fmt.format('f,]')
     assert expected_f in content
 
-    expected_parameter_list_foo = "(\n{}{}{}{}{}{})".format(
-        expected_a, expected_b, expected_c, expected_d, expected_e, expected_f,
+    expected_parameter_list_foo = '(\n{}{}{}{}{}{})'.format(
+        expected_a,
+        expected_b,
+        expected_c,
+        expected_d,
+        expected_e,
+        expected_f,
     )
     assert expected_parameter_list_foo in content
 
 
 def test_module_content_line_number(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: foo\n" +
-            "\n" +
-            "   Some link here: :ref:`abc`\n")
+    text = '.. py:module:: foo\n\n   Some link here: :ref:`abc`\n'
     doc = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     xrefs = list(doc.findall(condition=addnodes.pending_xref))
     assert len(xrefs) == 1
@@ -702,71 +969,107 @@ def test_module_content_line_number(app):
     assert line == 3
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(freshenv=True, confoverrides={'python_display_short_literal_types': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'python_display_short_literal_types': True},
+)
 def test_short_literal_types(app):
     text = """\
 .. py:function:: literal_ints(x: Literal[1, 2, 3] = 1) -> None
 .. py:function:: literal_union(x: Union[Literal["a"], Literal["b"], Literal["c"]]) -> None
 """
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, 'literal_ints'],
-                [desc_parameterlist, (
-                    [desc_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'x'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_name, (
-                            [desc_sig_literal_number, '1'],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_literal_number, '2'],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_literal_number, '3'],
-                        )],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [nodes.inline, '1'],
-                    )],
-                )],
-                [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'None'],
-            )],
-            [desc_content, ()],
-        )],
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, 'literal_union'],
-                [desc_parameterlist, (
-                    [desc_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'x'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_name, (
-                            [desc_sig_literal_string, "'a'"],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_literal_string, "'b'"],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_literal_string, "'c'"],
-                        )],
-                    )],
-                )],
-                [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'None'],
-            )],
-            [desc_content, ()],
-        )],
-    ))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'literal_ints'],
+                            [
+                                desc_parameterlist,
+                                (
+                                    [
+                                        desc_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'x'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [
+                                                desc_sig_name,
+                                                (
+                                                    [desc_sig_literal_number, '1'],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_literal_number, '2'],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_literal_number, '3'],
+                                                ),
+                                            ],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [nodes.inline, '1'],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'None'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'literal_union'],
+                            [
+                                desc_parameterlist,
+                                (
+                                    [
+                                        desc_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'x'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [
+                                                desc_sig_name,
+                                                (
+                                                    [desc_sig_literal_string, "'a'"],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_literal_string, "'b'"],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_literal_string, "'c'"],
+                                                ),
+                                            ],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'None'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 def test_function_pep_695(app):
@@ -781,79 +1084,118 @@ def test_function_pep_695(app):
     ]
     """
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, 'func'],
-                [desc_type_parameter_list, (
-                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'S'])],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'T'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_name, ([pending_xref, 'int'])],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'U'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, '('],
-                        [desc_sig_name, (
-                            [pending_xref, 'int'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [pending_xref, 'str'],
-                        )],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ')'],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'R'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_name, (
-                            [pending_xref, 'int'],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [pending_xref, 'str'],
-                        )],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'A'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_name, (
-                            [pending_xref, 'int'],
-                            [desc_sig_space, ' '],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
-                            [desc_sig_space, ' '],
-                            [pending_xref, 'Annotated'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
-                            [pending_xref, 'int'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
-                            [desc_sig_space, ' '],
-                            [pending_xref, 'ctype'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '('],
-                            [desc_sig_literal_string, "'char'"],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ')'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
-                        )],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '*'],
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'V'],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '**'],
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'P'],
-                    )],
-                )],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ()],
-            )],
-            [desc_content, ()],
-        )],
-    ))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'func'],
+                            [
+                                desc_type_parameter_list,
+                                (
+                                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'S'])],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'T'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_name, ([pending_xref, 'int'])],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'U'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '('],
+                                            [
+                                                desc_sig_name,
+                                                (
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'str'],
+                                                ),
+                                            ],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ')'],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'R'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [
+                                                desc_sig_name,
+                                                (
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'str'],
+                                                ),
+                                            ],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'A'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [
+                                                desc_sig_name,
+                                                (
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_space, ' '],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_space, ' '],
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'Annotated'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+                                                    [desc_sig_space, ' '],
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'ctype'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '('],
+                                                    [desc_sig_literal_string, "'char'"],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ')'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+                                                ),
+                                            ],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '*'],
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'V'],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '**'],
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'P'],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 def test_class_def_pep_695(app):
@@ -861,33 +1203,51 @@ def test_class_def_pep_695(app):
     # should fail (https://peps.python.org/pep-0695/#type-parameter-scopes)
     text = """.. py:class:: Class[S: Sequence[T], T, KT, VT](Dict[KT, VT])"""
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
-                [desc_name, 'Class'],
-                [desc_type_parameter_list, (
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'S'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_name, (
-                            [pending_xref, 'Sequence'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
-                            [pending_xref, 'T'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
-                        )],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'T'])],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'KT'])],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'VT'])],
-                )],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, 'Dict[KT, VT]'])],
-            )],
-            [desc_content, ()],
-        )],
-    ))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                            [
+                                desc_type_parameter_list,
+                                (
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'S'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [
+                                                desc_sig_name,
+                                                (
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'Sequence'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'T'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+                                                ),
+                                            ],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'T'])],
+                                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'KT'])],
+                                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'VT'])],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, 'Dict[KT, VT]'])],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 def test_class_def_pep_696(app):
@@ -904,157 +1264,220 @@ def test_class_def_pep_696(app):
     ](Other[T, KT, VT, J, S, L, Q, *V, **P])
     """
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
-                [desc_name, 'Class'],
-                [desc_type_parameter_list, (
-                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'T'])],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'KT'])],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'VT'])],
-                    # J: int
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'J'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_name, ([pending_xref, 'int'])],
-                    )],
-                    # K = list
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'K'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [nodes.inline, 'list'],
-                    )],
-                    # S: str = str
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'S'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_name, ([pending_xref, 'str'])],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [nodes.inline, 'str'],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'L'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, '('],
-                        [desc_sig_name, (
-                            # T
-                            [pending_xref, 'T'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            # tuple[T, ...]
-                            [pending_xref, 'tuple'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
-                            [pending_xref, 'T'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '...'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            # collections.abc.Iterable[T]
-                            [pending_xref, 'collections.abc.Iterable'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
-                            [pending_xref, 'T'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
-                        )],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ')'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [nodes.inline, 'set[T]'],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'Q'],
-                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_name, (
-                            [pending_xref, 'collections.abc.Mapping'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
-                            [pending_xref, 'KT'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
-                            desc_sig_space,
-                            [pending_xref, 'VT'],
-                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
-                        )],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [nodes.inline, 'dict[KT, VT]'],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '*'],
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'V'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [nodes.inline, '*tuple[*Ts, bool]'],
-                    )],
-                    [desc_type_parameter, (
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '**'],
-                        [desc_sig_name, 'P'],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
-                        desc_sig_space,
-                        [nodes.inline, '[int, Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype("char")]]'],
-                    )],
-                )],
-                [desc_parameterlist, (
-                    [desc_parameter, 'Other[T, KT, VT, J, S, L, Q, *V, **P]'],
-                )],
-            )],
-            [desc_content, ()],
-        )],
-    ))
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('tp_list', 'tptext'), [
-    ('[T:int]', '[T: int]'),
-    ('[T:*Ts]', '[T: *Ts]'),
-    ('[T:int|(*Ts)]', '[T: int | (*Ts)]'),
-    ('[T:(*Ts)|int]', '[T: (*Ts) | int]'),
-    ('[T:(int|(*Ts))]', '[T: (int | (*Ts))]'),
-    ('[T:((*Ts)|int)]', '[T: ((*Ts) | int)]'),
-    ("[T:Annotated[int,ctype('char')]]", "[T: Annotated[int, ctype('char')]]"),
-])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                            [
+                                desc_type_parameter_list,
+                                (
+                                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'T'])],
+                                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'KT'])],
+                                    [desc_type_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'VT'])],
+                                    # J: int
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'J'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_name, ([pending_xref, 'int'])],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    # K = list
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'K'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [nodes.inline, 'list'],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    # S: str = str
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'S'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_name, ([pending_xref, 'str'])],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [nodes.inline, 'str'],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'L'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '('],
+                                            [
+                                                desc_sig_name,
+                                                (
+                                                    # T
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'T'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    # tuple[T, ...]
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'tuple'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'T'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '...'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    # collections.abc.Iterable[T]
+                                                    [
+                                                        pending_xref,
+                                                        'collections.abc.Iterable',
+                                                    ],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'T'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+                                                ),
+                                            ],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ')'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [nodes.inline, 'set[T]'],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'Q'],
+                                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [
+                                                desc_sig_name,
+                                                (
+                                                    [
+                                                        pending_xref,
+                                                        'collections.abc.Mapping',
+                                                    ],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'KT'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+                                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                                    [pending_xref, 'VT'],
+                                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+                                                ),
+                                            ],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [nodes.inline, 'dict[KT, VT]'],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '*'],
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'V'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [nodes.inline, '*tuple[*Ts, bool]'],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [
+                                        desc_type_parameter,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '**'],
+                                            [desc_sig_name, 'P'],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                                            desc_sig_space,
+                                            [
+                                                nodes.inline,
+                                                '[int, Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype("char")]]',
+                                            ],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            [
+                                desc_parameterlist,
+                                (
+                                    [
+                                        desc_parameter,
+                                        'Other[T, KT, VT, J, S, L, Q, *V, **P]',
+                                    ],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('tp_list', 'tptext'),
+    [
+        ('[T:int]', '[T: int]'),
+        ('[T:*Ts]', '[T: *Ts]'),
+        ('[T:int|(*Ts)]', '[T: int | (*Ts)]'),
+        ('[T:(*Ts)|int]', '[T: (*Ts) | int]'),
+        ('[T:(int|(*Ts))]', '[T: (int | (*Ts))]'),
+        ('[T:((*Ts)|int)]', '[T: ((*Ts) | int)]'),
+        ("[T:Annotated[int,ctype('char')]]", "[T: Annotated[int, ctype('char')]]"),
+    ],
+)
 def test_pep_695_and_pep_696_whitespaces_in_bound(app, tp_list, tptext):
     text = f'.. py:function:: f{tp_list}()'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert doctree.astext() == f'\n\nf{tptext}()\n\n'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('tp_list', 'tptext'), [
-    ('[T:(int,str)]', '[T: (int, str)]'),
-    ('[T:(int|str,*Ts)]', '[T: (int | str, *Ts)]'),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('tp_list', 'tptext'),
+    [
+        ('[T:(int,str)]', '[T: (int, str)]'),
+        ('[T:(int|str,*Ts)]', '[T: (int | str, *Ts)]'),
+    ],
+)
 def test_pep_695_and_pep_696_whitespaces_in_constraints(app, tp_list, tptext):
     text = f'.. py:function:: f{tp_list}()'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     assert doctree.astext() == f'\n\nf{tptext}()\n\n'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('tp_list', 'tptext'), [
-    ('[T=int]', '[T = int]'),
-    ('[T:int=int]', '[T: int = int]'),
-    ('[*V=*Ts]', '[*V = *Ts]'),
-    ('[*V=(*Ts)]', '[*V = (*Ts)]'),
-    ('[*V=*tuple[str,...]]', '[*V = *tuple[str, ...]]'),
-    ('[*V=*tuple[*Ts,...]]', '[*V = *tuple[*Ts, ...]]'),
-    ('[*V=*tuple[int,*Ts]]', '[*V = *tuple[int, *Ts]]'),
-    ('[*V=*tuple[*Ts,int]]', '[*V = *tuple[*Ts, int]]'),
-    ('[**P=[int,*Ts]]', '[**P = [int, *Ts]]'),
-    ('[**P=[int, int*3]]', '[**P = [int, int * 3]]'),
-    ('[**P=[int, *Ts*3]]', '[**P = [int, *Ts * 3]]'),
-    ('[**P=[int,A[int,ctype("char")]]]', '[**P = [int, A[int, ctype("char")]]]'),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('tp_list', 'tptext'),
+    [
+        ('[T=int]', '[T = int]'),
+        ('[T:int=int]', '[T: int = int]'),
+        ('[*V=*Ts]', '[*V = *Ts]'),
+        ('[*V=(*Ts)]', '[*V = (*Ts)]'),
+        ('[*V=*tuple[str,...]]', '[*V = *tuple[str, ...]]'),
+        ('[*V=*tuple[*Ts,...]]', '[*V = *tuple[*Ts, ...]]'),
+        ('[*V=*tuple[int,*Ts]]', '[*V = *tuple[int, *Ts]]'),
+        ('[*V=*tuple[*Ts,int]]', '[*V = *tuple[*Ts, int]]'),
+        ('[**P=[int,*Ts]]', '[**P = [int, *Ts]]'),
+        ('[**P=[int, int*3]]', '[**P = [int, int * 3]]'),
+        ('[**P=[int, *Ts*3]]', '[**P = [int, *Ts * 3]]'),
+        ('[**P=[int,A[int,ctype("char")]]]', '[**P = [int, A[int, ctype("char")]]]'),
+    ],
+)
 def test_pep_695_and_pep_696_whitespaces_in_default(app, tp_list, tptext):
     text = f'.. py:function:: f{tp_list}()'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_canonical.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_canonical.py
index c7e77e0d782..47149b0426c 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_canonical.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_canonical.py
@@ -18,60 +18,86 @@
 from sphinx.testing.util import assert_node
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='domain-py', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='domain-py',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_domain_py_canonical(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'canonical.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<a class="reference internal" href="#canonical.Foo" title="canonical.Foo">'
-            '<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">'
-            '<span class="pre">Foo</span></code></a>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<a class="reference internal" href="#canonical.Foo" title="canonical.Foo">'
+        '<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">'
+        '<span class="pre">Foo</span></code></a>'
+    ) in content
     assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
 
 def test_canonical(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: io.StringIO\n"
-            "   :canonical: _io.StringIO")
+    text = '.. py:class:: io.StringIO\n   :canonical: _io.StringIO'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_addname, "io."],
-                                                    [desc_name, "StringIO"])],
-                                  desc_content)]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_addname, 'io.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'StringIO'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'io.StringIO' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['io.StringIO'] == ('index', 'io.StringIO', 'class', False)
     assert domain.objects['_io.StringIO'] == ('index', 'io.StringIO', 'class', True)
 
 
 def test_canonical_definition_overrides(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: io.StringIO\n"
-            "   :canonical: _io.StringIO\n"
-            ".. py:class:: _io.StringIO\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:class:: io.StringIO\n'
+        '   :canonical: _io.StringIO\n'
+        '.. py:class:: _io.StringIO\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert app.warning.getvalue() == ""
+    assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     assert domain.objects['_io.StringIO'] == ('index', 'id0', 'class', False)
 
 
 def test_canonical_definition_skip(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: _io.StringIO\n"
-            ".. py:class:: io.StringIO\n"
-            "   :canonical: _io.StringIO\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:class:: _io.StringIO\n'
+        '.. py:class:: io.StringIO\n'
+        '   :canonical: _io.StringIO\n'
+    )
 
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert app.warning.getvalue() == ""
+    assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     assert domain.objects['_io.StringIO'] == ('index', 'io.StringIO', 'class', False)
 
 
 def test_canonical_duplicated(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: mypackage.StringIO\n"
-            "   :canonical: _io.StringIO\n"
-            ".. py:class:: io.StringIO\n"
-            "   :canonical: _io.StringIO\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:class:: mypackage.StringIO\n'
+        '   :canonical: _io.StringIO\n'
+        '.. py:class:: io.StringIO\n'
+        '   :canonical: _io.StringIO\n'
+    )
 
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert app.warning.getvalue() != ""
+    assert app.warning.getvalue() != ''
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_fields.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_fields.py
index 47c40f591eb..8168d499351 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_fields.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_fields.py
@@ -21,306 +21,552 @@
 
 
 def test_info_field_list(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: example\n"
-            ".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   :meta blah: this meta-field must not show up in the toc-tree\n"
-            "   :param str name: blah blah\n"
-            "   :meta another meta field:\n"
-            "   :param age: blah blah\n"
-            "   :type age: int\n"
-            "   :param items: blah blah\n"
-            "   :type items: Tuple[str, ...]\n"
-            "   :param Dict[str, str] params: blah blah\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:module:: example\n'
+        '.. py:class:: Class\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :meta blah: this meta-field must not show up in the toc-tree\n'
+        '   :param str name: blah blah\n'
+        '   :meta another meta field:\n'
+        '   :param age: blah blah\n'
+        '   :type age: int\n'
+        '   :param items: blah blah\n'
+        '   :type items: Tuple[str, ...]\n'
+        '   :param Dict[str, str] params: blah blah\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     print(doctree)
 
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_addname, "example."],
-                                                    [desc_name, "Class"])],
-                                  [desc_content, nodes.field_list, nodes.field])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0],
-                ([nodes.field_name, "Parameters"],
-                 [nodes.field_body, nodes.bullet_list, ([nodes.list_item, nodes.paragraph],
-                                                        [nodes.list_item, nodes.paragraph],
-                                                        [nodes.list_item, nodes.paragraph],
-                                                        [nodes.list_item, nodes.paragraph])]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_addname, 'example.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, nodes.field_list, nodes.field],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0],
+        (
+            [nodes.field_name, 'Parameters'],
+            [
+                nodes.field_body,
+                nodes.bullet_list,
+                (
+                    [nodes.list_item, nodes.paragraph],
+                    [nodes.list_item, nodes.paragraph],
+                    [nodes.list_item, nodes.paragraph],
+                    [nodes.list_item, nodes.paragraph],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
 
     # :param str name:
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][0][0],
-                ([addnodes.literal_strong, "name"],
-                 " (",
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "str"],
-                 ")",
-                 " -- ",
-                 "blah blah"))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][0][0][2], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="str",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][0][0],
+        (
+            [addnodes.literal_strong, 'name'],
+            ' (',
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'str'],
+            ')',
+            ' -- ',
+            'blah blah',
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][0][0][2],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='str',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
 
     # :param age: + :type age:
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][1][0],
-                ([addnodes.literal_strong, "age"],
-                 " (",
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "int"],
-                 ")",
-                 " -- ",
-                 "blah blah"))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][1][0][2], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="int",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][1][0],
+        (
+            [addnodes.literal_strong, 'age'],
+            ' (',
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'int'],
+            ')',
+            ' -- ',
+            'blah blah',
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][1][0][2],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='int',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
 
     # :param items: + :type items:
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2][0],
-                ([addnodes.literal_strong, "items"],
-                 " (",
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "Tuple"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "["],
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "str"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ", "],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "..."],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "]"],
-                 ")",
-                 " -- ",
-                 "blah blah"))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2][0][2], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="Tuple",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2][0][4], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="str",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2][0],
+        (
+            [addnodes.literal_strong, 'items'],
+            ' (',
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'Tuple'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, '['],
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'str'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ', '],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, '...'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ']'],
+            ')',
+            ' -- ',
+            'blah blah',
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2][0][2],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='Tuple',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2][0][4],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='str',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
 
     # :param Dict[str, str] params:
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][3][0],
-                ([addnodes.literal_strong, "params"],
-                 " (",
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "Dict"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "["],
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "str"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ", "],
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "str"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "]"],
-                 ")",
-                 " -- ",
-                 "blah blah"))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][3][0][2], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="Dict",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][3][0][4], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="str",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][3][0][6], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="str",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][3][0],
+        (
+            [addnodes.literal_strong, 'params'],
+            ' (',
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'Dict'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, '['],
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'str'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ', '],
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'str'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ']'],
+            ')',
+            ' -- ',
+            'blah blah',
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][3][0][2],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='Dict',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][3][0][4],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='str',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][3][0][6],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='str',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
 
 
 def test_info_field_list_piped_type(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: example\n"
-            ".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   :param age: blah blah\n"
-            "   :type age: int | str\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:module:: example\n'
+        '.. py:class:: Class\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :param age: blah blah\n'
+        '   :type age: int | str\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
 
-    assert_node(doctree,
-                (addnodes.index,
-                 addnodes.index,
-                 nodes.target,
-                 [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                           [desc_addname, "example."],
-                                           [desc_name, "Class"])],
-                         [desc_content, nodes.field_list, nodes.field, (nodes.field_name,
-                                                                        nodes.field_body)])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1],
-                ([nodes.paragraph, ([addnodes.literal_strong, "age"],
-                                    " (",
-                                    [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "int"],
-                                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, " | "],
-                                    [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "str"],
-                                    ")",
-                                    " -- ",
-                                    "blah blah")],))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="int",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][4], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="str",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_addname, 'example.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        desc_content,
+                        nodes.field_list,
+                        nodes.field,
+                        (nodes.field_name, nodes.field_body),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1],
+        (
+            [
+                nodes.paragraph,
+                (
+                    [addnodes.literal_strong, 'age'],
+                    ' (',
+                    [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'int'],
+                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ' | '],
+                    [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'str'],
+                    ')',
+                    ' -- ',
+                    'blah blah',
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='int',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][4],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='str',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
 
 
 def test_info_field_list_Literal(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: example\n"
-            ".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   :param age: blah blah\n"
-            "   :type age: Literal['foo', 'bar', 'baz']\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:module:: example\n'
+        '.. py:class:: Class\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :param age: blah blah\n'
+        "   :type age: Literal['foo', 'bar', 'baz']\n"
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
 
-    assert_node(doctree,
-                (addnodes.index,
-                 addnodes.index,
-                 nodes.target,
-                 [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                           [desc_addname, "example."],
-                                           [desc_name, "Class"])],
-                         [desc_content, nodes.field_list, nodes.field, (nodes.field_name,
-                                                                        nodes.field_body)])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1],
-                ([nodes.paragraph, ([addnodes.literal_strong, "age"],
-                                    " (",
-                                    [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "Literal"],
-                                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "["],
-                                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "'foo'"],
-                                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ", "],
-                                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "'bar'"],
-                                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ", "],
-                                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "'baz'"],
-                                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "]"],
-                                    ")",
-                                    " -- ",
-                                    "blah blah")],))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="Literal",
-                **{"py:module": "example", "py:class": "Class"})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_addname, 'example.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        desc_content,
+                        nodes.field_list,
+                        nodes.field,
+                        (nodes.field_name, nodes.field_body),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1],
+        (
+            [
+                nodes.paragraph,
+                (
+                    [addnodes.literal_strong, 'age'],
+                    ' (',
+                    [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'Literal'],
+                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, '['],
+                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "'foo'"],
+                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ', '],
+                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "'bar'"],
+                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ', '],
+                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, "'baz'"],
+                    [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ']'],
+                    ')',
+                    ' -- ',
+                    'blah blah',
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][2],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='Literal',
+        **{'py:module': 'example', 'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
 
 
 def test_info_field_list_var(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   :var int attr: blah blah\n")
+    text = '.. py:class:: Class\n\n   :var int attr: blah blah\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
 
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, (desc_signature,
-                                  [desc_content, nodes.field_list, nodes.field])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][0][0], ([nodes.field_name, "Variables"],
-                                      [nodes.field_body, nodes.paragraph]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [desc, (desc_signature, [desc_content, nodes.field_list, nodes.field])],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][0][0],
+        ([nodes.field_name, 'Variables'], [nodes.field_body, nodes.paragraph]),
+    )
 
     # :var int attr:
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][0][0][1][0],
-                ([addnodes.literal_strong, "attr"],
-                 " (",
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "int"],
-                 ")",
-                 " -- ",
-                 "blah blah"))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][0][0][1][0][2], pending_xref,
-                refdomain="py", reftype="class", reftarget="int", **{"py:class": "Class"})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][0][0][1][0],
+        (
+            [addnodes.literal_strong, 'attr'],
+            ' (',
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'int'],
+            ')',
+            ' -- ',
+            'blah blah',
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][0][0][1][0][2],
+        pending_xref,
+        refdomain='py',
+        reftype='class',
+        reftarget='int',
+        **{'py:class': 'Class'},
+    )
 
 
 def test_info_field_list_napoleon_deliminator_of(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: example\n"
-            ".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   :param list_str_var: example description.\n"
-            "   :type list_str_var: list of str\n"
-            "   :param tuple_int_var: example description.\n"
-            "   :type tuple_int_var: tuple of tuple of int\n"
-            )
+    text = (
+        '.. py:module:: example\n'
+        '.. py:class:: Class\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :param list_str_var: example description.\n'
+        '   :type list_str_var: list of str\n'
+        '   :param tuple_int_var: example description.\n'
+        '   :type tuple_int_var: tuple of tuple of int\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
 
     # :param list of str list_str_var:
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][0][0],
-                ([addnodes.literal_strong, "list_str_var"],
-                 " (",
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "list"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, " of "],
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "str"],
-                 ")",
-                 " -- ",
-                 "example description."))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][0][0],
+        (
+            [addnodes.literal_strong, 'list_str_var'],
+            ' (',
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'list'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ' of '],
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'str'],
+            ')',
+            ' -- ',
+            'example description.',
+        ),
+    )
 
     # :param tuple of tuple of int tuple_int_var:
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][1][0],
-                ([addnodes.literal_strong, "tuple_int_var"],
-                 " (",
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "tuple"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, " of "],
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "tuple"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, " of "],
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "int"],
-                 ")",
-                 " -- ",
-                 "example description."))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][1][0],
+        (
+            [addnodes.literal_strong, 'tuple_int_var'],
+            ' (',
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'tuple'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ' of '],
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'tuple'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ' of '],
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'int'],
+            ')',
+            ' -- ',
+            'example description.',
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 def test_info_field_list_napoleon_deliminator_or(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: example\n"
-            ".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   :param bool_str_var: example description.\n"
-            "   :type bool_str_var: bool or str\n"
-            "   :param str_float_int_var: example description.\n"
-            "   :type str_float_int_var: str or float or int\n"
-            )
+    text = (
+        '.. py:module:: example\n'
+        '.. py:class:: Class\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :param bool_str_var: example description.\n'
+        '   :type bool_str_var: bool or str\n'
+        '   :param str_float_int_var: example description.\n'
+        '   :type str_float_int_var: str or float or int\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
 
     # :param bool or str bool_str_var:
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][0][0],
-                ([addnodes.literal_strong, "bool_str_var"],
-                 " (",
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "bool"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, " or "],
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "str"],
-                 ")",
-                 " -- ",
-                 "example description."))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][0][0],
+        (
+            [addnodes.literal_strong, 'bool_str_var'],
+            ' (',
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'bool'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ' or '],
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'str'],
+            ')',
+            ' -- ',
+            'example description.',
+        ),
+    )
 
     # :param str or float or int str_float_int_var:
-    assert_node(doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][1][0],
-                ([addnodes.literal_strong, "str_float_int_var"],
-                 " (",
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "str"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, " or "],
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "float"],
-                 [addnodes.literal_emphasis, " or "],
-                 [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, "int"],
-                 ")",
-                 " -- ",
-                 "example description."))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][1][0][0][1][0][1][0],
+        (
+            [addnodes.literal_strong, 'str_float_int_var'],
+            ' (',
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'str'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ' or '],
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'float'],
+            [addnodes.literal_emphasis, ' or '],
+            [pending_xref, addnodes.literal_emphasis, 'int'],
+            ')',
+            ' -- ',
+            'example description.',
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 def test_type_field(app):
-    text = (".. py:data:: var1\n"
-            "   :type: .int\n"
-            ".. py:data:: var2\n"
-            "   :type: ~builtins.int\n"
-            ".. py:data:: var3\n"
-            "   :type: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[int, typing.Any]]\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:data:: var1\n'
+        '   :type: .int\n'
+        '.. py:data:: var2\n'
+        '   :type: ~builtins.int\n'
+        '.. py:data:: var3\n'
+        '   :type: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[int, typing.Any]]\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "var1"],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [pending_xref, "int"])])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])],
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "var2"],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [pending_xref, "int"])])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])],
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "var3"],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [pending_xref, "Optional"],
-                                                                       [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                                                                       [pending_xref, "Tuple"],
-                                                                       [desc_sig_punctuation, "["],
-                                                                       [pending_xref, "int"],
-                                                                       [desc_sig_punctuation, ","],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [pending_xref, "Any"],
-                                                                       [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"],
-                                                                       [desc_sig_punctuation, "]"])])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'var1'],
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                (
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'var2'],
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                (
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'var3'],
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                (
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [pending_xref, 'Optional'],
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+                                    [pending_xref, 'Tuple'],
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ','],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [pending_xref, 'Any'],
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1][2], pending_xref, reftarget='int', refspecific=True)
-    assert_node(doctree[3][0][1][2], pending_xref, reftarget='builtins.int', refspecific=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[5][0][1][2], pending_xref, reftarget='typing.Optional', refspecific=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[5][0][1][4], pending_xref, reftarget='typing.Tuple', refspecific=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3][0][1][2], pending_xref, reftarget='builtins.int', refspecific=False
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[5][0][1][2],
+        pending_xref,
+        reftarget='typing.Optional',
+        refspecific=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[5][0][1][4], pending_xref, reftarget='typing.Tuple', refspecific=False
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[5][0][1][6], pending_xref, reftarget='int', refspecific=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[5][0][1][9], pending_xref, reftarget='typing.Any', refspecific=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[5][0][1][9], pending_xref, reftarget='typing.Any', refspecific=False
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_pyfunction.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_pyfunction.py
index 187b9197f4d..8932f2a2a5a 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_pyfunction.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_pyfunction.py
@@ -29,368 +29,768 @@
 
 
 def test_pyfunction(app):
-    text = (".. py:function:: func1\n"
-            ".. py:module:: example\n"
-            ".. py:function:: func2\n"
-            "   :async:\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:function:: func1\n'
+        '.. py:module:: example\n'
+        '.. py:function:: func2\n'
+        '   :async:\n'
+    )
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "func1"],
-                                                    [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])],
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_keyword, 'async'],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_addname, "example."],
-                                                    [desc_name, "func2"],
-                                                    [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('pair', 'built-in function; func1()', 'func1', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('pair', 'module; example', 'module-example', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[3], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'func2() (in module example)', 'example.func2', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [desc_signature, ([desc_name, 'func1'], [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                ([desc_sig_keyword, 'async'], desc_sig_space),
+                            ],
+                            [desc_addname, 'example.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'func2'],
+                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('pair', 'built-in function; func1()', 'func1', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[2],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('pair', 'module; example', 'module-example', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'func2() (in module example)', 'example.func2', '', None)],
+    )
 
     assert 'func1' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['func1'] == ('index', 'func1', 'function', False)
     assert 'example.func2' in domain.objects
-    assert domain.objects['example.func2'] == ('index', 'example.func2', 'function', False)
+    assert domain.objects['example.func2'] == (
+        'index',
+        'example.func2',
+        'function',
+        False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_pyfunction_signature(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(name: str) -> str"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(name: str) -> str'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "hello"],
-                                                    desc_parameterlist,
-                                                    [desc_returns, pending_xref, "str"])],
-                                  desc_content)]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "name"],
-                                                      [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-                                                      desc_sig_space,
-                                                      [nodes.inline, pending_xref, "str"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'hello'],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
+                [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [nodes.inline, pending_xref, 'str'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
 
 
 def test_pyfunction_signature_full(app):
-    text = (".. py:function:: hello(a: str, b = 1, *args: str, "
-            "c: bool = True, d: tuple = (1, 2), **kwargs: str) -> str")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:function:: hello(a: str, b = 1, *args: str, '
+        'c: bool = True, d: tuple = (1, 2), **kwargs: str) -> str'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "hello"],
-                                                    desc_parameterlist,
-                                                    [desc_returns, pending_xref, "str"])],
-                                  desc_content)]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "a"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, "str"])],
-                                      [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "b"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "1"])],
-                                      [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_operator, "*"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_name, "args"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, "str"])],
-                                      [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "c"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, "bool"],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "True"])],
-                                      [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "d"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, "tuple"],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "(1, 2)"])],
-                                      [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_operator, "**"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_name, "kwargs"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, "str"])])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'hello'],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            (
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'a'],
+                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                        desc_sig_space,
+                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'b'],
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                        [nodes.inline, '1'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '*'],
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'args'],
+                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                        desc_sig_space,
+                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'c'],
+                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                        desc_sig_space,
+                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, 'bool'],
+                        desc_sig_space,
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                        desc_sig_space,
+                        [nodes.inline, 'True'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'd'],
+                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                        desc_sig_space,
+                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, 'tuple'],
+                        desc_sig_space,
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                        desc_sig_space,
+                        [nodes.inline, '(1, 2)'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '**'],
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'kwargs'],
+                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                        desc_sig_space,
+                        [desc_sig_name, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     # case: separator at head
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(*, a)"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(*, a)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, nodes.inline, "*"],
-                                      [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, "a"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            ([desc_parameter, nodes.inline, '*'], [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, 'a']),
+        ],
+    )
 
     # case: separator in the middle
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(a, /, b, *, c)"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(a, /, b, *, c)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, "a"],
-                                      [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, "/"],
-                                      [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, "b"],
-                                      [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, "*"],
-                                      [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, "c"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            (
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, 'a'],
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, '/'],
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, 'b'],
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, '*'],
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, 'c'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
 
     # case: separator in the middle (2)
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(a, /, *, b)"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(a, /, *, b)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, "a"],
-                                      [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, "/"],
-                                      [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, "*"],
-                                      [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, "b"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            (
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, 'a'],
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, '/'],
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, '*'],
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, 'b'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
 
     # case: separator at tail
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(a, /)"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(a, /)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, "a"],
-                                      [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, "/"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            (
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_name, 'a'],
+                [desc_parameter, desc_sig_operator, '/'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
 
 
 def test_pyfunction_with_unary_operators(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: menu(egg=+1, bacon=-1, sausage=~1, spam=not spam)"
+    text = '.. py:function:: menu(egg=+1, bacon=-1, sausage=~1, spam=not spam)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "egg"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "+1"])],
-                                      [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "bacon"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "-1"])],
-                                      [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "sausage"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "~1"])],
-                                      [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "spam"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "not spam"])])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            (
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'egg'],
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                        [nodes.inline, '+1'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'bacon'],
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                        [nodes.inline, '-1'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'sausage'],
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                        [nodes.inline, '~1'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'spam'],
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                        [nodes.inline, 'not spam'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
 
 
 def test_pyfunction_with_binary_operators(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: menu(spam=2**64)"
+    text = '.. py:function:: menu(spam=2**64)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "spam"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "2**64"])])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            ([
+                desc_parameter,
+                (
+                    [desc_sig_name, 'spam'],
+                    [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                    [nodes.inline, '2**64'],
+                ),
+            ]),
+        ],
+    )
 
 
 def test_pyfunction_with_number_literals(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(age=0x10, height=1_6_0)"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(age=0x10, height=1_6_0)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "age"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "0x10"])],
-                                      [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "height"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_operator, "="],
-                                                        [nodes.inline, "1_6_0"])])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            (
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'age'],
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                        [nodes.inline, '0x10'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    desc_parameter,
+                    (
+                        [desc_sig_name, 'height'],
+                        [desc_sig_operator, '='],
+                        [nodes.inline, '1_6_0'],
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
 
 
 def test_pyfunction_with_union_type_operator(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(age: int | None)"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(age: int | None)'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                [desc_parameterlist, ([desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "age"],
-                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [desc_sig_name, ([pending_xref, "int"],
-                                                                         desc_sig_space,
-                                                                         [desc_sig_punctuation, "|"],
-                                                                         desc_sig_space,
-                                                                         [pending_xref, "None"])])])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            ([
+                desc_parameter,
+                (
+                    [desc_sig_name, 'age'],
+                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                    desc_sig_space,
+                    [
+                        desc_sig_name,
+                        (
+                            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [pending_xref, 'None'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ]),
+        ],
+    )
 
 
 def test_optional_pyfunction_signature(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: compile(source [, filename [, symbol]]) -> ast object"
+    text = '.. py:function:: compile(source [, filename [, symbol]]) -> ast object'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "compile"],
-                                                    desc_parameterlist,
-                                                    [desc_returns, pending_xref, "ast object"])],
-                                  desc_content)]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1],
-                ([desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "source"])],
-                 [desc_optional, ([desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "filename"])],
-                                  [desc_optional, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, "symbol"])])]))
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'python_maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name: str) -> str"),
-})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'compile'],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'ast object'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        (
+            [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'source'])],
+            [
+                desc_optional,
+                (
+                    [desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'filename'])],
+                    [desc_optional, desc_parameter, ([desc_sig_name, 'symbol'])],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'python_maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name: str) -> str'),
+    },
+)
 def test_pyfunction_signature_with_python_maximum_signature_line_length_equal(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(name: str) -> str"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(name: str) -> str'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, "hello"],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-                [desc_returns, pending_xref, "str"],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [desc_sig_name, "name"],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [nodes.inline, pending_xref, "str"],
-    )])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'hello'],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
+                [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [nodes.inline, pending_xref, 'str'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'python_maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name: str) -> str"),
-})
-def test_pyfunction_signature_with_python_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(app):
-    text = (".. py:function:: hello(names: str) -> str\n"
-            "   :single-line-parameter-list:")
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'python_maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name: str) -> str'),
+    },
+)
+def test_pyfunction_signature_with_python_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(
+    app,
+):
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(names: str) -> str\n   :single-line-parameter-list:'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, "hello"],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-                [desc_returns, pending_xref, "str"],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [desc_sig_name, "names"],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [nodes.inline, pending_xref, "str"],
-    )])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'hello'],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+                [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [nodes.inline, pending_xref, 'str'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'python_maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name: str) -> str"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'python_maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name: str) -> str'),
+    },
+)
 def test_pyfunction_signature_with_python_maximum_signature_line_length_break(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(names: str) -> str"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(names: str) -> str'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, "hello"],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-                [desc_returns, pending_xref, "str"],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [desc_sig_name, "names"],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [nodes.inline, pending_xref, "str"],
-    )])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'hello'],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+                [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [nodes.inline, pending_xref, 'str'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=True)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name: str) -> str"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name: str) -> str'),
+    },
+)
 def test_pyfunction_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_equal(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(name: str) -> str"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(name: str) -> str'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, "hello"],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-                [desc_returns, pending_xref, "str"],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [desc_sig_name, "name"],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [nodes.inline, pending_xref, "str"],
-    )])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'hello'],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [desc_sig_name, 'name'],
+                [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [nodes.inline, pending_xref, 'str'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name: str) -> str"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name: str) -> str'),
+    },
+)
 def test_pyfunction_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_force_single(app):
-    text = (".. py:function:: hello(names: str) -> str\n"
-            "   :single-line-parameter-list:")
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(names: str) -> str\n   :single-line-parameter-list:'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, "hello"],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-                [desc_returns, pending_xref, "str"],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [desc_sig_name, "names"],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [nodes.inline, pending_xref, "str"],
-    )])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'hello'],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+                [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [nodes.inline, pending_xref, 'str'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=False)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', confoverrides={
-    'maximum_signature_line_length': len("hello(name: str) -> str"),
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    confoverrides={
+        'maximum_signature_line_length': len('hello(name: str) -> str'),
+    },
+)
 def test_pyfunction_signature_with_maximum_signature_line_length_break(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello(names: str) -> str"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello(names: str) -> str'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        addnodes.index,
-        [desc, (
-            [desc_signature, (
-                [desc_name, "hello"],
-                desc_parameterlist,
-                [desc_returns, pending_xref, "str"],
-            )],
-            desc_content,
-        )],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], [desc_parameterlist, desc_parameter, (
-        [desc_sig_name, "names"],
-        [desc_sig_punctuation, ":"],
-        desc_sig_space,
-        [nodes.inline, pending_xref, "str"],
-    )])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'hello'],
+                            desc_parameterlist,
+                            [desc_returns, pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0][1],
+        [
+            desc_parameterlist,
+            desc_parameter,
+            (
+                [desc_sig_name, 'names'],
+                [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                desc_sig_space,
+                [nodes.inline, pending_xref, 'str'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[1][0][1], desc_parameterlist, multi_line_parameter_list=True)
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_pyobject.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_pyobject.py
index e093be2b484..cca5d72e755 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_pyobject.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_py_pyobject.py
@@ -23,340 +23,714 @@
 
 
 def test_pyexception_signature(app):
-    text = ".. py:exception:: builtins.IOError"
+    text = '.. py:exception:: builtins.IOError'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ('exception', desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_addname, "builtins."],
-                                                    [desc_name, "IOError"])],
-                                  desc_content)]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], desc, desctype="exception",
-                domain="py", objtype="exception", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('exception', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_addname, 'builtins.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'IOError'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        desc,
+        desctype='exception',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='exception',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_pydata_signature(app):
-    text = (".. py:data:: version\n"
-            "   :type: int\n"
-            "   :value: 1\n")
+    text = '.. py:data:: version\n   :type: int\n   :value: 1\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "version"],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [pending_xref, "int"])],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, (
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, '='],
-                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                        "1")],
-                                                    )],
-                                  desc_content)]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="data",
-                domain="py", objtype="data", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'version'],
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                (
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                (
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '='],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    '1',
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='data',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='data',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_pydata_signature_old(app):
-    text = (".. py:data:: version\n"
-            "   :annotation: = 1\n")
+    text = '.. py:data:: version\n   :annotation: = 1\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "version"],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, (desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       "= 1")])],
-                                  desc_content)]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="data",
-                domain="py", objtype="data", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, 'version'],
+                            [desc_annotation, (desc_sig_space, '= 1')],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='data',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='data',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_pydata_with_union_type_operator(app):
-    text = (".. py:data:: version\n"
-            "   :type: int | str")
+    text = '.. py:data:: version\n   :type: int | str'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree[1][0],
-                ([desc_name, "version"],
-                 [desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                                    desc_sig_space,
-                                    [pending_xref, "int"],
-                                    desc_sig_space,
-                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, "|"],
-                                    desc_sig_space,
-                                    [pending_xref, "str"])]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][0],
+        (
+            [desc_name, 'version'],
+            [
+                desc_annotation,
+                (
+                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                    desc_sig_space,
+                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                    desc_sig_space,
+                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                    desc_sig_space,
+                    [pending_xref, 'str'],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 def test_pyobject_prefix(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: Foo\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: Foo.say\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: FooBar.say")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:class:: Foo\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: Foo.say\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: FooBar.say'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_name, "Foo"])],
-                                  [desc_content, (addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc,
-                                                  addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc)])]))
-    assert doctree[1][1][1].astext().strip() == 'say()'           # prefix is stripped
-    assert doctree[1][1][3].astext().strip() == 'FooBar.say()'    # not stripped
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_name, 'Foo'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, (addnodes.index, desc, addnodes.index, desc)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    # prefix is stripped
+    assert doctree[1][1][1].astext().strip() == 'say()'
+    # not stripped
+    assert doctree[1][1][3].astext().strip() == 'FooBar.say()'
 
 
 def test_pydata(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: example\n"
-            ".. py:data:: var\n"
-            "   :type: int\n")
+    text = '.. py:module:: example\n.. py:data:: var\n   :type: int\n'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_addname, "example."],
-                                                    [desc_name, "var"],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [pending_xref, "int"])])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[3][0][2][2], pending_xref, **{"py:module": "example"})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_addname, 'example.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'var'],
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                (
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[3][0][2][2], pending_xref, **{'py:module': 'example'})
     assert 'example.var' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['example.var'] == ('index', 'example.var', 'data', False)
 
 
 def test_pyclass_options(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: Class1\n"
-            ".. py:class:: Class2\n"
-            "   :final:\n")
+    text = '.. py:class:: Class1\n.. py:class:: Class2\n   :final:\n'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_name, "Class1"])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])],
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("final",
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       "class",
-                                                                       desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_name, "Class2"])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class1'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                ('final', desc_sig_space, 'class', desc_sig_space),
+                            ],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class2'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
 
     # class
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'Class1 (built-in class)', 'Class1', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'Class1 (built-in class)', 'Class1', '', None)],
+    )
     assert 'Class1' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class1'] == ('index', 'Class1', 'class', False)
 
     # :final:
-    assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'Class2 (built-in class)', 'Class2', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[2],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'Class2 (built-in class)', 'Class2', '', None)],
+    )
     assert 'Class2' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class2'] == ('index', 'Class2', 'class', False)
 
 
 def test_pymethod_options(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: meth1\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: meth2\n"
-            "      :classmethod:\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: meth3\n"
-            "      :staticmethod:\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: meth4\n"
-            "      :async:\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: meth5\n"
-            "      :abstractmethod:\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: meth6\n"
-            "      :final:\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:class:: Class\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: meth1\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: meth2\n'
+        '      :classmethod:\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: meth3\n'
+        '      :staticmethod:\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: meth4\n'
+        '      :async:\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: meth5\n'
+        '      :abstractmethod:\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: meth6\n'
+        '      :final:\n'
+    )
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_name, "Class"])],
-                                  [desc_content, (addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc,
-                                                  addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc,
-                                                  addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc,
-                                                  addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc,
-                                                  addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc,
-                                                  addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc)])]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        desc_content,
+                        (
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            desc,
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            desc,
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            desc,
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            desc,
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            desc,
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            desc,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
 
     # method
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'meth1() (Class method)', 'Class.meth1', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1], ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "meth1"],
-                                                     [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'meth1() (Class method)', 'Class.meth1', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][1],
+        (
+            [desc_signature, ([desc_name, 'meth1'], [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Class.meth1' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.meth1'] == ('index', 'Class.meth1', 'method', False)
 
     # :classmethod:
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][2], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'meth2() (Class class method)', 'Class.meth2', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][3], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("classmethod", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                     [desc_name, "meth2"],
-                                                     [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][2],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'meth2() (Class class method)', 'Class.meth2', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][3],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [desc_annotation, ('classmethod', desc_sig_space)],
+                    [desc_name, 'meth2'],
+                    [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Class.meth2' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.meth2'] == ('index', 'Class.meth2', 'method', False)
 
     # :staticmethod:
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][4], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'meth3() (Class static method)', 'Class.meth3', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][5], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("static", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                     [desc_name, "meth3"],
-                                                     [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][4],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'meth3() (Class static method)', 'Class.meth3', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][5],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [desc_annotation, ('static', desc_sig_space)],
+                    [desc_name, 'meth3'],
+                    [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Class.meth3' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.meth3'] == ('index', 'Class.meth3', 'method', False)
 
     # :async:
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][6], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'meth4() (Class method)', 'Class.meth4', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][7], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("async", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                     [desc_name, "meth4"],
-                                                     [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][6],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'meth4() (Class method)', 'Class.meth4', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][7],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [desc_annotation, ('async', desc_sig_space)],
+                    [desc_name, 'meth4'],
+                    [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Class.meth4' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.meth4'] == ('index', 'Class.meth4', 'method', False)
 
     # :abstractmethod:
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][8], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'meth5() (Class method)', 'Class.meth5', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][9], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("abstract", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                     [desc_name, "meth5"],
-                                                     [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][8],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'meth5() (Class method)', 'Class.meth5', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][9],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [desc_annotation, ('abstract', desc_sig_space)],
+                    [desc_name, 'meth5'],
+                    [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Class.meth5' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.meth5'] == ('index', 'Class.meth5', 'method', False)
 
     # :final:
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][10], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'meth6() (Class method)', 'Class.meth6', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][11], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("final", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                      [desc_name, "meth6"],
-                                                      [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                    [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][10],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'meth6() (Class method)', 'Class.meth6', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][11],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [desc_annotation, ('final', desc_sig_space)],
+                    [desc_name, 'meth6'],
+                    [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Class.meth6' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.meth6'] == ('index', 'Class.meth6', 'method', False)
 
 
 def test_pyclassmethod(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:classmethod:: meth\n")
+    text = '.. py:class:: Class\n\n   .. py:classmethod:: meth\n'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_name, "Class"])],
-                                  [desc_content, (addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc)])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'meth() (Class class method)', 'Class.meth', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("classmethod", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                     [desc_name, "meth"],
-                                                     [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, (addnodes.index, desc)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'meth() (Class class method)', 'Class.meth', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][1],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [desc_annotation, ('classmethod', desc_sig_space)],
+                    [desc_name, 'meth'],
+                    [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Class.meth' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.meth'] == ('index', 'Class.meth', 'method', False)
 
 
 def test_pystaticmethod(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:staticmethod:: meth\n")
+    text = '.. py:class:: Class\n\n   .. py:staticmethod:: meth\n'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_name, "Class"])],
-                                  [desc_content, (addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc)])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'meth() (Class static method)', 'Class.meth', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("static", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                     [desc_name, "meth"],
-                                                     [desc_parameterlist, ()])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, (addnodes.index, desc)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'meth() (Class static method)', 'Class.meth', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][1],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [desc_annotation, ('static', desc_sig_space)],
+                    [desc_name, 'meth'],
+                    [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Class.meth' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.meth'] == ('index', 'Class.meth', 'method', False)
 
 
 def test_pyattribute(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:attribute:: attr\n"
-            "      :type: Optional[str]\n"
-            "      :value: ''\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:class:: Class\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   .. py:attribute:: attr\n'
+        '      :type: Optional[str]\n'
+        "      :value: ''\n"
+    )
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_name, "Class"])],
-                                  [desc_content, (addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc)])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'attr (Class attribute)', 'Class.attr', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1], ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "attr"],
-                                                     [desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        [pending_xref, "str"],
-                                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, "|"],
-                                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        [pending_xref, "None"])],
-                                                     [desc_annotation, (desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, '='],
-                                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        "''")],
-                                                     )],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1][0][1][2], pending_xref, **{"py:class": "Class"})
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1][0][1][6], pending_xref, **{"py:class": "Class"})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, (addnodes.index, desc)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'attr (Class attribute)', 'Class.attr', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][1],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [desc_name, 'attr'],
+                    [
+                        desc_annotation,
+                        (
+                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [pending_xref, 'str'],
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [pending_xref, 'None'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        desc_annotation,
+                        (
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '='],
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            "''",
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1][0][1][2], pending_xref, **{'py:class': 'Class'})
+    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1][0][1][6], pending_xref, **{'py:class': 'Class'})
     assert 'Class.attr' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.attr'] == ('index', 'Class.attr', 'attribute', False)
 
 
 def test_pyproperty(app):
-    text = (".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:property:: prop1\n"
-            "      :abstractmethod:\n"
-            "      :type: str\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:property:: prop2\n"
-            "      :classmethod:\n"
-            "      :type: str\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:class:: Class\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   .. py:property:: prop1\n'
+        '      :abstractmethod:\n'
+        '      :type: str\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   .. py:property:: prop2\n'
+        '      :classmethod:\n'
+        '      :type: str\n'
+    )
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_name, "Class"])],
-                                  [desc_content, (addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc,
-                                                  addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc)])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'prop1 (Class property)', 'Class.prop1', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("abstract", desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        "property", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                     [desc_name, "prop1"],
-                                                     [desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        [pending_xref, "str"])])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][2], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'prop2 (Class property)', 'Class.prop2', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][3], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        "property", desc_sig_space)],
-                                                     [desc_name, "prop2"],
-                                                     [desc_annotation, ([desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
-                                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        [pending_xref, "str"])])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, (addnodes.index, desc, addnodes.index, desc)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'prop1 (Class property)', 'Class.prop1', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][1],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_annotation,
+                        ('abstract', desc_sig_space, 'property', desc_sig_space),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_name, 'prop1'],
+                    [
+                        desc_annotation,
+                        (
+                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][2],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('single', 'prop2 (Class property)', 'Class.prop2', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][3],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_annotation,
+                        ('class', desc_sig_space, 'property', desc_sig_space),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_name, 'prop2'],
+                    [
+                        desc_annotation,
+                        (
+                            [desc_sig_punctuation, ':'],
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [pending_xref, 'str'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Class.prop1' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Class.prop1'] == ('index', 'Class.prop1', 'property', False)
     assert 'Class.prop2' in domain.objects
@@ -364,54 +738,120 @@ def test_pyproperty(app):
 
 
 def test_py_type_alias(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: example\n"
-            ".. py:type:: Alias1\n"
-            "   :canonical: list[str | int]\n"
-            "\n"
-            ".. py:class:: Class\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:type:: Alias2\n"
-            "      :canonical: int\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:module:: example\n'
+        '.. py:type:: Alias1\n'
+        '   :canonical: list[str | int]\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. py:class:: Class\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   .. py:type:: Alias2\n'
+        '      :canonical: int\n'
+    )
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ('type', desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_addname, 'example.'],
-                                                    [desc_name, 'Alias1'],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, (desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [desc_sig_punctuation, '='],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [pending_xref, 'list'],
-                                                                       [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
-                                                                       [pending_xref, 'str'],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
-                                                                       desc_sig_space,
-                                                                       [pending_xref, 'int'],
-                                                                       [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
-                                                                       )])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])],
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
-                                                    [desc_addname, 'example.'],
-                                                    [desc_name, 'Class'])],
-                                  [desc_content, (addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc)])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[5][1][0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('single', 'Alias2 (type alias in example.Class)', 'example.Class.Alias2', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[5][1][1], ([desc_signature, ([desc_annotation, ('type', desc_sig_space)],
-                                                     [desc_name, 'Alias2'],
-                                                     [desc_annotation, (desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        [desc_sig_punctuation, '='],
-                                                                        desc_sig_space,
-                                                                        [pending_xref, 'int'])])],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('type', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_addname, 'example.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'Alias1'],
+                            [
+                                desc_annotation,
+                                (
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '='],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [pending_xref, 'list'],
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '['],
+                                    [pending_xref, 'str'],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, '|'],
+                                    desc_sig_space,
+                                    [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                                    [desc_sig_punctuation, ']'],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_addname, 'example.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'Class'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, (addnodes.index, desc)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[5][1][0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[
+            (
+                'single',
+                'Alias2 (type alias in example.Class)',
+                'example.Class.Alias2',
+                '',
+                None,
+            )
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[5][1][1],
+        (
+            [
+                desc_signature,
+                (
+                    [desc_annotation, ('type', desc_sig_space)],
+                    [desc_name, 'Alias2'],
+                    [
+                        desc_annotation,
+                        (
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [desc_sig_punctuation, '='],
+                            desc_sig_space,
+                            [pending_xref, 'int'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+            [desc_content, ()],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'example.Alias1' in domain.objects
-    assert domain.objects['example.Alias1'] == ('index', 'example.Alias1', 'type', False)
+    assert domain.objects['example.Alias1'] == (
+        'index',
+        'example.Alias1',
+        'type',
+        False,
+    )
     assert 'example.Class.Alias2' in domain.objects
-    assert domain.objects['example.Class.Alias2'] == ('index', 'example.Class.Alias2', 'type', False)
+    assert domain.objects['example.Class.Alias2'] == (
+        'index',
+        'example.Class.Alias2',
+        'type',
+        False,
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='domain-py', freshenv=True)
@@ -419,127 +859,205 @@ def test_domain_py_type_alias(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'type_alias.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<em class="property"><span class="pre">type</span><span class="w"> </span></em>'
-            '<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">module_one.</span></span>'
-            '<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MyAlias</span></span>'
-            '<em class="property"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">=</span></span>'
-            '<span class="w"> </span><span class="pre">list</span>'
-            '<span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span>'
-            '<span class="pre">int</span><span class="w"> </span>'
-            '<span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span>'
-            '<a class="reference internal" href="#module_two.SomeClass" title="module_two.SomeClass">'
-            '<span class="pre">module_two.SomeClass</span></a>'
-            '<span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></em>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<em class="property"><span class="pre">type</span><span class="w"> </span></em>'
+        '<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">module_one.</span></span>'
+        '<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MyAlias</span></span>'
+        '<em class="property"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">=</span></span>'
+        '<span class="w"> </span><span class="pre">list</span>'
+        '<span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span>'
+        '<span class="pre">int</span><span class="w"> </span>'
+        '<span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span>'
+        '<a class="reference internal" href="#module_two.SomeClass" title="module_two.SomeClass">'
+        '<span class="pre">module_two.SomeClass</span></a>'
+        '<span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></em>'
+    ) in content
     assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
 
 def test_pydecorator_signature(app):
-    text = ".. py:decorator:: deco"
+    text = '.. py:decorator:: deco'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_addname, "@"],
-                                                    [desc_name, "deco"])],
-                                  desc_content)]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="function",
-                domain="py", objtype="function", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [desc_signature, ([desc_addname, '@'], [desc_name, 'deco'])],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='function',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='function',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
     assert 'deco' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['deco'] == ('index', 'deco', 'function', False)
 
 
 def test_pydecoratormethod_signature(app):
-    text = ".. py:decoratormethod:: deco"
+    text = '.. py:decoratormethod:: deco'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_addname, "@"],
-                                                    [desc_name, "deco"])],
-                                  desc_content)]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="method",
-                domain="py", objtype="method", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [desc_signature, ([desc_addname, '@'], [desc_name, 'deco'])],
+                    desc_content,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='method',
+        domain='py',
+        objtype='method',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
     assert 'deco' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['deco'] == ('index', 'deco', 'method', False)
 
 
 def test_pycurrentmodule(app):
-    text = (".. py:module:: Other\n"
-            "\n"
-            ".. py:module:: Module\n"
-            ".. py:class:: A\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: m1\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: m2\n"
-            "\n"
-            ".. py:currentmodule:: Other\n"
-            "\n"
-            ".. py:class:: B\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: m3\n"
-            "   .. py:method:: m4\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. py:module:: Other\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. py:module:: Module\n'
+        '.. py:class:: A\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: m1\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: m2\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. py:currentmodule:: Other\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. py:class:: B\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: m3\n'
+        '   .. py:method:: m4\n'
+    )
     domain = app.env.get_domain('py')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     print(doctree)
     assert_node(
-        doctree, (
+        doctree,
+        (
             addnodes.index,
             addnodes.index,
             addnodes.index,
             nodes.target,
             nodes.target,
-            [desc, (
-                [desc_signature, (
-                    [desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                    [desc_addname, "Module."],
-                    [desc_name, "A"],
-                )],
-                [desc_content, (
-                    addnodes.index,
-                    [desc, (
-                        [desc_signature, (
-                            [desc_name, "m1"],
-                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
-                        )],
-                        [desc_content, ()],
-                    )],
-                    addnodes.index,
-                    [desc, (
-                        [desc_signature, (
-                            [desc_name, "m2"],
-                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
-                        )],
-                        [desc_content, ()],
-                    )],
-                )],
-            )],
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_addname, 'Module.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'A'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        desc_content,
+                        (
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            [
+                                desc,
+                                (
+                                    [
+                                        desc_signature,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_name, 'm1'],
+                                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [desc_content, ()],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            [
+                                desc,
+                                (
+                                    [
+                                        desc_signature,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_name, 'm2'],
+                                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [desc_content, ()],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
             addnodes.index,
-            [desc, (
-                [desc_signature, (
-                    [desc_annotation, ("class", desc_sig_space)],
-                    [desc_addname, "Other."],
-                    [desc_name, "B"],
-                )],
-                [desc_content, (
-                    addnodes.index,
-                    [desc, (
-                        [desc_signature, (
-                            [desc_name, "m3"],
-                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
-                        )],
-                        [desc_content, ()],
-                    )],
-                    addnodes.index,
-                    [desc, (
-                        [desc_signature, (
-                            [desc_name, "m4"],
-                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
-                        )],
-                        [desc_content, ()],
-                    )],
-                )],
-            )],
-        ))
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_annotation, ('class', desc_sig_space)],
+                            [desc_addname, 'Other.'],
+                            [desc_name, 'B'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        desc_content,
+                        (
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            [
+                                desc,
+                                (
+                                    [
+                                        desc_signature,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_name, 'm3'],
+                                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [desc_content, ()],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            addnodes.index,
+                            [
+                                desc,
+                                (
+                                    [
+                                        desc_signature,
+                                        (
+                                            [desc_name, 'm4'],
+                                            [desc_parameterlist, ()],
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    [desc_content, ()],
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
     assert 'Module' in domain.objects
     assert domain.objects['Module'] == ('index', 'module-Module', 'module', False)
     assert 'Other' in domain.objects
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_rst.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_rst.py
index 4445da1d201..b3eecbed8fe 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_rst.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_rst.py
@@ -30,108 +30,241 @@ def test_parse_directive():
 
 def test_rst_directive(app):
     # bare
-    text = ".. rst:directive:: toctree"
+    text = '.. rst:directive:: toctree'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, desc_name, ".. toctree::"],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0],
-                entries=[("single", "toctree (directive)", "directive-toctree", "", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="directive",
-                domain="rst", objtype="directive", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [desc, ([desc_signature, desc_name, '.. toctree::'], [desc_content, ()])],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        entries=[('single', 'toctree (directive)', 'directive-toctree', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='directive',
+        domain='rst',
+        objtype='directive',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
     # decorated
-    text = ".. rst:directive:: .. toctree::"
+    text = '.. rst:directive:: .. toctree::'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, desc_name, ".. toctree::"],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0],
-                entries=[("single", "toctree (directive)", "directive-toctree", "", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="directive",
-                domain="rst", objtype="directive", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [desc, ([desc_signature, desc_name, '.. toctree::'], [desc_content, ()])],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        entries=[('single', 'toctree (directive)', 'directive-toctree', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='directive',
+        domain='rst',
+        objtype='directive',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_rst_directive_with_argument(app):
-    text = ".. rst:directive:: .. toctree:: foo bar baz"
+    text = '.. rst:directive:: .. toctree:: foo bar baz'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, ".. toctree::"],
-                                                    [desc_addname, " foo bar baz"])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0],
-                entries=[("single", "toctree (directive)", "directive-toctree", "", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="directive",
-                domain="rst", objtype="directive", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        ([desc_name, '.. toctree::'], [desc_addname, ' foo bar baz']),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        entries=[('single', 'toctree (directive)', 'directive-toctree', '', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='directive',
+        domain='rst',
+        objtype='directive',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_rst_directive_option(app):
-    text = ".. rst:directive:option:: foo"
+    text = '.. rst:directive:option:: foo'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, desc_name, ":foo:"],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0],
-                entries=[("single", ":foo: (directive option)",
-                          "directive-option-foo", "", "F")])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="directive:option",
-                domain="rst", objtype="directive:option", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [desc, ([desc_signature, desc_name, ':foo:'], [desc_content, ()])],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        entries=[
+            ('single', ':foo: (directive option)', 'directive-option-foo', '', 'F')
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='directive:option',
+        domain='rst',
+        objtype='directive:option',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_rst_directive_option_with_argument(app):
-    text = ".. rst:directive:option:: foo: bar baz"
+    text = '.. rst:directive:option:: foo: bar baz'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, ":foo:"],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, " bar baz"])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0],
-                entries=[("single", ":foo: (directive option)",
-                          "directive-option-foo", "", "F")])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="directive:option",
-                domain="rst", objtype="directive:option", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        ([desc_name, ':foo:'], [desc_annotation, ' bar baz']),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        entries=[
+            ('single', ':foo: (directive option)', 'directive-option-foo', '', 'F')
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='directive:option',
+        domain='rst',
+        objtype='directive:option',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_rst_directive_option_type(app):
-    text = (".. rst:directive:option:: foo\n"
-            "   :type: directives.flags\n")
+    text = '.. rst:directive:option:: foo\n   :type: directives.flags\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, ":foo:"],
-                                                    [desc_annotation, " (directives.flags)"])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0],
-                entries=[("single", ":foo: (directive option)",
-                          "directive-option-foo", "", "F")])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="directive:option",
-                domain="rst", objtype="directive:option", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, ':foo:'],
+                            [desc_annotation, ' (directives.flags)'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        entries=[
+            ('single', ':foo: (directive option)', 'directive-option-foo', '', 'F')
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='directive:option',
+        domain='rst',
+        objtype='directive:option',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_rst_directive_and_directive_option(app):
-    text = (".. rst:directive:: foo\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. rst:directive:option:: bar\n")
+    text = '.. rst:directive:: foo\n\n   .. rst:directive:option:: bar\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, desc_name, ".. foo::"],
-                                  [desc_content, (addnodes.index,
-                                                  desc)])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][0],
-                entries=[("pair", "foo (directive); :bar: (directive option)",
-                          "directive-option-foo-bar", "", "B")])
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1], ([desc_signature, desc_name, ":bar:"],
-                                   [desc_content, ()]))
-    assert_node(doctree[1][1][1], addnodes.desc, desctype="directive:option",
-                domain="rst", objtype="directive:option", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [desc_signature, desc_name, '.. foo::'],
+                    [desc_content, (addnodes.index, desc)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][0],
+        entries=[
+            (
+                'pair',
+                'foo (directive); :bar: (directive option)',
+                'directive-option-foo-bar',
+                '',
+                'B',
+            )
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][1], ([desc_signature, desc_name, ':bar:'], [desc_content, ()])
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1][1][1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='directive:option',
+        domain='rst',
+        objtype='directive:option',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
 
 
 def test_rst_role(app):
-    text = ".. rst:role:: ref"
+    text = '.. rst:role:: ref'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, desc_name, ":ref:"],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0],
-                entries=[("single", "ref (role)", "role-ref", "", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.desc, desctype="role",
-                domain="rst", objtype="role", no_index=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [desc, ([desc_signature, desc_name, ':ref:'], [desc_content, ()])],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[0], entries=[('single', 'ref (role)', 'role-ref', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1],
+        addnodes.desc,
+        desctype='role',
+        domain='rst',
+        objtype='role',
+        no_index=False,
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_std.py b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_std.py
index 41fb2878892..b4244216c50 100644
--- a/tests/test_domains/test_domain_std.py
+++ b/tests/test_domains/test_domain_std.py
@@ -42,8 +42,7 @@ def test_process_doc_handle_figure_caption():
         del domain.data['labels']['testname']
     domain.process_doc(env, 'testdoc', document)
     assert 'testname' in domain.data['labels']
-    assert domain.data['labels']['testname'] == (
-        'testdoc', 'testid', 'caption text')
+    assert domain.data['labels']['testname'] == ('testdoc', 'testid', 'caption text')
 
 
 def test_process_doc_handle_table_title():
@@ -66,8 +65,7 @@ def test_process_doc_handle_table_title():
         del domain.data['labels']['testname']
     domain.process_doc(env, 'testdoc', document)
     assert 'testname' in domain.data['labels']
-    assert domain.data['labels']['testname'] == (
-        'testdoc', 'testid', 'title text')
+    assert domain.data['labels']['testname'] == ('testdoc', 'testid', 'title text')
 
 
 def test_get_full_qualified_name():
@@ -90,275 +88,383 @@ def test_get_full_qualified_name():
 
 
 def test_cmd_option_with_optional_value(app):
-    text = ".. option:: -j[=N]"
+    text = '.. option:: -j[=N]'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, '-j'],
-                                                    [desc_addname, '[=N]'])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('pair', 'command line option; -j', 'cmdoption-j', '', None)])
-
-    objects = list(app.env.get_domain("std").get_objects())
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [desc_signature, ([desc_name, '-j'], [desc_addname, '[=N]'])],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('pair', 'command line option; -j', 'cmdoption-j', '', None)],
+    )
+
+    objects = list(app.env.get_domain('std').get_objects())
     assert ('-j', '-j', 'cmdoption', 'index', 'cmdoption-j', 1) in objects
 
 
 def test_cmd_option_starting_with_bracket(app):
-    text = ".. option:: [enable=]PATTERN"
+    text = '.. option:: [enable=]PATTERN'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, '[enable'],
-                                                    [desc_addname, '=]PATTERN'])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    objects = list(app.env.get_domain("std").get_objects())
-    assert ('[enable', '[enable', 'cmdoption', 'index', 'cmdoption-arg-enable', 1) in objects
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        ([desc_name, '[enable'], [desc_addname, '=]PATTERN']),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    objects = list(app.env.get_domain('std').get_objects())
+    assert (
+        '[enable',
+        '[enable',
+        'cmdoption',
+        'index',
+        'cmdoption-arg-enable',
+        1,
+    ) in objects
 
 
 def test_glossary(app):
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term1\n"
-            "   TERM2\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term3 : classifier\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term4 : class1 : class2\n"
-            "       description\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. glossary::\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   term1\n'
+        '   TERM2\n'
+        '       description\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   term3 : classifier\n'
+        '       description\n'
+        '       description\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   term4 : class1 : class2\n'
+        '       description\n'
+    )
 
     # doctree
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        [glossary, definition_list, ([definition_list_item, ([term, ("term1",
-                                                                     index)],
-                                                             [term, ("TERM2",
-                                                                     index)],
-                                                             definition)],
-                                     [definition_list_item, ([term, ("term3",
-                                                                     index)],
-                                                             definition)],
-                                     [definition_list_item, ([term, ("term4",
-                                                                     index)],
-                                                             definition)])],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][0][1],
-                entries=[("single", "term1", "term-term1", "main", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][1][1],
-                entries=[("single", "TERM2", "term-TERM2", "main", None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][2],
-                [definition, nodes.paragraph, "description"])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][1][0][1],
-                entries=[("single", "term3", "term-term3", "main", "classifier")])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][1][1],
-                [definition, nodes.paragraph, ("description\n"
-                                               "description")])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][2][0][1],
-                entries=[("single", "term4", "term-term4", "main", "class1")])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][2][1],
-                [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, "description"])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [
+                glossary,
+                definition_list,
+                (
+                    [
+                        definition_list_item,
+                        (
+                            [term, ('term1', index)],
+                            [term, ('TERM2', index)],
+                            definition,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [definition_list_item, ([term, ('term3', index)], definition)],
+                    [definition_list_item, ([term, ('term4', index)], definition)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0][0][0][1],
+        entries=[('single', 'term1', 'term-term1', 'main', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0][0][1][1],
+        entries=[('single', 'TERM2', 'term-TERM2', 'main', None)],
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][2], [definition, nodes.paragraph, 'description'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0][1][0][1],
+        entries=[('single', 'term3', 'term-term3', 'main', 'classifier')],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0][1][1],
+        [definition, nodes.paragraph, 'description\ndescription'],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0][2][0][1],
+        entries=[('single', 'term4', 'term-term4', 'main', 'class1')],
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[0][0][2][1], [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, 'description'])
 
     # index
-    domain = app.env.get_domain("std")
+    domain = app.env.get_domain('std')
     objects = list(domain.get_objects())
-    assert ("term1", "term1", "term", "index", "term-term1", -1) in objects
-    assert ("TERM2", "TERM2", "term", "index", "term-TERM2", -1) in objects
-    assert ("term3", "term3", "term", "index", "term-term3", -1) in objects
-    assert ("term4", "term4", "term", "index", "term-term4", -1) in objects
+    assert ('term1', 'term1', 'term', 'index', 'term-term1', -1) in objects
+    assert ('TERM2', 'TERM2', 'term', 'index', 'term-TERM2', -1) in objects
+    assert ('term3', 'term3', 'term', 'index', 'term-term3', -1) in objects
+    assert ('term4', 'term4', 'term', 'index', 'term-term4', -1) in objects
 
     # term reference (case sensitive)
-    refnode = domain.resolve_xref(app.env, 'index', app.builder, 'term', 'term1',
-                                  pending_xref(), nodes.paragraph())
-    assert_node(refnode, nodes.reference, refid="term-term1")
+    refnode = domain.resolve_xref(
+        app.env,
+        'index',
+        app.builder,
+        'term',
+        'term1',
+        pending_xref(),
+        nodes.paragraph(),
+    )
+    assert_node(refnode, nodes.reference, refid='term-term1')
 
     # term reference (case insensitive)
-    refnode = domain.resolve_xref(app.env, 'index', app.builder, 'term', 'term2',
-                                  pending_xref(), nodes.paragraph())
-    assert_node(refnode, nodes.reference, refid="term-TERM2")
+    refnode = domain.resolve_xref(
+        app.env,
+        'index',
+        app.builder,
+        'term',
+        'term2',
+        pending_xref(),
+        nodes.paragraph(),
+    )
+    assert_node(refnode, nodes.reference, refid='term-TERM2')
 
 
 def test_glossary_warning(app):
     # empty line between terms
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term1\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term2\n")
-    restructuredtext.parse(app, text, "case1")
-    assert ("case1.rst:4: WARNING: glossary terms must not be separated by empty lines"
-            in app.warning.getvalue())
+    text = '.. glossary::\n\n   term1\n\n   term2\n'
+    restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'case1')
+    assert (
+        'case1.rst:4: WARNING: glossary terms must not be separated by empty lines'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     # glossary starts with indented item
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "   term\n")
-    restructuredtext.parse(app, text, "case2")
-    assert ("case2.rst:3: WARNING: glossary term must be preceded by empty line"
-            in app.warning.getvalue())
+    text = '.. glossary::\n\n       description\n   term\n'
+    restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'case2')
+    assert (
+        'case2.rst:3: WARNING: glossary term must be preceded by empty line'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     # empty line between terms
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term1\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "   term2\n")
-    restructuredtext.parse(app, text, "case3")
-    assert ("case3.rst:4: WARNING: glossary term must be preceded by empty line"
-            in app.warning.getvalue())
+    text = '.. glossary::\n\n   term1\n       description\n   term2\n'
+    restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'case3')
+    assert (
+        'case3.rst:4: WARNING: glossary term must be preceded by empty line'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     # duplicated terms
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term-case4\n"
-            "   term-case4\n")
-    restructuredtext.parse(app, text, "case4")
-    assert ("case4.rst:3: WARNING: duplicate term description of term-case4, "
-            "other instance in case4" in app.warning.getvalue())
+    text = '.. glossary::\n\n   term-case4\n   term-case4\n'
+    restructuredtext.parse(app, text, 'case4')
+    assert (
+        'case4.rst:3: WARNING: duplicate term description of term-case4, '
+        'other instance in case4'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
 
 def test_glossary_comment(app):
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term1\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "   .. term2\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "       description\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. glossary::\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   term1\n'
+        '       description\n'
+        '   .. term2\n'
+        '       description\n'
+        '       description\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        [glossary, definition_list, definition_list_item, ([term, ("term1",
-                                                                   index)],
-                                                           definition)],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][1],
-                [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, "description"])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [
+                glossary,
+                definition_list,
+                definition_list_item,
+                ([term, ('term1', index)], definition),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][1], [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, 'description'])
 
 
 def test_glossary_comment2(app):
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term1\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   .. term2\n"
-            "   term3\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "       description\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. glossary::\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   term1\n'
+        '       description\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   .. term2\n'
+        '   term3\n'
+        '       description\n'
+        '       description\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        [glossary, definition_list, ([definition_list_item, ([term, ("term1",
-                                                                     index)],
-                                                             definition)],
-                                     [definition_list_item, ([term, ("term3",
-                                                                     index)],
-                                                             definition)])],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][1],
-                [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, "description"])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][1][1],
-                [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, ("description\n"
-                                                     "description")])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [
+                glossary,
+                definition_list,
+                (
+                    [definition_list_item, ([term, ('term1', index)], definition)],
+                    [definition_list_item, ([term, ('term3', index)], definition)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][1], [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, 'description'])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0][1][1],
+        [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, 'description\ndescription'],
+    )
 
 
 def test_glossary_sorted(app):
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "   :sorted:\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term3\n"
-            "       description\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   term2\n"
-            "   term1\n"
-            "       description\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. glossary::\n'
+        '   :sorted:\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   term3\n'
+        '       description\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   term2\n'
+        '   term1\n'
+        '       description\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (
-        [glossary, definition_list, ([definition_list_item, ([term, ("term2",
-                                                                     index)],
-                                                             [term, ("term1",
-                                                                     index)],
-                                                             definition)],
-                                     [definition_list_item, ([term, ("term3",
-                                                                     index)],
-                                                             definition)])],
-    ))
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][2],
-                [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, "description"])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0][1][1],
-                [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, "description"])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [
+                glossary,
+                definition_list,
+                (
+                    [
+                        definition_list_item,
+                        (
+                            [term, ('term2', index)],
+                            [term, ('term1', index)],
+                            definition,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [definition_list_item, ([term, ('term3', index)], definition)],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[0][0][0][2], [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, 'description'])
+    assert_node(doctree[0][0][1][1], [nodes.definition, nodes.paragraph, 'description'])
 
 
 def test_glossary_alphanumeric(app):
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   1\n"
-            "   /\n")
+    text = '.. glossary::\n\n   1\n   /\n'
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    objects = list(app.env.get_domain("std").get_objects())
-    assert ("1", "1", "term", "index", "term-1", -1) in objects
-    assert ("/", "/", "term", "index", "term-0", -1) in objects
+    objects = list(app.env.get_domain('std').get_objects())
+    assert ('1', '1', 'term', 'index', 'term-1', -1) in objects
+    assert ('/', '/', 'term', 'index', 'term-0', -1) in objects
 
 
 def test_glossary_conflicted_labels(app):
-    text = (".. _term-foo:\n"
-            ".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   foo\n")
+    text = '.. _term-foo:\n.. glossary::\n\n   foo\n'
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    objects = list(app.env.get_domain("std").get_objects())
-    assert ("foo", "foo", "term", "index", "term-0", -1) in objects
+    objects = list(app.env.get_domain('std').get_objects())
+    assert ('foo', 'foo', 'term', 'index', 'term-0', -1) in objects
 
 
 def test_cmdoption(app):
-    text = (".. program:: ls\n"
-            "\n"
-            ".. option:: -l\n")
+    text = '.. program:: ls\n\n.. option:: -l\n'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('std')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "-l"],
-                                                    [desc_addname, ()])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('pair', 'ls command line option; -l', 'cmdoption-ls-l', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [desc_signature, ([desc_name, '-l'], [desc_addname, ()])],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('pair', 'ls command line option; -l', 'cmdoption-ls-l', '', None)],
+    )
     assert ('ls', '-l') in domain.progoptions
     assert domain.progoptions[('ls', '-l')] == ('index', 'cmdoption-ls-l')
 
 
 def test_cmdoption_for_None(app):
-    text = (".. program:: ls\n"
-            ".. program:: None\n"
-            "\n"
-            ".. option:: -l\n")
+    text = '.. program:: ls\n.. program:: None\n\n.. option:: -l\n'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('std')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "-l"],
-                                                    [desc_addname, ()])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('pair', 'command line option; -l', 'cmdoption-l', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [desc_signature, ([desc_name, '-l'], [desc_addname, ()])],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[('pair', 'command line option; -l', 'cmdoption-l', '', None)],
+    )
     assert (None, '-l') in domain.progoptions
     assert domain.progoptions[(None, '-l')] == ('index', 'cmdoption-l')
 
 
 def test_multiple_cmdoptions(app):
-    text = (".. program:: cmd\n"
-            "\n"
-            ".. option:: -o directory, --output directory\n")
+    text = '.. program:: cmd\n\n.. option:: -o directory, --output directory\n'
     domain = app.env.get_domain('std')
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          [desc, ([desc_signature, ([desc_name, "-o"],
-                                                    [desc_addname, " directory"],
-                                                    [desc_addname, ", "],
-                                                    [desc_name, "--output"],
-                                                    [desc_addname, " directory"])],
-                                  [desc_content, ()])]))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index,
-                entries=[('pair', 'cmd command line option; -o', 'cmdoption-cmd-o', '', None),
-                         ('pair', 'cmd command line option; --output', 'cmdoption-cmd-o', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            [
+                desc,
+                (
+                    [
+                        desc_signature,
+                        (
+                            [desc_name, '-o'],
+                            [desc_addname, ' directory'],
+                            [desc_addname, ', '],
+                            [desc_name, '--output'],
+                            [desc_addname, ' directory'],
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    [desc_content, ()],
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        addnodes.index,
+        entries=[
+            ('pair', 'cmd command line option; -o', 'cmdoption-cmd-o', '', None),
+            ('pair', 'cmd command line option; --output', 'cmdoption-cmd-o', '', None),
+        ],
+    )
     assert ('cmd', '-o') in domain.progoptions
     assert ('cmd', '--output') in domain.progoptions
     assert domain.progoptions[('cmd', '-o')] == ('index', 'cmdoption-cmd-o')
@@ -369,10 +475,13 @@ def test_multiple_cmdoptions(app):
 def test_productionlist(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
-    warnings = app.warning.getvalue().split("\n")
+    warnings = app.warning.getvalue().split('\n')
     assert len(warnings) == 2
     assert warnings[-1] == ''
-    assert "Dup2.rst:4: WARNING: duplicate token description of Dup, other instance in Dup1" in warnings[0]
+    assert (
+        'Dup2.rst:4: WARNING: duplicate token description of Dup, other instance in Dup1'
+        in warnings[0]
+    )
 
     etree = etree_parse(app.outdir / 'index.html')
     nodes = list(etree.iter('ul'))
@@ -418,58 +527,62 @@ def test_productionlist(app):
     ]
 
     text = (app.outdir / 'LineContinuation.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert "A</strong> ::=  B C D    E F G" in text
+    assert 'A</strong> ::=  B C D    E F G' in text
 
 
 def test_productionlist2(app):
-    text = (".. productionlist:: P2\n"
-            "   A: `:A` `A`\n"
-            "   B: `P1:B` `~P1:B`\n")
+    text = '.. productionlist:: P2\n   A: `:A` `A`\n   B: `P1:B` `~P1:B`\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     refnodes = list(doctree.findall(pending_xref))
-    assert_node(refnodes[0], pending_xref, reftarget="A")
-    assert_node(refnodes[1], pending_xref, reftarget="P2:A")
-    assert_node(refnodes[2], pending_xref, reftarget="P1:B")
-    assert_node(refnodes[3], pending_xref, reftarget="P1:B")
-    assert_node(refnodes[0], [pending_xref, nodes.literal, "A"])
-    assert_node(refnodes[1], [pending_xref, nodes.literal, "A"])
-    assert_node(refnodes[2], [pending_xref, nodes.literal, "P1:B"])
-    assert_node(refnodes[3], [pending_xref, nodes.literal, "B"])
+    assert_node(refnodes[0], pending_xref, reftarget='A')
+    assert_node(refnodes[1], pending_xref, reftarget='P2:A')
+    assert_node(refnodes[2], pending_xref, reftarget='P1:B')
+    assert_node(refnodes[3], pending_xref, reftarget='P1:B')
+    assert_node(refnodes[0], [pending_xref, nodes.literal, 'A'])
+    assert_node(refnodes[1], [pending_xref, nodes.literal, 'A'])
+    assert_node(refnodes[2], [pending_xref, nodes.literal, 'P1:B'])
+    assert_node(refnodes[3], [pending_xref, nodes.literal, 'B'])
 
 
 def test_disabled_docref(app):
-    text = (":doc:`index`\n"
-            ":doc:`!index`\n")
+    text = ':doc:`index`\n:doc:`!index`\n'
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, ([nodes.paragraph, ([pending_xref, nodes.inline, "index"],
-                                             "\n",
-                                             [nodes.inline, "index"])],))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            [
+                nodes.paragraph,
+                ([pending_xref, nodes.inline, 'index'], '\n', [nodes.inline, 'index']),
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 def test_labeled_rubric(app):
-    text = (".. _label:\n"
-            ".. rubric:: blah *blah* blah\n")
+    text = '.. _label:\n.. rubric:: blah *blah* blah\n'
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
 
-    domain = app.env.get_domain("std")
+    domain = app.env.get_domain('std')
     assert 'label' in domain.labels
     assert domain.labels['label'] == ('index', 'label', 'blah blah blah')
 
 
 def test_labeled_definition(app):
-    text = (".. _label1:\n"
-            "\n"
-            "Foo blah *blah* blah\n"
-            "  Definition\n"
-            "\n"
-            ".. _label2:\n"
-            "\n"
-            "Bar blah *blah* blah\n"
-            "  Definition\n"
-            "\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. _label1:\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Foo blah *blah* blah\n'
+        '  Definition\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. _label2:\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Bar blah *blah* blah\n'
+        '  Definition\n'
+        '\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
 
-    domain = app.env.get_domain("std")
+    domain = app.env.get_domain('std')
     assert 'label1' in domain.labels
     assert domain.labels['label1'] == ('index', 'label1', 'Foo blah blah blah')
     assert 'label2' in domain.labels
@@ -477,41 +590,54 @@ def test_labeled_definition(app):
 
 
 def test_labeled_field(app):
-    text = (".. _label1:\n"
-            "\n"
-            ":Foo blah *blah* blah:\n"
-            "  Definition\n"
-            "\n"
-            ".. _label2:\n"
-            "\n"
-            ":Bar blah *blah* blah:\n"
-            "  Definition\n"
-            "\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. _label1:\n'
+        '\n'
+        ':Foo blah *blah* blah:\n'
+        '  Definition\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. _label2:\n'
+        '\n'
+        ':Bar blah *blah* blah:\n'
+        '  Definition\n'
+        '\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
 
-    domain = app.env.get_domain("std")
+    domain = app.env.get_domain('std')
     assert 'label1' in domain.labels
     assert domain.labels['label1'] == ('index', 'label1', 'Foo blah blah blah')
     assert 'label2' in domain.labels
     assert domain.labels['label2'] == ('index', 'label2', 'Bar blah blah blah')
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='manpage_url',
-                    confoverrides={'manpages_url': 'https://example.com/{page}.{section}'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='manpage_url',
+    confoverrides={'manpages_url': 'https://example.com/{page}.{section}'},
+)
 def test_html_manpage(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<em class="manpage">'
-            '<a class="manpage reference external" href="https://example.com/man.1">man(1)</a>'
-            '</em>') in content
-    assert ('<em class="manpage">'
-            '<a class="manpage reference external" href="https://example.com/ls.1">ls.1</a>'
-            '</em>') in content
-    assert ('<em class="manpage">'
-            '<a class="manpage reference external" href="https://example.com/sphinx.">sphinx</a>'
-            '</em>') in content
-    assert ('<em class="manpage">'
-            '<a class="manpage reference external" href="https://example.com/bsd-mailx/mailx.1">mailx(1)</a>'
-            '</em>') in content
+    assert (
+        '<em class="manpage">'
+        '<a class="manpage reference external" href="https://example.com/man.1">man(1)</a>'
+        '</em>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<em class="manpage">'
+        '<a class="manpage reference external" href="https://example.com/ls.1">ls.1</a>'
+        '</em>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<em class="manpage">'
+        '<a class="manpage reference external" href="https://example.com/sphinx.">sphinx</a>'
+        '</em>'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<em class="manpage">'
+        '<a class="manpage reference external" href="https://example.com/bsd-mailx/mailx.1">mailx(1)</a>'
+        '</em>'
+    ) in content
     assert '<em class="manpage">man(1)</em>' in content
diff --git a/tests/test_environment/test_environment.py b/tests/test_environment/test_environment.py
index 82de5975877..da1ca4fd760 100644
--- a/tests/test_environment/test_environment.py
+++ b/tests/test_environment/test_environment.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test the BuildEnvironment class."""
+
 import os
 import shutil
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -7,7 +8,12 @@
 
 from sphinx.builders.html import StandaloneHTMLBuilder
 from sphinx.builders.latex import LaTeXBuilder
-from sphinx.environment import CONFIG_CHANGED, CONFIG_EXTENSIONS_CHANGED, CONFIG_NEW, CONFIG_OK
+from sphinx.environment import (
+    CONFIG_CHANGED,
+    CONFIG_EXTENSIONS_CHANGED,
+    CONFIG_NEW,
+    CONFIG_OK,
+)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='basic')
@@ -24,7 +30,7 @@ def test_config_status(make_app, app_params):
     app2 = make_app(*args, **kwargs)
     assert app2.env.config_status == CONFIG_OK
     app2.build()
-    assert "0 added, 0 changed, 0 removed" in app2._status.getvalue()
+    assert '0 added, 0 changed, 0 removed' in app2._status.getvalue()
 
     # incremental build (config entry changed)
     app3 = make_app(*args, confoverrides={'root_doc': 'indexx'}, **kwargs)
@@ -37,7 +43,9 @@ def test_config_status(make_app, app_params):
     assert "[config changed ('master_doc')] 1 added" in app3._status.getvalue()
 
     # incremental build (extension changed)
-    app4 = make_app(*args, confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.autodoc']}, **kwargs)
+    app4 = make_app(
+        *args, confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.autodoc']}, **kwargs
+    )
     assert app4.env.config_status == CONFIG_EXTENSIONS_CHANGED
     app4.build()
     want_str = "[extensions changed ('sphinx.ext.autodoc')] 1 added"
@@ -53,20 +61,40 @@ def test_images(app):
     htmlbuilder.init()
     htmlbuilder.imgpath = 'dummy'
     htmlbuilder.post_process_images(tree)
-    assert set(htmlbuilder.images.keys()) == \
-        {'subdir/img.png', 'img.png', 'subdir/simg.png', 'svgimg.svg', 'img.foo.png'}
-    assert set(htmlbuilder.images.values()) == \
-        {'img.png', 'img1.png', 'simg.png', 'svgimg.svg', 'img.foo.png'}
+    assert set(htmlbuilder.images.keys()) == {
+        'subdir/img.png',
+        'img.png',
+        'subdir/simg.png',
+        'svgimg.svg',
+        'img.foo.png',
+    }
+    assert set(htmlbuilder.images.values()) == {
+        'img.png',
+        'img1.png',
+        'simg.png',
+        'svgimg.svg',
+        'img.foo.png',
+    }
 
     latexbuilder = LaTeXBuilder(app, app.env)
     latexbuilder.init()
     latexbuilder.post_process_images(tree)
-    assert set(latexbuilder.images.keys()) == \
-        {'subdir/img.png', 'subdir/simg.png', 'img.png', 'img.pdf',
-         'svgimg.pdf', 'img.foo.png'}
-    assert set(latexbuilder.images.values()) == \
-        {'img.pdf', 'img.png', 'img1.png', 'simg.png',
-         'svgimg.pdf', 'img.foo.png'}
+    assert set(latexbuilder.images.keys()) == {
+        'subdir/img.png',
+        'subdir/simg.png',
+        'img.png',
+        'img.pdf',
+        'svgimg.pdf',
+        'img.foo.png',
+    }
+    assert set(latexbuilder.images.values()) == {
+        'img.pdf',
+        'img.png',
+        'img1.png',
+        'simg.png',
+        'svgimg.pdf',
+        'img.foo.png',
+    }
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy')
@@ -75,7 +103,12 @@ def test_object_inventory(app):
     refs = app.env.domaindata['py']['objects']
 
     assert 'func_without_module' in refs
-    assert refs['func_without_module'] == ('objects', 'func_without_module', 'function', False)
+    assert refs['func_without_module'] == (
+        'objects',
+        'func_without_module',
+        'function',
+        False,
+    )
     assert 'func_without_module2' in refs
     assert 'mod.func_in_module' in refs
     assert 'mod.Cls' in refs
@@ -89,8 +122,13 @@ def test_object_inventory(app):
     assert 'func_in_module' not in refs
     assert 'func_noindex' not in refs
 
-    assert app.env.domaindata['py']['modules']['mod'] == \
-        ('objects', 'module-mod', 'Module synopsis.', 'UNIX', False)
+    assert app.env.domaindata['py']['modules']['mod'] == (
+        'objects',
+        'module-mod',
+        'Module synopsis.',
+        'UNIX',
+        False,
+    )
 
     assert app.env.domains['py'].data is app.env.domaindata['py']
     assert app.env.domains['c'].data is app.env.domaindata['c']
diff --git a/tests/test_environment/test_environment_indexentries.py b/tests/test_environment/test_environment_indexentries.py
index 19cb5a7e40a..a23ce8c7ea4 100644
--- a/tests/test_environment/test_environment_indexentries.py
+++ b/tests/test_environment/test_environment_indexentries.py
@@ -6,92 +6,178 @@
 from sphinx.testing import restructuredtext
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_create_single_index(app):
-    text = (".. index:: docutils\n"
-            ".. index:: Python\n"
-            ".. index:: pip; install\n"
-            ".. index:: pip; upgrade\n"
-            ".. index:: Sphinx\n"
-            ".. index:: Ель\n"
-            ".. index:: ёлка\n"
-            ".. index:: \N{RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK}\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\N{LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK}\n"
-            ".. index:: 9-symbol\n"
-            ".. index:: &-symbol\n"
-            ".. index:: £100\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. index:: docutils\n'
+        '.. index:: Python\n'
+        '.. index:: pip; install\n'
+        '.. index:: pip; upgrade\n'
+        '.. index:: Sphinx\n'
+        '.. index:: Ель\n'
+        '.. index:: ёлка\n'
+        '.. index:: \N{RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK}\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\N{LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK}\n'
+        '.. index:: 9-symbol\n'
+        '.. index:: &-symbol\n'
+        '.. index:: £100\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = IndexEntries(app.env).create_index(app.builder)
     assert len(index) == 6
-    assert index[0] == ('Symbols', [('&-symbol', ([('', '#index-9')], [], None)),
-                                    ('9-symbol', ([('', '#index-8')], [], None)),
-                                    ('£100', ([('', '#index-10')], [], None))])
+    assert index[0] == (
+        'Symbols',
+        [
+            ('&-symbol', ([('', '#index-9')], [], None)),
+            ('9-symbol', ([('', '#index-8')], [], None)),
+            ('£100', ([('', '#index-10')], [], None)),
+        ],
+    )
     assert index[1] == ('D', [('docutils', ([('', '#index-0')], [], None))])
-    assert index[2] == ('P', [('pip', ([], [('install', [('', '#index-2')]),
-                                            ('upgrade', [('', '#index-3')])], None)),
-                              ('Python', ([('', '#index-1')], [], None))])
+    assert index[2] == (
+        'P',
+        [
+            (
+                'pip',
+                (
+                    [],
+                    [('install', [('', '#index-2')]), ('upgrade', [('', '#index-3')])],
+                    None,
+                ),
+            ),
+            ('Python', ([('', '#index-1')], [], None)),
+        ],
+    )
     assert index[3] == ('S', [('Sphinx', ([('', '#index-4')], [], None))])
-    assert index[4] == ('Е',
-                        [('ёлка', ([('', '#index-6')], [], None)),
-                         ('Ель', ([('', '#index-5')], [], None))])
+    assert index[4] == (
+        'Е',
+        [
+            ('ёлка', ([('', '#index-6')], [], None)),
+            ('Ель', ([('', '#index-5')], [], None)),
+        ],
+    )
     # Here the word starts with U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK, which should be
     # ignored when getting the first letter.
-    assert index[5] == ('\u05e2', [(
-        '\N{RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK}\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\N{LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK}',
-        ([('', '#index-7')], [], None),
-    )])
+    assert index[5] == (
+        '\u05e2',
+        [
+            (
+                '\N{RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK}\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\N{LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK}',
+                ([('', '#index-7')], [], None),
+            )
+        ],
+    )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_create_pair_index(app):
-    text = (".. index:: pair: docutils; reStructuredText\n"
-            ".. index:: pair: Python; interpreter\n"
-            ".. index:: pair: Sphinx; documentation tool\n"
-            ".. index:: pair: Sphinx; :+1:\n"
-            ".. index:: pair: Sphinx; Ель\n"
-            ".. index:: pair: Sphinx; ёлка\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. index:: pair: docutils; reStructuredText\n'
+        '.. index:: pair: Python; interpreter\n'
+        '.. index:: pair: Sphinx; documentation tool\n'
+        '.. index:: pair: Sphinx; :+1:\n'
+        '.. index:: pair: Sphinx; Ель\n'
+        '.. index:: pair: Sphinx; ёлка\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = IndexEntries(app.env).create_index(app.builder)
     assert len(index) == 7
-    assert index[0] == ('Symbols', [(':+1:', ([], [('Sphinx', [('', '#index-3')])], None))])
-    assert index[1] == ('D',
-                        [('documentation tool', ([], [('Sphinx', [('', '#index-2')])], None)),
-                         ('docutils', ([], [('reStructuredText', [('', '#index-0')])], None))])
-    assert index[2] == ('I', [('interpreter', ([], [('Python', [('', '#index-1')])], None))])
-    assert index[3] == ('P', [('Python', ([], [('interpreter', [('', '#index-1')])], None))])
-    assert index[4] == ('R',
-                        [('reStructuredText', ([], [('docutils', [('', '#index-0')])], None))])
-    assert index[5] == ('S',
-                        [('Sphinx', ([],
-                                     [(':+1:', [('', '#index-3')]),
-                                      ('documentation tool', [('', '#index-2')]),
-                                      ('ёлка', [('', '#index-5')]),
-                                      ('Ель', [('', '#index-4')])],
-                                     None))])
-    assert index[6] == ('Е',
-                        [('ёлка', ([], [('Sphinx', [('', '#index-5')])], None)),
-                         ('Ель', ([], [('Sphinx', [('', '#index-4')])], None))])
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', freshenv=True)
+    assert index[0] == (
+        'Symbols',
+        [(':+1:', ([], [('Sphinx', [('', '#index-3')])], None))],
+    )
+    assert index[1] == (
+        'D',
+        [
+            ('documentation tool', ([], [('Sphinx', [('', '#index-2')])], None)),
+            ('docutils', ([], [('reStructuredText', [('', '#index-0')])], None)),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert index[2] == (
+        'I',
+        [('interpreter', ([], [('Python', [('', '#index-1')])], None))],
+    )
+    assert index[3] == (
+        'P',
+        [('Python', ([], [('interpreter', [('', '#index-1')])], None))],
+    )
+    assert index[4] == (
+        'R',
+        [('reStructuredText', ([], [('docutils', [('', '#index-0')])], None))],
+    )
+    assert index[5] == (
+        'S',
+        [
+            (
+                'Sphinx',
+                (
+                    [],
+                    [
+                        (':+1:', [('', '#index-3')]),
+                        ('documentation tool', [('', '#index-2')]),
+                        ('ёлка', [('', '#index-5')]),
+                        ('Ель', [('', '#index-4')]),
+                    ],
+                    None,
+                ),
+            )
+        ],
+    )
+    assert index[6] == (
+        'Е',
+        [
+            ('ёлка', ([], [('Sphinx', [('', '#index-5')])], None)),
+            ('Ель', ([], [('Sphinx', [('', '#index-4')])], None)),
+        ],
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_create_triple_index(app):
-    text = (".. index:: triple: foo; bar; baz\n"
-            ".. index:: triple: Python; Sphinx; reST\n")
+    text = '.. index:: triple: foo; bar; baz\n.. index:: triple: Python; Sphinx; reST\n'
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = IndexEntries(app.env).create_index(app.builder)
     assert len(index) == 5
-    assert index[0] == ('B', [('bar', ([], [('baz, foo', [('', '#index-0')])], None)),
-                              ('baz', ([], [('foo bar', [('', '#index-0')])], None))])
+    assert index[0] == (
+        'B',
+        [
+            ('bar', ([], [('baz, foo', [('', '#index-0')])], None)),
+            ('baz', ([], [('foo bar', [('', '#index-0')])], None)),
+        ],
+    )
     assert index[1] == ('F', [('foo', ([], [('bar baz', [('', '#index-0')])], None))])
-    assert index[2] == ('P', [('Python', ([], [('Sphinx reST', [('', '#index-1')])], None))])
-    assert index[3] == ('R', [('reST', ([], [('Python Sphinx', [('', '#index-1')])], None))])
-    assert index[4] == ('S', [('Sphinx', ([], [('reST, Python', [('', '#index-1')])], None))])
+    assert index[2] == (
+        'P',
+        [('Python', ([], [('Sphinx reST', [('', '#index-1')])], None))],
+    )
+    assert index[3] == (
+        'R',
+        [('reST', ([], [('Python Sphinx', [('', '#index-1')])], None))],
+    )
+    assert index[4] == (
+        'S',
+        [('Sphinx', ([], [('reST, Python', [('', '#index-1')])], None))],
+    )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_create_see_index(app):
-    text = (".. index:: see: docutils; reStructuredText\n"
-            ".. index:: see: Python; interpreter\n"
-            ".. index:: see: Sphinx; documentation tool\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. index:: see: docutils; reStructuredText\n'
+        '.. index:: see: Python; interpreter\n'
+        '.. index:: see: Sphinx; documentation tool\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = IndexEntries(app.env).create_index(app.builder)
     assert len(index) == 3
@@ -100,41 +186,66 @@ def test_create_see_index(app):
     assert index[2] == ('S', [('Sphinx', ([], [('see documentation tool', [])], None))])
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_create_seealso_index(app):
-    text = (".. index:: seealso: docutils; reStructuredText\n"
-            ".. index:: seealso: Python; interpreter\n"
-            ".. index:: seealso: Sphinx; documentation tool\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. index:: seealso: docutils; reStructuredText\n'
+        '.. index:: seealso: Python; interpreter\n'
+        '.. index:: seealso: Sphinx; documentation tool\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = IndexEntries(app.env).create_index(app.builder)
     assert len(index) == 3
-    assert index[0] == ('D', [('docutils', ([], [('see also reStructuredText', [])], None))])
+    assert index[0] == (
+        'D',
+        [('docutils', ([], [('see also reStructuredText', [])], None))],
+    )
     assert index[1] == ('P', [('Python', ([], [('see also interpreter', [])], None))])
-    assert index[2] == ('S', [('Sphinx', ([], [('see also documentation tool', [])], None))])
+    assert index[2] == (
+        'S',
+        [('Sphinx', ([], [('see also documentation tool', [])], None))],
+    )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_create_main_index(app):
-    text = (".. index:: !docutils\n"
-            ".. index:: docutils\n"
-            ".. index:: pip; install\n"
-            ".. index:: !pip; install\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. index:: !docutils\n'
+        '.. index:: docutils\n'
+        '.. index:: pip; install\n'
+        '.. index:: !pip; install\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = IndexEntries(app.env).create_index(app.builder)
     assert len(index) == 2
-    assert index[0] == ('D', [('docutils', ([('main', '#index-0'),
-                                             ('', '#index-1')], [], None))])
-    assert index[1] == ('P', [('pip', ([], [('install', [('main', '#index-3'),
-                                                         ('', '#index-2')])], None))])
+    assert index[0] == (
+        'D',
+        [('docutils', ([('main', '#index-0'), ('', '#index-1')], [], None))],
+    )
+    assert index[1] == (
+        'P',
+        [('pip', ([], [('install', [('main', '#index-3'), ('', '#index-2')])], None))],
+    )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_create_index_with_name(app):
-    text = (".. index:: single: docutils\n"
-            "   :name: ref1\n"
-            ".. index:: single: Python\n"
-            "   :name: ref2\n"
-            ".. index:: Sphinx\n")
+    text = (
+        '.. index:: single: docutils\n'
+        '   :name: ref1\n'
+        '.. index:: single: Python\n'
+        '   :name: ref2\n'
+        '.. index:: Sphinx\n'
+    )
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = IndexEntries(app.env).create_index(app.builder)
 
@@ -150,14 +261,13 @@ def test_create_index_with_name(app):
     assert std.anonlabels['ref2'] == ('index', 'ref2')
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_create_index_by_key(app):
     # At present, only glossary directive is able to create index key
-    text = (".. glossary::\n"
-            "\n"
-            "   docutils\n"
-            "   Python\n"
-            "   スフィンクス : ス\n")
+    text = '.. glossary::\n\n   docutils\n   Python\n   スフィンクス : ス\n'
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     index = IndexEntries(app.env).create_index(app.builder)
     assert len(index) == 3
diff --git a/tests/test_environment/test_environment_toctree.py b/tests/test_environment/test_environment_toctree.py
index 6979a129e47..7f283c42231 100644
--- a/tests/test_environment/test_environment_toctree.py
+++ b/tests/test_environment/test_environment_toctree.py
@@ -17,53 +17,129 @@ def test_process_doc(app):
     app.build()
     # tocs
     toctree = app.env.tocs['index']
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [bullet_list, ([list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
-                                            [bullet_list, (addnodes.toctree,  # [0][1][0]
-                                                           only,  # [0][1][1]
-                                                           list_item)])],  # [0][1][2]
-                               [list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [1][0]
-                                            [bullet_list, (addnodes.toctree,  # [1][1][0]
-                                                           addnodes.toctree)])],  # [1][1][1]
-                               list_item)])
-
-    assert_node(toctree[0][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!"])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            bullet_list,
+            (
+                [
+                    list_item,  # [0]
+                    (
+                        compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
+                        [
+                            bullet_list,  # [0][1]
+                            (
+                                addnodes.toctree,  # [0][1][0]
+                                only,  # [0][1][1]
+                                list_item,  # [0][1][2]
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    list_item,  # [1]
+                    (
+                        compact_paragraph,  # [1][0]
+                        [
+                            bullet_list,  # [1][1]
+                            (
+                                addnodes.toctree,  # [1][1][0]
+                                addnodes.toctree,  # [1][1][1]
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                list_item,  # [2]
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][0],
+        [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!'],
+    )
     assert_node(toctree[0][0][0], reference, anchorname='')
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][0], addnodes.toctree,
-                caption="Table of Contents", glob=False, hidden=False,
-                titlesonly=False, maxdepth=2, numbered=999,
-                entries=[(None, 'foo'), (None, 'bar'), (None, 'https://sphinx-doc.org/'),
-                         (None, 'self')],
-                includefiles=['foo', 'bar'])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][0],
+        addnodes.toctree,
+        caption='Table of Contents',
+        glob=False,
+        hidden=False,
+        titlesonly=False,
+        maxdepth=2,
+        numbered=999,
+        entries=[
+            (None, 'foo'),
+            (None, 'bar'),
+            (None, 'https://sphinx-doc.org/'),
+            (None, 'self'),
+        ],
+        includefiles=['foo', 'bar'],
+    )
 
     # only branch
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1], addnodes.only, expr="html")
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1],
-                [only, list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, "Section for HTML"],
-                                   [bullet_list, addnodes.toctree])])
+    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1], addnodes.only, expr='html')
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][1],
+        [
+            only,
+            list_item,
+            (
+                [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Section for HTML'],
+                [bullet_list, addnodes.toctree],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert_node(toctree[0][1][1][0][0][0], reference, anchorname='#section-for-html')
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1][0][1][0], addnodes.toctree,
-                caption=None, glob=False, hidden=False, entries=[(None, 'baz')],
-                includefiles=['baz'], titlesonly=False, maxdepth=-1, numbered=0)
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][2],
-                ([compact_paragraph, reference, "subsection"],
-                 [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "subsubsection"]))
-
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "Test for issue #1157"])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][1][0][1][0],
+        addnodes.toctree,
+        caption=None,
+        glob=False,
+        hidden=False,
+        entries=[(None, 'baz')],
+        includefiles=['baz'],
+        titlesonly=False,
+        maxdepth=-1,
+        numbered=0,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][2],
+        (
+            [compact_paragraph, reference, 'subsection'],
+            [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'subsubsection'],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0], [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Test for issue #1157'])
     assert_node(toctree[1][0][0], reference, anchorname='#test-for-issue-1157')
-    assert_node(toctree[1][1][0], addnodes.toctree,
-                caption=None, entries=[], glob=False, hidden=False,
-                titlesonly=False, maxdepth=-1, numbered=0)
-    assert_node(toctree[1][1][1], addnodes.toctree,
-                caption=None, glob=False, hidden=True,
-                titlesonly=False, maxdepth=-1, numbered=0,
-                entries=[('Latest reference', 'https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/'),
-                         ('Python', 'https://python.org/')])
-
-    assert_node(toctree[2][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "Indices and tables"])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][1][0],
+        addnodes.toctree,
+        caption=None,
+        entries=[],
+        glob=False,
+        hidden=False,
+        titlesonly=False,
+        maxdepth=-1,
+        numbered=0,
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][1][1],
+        addnodes.toctree,
+        caption=None,
+        glob=False,
+        hidden=True,
+        titlesonly=False,
+        maxdepth=-1,
+        numbered=0,
+        entries=[
+            ('Latest reference', 'https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/'),
+            ('Python', 'https://python.org/'),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert_node(toctree[2][0], [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Indices and tables'])
 
     # other collections
     assert app.env.toc_num_entries['index'] == 6
@@ -83,43 +159,106 @@ def test_process_doc(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='toctree-glob')
 def test_glob(app):
-    includefiles = ['foo', 'bar/index', 'bar/bar_1', 'bar/bar_2',
-                    'bar/bar_3', 'baz', 'qux/index']
+    includefiles = [
+        'foo',
+        'bar/index',
+        'bar/bar_1',
+        'bar/bar_2',
+        'bar/bar_3',
+        'baz',
+        'qux/index',
+    ]
 
     app.build()
 
     # tocs
     toctree = app.env.tocs['index']
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [bullet_list, list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
-                                          [bullet_list, (list_item,  # [0][1][0]
-                                                         list_item)])])  # [0][1][1]
-
-    assert_node(toctree[0][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "test-toctree-glob"])
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][0],
-                [list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, "normal order"],
-                             [bullet_list, addnodes.toctree])])  # [0][1][0][1][0]
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][0][1][0], addnodes.toctree, caption=None,
-                glob=True, hidden=False, titlesonly=False,
-                maxdepth=-1, numbered=0, includefiles=includefiles,
-                entries=[(None, 'foo'), (None, 'bar/index'), (None, 'bar/bar_1'),
-                         (None, 'bar/bar_2'), (None, 'bar/bar_3'), (None, 'baz'),
-                         (None, 'qux/index'),
-                         ('hyperref', 'https://sphinx-doc.org/?q=sphinx')])
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1],
-                [list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, "reversed order"],
-                             [bullet_list, addnodes.toctree])])  # [0][1][1][1][0]
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1][1][0], addnodes.toctree, caption=None,
-                glob=True, hidden=False, titlesonly=False,
-                maxdepth=-1, numbered=0, includefiles=list(reversed(includefiles)),
-                entries=[(None, 'qux/index'), (None, 'baz'), (None, 'bar/bar_3'),
-                         (None, 'bar/bar_2'), (None, 'bar/bar_1'), (None, 'bar/index'),
-                         (None, 'foo')])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            bullet_list,
+            list_item,
+            (
+                compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
+                [
+                    bullet_list,
+                    (
+                        list_item,  # [0][1][0]
+                        list_item,  # [0][1][1]
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert_node(toctree[0][0], [compact_paragraph, reference, 'test-toctree-glob'])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][0],
+        [
+            list_item,
+            (
+                [compact_paragraph, reference, 'normal order'],
+                [bullet_list, addnodes.toctree],  # [0][1][0][1][0]
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][0][1][0],
+        addnodes.toctree,
+        caption=None,
+        glob=True,
+        hidden=False,
+        titlesonly=False,
+        maxdepth=-1,
+        numbered=0,
+        includefiles=includefiles,
+        entries=[
+            (None, 'foo'),
+            (None, 'bar/index'),
+            (None, 'bar/bar_1'),
+            (None, 'bar/bar_2'),
+            (None, 'bar/bar_3'),
+            (None, 'baz'),
+            (None, 'qux/index'),
+            ('hyperref', 'https://sphinx-doc.org/?q=sphinx'),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][1],
+        [
+            list_item,
+            (
+                [compact_paragraph, reference, 'reversed order'],
+                [bullet_list, addnodes.toctree],  # [0][1][1][1][0]
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][1][1][0],
+        addnodes.toctree,
+        caption=None,
+        glob=True,
+        hidden=False,
+        titlesonly=False,
+        maxdepth=-1,
+        numbered=0,
+        includefiles=list(reversed(includefiles)),
+        entries=[
+            (None, 'qux/index'),
+            (None, 'baz'),
+            (None, 'bar/bar_3'),
+            (None, 'bar/bar_2'),
+            (None, 'bar/bar_1'),
+            (None, 'bar/index'),
+            (None, 'foo'),
+        ],
+    )
 
     # other collections
     assert app.env.toc_num_entries['index'] == 3
-    assert app.env.toctree_includes['index'] == includefiles + list(reversed(includefiles))
+    assert app.env.toctree_includes['index'] == includefiles + list(
+        reversed(includefiles)
+    )
     for file in includefiles:
         assert 'index' in app.env.files_to_rebuild[file]
     assert 'index' in app.env.glob_toctrees
@@ -139,26 +278,54 @@ def test_domain_objects(app):
 
     # tocs
     toctree = app.env.tocs['domains']
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [bullet_list, list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
-                                          [bullet_list, (list_item,  # [0][1][0]
-                                                         [list_item,  # [0][1][1]
-                                                          (compact_paragraph,  # [0][1][1][0]
-                                                           [bullet_list, (list_item,  # [0][1][1][1][0]
-                                                                          list_item,
-                                                                          list_item,
-                                                                          list_item)])],  # [0][1][1][1][3]
-                                                         list_item,
-                                                         list_item)])])  # [0][1][1]
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            bullet_list,
+            list_item,
+            (
+                compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
+                [
+                    bullet_list,  # [0][1]
+                    (
+                        list_item,  # [0][1][0]
+                        [
+                            list_item,  # [0][1][1]
+                            (
+                                compact_paragraph,  # [0][1][1][0]
+                                [
+                                    bullet_list,  # [0][1][1][1]
+                                    (
+                                        list_item,  # [0][1][1][1][0]
+                                        list_item,
+                                        list_item,
+                                        list_item,  # [0][1][1][1][3]
+                                    ),
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                        list_item,
+                        list_item,  # [0][1][1]
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
 
-    assert_node(toctree[0][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "test-domain-objects"])
+    assert_node(toctree[0][0], [compact_paragraph, reference, 'test-domain-objects'])
 
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][0],
-                [list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, literal, "world()"])])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][0],
+        [list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'world()'])],
+    )
 
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1][1][3],
-                [list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, literal, "HelloWorldPrinter.print()"])])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][1][1][3],
+        [
+            list_item,
+            ([compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'HelloWorldPrinter.print()']),
+        ],
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='toctree-domain-objects')
@@ -169,30 +336,113 @@ def test_domain_objects_document_scoping(app):
     toctree = app.env.tocs['document_scoping']
     assert_node(
         toctree,
-        [bullet_list, list_item, (
-            compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
-            [bullet_list, (  # [0][1]
-                [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel1a'],  # [0][1][0]
-                [list_item, (  # [0][1][1]
-                    [compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel1b'],  # [0][1][1][0]
-                    [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel1b.f()'],  # [0][1][1][1][0]
-                )],
-                [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel1a.g()'],  # [0][1][2]
-                [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel1b.g()'],  # [0][1][3]
-                [list_item, (  # [0][1][4]
-                    [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Level 2'],  # [0][1][4][0]
-                    [bullet_list, (  # [0][1][4][1]
-                        [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel2a'],  # [0][1][4][1][0]
-                        [list_item, (  # [0][1][4][1][1]
-                            [compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel2b'],  # [0][1][4][1][1][0]
-                            [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel2b.f()'],  # [0][1][4][1][1][1][0]
-                        )],
-                        [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel2a.g()'],  # [0][1][4][1][2]
-                        [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, literal, 'ClassLevel2b.g()'],  # [0][1][4][1][3]
-                    )],
-                )],
-            )],
-        )],
+        [
+            bullet_list,
+            list_item,
+            (
+                compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
+                [
+                    bullet_list,  # [0][1]
+                    (
+                        [
+                            list_item,  # [0][1][0]
+                            compact_paragraph,
+                            reference,
+                            literal,
+                            'ClassLevel1a',
+                        ],
+                        [
+                            list_item,  # [0][1][1]
+                            (
+                                [
+                                    compact_paragraph,  # [0][1][1][0]
+                                    reference,
+                                    literal,
+                                    'ClassLevel1b',
+                                ],
+                                [
+                                    bullet_list,
+                                    list_item,  # [0][1][1][1][0]
+                                    compact_paragraph,
+                                    reference,
+                                    literal,
+                                    'ClassLevel1b.f()',
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                        [
+                            list_item,  # [0][1][2]
+                            compact_paragraph,
+                            reference,
+                            literal,
+                            'ClassLevel1a.g()',
+                        ],
+                        [
+                            list_item,  # [0][1][3]
+                            compact_paragraph,
+                            reference,
+                            literal,
+                            'ClassLevel1b.g()',
+                        ],
+                        [
+                            list_item,  # [0][1][4]
+                            (
+                                [
+                                    compact_paragraph,  # [0][1][4][0]
+                                    reference,
+                                    'Level 2',
+                                ],
+                                [
+                                    bullet_list,  # [0][1][4][1]
+                                    (
+                                        [
+                                            list_item,  # [0][1][4][1][0]
+                                            compact_paragraph,
+                                            reference,
+                                            literal,
+                                            'ClassLevel2a',
+                                        ],
+                                        [
+                                            list_item,  # [0][1][4][1][1]
+                                            (
+                                                [
+                                                    compact_paragraph,  # [0][1][4][1][1][0]
+                                                    reference,
+                                                    literal,
+                                                    'ClassLevel2b',
+                                                ],
+                                                [
+                                                    bullet_list,
+                                                    list_item,  # [0][1][4][1][1][1][0]
+                                                    compact_paragraph,
+                                                    reference,
+                                                    literal,
+                                                    'ClassLevel2b.f()',
+                                                ],
+                                            ),
+                                        ],
+                                        [
+                                            list_item,  # [0][1][4][1][2]
+                                            compact_paragraph,
+                                            reference,
+                                            literal,
+                                            'ClassLevel2a.g()',
+                                        ],
+                                        [
+                                            list_item,  # [0][1][4][1][3]
+                                            compact_paragraph,
+                                            reference,
+                                            literal,
+                                            'ClassLevel2b.g()',
+                                        ],
+                                    ),
+                                ],
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
     )
 
 
@@ -202,23 +452,48 @@ def test_document_toc(app):
     app.build()
     toctree = document_toc(app.env, 'index', app.builder.tags)
 
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [bullet_list, ([list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
-                                            [bullet_list, (addnodes.toctree,  # [0][1][0]
-                                                           list_item)])],  # [0][1][1]
-                               [list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [1][0]
-                                            [bullet_list, (addnodes.toctree,
-                                                           addnodes.toctree)])],
-                               [list_item, compact_paragraph])])  # [2][0]
-    assert_node(toctree[0][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!"])
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1],
-                ([compact_paragraph, reference, "subsection"],
-                 [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "subsubsection"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "Test for issue #1157"])
-    assert_node(toctree[2][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "Indices and tables"])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            bullet_list,
+            (
+                [
+                    list_item,
+                    (
+                        compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
+                        [
+                            bullet_list,
+                            (
+                                addnodes.toctree,  # [0][1][0]
+                                list_item,  # [0][1][1]
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    list_item,
+                    (
+                        compact_paragraph,  # [1][0]
+                        [bullet_list, (addnodes.toctree, addnodes.toctree)],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [list_item, compact_paragraph],  # [2][0]
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][0],
+        [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!'],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][1],
+        (
+            [compact_paragraph, reference, 'subsection'],
+            [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'subsubsection'],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0], [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Test for issue #1157'])
+    assert_node(toctree[2][0], [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Indices and tables'])
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('xml', testroot='toctree')
@@ -228,27 +503,56 @@ def test_document_toc_only(app):
     builder = StandaloneHTMLBuilder(app, app.env)
     toctree = document_toc(app.env, 'index', builder.tags)
 
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [bullet_list, ([list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
-                                            [bullet_list, (addnodes.toctree,  # [0][1][0]
-                                                           list_item,  # [0][1][1]
-                                                           list_item)])],  # [0][1][2]
-                               [list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [1][0]
-                                            [bullet_list, (addnodes.toctree,
-                                                           addnodes.toctree)])],
-                               [list_item, compact_paragraph])])  # [2][0]
-    assert_node(toctree[0][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!"])
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1],
-                ([compact_paragraph, reference, "Section for HTML"],
-                 [bullet_list, addnodes.toctree]))
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][2],
-                ([compact_paragraph, reference, "subsection"],
-                 [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "subsubsection"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "Test for issue #1157"])
-    assert_node(toctree[2][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "Indices and tables"])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            bullet_list,
+            (
+                [
+                    list_item,
+                    (
+                        compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
+                        [
+                            bullet_list,
+                            (
+                                addnodes.toctree,  # [0][1][0]
+                                list_item,  # [0][1][1]
+                                list_item,  # [0][1][2]
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [
+                    list_item,
+                    (
+                        compact_paragraph,  # [1][0]
+                        [bullet_list, (addnodes.toctree, addnodes.toctree)],
+                    ),
+                ],
+                [list_item, compact_paragraph],  # [2][0]
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][0],
+        [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!'],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][1],
+        (
+            [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Section for HTML'],
+            [bullet_list, addnodes.toctree],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][2],
+        (
+            [compact_paragraph, reference, 'subsection'],
+            [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'subsubsection'],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0], [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Test for issue #1157'])
+    assert_node(toctree[2][0], [compact_paragraph, reference, 'Indices and tables'])
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('xml', testroot='toctree')
@@ -257,13 +561,21 @@ def test_document_toc_tocdepth(app):
     app.build()
     toctree = document_toc(app.env, 'tocdepth', app.builder.tags)
 
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [bullet_list, list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
-                                          bullet_list)])  # [0][1]
-    assert_node(toctree[0][0],
-                [compact_paragraph, reference, "level 1"])
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1],
-                [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "level 2"])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            bullet_list,
+            list_item,
+            (
+                compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
+                bullet_list,  # [0][1]
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[0][0], [compact_paragraph, reference, 'level 1'])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1], [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'level 2']
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('xml', testroot='toctree')
@@ -271,39 +583,61 @@ def test_document_toc_tocdepth(app):
 def test_global_toctree_for_doc(app):
     app.build()
     toctree = global_toctree_for_doc(app.env, 'index', app.builder, collapse=False)
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [compact_paragraph, ([title, "Table of Contents"],
-                                     bullet_list,
-                                     bullet_list,
-                                     bullet_list)])
-
-    assert_node(toctree[1],
-                ([list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, "foo"],
-                              bullet_list)],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "bar"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "https://sphinx-doc.org/"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference,
-                  "Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1],
-                ([list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "quux"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "foo.1"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "foo.2"]))
-
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][0][0], reference, refuri="foo", secnumber=[1])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][0][0][0], reference, refuri="quux", secnumber=[1, 1])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][1][0][0], reference, refuri="foo#foo-1", secnumber=[1, 2])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][2][0][0], reference, refuri="foo#foo-2", secnumber=[1, 3])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][1][0][0], reference, refuri="bar", secnumber=[2])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][2][0][0], reference, refuri="https://sphinx-doc.org/")
-    assert_node(toctree[1][3][0][0], reference, refuri="")
-
-    assert_node(toctree[2],
-                [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "baz"])
-    assert_node(toctree[3],
-                ([list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "Latest reference"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "Python"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[3][0][0][0], reference, refuri="https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/")
-    assert_node(toctree[3][1][0][0], reference, refuri="https://python.org/")
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            compact_paragraph,
+            ([title, 'Table of Contents'], bullet_list, bullet_list, bullet_list),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1],
+        (
+            [list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo'], bullet_list)],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'bar'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'https://sphinx-doc.org/'],
+            [
+                list_item,
+                compact_paragraph,
+                reference,
+                'Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!',
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1],
+        (
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'quux'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo.1'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo.2'],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0][0][0], reference, refuri='foo', secnumber=[1])
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][0][0][0], reference, refuri='quux', secnumber=[1, 1])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1][1][0][0], reference, refuri='foo#foo-1', secnumber=[1, 2]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1][2][0][0], reference, refuri='foo#foo-2', secnumber=[1, 3]
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[1][1][0][0], reference, refuri='bar', secnumber=[2])
+    assert_node(toctree[1][2][0][0], reference, refuri='https://sphinx-doc.org/')
+    assert_node(toctree[1][3][0][0], reference, refuri='')
+
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[2], [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'baz']
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[3],
+        (
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'Latest reference'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'Python'],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[3][0][0][0], reference, refuri='https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/')
+    assert_node(toctree[3][1][0][0], reference, refuri='https://python.org/')
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('xml', testroot='toctree')
@@ -311,121 +645,233 @@ def test_global_toctree_for_doc(app):
 def test_global_toctree_for_doc_collapse(app):
     app.build()
     toctree = global_toctree_for_doc(app.env, 'index', app.builder, collapse=True)
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [compact_paragraph, ([title, "Table of Contents"],
-                                     bullet_list,
-                                     bullet_list,
-                                     bullet_list)])
-
-    assert_node(toctree[1],
-                ([list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "foo"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "bar"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "https://sphinx-doc.org/"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference,
-                  "Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][0][0], reference, refuri="foo", secnumber=[1])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][1][0][0], reference, refuri="bar", secnumber=[2])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][2][0][0], reference, refuri="https://sphinx-doc.org/")
-    assert_node(toctree[1][3][0][0], reference, refuri="")
-
-    assert_node(toctree[2],
-                [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "baz"])
-    assert_node(toctree[3],
-                ([list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "Latest reference"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "Python"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[3][0][0][0], reference, refuri="https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/")
-    assert_node(toctree[3][1][0][0], reference, refuri="https://python.org/")
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            compact_paragraph,
+            ([title, 'Table of Contents'], bullet_list, bullet_list, bullet_list),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1],
+        (
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'bar'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'https://sphinx-doc.org/'],
+            [
+                list_item,
+                compact_paragraph,
+                reference,
+                'Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!',
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0][0][0], reference, refuri='foo', secnumber=[1])
+    assert_node(toctree[1][1][0][0], reference, refuri='bar', secnumber=[2])
+    assert_node(toctree[1][2][0][0], reference, refuri='https://sphinx-doc.org/')
+    assert_node(toctree[1][3][0][0], reference, refuri='')
+
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[2], [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'baz']
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[3],
+        (
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'Latest reference'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'Python'],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[3][0][0][0], reference, refuri='https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/')
+    assert_node(toctree[3][1][0][0], reference, refuri='https://python.org/')
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('xml', testroot='toctree')
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_environment_toctree_basic')
 def test_global_toctree_for_doc_maxdepth(app):
     app.build()
-    toctree = global_toctree_for_doc(app.env, 'index', app.builder,
-                                     collapse=False, maxdepth=3)
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [compact_paragraph, ([title, "Table of Contents"],
-                                     bullet_list,
-                                     bullet_list,
-                                     bullet_list)])
-
-    assert_node(toctree[1],
-                ([list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, "foo"],
-                              bullet_list)],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "bar"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "https://sphinx-doc.org/"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference,
-                  "Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1],
-                ([list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "quux"],
-                 [list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, "foo.1"],
-                              bullet_list)],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "foo.2"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][1][1],
-                [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "foo.1-1"])
-
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][0][0], reference, refuri="foo", secnumber=[1])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][0][0][0], reference, refuri="quux", secnumber=[1, 1])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][1][0][0], reference, refuri="foo#foo-1", secnumber=[1, 2])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][1][1][0][0][0],
-                reference, refuri="foo#foo-1-1", secnumber=[1, 2, 1])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][2][0][0], reference, refuri="foo#foo-2", secnumber=[1, 3])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][1][0][0], reference, refuri="bar", secnumber=[2])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][2][0][0], reference, refuri="https://sphinx-doc.org/")
-    assert_node(toctree[1][3][0][0], reference, refuri="")
-
-    assert_node(toctree[2],
-                [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "baz"])
-    assert_node(toctree[3],
-                ([list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "Latest reference"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "Python"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[3][0][0][0], reference, refuri="https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/")
-    assert_node(toctree[3][1][0][0], reference, refuri="https://python.org/")
+    toctree = global_toctree_for_doc(
+        app.env, 'index', app.builder, collapse=False, maxdepth=3
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            compact_paragraph,
+            (
+                [title, 'Table of Contents'],
+                bullet_list,
+                bullet_list,
+                bullet_list,
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1],
+        (
+            [
+                list_item,
+                (
+                    [compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo'],
+                    bullet_list,
+                ),
+            ],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'bar'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'https://sphinx-doc.org/'],
+            [
+                list_item,
+                compact_paragraph,
+                reference,
+                'Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!',
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1],
+        (
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'quux'],
+            [
+                list_item,
+                (
+                    [compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo.1'],
+                    bullet_list,
+                ),
+            ],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo.2'],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1][1][1],
+        [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo.1-1'],
+    )
+
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0][0][0], reference, refuri='foo', secnumber=[1])
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][0][0][0], reference, refuri='quux', secnumber=[1, 1])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1][1][0][0], reference, refuri='foo#foo-1', secnumber=[1, 2]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1][1][1][0][0][0],
+        reference,
+        refuri='foo#foo-1-1',
+        secnumber=[1, 2, 1],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1][2][0][0], reference, refuri='foo#foo-2', secnumber=[1, 3]
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[1][1][0][0], reference, refuri='bar', secnumber=[2])
+    assert_node(toctree[1][2][0][0], reference, refuri='https://sphinx-doc.org/')
+    assert_node(toctree[1][3][0][0], reference, refuri='')
+
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[2], [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'baz']
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[3],
+        (
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'Latest reference'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'Python'],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[3][0][0][0], reference, refuri='https://sphinx-doc.org/latest/')
+    assert_node(toctree[3][1][0][0], reference, refuri='https://python.org/')
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('xml', testroot='toctree')
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test_environment_toctree_basic')
 def test_global_toctree_for_doc_includehidden(app):
     app.build()
-    toctree = global_toctree_for_doc(app.env, 'index', app.builder,
-                                     collapse=False, includehidden=False)
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [compact_paragraph, ([title, "Table of Contents"],
-                                     bullet_list,
-                                     bullet_list)])
-
-    assert_node(toctree[1],
-                ([list_item, ([compact_paragraph, reference, "foo"],
-                              bullet_list)],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "bar"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "https://sphinx-doc.org/"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference,
-                  "Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!"]))
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1],
-                ([list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "quux"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "foo.1"],
-                 [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "foo.2"]))
-
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][0][0], reference, refuri="foo", secnumber=[1])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][0][0][0], reference, refuri="quux", secnumber=[1, 1])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][1][0][0], reference, refuri="foo#foo-1", secnumber=[1, 2])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][2][0][0], reference, refuri="foo#foo-2", secnumber=[1, 3])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][1][0][0], reference, refuri="bar", secnumber=[2])
-    assert_node(toctree[1][2][0][0], reference, refuri="https://sphinx-doc.org/")
-
-    assert_node(toctree[2],
-                [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, "baz"])
+    toctree = global_toctree_for_doc(
+        app.env, 'index', app.builder, collapse=False, includehidden=False
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            compact_paragraph,
+            (
+                [title, 'Table of Contents'],
+                bullet_list,
+                bullet_list,
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1],
+        (
+            [
+                list_item,
+                (
+                    [compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo'],
+                    bullet_list,
+                ),
+            ],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'bar'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'https://sphinx-doc.org/'],
+            [
+                list_item,
+                compact_paragraph,
+                reference,
+                'Welcome to Sphinx Tests’s documentation!',
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1],
+        (
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'quux'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo.1'],
+            [list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'foo.2'],
+        ),
+    )
+
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0][0][0], reference, refuri='foo', secnumber=[1])
+    assert_node(toctree[1][0][1][0][0][0], reference, refuri='quux', secnumber=[1, 1])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1][1][0][0], reference, refuri='foo#foo-1', secnumber=[1, 2]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[1][0][1][2][0][0], reference, refuri='foo#foo-2', secnumber=[1, 3]
+    )
+    assert_node(toctree[1][1][0][0], reference, refuri='bar', secnumber=[2])
+    assert_node(toctree[1][2][0][0], reference, refuri='https://sphinx-doc.org/')
+
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[2], [bullet_list, list_item, compact_paragraph, reference, 'baz']
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('xml', testroot='toctree-index')
 def test_toctree_index(app):
     app.build()
     toctree = app.env.tocs['index']
-    assert_node(toctree,
-                [bullet_list, ([list_item, (compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
-                                            [bullet_list, (addnodes.toctree,  # [0][1][0]
-                                                           addnodes.toctree)])])])  # [0][1][1]
-    assert_node(toctree[0][1][1], addnodes.toctree,
-                caption="Indices", glob=False, hidden=False,
-                titlesonly=False, maxdepth=-1, numbered=0,
-                entries=[(None, 'genindex'), (None, 'modindex'), (None, 'search')])
+    assert_node(
+        toctree,
+        [
+            bullet_list,
+            ([
+                list_item,
+                (
+                    compact_paragraph,  # [0][0]
+                    [
+                        bullet_list,
+                        (
+                            addnodes.toctree,  # [0][1][0]
+                            addnodes.toctree,  # [0][1][1]
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ]),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        toctree[0][1][1],
+        addnodes.toctree,
+        caption='Indices',
+        glob=False,
+        hidden=False,
+        titlesonly=False,
+        maxdepth=-1,
+        numbered=0,
+        entries=[(None, 'genindex'), (None, 'modindex'), (None, 'search')],
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_errors.py b/tests/test_errors.py
index 6378760af81..d551a6ef1e8 100644
--- a/tests/test_errors.py
+++ b/tests/test_errors.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 
 def test_extension_error_repr():
-    exc = ExtensionError("foo")
+    exc = ExtensionError('foo')
     assert repr(exc) == "ExtensionError('foo')"
 
 
 def test_extension_error_with_orig_exc_repr():
-    exc = ExtensionError("foo", Exception("bar"))
+    exc = ExtensionError('foo', Exception('bar'))
     assert repr(exc) == "ExtensionError('foo', Exception('bar'))"
diff --git a/tests/test_events.py b/tests/test_events.py
index 5097dc8005b..685646f4d96 100644
--- a/tests/test_events.py
+++ b/tests/test_events.py
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ def test_event_priority():
     events = EventManager(object())  # pass an dummy object as an app
     events.connect('builder-inited', lambda app: result.append(1), priority=500)
     events.connect('builder-inited', lambda app: result.append(2), priority=500)
-    events.connect('builder-inited', lambda app: result.append(3), priority=200)  # earlier
-    events.connect('builder-inited', lambda app: result.append(4), priority=700)  # later
+    # earlier
+    events.connect('builder-inited', lambda app: result.append(3), priority=200)
+    # later
+    events.connect('builder-inited', lambda app: result.append(4), priority=700)
     events.connect('builder-inited', lambda app: result.append(5), priority=500)
 
     events.emit('builder-inited')
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_apidoc.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_apidoc.py
index 0d1b519cef6..0aefc1a7bdb 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_apidoc.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_apidoc.py
@@ -16,7 +16,14 @@ def apidoc(rootdir, tmp_path, apidoc_params):
     coderoot = rootdir / kwargs.get('coderoot', 'test-root')
     outdir = tmp_path / 'out'
     excludes = [str(coderoot / e) for e in kwargs.get('excludes', [])]
-    args = ['-o', str(outdir), '-F', str(coderoot), *excludes, *kwargs.get('options', [])]
+    args = [
+        '-o',
+        str(outdir),
+        '-F',
+        str(coderoot),
+        *excludes,
+        *kwargs.get('options', []),
+    ]
     apidoc_main(args)
     return namedtuple('apidoc', 'coderoot,outdir')(coderoot, outdir)
 
@@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ def apidoc_params(request):
     pargs = {}
     kwargs = {}
 
-    for info in reversed(list(request.node.iter_markers("apidoc"))):
+    for info in reversed(list(request.node.iter_markers('apidoc'))):
         pargs |= dict(enumerate(info.args))
         kwargs.update(info.kwargs)
 
@@ -48,7 +55,7 @@ def test_simple(make_app, apidoc):
 
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(
     coderoot='test-apidoc-pep420/a',
-    options=["--implicit-namespaces"],
+    options=['--implicit-namespaces'],
 )
 def test_pep_0420_enabled(make_app, apidoc):
     outdir = apidoc.outdir
@@ -59,17 +66,17 @@ def test_pep_0420_enabled(make_app, apidoc):
 
     with open(outdir / 'a.b.c.rst', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         rst = f.read()
-        assert "automodule:: a.b.c.d\n" in rst
-        assert "automodule:: a.b.c\n" in rst
+        assert 'automodule:: a.b.c.d\n' in rst
+        assert 'automodule:: a.b.c\n' in rst
 
     with open(outdir / 'a.b.e.rst', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         rst = f.read()
-        assert "automodule:: a.b.e.f\n" in rst
+        assert 'automodule:: a.b.e.f\n' in rst
 
     with open(outdir / 'a.b.x.rst', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         rst = f.read()
-        assert "automodule:: a.b.x.y\n" in rst
-        assert "automodule:: a.b.x\n" not in rst
+        assert 'automodule:: a.b.x.y\n' in rst
+        assert 'automodule:: a.b.x\n' not in rst
 
     app = make_app('text', srcdir=outdir)
     app.build()
@@ -83,20 +90,20 @@ def test_pep_0420_enabled(make_app, apidoc):
 
     with open(builddir / 'a.b.c.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         txt = f.read()
-        assert "a.b.c package\n" in txt
+        assert 'a.b.c package\n' in txt
 
     with open(builddir / 'a.b.e.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         txt = f.read()
-        assert "a.b.e.f module\n" in txt
+        assert 'a.b.e.f module\n' in txt
 
     with open(builddir / 'a.b.x.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         txt = f.read()
-        assert "a.b.x namespace\n" in txt
+        assert 'a.b.x namespace\n' in txt
 
 
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(
     coderoot='test-apidoc-pep420/a',
-    options=["--implicit-namespaces", "--separate"],
+    options=['--implicit-namespaces', '--separate'],
 )
 def test_pep_0420_enabled_separate(make_app, apidoc):
     outdir = apidoc.outdir
@@ -109,15 +116,15 @@ def test_pep_0420_enabled_separate(make_app, apidoc):
 
     with open(outdir / 'a.b.c.rst', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         rst = f.read()
-        assert ".. toctree::\n   :maxdepth: 4\n\n   a.b.c.d\n" in rst
+        assert '.. toctree::\n   :maxdepth: 4\n\n   a.b.c.d\n' in rst
 
     with open(outdir / 'a.b.e.rst', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         rst = f.read()
-        assert ".. toctree::\n   :maxdepth: 4\n\n   a.b.e.f\n" in rst
+        assert '.. toctree::\n   :maxdepth: 4\n\n   a.b.e.f\n' in rst
 
     with open(outdir / 'a.b.x.rst', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         rst = f.read()
-        assert ".. toctree::\n   :maxdepth: 4\n\n   a.b.x.y\n" in rst
+        assert '.. toctree::\n   :maxdepth: 4\n\n   a.b.x.y\n' in rst
 
     app = make_app('text', srcdir=outdir)
     app.build()
@@ -133,15 +140,15 @@ def test_pep_0420_enabled_separate(make_app, apidoc):
 
     with open(builddir / 'a.b.c.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         txt = f.read()
-        assert "a.b.c package\n" in txt
+        assert 'a.b.c package\n' in txt
 
     with open(builddir / 'a.b.e.f.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         txt = f.read()
-        assert "a.b.e.f module\n" in txt
+        assert 'a.b.e.f module\n' in txt
 
     with open(builddir / 'a.b.x.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         txt = f.read()
-        assert "a.b.x namespace\n" in txt
+        assert 'a.b.x namespace\n' in txt
 
 
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(coderoot='test-apidoc-pep420/a')
@@ -157,8 +164,7 @@ def test_pep_0420_disabled(make_app, apidoc):
     print(app._warning.getvalue())
 
 
-@pytest.mark.apidoc(
-    coderoot='test-apidoc-pep420/a/b')
+@pytest.mark.apidoc(coderoot='test-apidoc-pep420/a/b')
 def test_pep_0420_disabled_top_level_verify(make_app, apidoc):
     outdir = apidoc.outdir
     assert (outdir / 'conf.py').is_file()
@@ -167,9 +173,9 @@ def test_pep_0420_disabled_top_level_verify(make_app, apidoc):
 
     with open(outdir / 'c.rst', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         rst = f.read()
-        assert "c package\n" in rst
-        assert "automodule:: c.d\n" in rst
-        assert "automodule:: c\n" in rst
+        assert 'c package\n' in rst
+        assert 'automodule:: c.d\n' in rst
+        assert 'automodule:: c\n' in rst
 
     app = make_app('text', srcdir=outdir)
     app.build()
@@ -177,8 +183,7 @@ def test_pep_0420_disabled_top_level_verify(make_app, apidoc):
     print(app._warning.getvalue())
 
 
-@pytest.mark.apidoc(
-    coderoot='test-apidoc-trailing-underscore')
+@pytest.mark.apidoc(coderoot='test-apidoc-trailing-underscore')
 def test_trailing_underscore(make_app, apidoc):
     outdir = apidoc.outdir
     assert (outdir / 'conf.py').is_file()
@@ -192,14 +197,14 @@ def test_trailing_underscore(make_app, apidoc):
     builddir = outdir / '_build' / 'text'
     with open(builddir / 'package_.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         rst = f.read()
-        assert "package_ package\n" in rst
-        assert "package_.module_ module\n" in rst
+        assert 'package_ package\n' in rst
+        assert 'package_.module_ module\n' in rst
 
 
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(
     coderoot='test-apidoc-pep420/a',
-    excludes=["b/c/d.py", "b/e/f.py", "b/e/__init__.py"],
-    options=["--implicit-namespaces", "--separate"],
+    excludes=['b/c/d.py', 'b/e/f.py', 'b/e/__init__.py'],
+    options=['--implicit-namespaces', '--separate'],
 )
 def test_excludes(apidoc):
     outdir = apidoc.outdir
@@ -207,15 +212,17 @@ def test_excludes(apidoc):
     assert (outdir / 'a.rst').is_file()
     assert (outdir / 'a.b.rst').is_file()
     assert (outdir / 'a.b.c.rst').is_file()  # generated because not empty
-    assert not (outdir / 'a.b.e.rst').is_file()  # skipped because of empty after excludes
+    assert not (
+        outdir / 'a.b.e.rst'
+    ).is_file()  # skipped because of empty after excludes
     assert (outdir / 'a.b.x.rst').is_file()
     assert (outdir / 'a.b.x.y.rst').is_file()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(
     coderoot='test-apidoc-pep420/a',
-    excludes=["b/e"],
-    options=["--implicit-namespaces", "--separate"],
+    excludes=['b/e'],
+    options=['--implicit-namespaces', '--separate'],
 )
 def test_excludes_subpackage_should_be_skipped(apidoc):
     """Subpackage exclusion should work."""
@@ -224,13 +231,15 @@ def test_excludes_subpackage_should_be_skipped(apidoc):
     assert (outdir / 'a.rst').is_file()
     assert (outdir / 'a.b.rst').is_file()
     assert (outdir / 'a.b.c.rst').is_file()  # generated because not empty
-    assert not (outdir / 'a.b.e.f.rst').is_file()  # skipped because 'b/e' subpackage is skipped
+    assert not (
+        outdir / 'a.b.e.f.rst'
+    ).is_file()  # skipped because 'b/e' subpackage is skipped
 
 
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(
     coderoot='test-apidoc-pep420/a',
-    excludes=["b/e/f.py"],
-    options=["--implicit-namespaces", "--separate"],
+    excludes=['b/e/f.py'],
+    options=['--implicit-namespaces', '--separate'],
 )
 def test_excludes_module_should_be_skipped(apidoc):
     """Module exclusion should work."""
@@ -239,13 +248,15 @@ def test_excludes_module_should_be_skipped(apidoc):
     assert (outdir / 'a.rst').is_file()
     assert (outdir / 'a.b.rst').is_file()
     assert (outdir / 'a.b.c.rst').is_file()  # generated because not empty
-    assert not (outdir / 'a.b.e.f.rst').is_file()  # skipped because of empty after excludes
+    assert not (
+        outdir / 'a.b.e.f.rst'
+    ).is_file()  # skipped because of empty after excludes
 
 
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(
     coderoot='test-apidoc-pep420/a',
     excludes=[],
-    options=["--implicit-namespaces", "--separate"],
+    options=['--implicit-namespaces', '--separate'],
 )
 def test_excludes_module_should_not_be_skipped(apidoc):
     """Module should be included if no excludes are used."""
@@ -260,10 +271,14 @@ def test_excludes_module_should_not_be_skipped(apidoc):
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(
     coderoot='test-root',
     options=[
-        '--doc-project', 'プロジェクト名',
-        '--doc-author', '著者名',
-        '--doc-version', 'バージョン',
-        '--doc-release', 'リリース',
+        '--doc-project',
+        'プロジェクト名',
+        '--doc-author',
+        '著者名',
+        '--doc-version',
+        'バージョン',
+        '--doc-release',
+        'リリース',
     ],
 )
 def test_multibyte_parameters(make_app, apidoc):
@@ -293,12 +308,12 @@ def test_extension_parsed(make_app, apidoc):
 
     with open(outdir / 'conf.py', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         rst = f.read()
-        assert "sphinx.ext.mathjax" in rst
+        assert 'sphinx.ext.mathjax' in rst
 
 
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(
     coderoot='test-apidoc-toc/mypackage',
-    options=["--implicit-namespaces"],
+    options=['--implicit-namespaces'],
 )
 def test_toc_all_references_should_exist_pep420_enabled(make_app, apidoc):
     """All references in toc should exist. This test doesn't say if
@@ -318,13 +333,14 @@ def test_toc_all_references_should_exist_pep420_enabled(make_app, apidoc):
         if ref and ref[0] in (':', '#'):
             continue
         found_refs.append(ref)
-        filename = f"{ref}.rst"
+        filename = f'{ref}.rst'
         if not (outdir / filename).is_file():
             missing_files.append(filename)
 
-    assert len(missing_files) == 0, \
-        'File(s) referenced in TOC not found: {}\n' \
-        'TOC:\n{}'.format(", ".join(missing_files), toc)
+    all_missing = ', '.join(missing_files)
+    assert (
+        len(missing_files) == 0
+    ), f'File(s) referenced in TOC not found: {all_missing}\nTOC:\n{toc}'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.apidoc(
@@ -347,14 +363,15 @@ def test_toc_all_references_should_exist_pep420_disabled(make_app, apidoc):
     for ref in refs:
         if ref and ref[0] in (':', '#'):
             continue
-        filename = f"{ref}.rst"
+        filename = f'{ref}.rst'
         found_refs.append(ref)
         if not (outdir / filename).is_file():
             missing_files.append(filename)
 
-    assert len(missing_files) == 0, \
-        'File(s) referenced in TOC not found: {}\n' \
-        'TOC:\n{}'.format(", ".join(missing_files), toc)
+    all_missing = ', '.join(missing_files)
+    assert (
+        len(missing_files) == 0
+    ), f'File(s) referenced in TOC not found: {all_missing}\nTOC:\n{toc}'
 
 
 def extract_toc(path):
@@ -363,12 +380,12 @@ def extract_toc(path):
         rst = f.read()
 
     # Read out the part containing the toctree
-    toctree_start = "\n.. toctree::\n"
-    toctree_end = "\nSubmodules"
+    toctree_start = '\n.. toctree::\n'
+    toctree_end = '\nSubmodules'
 
     start_idx = rst.index(toctree_start)
     end_idx = rst.index(toctree_end, start_idx)
-    toctree = rst[start_idx + len(toctree_start):end_idx]
+    toctree = rst[start_idx + len(toctree_start) : end_idx]
 
     return toctree
 
@@ -398,13 +415,15 @@ def test_subpackage_in_toc(make_app, apidoc):
 
 
 def test_private(tmp_path):
-    (tmp_path / 'hello.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
-    (tmp_path / '_world.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (tmp_path / 'hello.py').touch()
+    (tmp_path / '_world.py').touch()
 
     # without --private option
     apidoc_main(['-o', str(tmp_path), str(tmp_path)])
     assert (tmp_path / 'hello.rst').exists()
-    assert ':private-members:' not in (tmp_path / 'hello.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert ':private-members:' not in (tmp_path / 'hello.rst').read_text(
+        encoding='utf8'
+    )
     assert not (tmp_path / '_world.rst').exists()
 
     # with --private option
@@ -417,224 +436,249 @@ def test_private(tmp_path):
 def test_toc_file(tmp_path):
     outdir = tmp_path
     (outdir / 'module').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (outdir / 'example.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
-    (outdir / 'module' / 'example.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (outdir / 'example.py').touch()
+    (outdir / 'module' / 'example.py').touch()
     apidoc_main(['-o', str(tmp_path), str(tmp_path)])
     assert (outdir / 'modules.rst').exists()
 
     content = (outdir / 'modules.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("test_toc_file0\n"
-                       "==============\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. toctree::\n"
-                       "   :maxdepth: 4\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "   example\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'test_toc_file0\n'
+        '==============\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. toctree::\n'
+        '   :maxdepth: 4\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   example\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_module_file(tmp_path):
     outdir = tmp_path
-    (outdir / 'example.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (outdir / 'example.py').touch()
     apidoc_main(['-o', str(tmp_path), str(tmp_path)])
     assert (outdir / 'example.rst').exists()
 
     content = (outdir / 'example.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("example module\n"
-                       "==============\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: example\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'example module\n'
+        '==============\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: example\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_module_file_noheadings(tmp_path):
     outdir = tmp_path
-    (outdir / 'example.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (outdir / 'example.py').touch()
     apidoc_main(['--no-headings', '-o', str(tmp_path), str(tmp_path)])
     assert (outdir / 'example.rst').exists()
 
     content = (outdir / 'example.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == (".. automodule:: example\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        '.. automodule:: example\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_package_file(tmp_path):
     outdir = tmp_path
     (outdir / 'testpkg').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / '__init__.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'hello.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'world.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / '__init__.py').touch()
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'hello.py').touch()
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'world.py').touch()
     (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'subpkg').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'subpkg' / '__init__.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'subpkg' / '__init__.py').touch()
     apidoc_main(['-o', str(outdir), str(outdir / 'testpkg')])
     assert (outdir / 'testpkg.rst').exists()
     assert (outdir / 'testpkg.subpkg.rst').exists()
 
     content = (outdir / 'testpkg.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("testpkg package\n"
-                       "===============\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "Subpackages\n"
-                       "-----------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. toctree::\n"
-                       "   :maxdepth: 4\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "   testpkg.subpkg\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "Submodules\n"
-                       "----------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "testpkg.hello module\n"
-                       "--------------------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg.hello\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "testpkg.world module\n"
-                       "--------------------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg.world\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "Module contents\n"
-                       "---------------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'testpkg package\n'
+        '===============\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Subpackages\n'
+        '-----------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. toctree::\n'
+        '   :maxdepth: 4\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   testpkg.subpkg\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Submodules\n'
+        '----------\n'
+        '\n'
+        'testpkg.hello module\n'
+        '--------------------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg.hello\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+        '\n'
+        'testpkg.world module\n'
+        '--------------------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg.world\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Module contents\n'
+        '---------------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+    )
 
     content = (outdir / 'testpkg.subpkg.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("testpkg.subpkg package\n"
-                       "======================\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "Module contents\n"
-                       "---------------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg.subpkg\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'testpkg.subpkg package\n'
+        '======================\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Module contents\n'
+        '---------------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg.subpkg\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_package_file_separate(tmp_path):
     outdir = tmp_path
     (outdir / 'testpkg').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / '__init__.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'example.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / '__init__.py').touch()
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'example.py').touch()
     apidoc_main(['--separate', '-o', str(tmp_path), str(tmp_path / 'testpkg')])
     assert (outdir / 'testpkg.rst').exists()
     assert (outdir / 'testpkg.example.rst').exists()
 
     content = (outdir / 'testpkg.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("testpkg package\n"
-                       "===============\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "Submodules\n"
-                       "----------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. toctree::\n"
-                       "   :maxdepth: 4\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "   testpkg.example\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "Module contents\n"
-                       "---------------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'testpkg package\n'
+        '===============\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Submodules\n'
+        '----------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. toctree::\n'
+        '   :maxdepth: 4\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   testpkg.example\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Module contents\n'
+        '---------------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+    )
 
     content = (outdir / 'testpkg.example.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("testpkg.example module\n"
-                       "======================\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg.example\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'testpkg.example module\n'
+        '======================\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg.example\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_package_file_module_first(tmp_path):
     outdir = tmp_path
     (outdir / 'testpkg').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / '__init__.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'example.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / '__init__.py').touch()
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'example.py').touch()
     apidoc_main(['--module-first', '-o', str(tmp_path), str(tmp_path)])
 
     content = (outdir / 'testpkg.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("testpkg package\n"
-                       "===============\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "Submodules\n"
-                       "----------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "testpkg.example module\n"
-                       "----------------------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg.example\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'testpkg package\n'
+        '===============\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Submodules\n'
+        '----------\n'
+        '\n'
+        'testpkg.example module\n'
+        '----------------------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg.example\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_package_file_without_submodules(tmp_path):
     outdir = tmp_path
     (outdir / 'testpkg').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / '__init__.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / '__init__.py').touch()
     apidoc_main(['-o', str(tmp_path), str(tmp_path / 'testpkg')])
     assert (outdir / 'testpkg.rst').exists()
 
     content = (outdir / 'testpkg.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("testpkg package\n"
-                       "===============\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "Module contents\n"
-                       "---------------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'testpkg package\n'
+        '===============\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Module contents\n'
+        '---------------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_namespace_package_file(tmp_path):
     outdir = tmp_path
     (outdir / 'testpkg').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'example.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
-    apidoc_main(['--implicit-namespace', '-o', str(tmp_path), str(tmp_path / 'testpkg')])
+    (outdir / 'testpkg' / 'example.py').touch()
+    apidoc_main([
+        '--implicit-namespace',
+        '-o',
+        str(tmp_path),
+        str(tmp_path / 'testpkg'),
+    ])
     assert (outdir / 'testpkg.rst').exists()
 
     content = (outdir / 'testpkg.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("testpkg namespace\n"
-                       "=================\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. py:module:: testpkg\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "Submodules\n"
-                       "----------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       "testpkg.example module\n"
-                       "----------------------\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. automodule:: testpkg.example\n"
-                       "   :members:\n"
-                       "   :undoc-members:\n"
-                       "   :show-inheritance:\n")
+    assert content == (
+        'testpkg namespace\n'
+        '=================\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. py:module:: testpkg\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Submodules\n'
+        '----------\n'
+        '\n'
+        'testpkg.example module\n'
+        '----------------------\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. automodule:: testpkg.example\n'
+        '   :members:\n'
+        '   :undoc-members:\n'
+        '   :show-inheritance:\n'
+    )
 
 
 def test_no_duplicates(rootdir, tmp_path):
@@ -650,13 +694,13 @@ def test_no_duplicates(rootdir, tmp_path):
 
         package = rootdir / 'test-apidoc-duplicates' / 'fish_licence'
         outdir = tmp_path / 'out'
-        apidoc_main(['-o', str(outdir), "-T", str(package), "--implicit-namespaces"])
+        apidoc_main(['-o', str(outdir), '-T', str(package), '--implicit-namespaces'])
 
         # Ensure the module has been documented
         assert os.path.isfile(outdir / 'fish_licence.rst')
 
         # Ensure the submodule only appears once
-        text = (outdir / 'fish_licence.rst').read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        text = (outdir / 'fish_licence.rst').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
         count_submodules = text.count(r'fish\_licence.halibut module')
         assert count_submodules == 1
 
@@ -672,12 +716,16 @@ def test_remove_old_files(tmp_path: Path):
     """
     module_dir = tmp_path / 'module'
     module_dir.mkdir()
-    (module_dir / 'example.py').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (module_dir / 'example.py').touch()
     gen_dir = tmp_path / 'gen'
     gen_dir.mkdir()
-    (gen_dir / 'other.rst').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (gen_dir / 'other.rst').touch()
     apidoc_main(['-o', str(gen_dir), str(module_dir)])
-    assert set(gen_dir.iterdir()) == {gen_dir / 'modules.rst', gen_dir / 'example.rst', gen_dir / 'other.rst'}
+    assert set(gen_dir.iterdir()) == {
+        gen_dir / 'modules.rst',
+        gen_dir / 'example.rst',
+        gen_dir / 'other.rst',
+    }
     example_mtime = (gen_dir / 'example.rst').stat().st_mtime_ns
     apidoc_main(['--remove-old', '-o', str(gen_dir), str(module_dir)])
     assert set(gen_dir.iterdir()) == {gen_dir / 'modules.rst', gen_dir / 'example.rst'}
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc.py
index af034bac150..96fcc6af906 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 try:
     # Enable pyximport to test cython module
     import pyximport
+
     pyximport.install()
 except ImportError:
     pyximport = None
@@ -83,10 +84,16 @@ def verify(objtype, name, result):
     assert 'signature arguments' in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     # for functions/classes
-    verify('function', 'test_ext_autodoc.raises',
-           ('test_ext_autodoc', ['raises'], None, None))
-    verify('function', 'test_ext_autodoc.raises(exc) -> None',
-           ('test_ext_autodoc', ['raises'], 'exc', 'None'))
+    verify(
+        'function',
+        'test_ext_autodoc.raises',
+        ('test_ext_autodoc', ['raises'], None, None),
+    )
+    verify(
+        'function',
+        'test_ext_autodoc.raises(exc) -> None',
+        ('test_ext_autodoc', ['raises'], 'exc', 'None'),
+    )
     directive.env.temp_data['autodoc:module'] = 'test_ext_autodoc'
     verify('function', 'raises', ('test_ext_autodoc', ['raises'], None, None))
     del directive.env.temp_data['autodoc:module']
@@ -96,15 +103,24 @@ def verify(objtype, name, result):
 
     # for members
     directive.env.ref_context['py:module'] = 'sphinx.testing.util'
-    verify('method', 'SphinxTestApp.cleanup',
-           ('sphinx.testing.util', ['SphinxTestApp', 'cleanup'], None, None))
+    verify(
+        'method',
+        'SphinxTestApp.cleanup',
+        ('sphinx.testing.util', ['SphinxTestApp', 'cleanup'], None, None),
+    )
     directive.env.ref_context['py:module'] = 'sphinx.testing.util'
     directive.env.ref_context['py:class'] = 'Foo'
     directive.env.temp_data['autodoc:class'] = 'SphinxTestApp'
-    verify('method', 'cleanup',
-           ('sphinx.testing.util', ['SphinxTestApp', 'cleanup'], None, None))
-    verify('method', 'SphinxTestApp.cleanup',
-           ('sphinx.testing.util', ['SphinxTestApp', 'cleanup'], None, None))
+    verify(
+        'method',
+        'cleanup',
+        ('sphinx.testing.util', ['SphinxTestApp', 'cleanup'], None, None),
+    )
+    verify(
+        'method',
+        'SphinxTestApp.cleanup',
+        ('sphinx.testing.util', ['SphinxTestApp', 'cleanup'], None, None),
+    )
 
 
 def test_format_signature(app):
@@ -150,6 +166,7 @@ def f(a, b, c=1, **d):
 
     def g(a='\n'):
         pass
+
     assert formatsig('function', 'f', f, None, None) == '(a, b, c=1, **d)'
     assert formatsig('function', 'f', f, 'a, b, c, d', None) == '(a, b, c, d)'
     assert formatsig('function', 'g', g, None, None) == r"(a='\n')"
@@ -229,10 +246,8 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
     class G2(F2):
         pass
 
-    assert formatsig('class', 'F2', F2, None, None) == \
-        '(a1, a2, kw1=True, kw2=False)'
-    assert formatsig('class', 'G2', G2, None, None) == \
-        '(a1, a2, kw1=True, kw2=False)'
+    assert formatsig('class', 'F2', F2, None, None) == '(a1, a2, kw1=True, kw2=False)'
+    assert formatsig('class', 'G2', G2, None, None) == '(a1, a2, kw1=True, kw2=False)'
 
     # test for methods
     class H:
@@ -244,6 +259,7 @@ def foo2(b, *c):
 
         def foo3(self, d='\n'):
             pass
+
     assert formatsig('method', 'H.foo', H.foo1, None, None) == '(b, *c)'
     assert formatsig('method', 'H.foo', H.foo1, 'a', None) == '(a)'
     assert formatsig('method', 'H.foo', H.foo2, None, None) == '(*c)'
@@ -263,18 +279,17 @@ def foo3(self, d='\n'):
 
     # test functions created via functools.partial
     from functools import partial
+
     curried1 = partial(lambda a, b, c: None, 'A')
-    assert formatsig('function', 'curried1', curried1, None, None) == \
-        '(b, c)'
+    assert formatsig('function', 'curried1', curried1, None, None) == '(b, c)'
     curried2 = partial(lambda a, b, c=42: None, 'A')
-    assert formatsig('function', 'curried2', curried2, None, None) == \
-        '(b, c=42)'
+    assert formatsig('function', 'curried2', curried2, None, None) == '(b, c=42)'
     curried3 = partial(lambda a, b, *c: None, 'A')
-    assert formatsig('function', 'curried3', curried3, None, None) == \
-        '(b, *c)'
+    assert formatsig('function', 'curried3', curried3, None, None) == '(b, *c)'
     curried4 = partial(lambda a, b, c=42, *d, **e: None, 'A')
-    assert formatsig('function', 'curried4', curried4, None, None) == \
-        '(b, c=42, *d, **e)'
+    assert (
+        formatsig('function', 'curried4', curried4, None, None) == '(b, c=42, *d, **e)'
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
@@ -308,8 +323,9 @@ def func(x: int, y: int) -> int:
     inst.object = func
     inst.objpath = ['func']
     inst.format_signature()
-    assert captured == [(app, 'function', 'func', func,
-                         directive.genopt, '(x: int, y: int)', 'int')]
+    assert captured == [
+        (app, 'function', 'func', func, directive.genopt, '(x: int, y: int)', 'int')
+    ]
 
 
 def test_get_doc(app):
@@ -331,6 +347,7 @@ def getdocl(objtype, obj):
     # objects without docstring
     def f():
         pass
+
     assert getdocl('function', f) == []
 
     # standard function, diverse docstring styles...
@@ -341,6 +358,7 @@ def g():
         """
         Docstring
         """
+
     for func in (f, g):
         assert getdocl('function', func) == ['Docstring']
 
@@ -351,11 +369,13 @@ def f():
         Other
           lines
         """
+
     assert getdocl('function', f) == ['First line', '', 'Other', '  lines']
 
     # charset guessing (this module is encoded in utf-8)
     def f():
         """Döcstring"""
+
     assert getdocl('function', f) == ['Döcstring']
 
     # verify that method docstrings get extracted in both normal case
@@ -363,6 +383,7 @@ def f():
     class J:
         def foo(self):
             """Method docstring"""
+
     assert getdocl('method', J.foo) == ['Method docstring']
     assert getdocl('function', J().foo) == ['Method docstring']
 
@@ -383,7 +404,7 @@ def document_members(self, all_members=False):
 
     app.add_autodocumenter(MyDocumenter)
 
-    options = {"members": 'integer'}
+    options = {'members': 'integer'}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -409,7 +430,9 @@ def test_attrgetter_using(app):
 
     directive.genopt['inherited_members'] = True
     with catch_warnings(record=True):
-        _assert_getter_works(app, directive, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Derived', ['inheritedmeth'])
+        _assert_getter_works(
+            app, directive, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Derived', ['inheritedmeth']
+        )
 
 
 def _assert_getter_works(app, directive, objtype, name, attrs=(), **kw):
@@ -439,8 +462,9 @@ def test_py_module(app):
     # without py:module
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'method', 'Class.meth')
     assert list(actual) == []
-    assert ("don't know which module to import for autodocumenting 'Class.meth'"
-            in app.warning.getvalue())
+    assert (
+        "don't know which module to import for autodocumenting 'Class.meth'"
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     # with py:module
     app.env.ref_context['py:module'] = 'target'
@@ -455,8 +479,9 @@ def test_py_module(app):
         '   Function.',
         '',
     ]
-    assert ("don't know which module to import for autodocumenting 'Class.meth'"
-            not in app.warning.getvalue())
+    assert (
+        "don't know which module to import for autodocumenting 'Class.meth'"
+    ) not in app.warning.getvalue()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
@@ -508,18 +533,24 @@ def test_autodoc_warnings(app):
     assert "import for autodocumenting 'unknown'" in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     do_autodoc(app, 'function', 'target.unknown')
-    assert "failed to import function 'unknown' from module 'target'" in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        "failed to import function 'unknown' from module 'target'"
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     # missing method
     do_autodoc(app, 'method', 'target.Class.unknown')
-    assert "failed to import method 'Class.unknown' from module 'target'" in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        "failed to import method 'Class.unknown' from module 'target'"
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_attributes(app):
-    options = {"synopsis": 'Synopsis',
-               "platform": "Platform",
-               "deprecated": None}
+    options = {
+        'synopsis': 'Synopsis',
+        'platform': 'Platform',
+        'deprecated': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -540,7 +571,7 @@ def test_autodoc_members(app):
     ]
 
     # default ALL-members
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -551,7 +582,7 @@ def test_autodoc_members(app):
     ]
 
     # default specific-members
-    options = {"members": "inheritedmeth,inheritedstaticmeth"}
+    options = {'members': 'inheritedmeth,inheritedstaticmeth'}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -560,8 +591,8 @@ def test_autodoc_members(app):
     ]
 
     # ALL-members override autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"members": None}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["members"] = "inheritedstaticmeth"
+    options = {'members': None}
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['members'] = 'inheritedstaticmeth'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -572,8 +603,8 @@ def test_autodoc_members(app):
     ]
 
     # members override autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"members": "inheritedmeth"}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["members"] = "inheritedstaticmeth"
+    options = {'members': 'inheritedmeth'}
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['members'] = 'inheritedstaticmeth'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -581,8 +612,8 @@ def test_autodoc_members(app):
     ]
 
     # members extends autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"members": "+inheritedmeth"}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["members"] = "inheritedstaticmeth"
+    options = {'members': '+inheritedmeth'}
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['members'] = 'inheritedstaticmeth'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -593,8 +624,10 @@ def test_autodoc_members(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_exclude_members(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "exclude-members": "inheritedmeth,inheritedstaticmeth"}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'exclude-members': 'inheritedmeth,inheritedstaticmeth',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -603,16 +636,20 @@ def test_autodoc_exclude_members(app):
     ]
 
     # members vs exclude-members
-    options = {"members": "inheritedmeth",
-               "exclude-members": "inheritedmeth"}
+    options = {
+        'members': 'inheritedmeth',
+        'exclude-members': 'inheritedmeth',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
     ]
 
     # + has no effect when autodoc_default_options are not present
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "exclude-members": "+inheritedmeth,inheritedstaticmeth"}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'exclude-members': '+inheritedmeth,inheritedstaticmeth',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -621,9 +658,11 @@ def test_autodoc_exclude_members(app):
     ]
 
     # exclude-members overrides autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "exclude-members": "inheritedmeth"}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["exclude-members"] = "inheritedstaticmeth"
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'exclude-members': 'inheritedmeth',
+    }
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['exclude-members'] = 'inheritedstaticmeth'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -633,9 +672,11 @@ def test_autodoc_exclude_members(app):
     ]
 
     # exclude-members extends autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "exclude-members": "+inheritedmeth"}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["exclude-members"] = "inheritedstaticmeth"
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'exclude-members': '+inheritedmeth',
+    }
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['exclude-members'] = 'inheritedstaticmeth'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -644,8 +685,10 @@ def test_autodoc_exclude_members(app):
     ]
 
     # no exclude-members causes use autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"members": None}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["exclude-members"] = "inheritedstaticmeth,inheritedmeth"
+    options = {'members': None}
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['exclude-members'] = (
+        'inheritedstaticmeth,inheritedmeth'
+    )
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -654,9 +697,13 @@ def test_autodoc_exclude_members(app):
     ]
 
     # empty exclude-members cancels autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "exclude-members": None}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["exclude-members"] = "inheritedstaticmeth,inheritedmeth"
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'exclude-members': None,
+    }
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['exclude-members'] = (
+        'inheritedstaticmeth,inheritedmeth'
+    )
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Base', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Base()',
@@ -669,8 +716,10 @@ def test_autodoc_exclude_members(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_undoc_members(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -691,8 +740,8 @@ def test_autodoc_undoc_members(app):
     ]
 
     # use autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"members": None}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["undoc-members"] = None
+    options = {'members': None}
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['undoc-members'] = None
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -713,9 +762,11 @@ def test_autodoc_undoc_members(app):
     ]
 
     # options negation work check
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "no-undoc-members": None}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["undoc-members"] = None
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'no-undoc-members': None,
+    }
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['undoc-members'] = None
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -736,7 +787,7 @@ def test_autodoc_undoc_members(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_undoc_members_for_metadata_only(app):
     # metadata only member is not displayed
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.metadata', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -745,8 +796,10 @@ def test_autodoc_undoc_members_for_metadata_only(app):
     ]
 
     # metadata only member is displayed when undoc-member given
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.metadata', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -763,8 +816,10 @@ def test_autodoc_undoc_members_for_metadata_only(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_inherited_members(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "inherited-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'inherited-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Derived', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: 'method::' in l, actual)) == [
         '   .. py:method:: Derived.inheritedclassmeth()',
@@ -775,9 +830,11 @@ def test_autodoc_inherited_members(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_inherited_members_Base(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "inherited-members": "Base",
-               "special-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'inherited-members': 'Base',
+        'special-members': None,
+    }
 
     # check methods for object class are shown
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Derived', options)
@@ -787,9 +844,11 @@ def test_autodoc_inherited_members_Base(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_inherited_members_None(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "inherited-members": "None",
-               "special-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'inherited-members': 'None',
+        'special-members': None,
+    }
 
     # check methods for object class are shown
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Derived', options)
@@ -799,18 +858,24 @@ def test_autodoc_inherited_members_None(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_imported_members(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "imported-members": None,
-               "ignore-module-all": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'imported-members': None,
+        'ignore-module-all': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target', options)
-    assert '.. py:function:: function_to_be_imported(app: ~sphinx.application.Sphinx | None) -> str' in actual
+    assert (
+        '.. py:function:: function_to_be_imported(app: ~sphinx.application.Sphinx | None) -> str'
+    ) in actual
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_special_members(app):
     # specific special methods
-    options = {"undoc-members": None,
-               "special-members": "__init__,__special1__"}
+    options = {
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'special-members': '__init__,__special1__',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -819,9 +884,11 @@ def test_autodoc_special_members(app):
     ]
 
     # combination with specific members
-    options = {"members": "attr,docattr",
-               "undoc-members": None,
-               "special-members": "__init__,__special1__"}
+    options = {
+        'members': 'attr,docattr',
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'special-members': '__init__,__special1__',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -833,12 +900,12 @@ def test_autodoc_special_members(app):
 
     # all special methods
     options = {
-        "members": None,
-        "undoc-members": None,
-        "special-members": None,
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'special-members': None,
     }
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 13, 0, 'alpha', 5):
-        options["exclude-members"] = "__static_attributes__,__firstlineno__"
+        options['exclude-members'] = '__static_attributes__,__firstlineno__'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -866,8 +933,8 @@ def test_autodoc_special_members(app):
     ]
 
     # specific special methods from autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"undoc-members": None}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["special-members"] = "__special2__"
+    options = {'undoc-members': None}
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['special-members'] = '__special2__'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -875,9 +942,11 @@ def test_autodoc_special_members(app):
     ]
 
     # specific special methods option with autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"undoc-members": None,
-               "special-members": "__init__,__special1__"}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["special-members"] = "__special2__"
+    options = {
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'special-members': '__init__,__special1__',
+    }
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['special-members'] = '__special2__'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -886,9 +955,11 @@ def test_autodoc_special_members(app):
     ]
 
     # specific special methods merge with autodoc_default_options
-    options = {"undoc-members": None,
-               "special-members": "+__init__,__special1__"}
-    app.config.autodoc_default_options["special-members"] = "__special2__"
+    options = {
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'special-members': '+__init__,__special1__',
+    }
+    app.config.autodoc_default_options['special-members'] = '__special2__'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -901,15 +972,17 @@ def test_autodoc_special_members(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_ignore_module_all(app):
     # default (no-ignore-module-all)
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: 'class::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
     ]
 
     # ignore-module-all
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "ignore-module-all": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'ignore-module-all': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: 'class::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -924,7 +997,7 @@ def test_autodoc_ignore_module_all(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_noindex(app):
-    options = {"no-index": None}
+    options = {'no-index': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -947,7 +1020,7 @@ def test_autodoc_noindex(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_subclass_of_builtin_class(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.CustomDict', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -961,7 +1034,7 @@ def test_autodoc_subclass_of_builtin_class(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_inner_class(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Outer', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1010,7 +1083,8 @@ def test_autodoc_inner_class(app):
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
         '.. py:class:: InnerChild()',
-        '   :module: target', '',
+        '   :module: target',
+        '',
         '   Bases: :py:class:`~target.Outer.Inner`',
         '',
         '   InnerChild docstring',
@@ -1048,8 +1122,10 @@ def test_autodoc_staticmethod(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_descriptor(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.descriptor.Class', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1073,8 +1149,10 @@ def test_autodoc_descriptor(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_cached_property(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.cached_property.Foo', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1097,10 +1175,12 @@ def test_autodoc_cached_property(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_member_order(app):
     # case member-order='bysource'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               'member-order': 'bysource',
-               "undoc-members": None,
-               'private-members': None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'member-order': 'bysource',
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'private-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -1122,10 +1202,12 @@ def test_autodoc_member_order(app):
     ]
 
     # case member-order='groupwise'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               'member-order': 'groupwise',
-               "undoc-members": None,
-               'private-members': None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'member-order': 'groupwise',
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'private-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -1147,9 +1229,11 @@ def test_autodoc_member_order(app):
     ]
 
     # case member-order=None
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None,
-               'private-members': None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'private-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.Class', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:class:: Class(arg)',
@@ -1174,9 +1258,11 @@ def test_autodoc_member_order(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_module_member_order(app):
     # case member-order='bysource'
-    options = {"members": 'foo, Bar, baz, qux, Quux, foobar',
-               'member-order': 'bysource',
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': 'foo, Bar, baz, qux, Quux, foobar',
+        'member-order': 'bysource',
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.sort_by_all', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:module:: target.sort_by_all',
@@ -1189,10 +1275,12 @@ def test_autodoc_module_member_order(app):
     ]
 
     # case member-order='bysource' and ignore-module-all
-    options = {"members": 'foo, Bar, baz, qux, Quux, foobar',
-               'member-order': 'bysource',
-               "undoc-members": None,
-               "ignore-module-all": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': 'foo, Bar, baz, qux, Quux, foobar',
+        'member-order': 'bysource',
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'ignore-module-all': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.sort_by_all', options)
     assert list(filter(lambda l: '::' in l, actual)) == [
         '.. py:module:: target.sort_by_all',
@@ -1238,8 +1326,10 @@ def test_autodoc_class_scope(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_class_attributes(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.AttCls', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1261,7 +1351,7 @@ def test_class_attributes(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autoclass_instance_attributes(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.InstAttCls', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1307,7 +1397,9 @@ def test_autoclass_instance_attributes(app):
     ]
 
     # pick up arbitrary attributes
-    options = {"members": 'ca1,ia1'}
+    options = {
+        'members': 'ca1,ia1',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.InstAttCls', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1348,8 +1440,10 @@ def test_autoattribute_instance_attributes(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_slots(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.slots', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1416,7 +1510,14 @@ def subtarget(self, name: str) -> str:
         return f'{self.target}.{name}'
 
     def _node(
-        self, role: str, name: str, doc: str, *, args: str, indent: int, **options: Any,
+        self,
+        role: str,
+        name: str,
+        doc: str,
+        *,
+        args: str,
+        indent: int,
+        **options: Any,
     ) -> list[str]:
         prefix = indent * ' '
         tab = ' ' * 3
@@ -1452,27 +1553,42 @@ def entry(
 
     def brief(self, doc: str, *, indent: int = 0, **options: Any) -> list[str]:
         """Generate the brief part of the class being documented."""
-        assert doc, f'enumeration class {self.target!r} should have an explicit docstring'
+        assert (
+            doc
+        ), f'enumeration class {self.target!r} should have an explicit docstring'
 
         if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 13) or sys.version_info[:3] >= (3, 12, 3):
-            args = ('(value, names=<not given>, *values, module=None, '
-                    'qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)')
+            args = (
+                '(value, names=<not given>, *values, module=None, '
+                'qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)'
+            )
         elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 12):
-            args = ('(value, names=None, *values, module=None, '
-                    'qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)')
+            args = (
+                '(value, names=None, *values, module=None, '
+                'qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)'
+            )
         elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 11):
-            args = ('(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, '
-                    'type=None, start=1, boundary=None)')
+            args = (
+                '(value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, '
+                'type=None, start=1, boundary=None)'
+            )
         else:
             args = '(value)'
 
         return self._node('class', self.name, doc, args=args, indent=indent, **options)
 
     def method(
-        self, name: str, doc: str, *flags: str, args: str = '()', indent: int = 3,
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        doc: str,
+        *flags: str,
+        args: str = '()',
+        indent: int = 3,
     ) -> list[str]:
         rst_options = dict.fromkeys(flags, '')
-        return self.entry(name, doc, role='method', args=args, indent=indent, **rst_options)
+        return self.entry(
+            name, doc, role='method', args=args, indent=indent, **rst_options
+        )
 
     def member(self, name: str, value: Any, doc: str, *, indent: int = 3) -> list[str]:
         rst_options = {'value': repr(value)}
@@ -1482,7 +1598,7 @@ def member(self, name: str, value: Any, doc: str, *, indent: int = 3) -> list[st
 @pytest.fixture
 def autodoc_enum_options() -> dict[str, object]:
     """Default autodoc options to use when testing enum's documentation."""
-    return {"members": None, "undoc-members": None}
+    return {'members': None, 'undoc-members': None}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
@@ -1493,7 +1609,9 @@ def test_enum_class(app, autodoc_enum_options):
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', fmt.target, options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         *fmt.brief('this is enum class'),
-        *fmt.method('say_goodbye', 'a classmethod says good-bye to you.', 'classmethod'),
+        *fmt.method(
+            'say_goodbye', 'a classmethod says good-bye to you.', 'classmethod'
+        ),
         *fmt.method('say_hello', 'a method says hello to you.'),
         *fmt.member('val1', 12, 'doc for val1'),
         *fmt.member('val2', 23, 'doc for val2'),
@@ -1507,7 +1625,9 @@ def test_enum_class(app, autodoc_enum_options):
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', fmt.target, options | {'inherited-members': None})
     assert list(actual) == [
         *fmt.brief('this is enum class'),
-        *fmt.method('say_goodbye', 'a classmethod says good-bye to you.', 'classmethod'),
+        *fmt.method(
+            'say_goodbye', 'a classmethod says good-bye to you.', 'classmethod'
+        ),
         *fmt.method('say_hello', 'a method says hello to you.'),
         *fmt.member('val1', 12, 'doc for val1'),
         *fmt.member('val2', 23, 'doc for val2'),
@@ -1719,7 +1839,10 @@ def test_enum_sunder_method(app, autodoc_enum_options):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_enum_inherited_sunder_method(app, autodoc_enum_options):
-    options = autodoc_enum_options | {'private-members': None, 'inherited-members': None}
+    options = autodoc_enum_options | {
+        'private-members': None,
+        'inherited-members': None,
+    }
 
     fmt = _EnumFormatter('EnumSunderMissingInNonEnumMixin')
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', fmt.target, options)
@@ -1776,7 +1899,7 @@ def test_enum_custom_name_property(app, autodoc_enum_options):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_enum_inherited_custom_name_property(app, autodoc_enum_options):
-    options = autodoc_enum_options | {"inherited-members": None}
+    options = autodoc_enum_options | {'inherited-members': None}
 
     fmt = _EnumFormatter('EnumNamePropertyInNonEnumMixin')
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', fmt.target, options)
@@ -1811,7 +1934,9 @@ def test_enum_inherited_custom_name_property(app, autodoc_enum_options):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_descriptor_class(app):
-    options = {"members": 'CustomDataDescriptor,CustomDataDescriptor2'}
+    options = {
+        'members': 'CustomDataDescriptor,CustomDataDescriptor2',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.descriptor', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1864,8 +1989,10 @@ def test_automethod_for_decorated(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_abstractmethods(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.abstractmethods', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1912,7 +2039,7 @@ def test_abstractmethods(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_partialfunction(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.partialfunction', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1947,7 +2074,7 @@ def test_partialfunction(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_imported_partialfunction_should_not_shown_without_imported_members(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.imported_members', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1958,7 +2085,7 @@ def test_imported_partialfunction_should_not_shown_without_imported_members(app)
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_bound_method(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.bound_method', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1998,7 +2125,7 @@ def test_partialmethod(app):
         '',
     ]
 
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.partialmethod.Cell', options)
     assert list(actual) == expected
 
@@ -2032,16 +2159,20 @@ def test_partialmethod_undoc_members(app):
         '',
     ]
 
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.partialmethod.Cell', options)
     assert list(actual) == expected
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_typed_instance_variables(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.typed_vars', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2138,9 +2269,11 @@ def test_autodoc_typed_instance_variables(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_typed_inherited_instance_variables(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None,
-               "inherited-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'inherited-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.typed_vars.Derived', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2200,8 +2333,10 @@ def test_autodoc_typed_inherited_instance_variables(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_GenericAlias(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.genericalias', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2241,8 +2376,10 @@ def test_autodoc_GenericAlias(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_TypeVar(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.typevar', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2321,7 +2458,10 @@ def test_autodoc_TypeVar(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_Annotated(app):
-    options = {'members': None, 'member-order': 'bysource'}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'member-order': 'bysource',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.annotated', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2382,8 +2522,10 @@ def test_autodoc_Annotated(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_TYPE_CHECKING(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.TYPE_CHECKING', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2407,20 +2549,22 @@ def test_autodoc_TYPE_CHECKING(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_TYPE_CHECKING_circular_import(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'circular_import', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
         '.. py:module:: circular_import',
         '',
     ]
-    assert sys.modules["circular_import"].a is sys.modules["circular_import.a"]
+    assert sys.modules['circular_import'].a is sys.modules['circular_import.a']
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_singledispatch(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.singledispatch', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2441,7 +2585,7 @@ def test_singledispatch(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_singledispatchmethod(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.singledispatchmethod', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2486,8 +2630,10 @@ def test_singledispatchmethod_automethod(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_singledispatchmethod_classmethod(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.singledispatchmethod_classmethod', options)
+    options = {'members': None}
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'module', 'target.singledispatchmethod_classmethod', options
+    )
 
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2516,7 +2662,9 @@ def test_singledispatchmethod_classmethod(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_singledispatchmethod_classmethod_automethod(app):
     options = {}
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'method', 'target.singledispatchmethod_classmethod.Foo.class_meth', options)
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'method', 'target.singledispatchmethod_classmethod.Foo.class_meth', options
+    )
 
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2533,13 +2681,17 @@ def test_singledispatchmethod_classmethod_automethod(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 13),
-                    reason='Cython does not support Python 3.13 yet.')
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 13),
+    reason='Cython does not support Python 3.13 yet.',
+)
 @pytest.mark.skipif(pyximport is None, reason='cython is not installed')
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_cython(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.cython', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2568,7 +2720,7 @@ def test_cython(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_final(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.final', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2599,7 +2751,7 @@ def test_final(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_overload(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.overload', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2653,7 +2805,7 @@ def test_overload(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_overload2(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.overload2', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2714,13 +2866,15 @@ def test_autodoc(app):
     assert content[3][1].astext() == 'Dummy function using dummy.*'
 
     # issue sphinx-doc/sphinx#2437
-    assert content[11][-1].astext() == """Dummy class Bar with alias.
+    assert content[11][-1].astext() == (
+        """Dummy class Bar with alias.
 
 
 
 my_name
 
 alias of Foo"""
+    )
     assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
 
@@ -2749,9 +2903,11 @@ def test_name_conflict(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_name_mangling(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None,
-               "private-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'private-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.name_mangling', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2882,8 +3038,10 @@ def test_hide_value(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_canonical(app):
-    options = {'members': None,
-               'imported-members': None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'imported-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.canonical', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -2939,7 +3097,10 @@ def function_rst(name, sig):
     # and this will be interpreted as 'smart' or 'fully-qualified-except-typing' by restify()
     # and 'smart' or 'fully-qualified' by stringify_annotation().
 
-    options = {'members': None, 'exclude-members': 'MyEnum'}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'exclude-members': 'MyEnum',
+    }
     app.config.autodoc_typehints_format = 'short'
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.literal', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
@@ -2947,7 +3108,9 @@ def function_rst(name, sig):
         '.. py:module:: target.literal',
         '',
         *bounded_typevar_rst('T', r'\ :py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\ [1234]'),
-        *bounded_typevar_rst('U', r'\ :py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\ [:py:attr:`~target.literal.MyEnum.a`]'),
+        *bounded_typevar_rst(
+            'U', r'\ :py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\ [:py:attr:`~target.literal.MyEnum.a`]'
+        ),
         *function_rst('bar', 'x: ~typing.Literal[1234]'),
         *function_rst('foo', 'x: ~typing.Literal[MyEnum.a]'),
     ]
@@ -2961,7 +3124,9 @@ def function_rst(name, sig):
         '.. py:module:: target.literal',
         '',
         *bounded_typevar_rst('T', r'\ :py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\ [1234]'),
-        *bounded_typevar_rst('U', r'\ :py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\ [:py:attr:`target.literal.MyEnum.a`]'),
+        *bounded_typevar_rst(
+            'U', r'\ :py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\ [:py:attr:`target.literal.MyEnum.a`]'
+        ),
         *function_rst('bar', 'x: typing.Literal[1234]'),
         *function_rst('foo', 'x: typing.Literal[target.literal.MyEnum.a]'),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_autoclass.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_autoclass.py
index ee89ef18b49..eaa133214eb 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_autoclass.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_autoclass.py
@@ -74,8 +74,10 @@ def test_instance_variable(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_inherited_instance_variable(app):
-    options = {'members': None,
-               'inherited-members': None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'inherited-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.instance_variable.Bar', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -105,9 +107,13 @@ def test_inherited_instance_variable(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_uninitialized_attributes(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "inherited-members": None}
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.uninitialized_attributes.Derived', options)
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'inherited-members': None,
+    }
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'class', 'target.uninitialized_attributes.Derived', options
+    )
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
         '.. py:class:: Derived()',
@@ -132,10 +138,14 @@ def test_uninitialized_attributes(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_undocumented_uninitialized_attributes(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "inherited-members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.uninitialized_attributes.Derived', options)
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'inherited-members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'class', 'target.uninitialized_attributes.Derived', options
+    )
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
         '.. py:class:: Derived()',
@@ -197,7 +207,7 @@ def test_decorators(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_properties(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.properties.Foo', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -241,7 +251,7 @@ def test_properties(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_slots_attribute(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.slots.Bar', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -302,8 +312,7 @@ def autodoc_process_bases(app, name, obj, options, bases):
         assert name == 'target.classes.Quux'
         assert obj.__module__ == 'target.classes'
         assert obj.__name__ == 'Quux'
-        assert options == {'show-inheritance': True,
-                           'members': []}
+        assert options == {'show-inheritance': True, 'members': []}
         assert bases == [typing.List[typing.Union[int, float]]]  # NoQA: UP006, UP007
 
         bases.pop()
@@ -327,8 +336,10 @@ def autodoc_process_bases(app, name, obj, options, bases):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_class_doc_from_class(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "class-doc-from": "class"}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'class-doc-from': 'class',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.autoclass_content.C', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -342,8 +353,10 @@ def test_class_doc_from_class(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_class_doc_from_init(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "class-doc-from": "init"}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'class-doc-from': 'init',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.autoclass_content.C', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -357,8 +370,10 @@ def test_class_doc_from_init(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_class_doc_from_both(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "class-doc-from": "both"}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'class-doc-from': 'both',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.autoclass_content.C', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -419,7 +434,7 @@ def test_class_alias_for_imported_object_having_doccomment(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_coroutine(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.coroutine.AsyncClass', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -521,9 +536,13 @@ def test_autoattribute_TypeVar_module_level(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_inherited_instance_variable_with_annotations(app):
-    options = {'members': None,
-               'inherited-members': None}
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inherited_annotations.NoTypeAnnotation', options)
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'inherited-members': None,
+    }
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'class', 'target.inherited_annotations.NoTypeAnnotation', options
+    )
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
         '.. py:class:: NoTypeAnnotation()',
@@ -549,7 +568,9 @@ def test_inherited_instance_variable_with_annotations(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_no_inherited_instance_variable_with_annotations(app):
     options = {'members': None}
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inherited_annotations.NoTypeAnnotation2', options)
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'class', 'target.inherited_annotations.NoTypeAnnotation2', options
+    )
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
         '.. py:class:: NoTypeAnnotation2()',
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_automodule.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_automodule.py
index c6ced7eebb1..2f502f12336 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_automodule.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_automodule.py
@@ -53,8 +53,10 @@ def test_automodule(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_automodule_undoc_members(app):
-    options = {'members': None,
-               'undoc-members': None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.module', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -84,8 +86,10 @@ def test_automodule_undoc_members(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_automodule_special_members(app):
-    options = {'members': None,
-               'special-members': None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'special-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.module', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -117,9 +121,11 @@ def test_automodule_special_members(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_automodule_inherited_members(app):
-    options = {'members': None,
-               'undoc-members': None,
-               'inherited-members': 'Base, list'}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+        'inherited-members': 'Base, list',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.inheritance', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -179,15 +185,23 @@ def test_automodule_inherited_members(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_mock_imports': ['missing_module',
-                                                            'missing_package1',
-                                                            'missing_package2',
-                                                            'missing_package3',
-                                                            'sphinx.missing_module4']})
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={
+        'autodoc_mock_imports': [
+            'missing_module',
+            'missing_package1',
+            'missing_package2',
+            'missing_package3',
+            'sphinx.missing_module4',
+        ]
+    },
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_subclass_of_mocked_object(app):
     from sphinx.ext.autodoc.mock import _MockObject
+
     sys.modules.pop('target', None)  # unload target module to clear the module cache
 
     options = {'members': None}
@@ -205,4 +219,6 @@ def test_subclass_of_mocked_object(app):
 
     options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.need_mocks', options)
-    assert '.. py:class:: Inherited(*args: ~typing.Any, **kwargs: ~typing.Any)' in actual
+    assert (
+        '.. py:class:: Inherited(*args: ~typing.Any, **kwargs: ~typing.Any)'
+    ) in actual
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_autoproperty.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_autoproperty.py
index de331177054..9c9178d3b01 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_autoproperty.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_autoproperty.py
@@ -40,7 +40,9 @@ def test_class_properties(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_properties_with_type_comment(app):
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'property', 'target.properties.Foo.prop1_with_type_comment')
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'property', 'target.properties.Foo.prop1_with_type_comment'
+    )
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
         '.. py:property:: Foo.prop1_with_type_comment',
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ def test_properties_with_type_comment(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_class_properties_with_type_comment(app):
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'property', 'target.properties.Foo.prop2_with_type_comment')
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'property', 'target.properties.Foo.prop2_with_type_comment'
+    )
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
         '.. py:property:: Foo.prop2_with_type_comment',
@@ -81,7 +85,9 @@ def test_cached_properties(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_cached_properties_with_type_comment(app):
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'property', 'target.cached_property.Foo.prop_with_type_comment')
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'property', 'target.cached_property.Foo.prop_with_type_comment'
+    )
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
         '.. py:property:: Foo.prop_with_type_comment',
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_configs.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_configs.py
index 3a027839520..ea4d2f3d944 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_configs.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_configs.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def overwrite_file(path, content):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autoclass_content_class(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'class'
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.autoclass_content', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def test_autoclass_content_class(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autoclass_content_init(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'init'
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.autoclass_content', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -149,8 +149,10 @@ def test_autoclass_content_init(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_class_signature_mixed(app):
     app.config.autodoc_class_signature = 'mixed'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.classes.Bar', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -163,8 +165,10 @@ def test_autodoc_class_signature_mixed(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_class_signature_separated_init(app):
     app.config.autodoc_class_signature = 'separated'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.classes.Bar', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -181,8 +185,10 @@ def test_autodoc_class_signature_separated_init(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_class_signature_separated_new(app):
     app.config.autodoc_class_signature = 'separated'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.classes.Baz', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -200,7 +206,7 @@ def test_autodoc_class_signature_separated_new(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autoclass_content_both(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'both'
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.autoclass_content', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -293,8 +299,10 @@ def test_autodoc_inherit_docstrings(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_inherit_docstrings_for_inherited_members(app):
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "inherited-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'inherited-members': None,
+    }
 
     assert app.config.autodoc_inherit_docstrings is True  # default
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.inheritance.Derived', options)
@@ -359,7 +367,7 @@ def test_autodoc_inherit_docstrings_for_inherited_members(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_docstring_signature(app):
-    options = {"members": None, "special-members": "__init__, __new__"}
+    options = {'members': None, 'special-members': '__init__, __new__'}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.DocstringSig', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -486,8 +494,10 @@ def test_autodoc_docstring_signature(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autoclass_content_and_docstring_signature_class(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'class'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.docstring_signature', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -523,8 +533,10 @@ def test_autoclass_content_and_docstring_signature_class(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autoclass_content_and_docstring_signature_init(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'init'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.docstring_signature', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -564,8 +576,10 @@ def test_autoclass_content_and_docstring_signature_init(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autoclass_content_and_docstring_signature_both(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'both'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.docstring_signature', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -607,12 +621,12 @@ def test_autoclass_content_and_docstring_signature_both(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_mocked_module_imports(app):
     sys.modules.pop('target', None)  # unload target module to clear the module cache
 
     # no autodoc_mock_imports
-    options = {"members": 'TestAutodoc,decoratedFunction,func,Alias'}
+    options = {'members': 'TestAutodoc,decoratedFunction,func,Alias'}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.need_mocks', options)
     assert list(actual) == []
     assert "autodoc: failed to import module 'need_mocks'" in app.warning.getvalue()
@@ -672,20 +686,25 @@ def test_mocked_module_imports(app):
     assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "signature"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'signature'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_signature(app):
     if sys.version_info[:2] <= (3, 10):
-        type_o = "~typing.Any | None"
+        type_o = '~typing.Any | None'
     else:
-        type_o = "~typing.Any"
+        type_o = '~typing.Any'
     if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 13):
-        type_ppp = "pathlib._local.PurePosixPath"
+        type_ppp = 'pathlib._local.PurePosixPath'
     else:
-        type_ppp = "pathlib.PurePosixPath"
+        type_ppp = 'pathlib.PurePosixPath'
 
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.typehints', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -803,15 +822,20 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_signature(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "none"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'none'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_none(app):
     if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 13):
-        type_ppp = "pathlib._local.PurePosixPath"
+        type_ppp = 'pathlib._local.PurePosixPath'
     else:
-        type_ppp = "pathlib.PurePosixPath"
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+        type_ppp = 'pathlib.PurePosixPath'
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.typehints', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -920,10 +944,13 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_none(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'none'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'none'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_none_for_overload(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.overload', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -968,110 +995,131 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_none_for_overload(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "description"},
-                    freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'description'},
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_description(app):
     app.build()
     context = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('target.typehints.incr(a, b=1)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Parameters:\n'
-            '      * **a** (*int*)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '      * **b** (*int*)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Return type:\n'
-            '      int\n'
-            in context)
-    assert ('target.typehints.tuple_args(x)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Parameters:\n'
-            '      **x** (*tuple**[**int**, **int** | **str**]*)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Return type:\n'
-            '      tuple[int, int]\n'
-            in context)
+    assert (
+        'target.typehints.incr(a, b=1)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Parameters:\n'
+        '      * **a** (*int*)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '      * **b** (*int*)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Return type:\n'
+        '      int\n'
+    ) in context
+    assert (
+        'target.typehints.tuple_args(x)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Parameters:\n'
+        '      **x** (*tuple**[**int**, **int** | **str**]*)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Return type:\n'
+        '      tuple[int, int]\n'
+    ) in context
 
     # Overloads still get displayed in the signature
-    assert ('target.overload.sum(x: int, y: int = 0) -> int\n'
-            'target.overload.sum(x: float, y: float = 0.0) -> float\n'
-            'target.overload.sum(x: str, y: str = None) -> str\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   docstring\n'
-            in context)
+    assert (
+        'target.overload.sum(x: int, y: int = 0) -> int\n'
+        'target.overload.sum(x: float, y: float = 0.0) -> float\n'
+        'target.overload.sum(x: str, y: str = None) -> str\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   docstring\n'
+    ) in context
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "description",
-                                   'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={
+        'autodoc_typehints': 'description',
+        'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented',
+    },
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_description_no_undoc(app):
     # No :type: or :rtype: will be injected for `incr`, which does not have
     # a description for its parameters or its return. `tuple_args` does
     # describe them, so :type: and :rtype: will be added.
-    with overwrite_file(app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.incr\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.decr\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '   :returns: decremented number\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.tuple_args\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '   :param x: arg\n'
-                        '   :return: another tuple\n'):
+    with overwrite_file(
+        app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.incr\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.decr\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :returns: decremented number\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.tuple_args\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :param x: arg\n'
+        '   :return: another tuple\n',
+    ):
         app.build()
     # Restore the original content of the file
     context = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('target.typehints.incr(a, b=1)\n'
-            '\n'
-            'target.typehints.decr(a, b=1)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Returns:\n'
-            '      decremented number\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Return type:\n'
-            '      int\n'
-            '\n'
-            'target.typehints.tuple_args(x)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Parameters:\n'
-            '      **x** (*tuple**[**int**, **int** | **str**]*) -- arg\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Returns:\n'
-            '      another tuple\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Return type:\n'
-            '      tuple[int, int]\n'
-            in context)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "description",
-                                   'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented_params'})
+    assert (
+        'target.typehints.incr(a, b=1)\n'
+        '\n'
+        'target.typehints.decr(a, b=1)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Returns:\n'
+        '      decremented number\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Return type:\n'
+        '      int\n'
+        '\n'
+        'target.typehints.tuple_args(x)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Parameters:\n'
+        '      **x** (*tuple**[**int**, **int** | **str**]*) -- arg\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Returns:\n'
+        '      another tuple\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Return type:\n'
+        '      tuple[int, int]\n'
+    ) in context
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={
+        'autodoc_typehints': 'description',
+        'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented_params',
+    },
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_description_no_undoc_doc_rtype(app):
     # No :type: will be injected for `incr`, which does not have a description
     # for its parameters or its return, just :rtype: will be injected due to
     # autodoc_typehints_description_target. `tuple_args` does describe both, so
     # :type: and :rtype: will be added. `nothing` has no parameters but a return
     # type of None, which will be added.
-    with overwrite_file(app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.incr\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.decr\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '   :returns: decremented number\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.tuple_args\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '   :param x: arg\n'
-                        '   :return: another tuple\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.Math.nothing\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.Math.horse\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '   :return: nothing\n'):
+    with overwrite_file(
+        app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.incr\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.decr\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :returns: decremented number\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.tuple_args\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :param x: arg\n'
+        '   :return: another tuple\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.Math.nothing\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.Math.horse\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   :return: nothing\n',
+    ):
         app.build()
     context = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert context == (
@@ -1111,12 +1159,17 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_description_no_undoc_doc_rtype(app):
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "description"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'description'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_description_with_documented_init(app):
-    with overwrite_file(app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
-                        '.. autoclass:: target.typehints._ClassWithDocumentedInit\n'
-                        '   :special-members: __init__\n'):
+    with overwrite_file(
+        app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
+        '.. autoclass:: target.typehints._ClassWithDocumentedInit\n'
+        '   :special-members: __init__\n',
+    ):
         app.build()
     context = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert context == (
@@ -1147,13 +1200,20 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_description_with_documented_init(app):
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "description",
-                                   'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={
+        'autodoc_typehints': 'description',
+        'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented',
+    },
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_description_with_documented_init_no_undoc(app):
-    with overwrite_file(app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
-                        '.. autoclass:: target.typehints._ClassWithDocumentedInit\n'
-                        '   :special-members: __init__\n'):
+    with overwrite_file(
+        app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
+        '.. autoclass:: target.typehints._ClassWithDocumentedInit\n'
+        '   :special-members: __init__\n',
+    ):
         app.build()
     context = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert context == (
@@ -1174,16 +1234,23 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_description_with_documented_init_no_undoc(app):
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "description",
-                                   'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented_params'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={
+        'autodoc_typehints': 'description',
+        'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented_params',
+    },
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_description_with_documented_init_no_undoc_doc_rtype(app):
     # see test_autodoc_typehints_description_with_documented_init_no_undoc
     # returnvalue_and_documented_params should not change class or method
     # docstring.
-    with overwrite_file(app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
-                        '.. autoclass:: target.typehints._ClassWithDocumentedInit\n'
-                        '   :special-members: __init__\n'):
+    with overwrite_file(
+        app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
+        '.. autoclass:: target.typehints._ClassWithDocumentedInit\n'
+        '   :special-members: __init__\n',
+    ):
         app.build()
     context = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert context == (
@@ -1204,56 +1271,67 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_description_with_documented_init_no_undoc_doc_rtype(a
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "description"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'description'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_description_for_invalid_node(app):
-    text = ".. py:function:: hello; world"
+    text = '.. py:function:: hello; world'
     restructuredtext.parse(app, text)  # raises no error
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "both"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'both'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_both(app):
-    with overwrite_file(app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.incr\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.tuple_args\n'
-                        '\n'
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.overload.sum\n'):
+    with overwrite_file(
+        app.srcdir / 'index.rst',
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.incr\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autofunction:: target.typehints.tuple_args\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autofunction:: target.overload.sum\n',
+    ):
         app.build()
     context = (app.outdir / 'index.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('target.typehints.incr(a: int, b: int = 1) -> int\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Parameters:\n'
-            '      * **a** (*int*)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '      * **b** (*int*)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Return type:\n'
-            '      int\n'
-            in context)
-    assert ('target.typehints.tuple_args(x: tuple[int, int | str]) -> tuple[int, int]\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Parameters:\n'
-            '      **x** (*tuple**[**int**, **int** | **str**]*)\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   Return type:\n'
-            '      tuple[int, int]\n'
-            in context)
+    assert (
+        'target.typehints.incr(a: int, b: int = 1) -> int\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Parameters:\n'
+        '      * **a** (*int*)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '      * **b** (*int*)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Return type:\n'
+        '      int\n'
+    ) in context
+    assert (
+        'target.typehints.tuple_args(x: tuple[int, int | str]) -> tuple[int, int]\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Parameters:\n'
+        '      **x** (*tuple**[**int**, **int** | **str**]*)\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   Return type:\n'
+        '      tuple[int, int]\n'
+    ) in context
 
     # Overloads still get displayed in the signature
-    assert ('target.overload.sum(x: int, y: int = 0) -> int\n'
-            'target.overload.sum(x: float, y: float = 0.0) -> float\n'
-            'target.overload.sum(x: str, y: str = None) -> str\n'
-            '\n'
-            '   docstring\n'
-            in context)
+    assert (
+        'target.overload.sum(x: int, y: int = 0) -> int\n'
+        'target.overload.sum(x: float, y: float = 0.0) -> float\n'
+        'target.overload.sum(x: str, y: str = None) -> str\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   docstring\n'
+    ) in context
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_type_aliases(app):
     # default
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.autodoc_type_aliases', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1323,8 +1401,10 @@ def test_autodoc_type_aliases(app):
     ]
 
     # define aliases
-    app.config.autodoc_type_aliases = {'myint': 'myint',
-                                       'io.StringIO': 'my.module.StringIO'}
+    app.config.autodoc_type_aliases = {
+        'myint': 'myint',
+        'io.StringIO': 'my.module.StringIO',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.autodoc_type_aliases', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1394,13 +1474,20 @@ def test_autodoc_type_aliases(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    srcdir='autodoc_typehints_description_and_type_aliases',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': "description",
-                                   'autodoc_type_aliases': {'myint': 'myint'}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    srcdir='autodoc_typehints_description_and_type_aliases',
+    confoverrides={
+        'autodoc_typehints': 'description',
+        'autodoc_type_aliases': {'myint': 'myint'},
+    },
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_description_and_type_aliases(app):
-    with overwrite_file(app.srcdir / 'autodoc_type_aliases.rst',
-                        '.. autofunction:: target.autodoc_type_aliases.sum'):
+    with overwrite_file(
+        app.srcdir / 'autodoc_type_aliases.rst',
+        '.. autofunction:: target.autodoc_type_aliases.sum',
+    ):
         app.build()
     context = (app.outdir / 'autodoc_type_aliases.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert context == (
@@ -1418,19 +1505,24 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_description_and_type_aliases(app):
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints_format': "fully-qualified"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints_format': 'fully-qualified'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_format_fully_qualified(app):
     if sys.version_info[:2] <= (3, 10):
-        type_o = "typing.Any | None"
+        type_o = 'typing.Any | None'
     else:
-        type_o = "typing.Any"
+        type_o = 'typing.Any'
     if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 13):
-        type_ppp = "pathlib._local.PurePosixPath"
+        type_ppp = 'pathlib._local.PurePosixPath'
     else:
-        type_ppp = "pathlib.PurePosixPath"
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "undoc-members": None}
+        type_ppp = 'pathlib.PurePosixPath'
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'undoc-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.typehints', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -1548,8 +1640,11 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_format_fully_qualified(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints_format': "fully-qualified"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints_format': 'fully-qualified'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_format_fully_qualified_for_class_alias(app):
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.classes.Alias')
     assert list(actual) == [
@@ -1561,8 +1656,11 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_format_fully_qualified_for_class_alias(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints_format': "fully-qualified"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints_format': 'fully-qualified'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_format_fully_qualified_for_generic_alias(app):
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'data', 'target.genericalias.L')
     assert list(actual) == [
@@ -1577,8 +1675,11 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_format_fully_qualified_for_generic_alias(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints_format': "fully-qualified"})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints_format': 'fully-qualified'},
+)
 def test_autodoc_typehints_format_fully_qualified_for_newtype_alias(app):
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.typevar.T6')
     assert list(actual) == [
@@ -1595,13 +1696,10 @@ def test_autodoc_typehints_format_fully_qualified_for_newtype_alias(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_default_options(app):
-    if (
-            (3, 11, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3, 12)
-            or sys.version_info >= (3, 12, 1)
-    ):
-        list_of_weak_references = "      list of weak references to the object"
+    if (3, 11, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3, 12) or sys.version_info >= (3, 12, 1):
+        list_of_weak_references = '      list of weak references to the object'
     else:
-        list_of_weak_references = "      list of weak references to the object (if defined)"
+        list_of_weak_references = "      list of weak references to the object (if defined)"  # fmt: skip
 
     # no settings
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.enums.EnumCls')
@@ -1677,13 +1775,10 @@ def test_autodoc_default_options(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_autodoc_default_options_with_values(app):
-    if (
-            (3, 11, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3, 12)
-            or sys.version_info >= (3, 12, 1)
-    ):
-        list_of_weak_references = "      list of weak references to the object"
+    if (3, 11, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3, 12) or sys.version_info >= (3, 12, 1):
+        list_of_weak_references = '      list of weak references to the object'
     else:
-        list_of_weak_references = "      list of weak references to the object (if defined)"
+        list_of_weak_references = "      list of weak references to the object (if defined)"  # fmt: skip
 
     # with :members:
     app.config.autodoc_default_options = {'members': 'val1,val2'}
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_events.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_events.py
index c0af254d553..733b0be337b 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_events.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_events.py
@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ def on_process_docstring(app, what, name, obj, options, lines):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_cut_lines(app):
-    app.connect('autodoc-process-docstring',
-                cut_lines(2, 2, ['function']))
+    app.connect('autodoc-process-docstring', cut_lines(2, 2, ['function']))
 
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'function', 'target.process_docstring.func')
     assert list(actual) == [
@@ -61,8 +60,7 @@ def test_cut_lines(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_between(app):
-    app.connect('autodoc-process-docstring',
-                between('---', ['function']))
+    app.connect('autodoc-process-docstring', between('---', ['function']))
 
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'function', 'target.process_docstring.func')
     assert list(actual) == [
@@ -77,8 +75,7 @@ def test_between(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_between_exclude(app):
-    app.connect('autodoc-process-docstring',
-                between('---', ['function'], exclude=True))
+    app.connect('autodoc-process-docstring', between('---', ['function'], exclude=True))
 
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'function', 'target.process_docstring.func')
     assert list(actual) == [
@@ -95,15 +92,15 @@ def test_between_exclude(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_skip_module_member(app):
     def autodoc_skip_member(app, what, name, obj, skip, options):
-        if name == "Class":
+        if name == 'Class':
             return True  # Skip "Class" class in __all__
-        elif name == "raises":
+        elif name == 'raises':
             return False  # Show "raises()" function (not in __all__)
         return None
 
     app.connect('autodoc-skip-member', autodoc_skip_member)
 
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_mock.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_mock.py
index 3b90693efc2..cc33c6bf6bd 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_mock.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_mock.py
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ class SubClass(mock.SomeClass):
         """docstring of SubClass"""
 
         def method(self):
-            return "string"
+            return 'string'
 
     obj = SubClass()
-    assert SubClass.__doc__ == "docstring of SubClass"
+    assert SubClass.__doc__ == 'docstring of SubClass'
     assert isinstance(obj, SubClass)
-    assert obj.method() == "string"
+    assert obj.method() == 'string'
     assert isinstance(obj.other_method(), SubClass)
 
     # parametrized type
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class SubClass2(mock.SomeClass[T]):
         """docstring of SubClass"""
 
     obj2 = SubClass2()
-    assert SubClass2.__doc__ == "docstring of SubClass"
+    assert SubClass2.__doc__ == 'docstring of SubClass'
     assert isinstance(obj2, SubClass2)
 
 
@@ -128,11 +128,11 @@ class Bar:
     class Baz:
         pass
 
-    assert undecorate(func).__name__ == "func"
-    assert undecorate(Foo.meth).__name__ == "meth"
-    assert undecorate(Foo.class_meth).__name__ == "class_meth"
-    assert undecorate(Bar).__name__ == "Bar"
-    assert undecorate(Baz).__name__ == "Baz"
+    assert undecorate(func).__name__ == 'func'
+    assert undecorate(Foo.meth).__name__ == 'meth'
+    assert undecorate(Foo.class_meth).__name__ == 'class_meth'
+    assert undecorate(Bar).__name__ == 'Bar'
+    assert undecorate(Baz).__name__ == 'Baz'
 
 
 def test_ismock():
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_preserve_defaults.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_preserve_defaults.py
index c1a00ab22ef..1f8b5554c6e 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_preserve_defaults.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_preserve_defaults.py
@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@
 from tests.test_extensions.autodoc_util import do_autodoc
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_preserve_defaults': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_preserve_defaults': True},
+)
 def test_preserve_defaults(app):
-    color = "0xFFFFFF"
+    color = '0xFFFFFF'
 
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.preserve_defaults', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -92,11 +95,16 @@ def test_preserve_defaults(app):
     ]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_preserve_defaults': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'autodoc_preserve_defaults': True},
+)
 def test_preserve_defaults_special_constructs(app):
-    options = {"members": None}
-    actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.preserve_defaults_special_constructs', options)
+    options = {'members': None}
+    actual = do_autodoc(
+        app, 'module', 'target.preserve_defaults_special_constructs', options
+    )
 
     # * dataclasses.dataclass:
     #   - __init__ source code is not available
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_private_members.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_private_members.py
index bf144141f99..2915c74d7af 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_private_members.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autodoc_private_members.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-"""Test the autodoc extension.  This tests mainly for private-members option.
-"""
+"""Test the autodoc extension.  This tests mainly for private-members option."""
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_private_field(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'class'
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.private', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -36,8 +35,10 @@ def test_private_field(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_private_field_and_private_members(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'class'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "private-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'private-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.private', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -79,8 +80,10 @@ def test_private_field_and_private_members(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_private_members(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'class'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "private-members": "_PUBLIC_CONSTANT,_public_function"}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'private-members': '_PUBLIC_CONSTANT,_public_function',
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'module', 'target.private', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ def test_private_members(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_private_attributes(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'class'
-    options = {"members": None}
+    options = {'members': None}
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.private.Foo', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
@@ -129,8 +132,10 @@ def test_private_attributes(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autodoc')
 def test_private_attributes_and_private_members(app):
     app.config.autoclass_content = 'class'
-    options = {"members": None,
-               "private-members": None}
+    options = {
+        'members': None,
+        'private-members': None,
+    }
     actual = do_autodoc(app, 'class', 'target.private.Foo', options)
     assert list(actual) == [
         '',
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosectionlabel.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosectionlabel.py
index 8c064a7224e..2133f64bfaf 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosectionlabel.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosectionlabel.py
@@ -10,35 +10,49 @@ def test_autosectionlabel_html(app, skipped_labels=False):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#introduce-of-sphinx">'
-            '<span class=".*?">Introduce of Sphinx</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#introduce-of-sphinx">'
+        '<span class=".*?">Introduce of Sphinx</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#installation">'
-            '<span class="std std-ref">Installation</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#installation">'
+        '<span class="std std-ref">Installation</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#for-windows-users">'
-            '<span class="std std-ref">For Windows users</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#for-windows-users">'
+        '<span class="std std-ref">For Windows users</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#for-unix-users">'
-            '<span class="std std-ref">For UNIX users</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#for-unix-users">'
+        '<span class="std std-ref">For UNIX users</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#linux">'
-            '<span class="std std-ref">Linux</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#linux">'
+        '<span class="std std-ref">Linux</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#freebsd">'
-            '<span class="std std-ref">FreeBSD</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#freebsd">'
+        '<span class="std std-ref">FreeBSD</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
     # for smart_quotes (refs: #4027)
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" '
-            'href="#this-one-s-got-an-apostrophe">'
-            '<span class="std std-ref">This one’s got an apostrophe'
-            '</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" '
+        'href="#this-one-s-got-an-apostrophe">'
+        '<span class="std std-ref">This one’s got an apostrophe'
+        '</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
@@ -48,26 +62,35 @@ def test_autosectionlabel_prefix_document_html(app):
     test_autosectionlabel_html(app)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-autosectionlabel',
-                    confoverrides={'autosectionlabel_maxdepth': 3})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-autosectionlabel',
+    confoverrides={'autosectionlabel_maxdepth': 3},
+)
 def test_autosectionlabel_maxdepth(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     # depth: 1
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#test-ext-autosectionlabel">'
-            '<span class=".*?">test-ext-autosectionlabel</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#test-ext-autosectionlabel">'
+        '<span class=".*?">test-ext-autosectionlabel</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
     # depth: 2
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#installation">'
-            '<span class="std std-ref">Installation</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#installation">'
+        '<span class="std std-ref">Installation</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
     # depth: 3
-    html = ('<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#for-windows-users">'
-            '<span class="std std-ref">For Windows users</span></a></p></li>')
+    html = (
+        '<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#for-windows-users">'
+        '<span class="std std-ref">For Windows users</span></a></p></li>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
     # depth: 4
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary.py
index 2f8bb946713..b49a991ec0c 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary.py
@@ -71,31 +71,36 @@ def test_mangle_signature():
     (a: Tuple[int, str], b: int) -> str :: (a, b)
     """
 
-    TEST = [[y.strip() for y in x.split("::")] for x in TEST.split("\n")
-            if '::' in x]
+    TEST = [[y.strip() for y in x.split('::')] for x in TEST.split('\n') if '::' in x]
     for inp, outp in TEST:
-        res = mangle_signature(inp).strip().replace("\u00a0", " ")
-        assert res == outp, (f"'{inp}' -> '{res}' != '{outp}'")
+        res = mangle_signature(inp).strip().replace('\u00a0', ' ')
+        assert res == outp, f"'{inp}' -> '{res}' != '{outp}'"
 
 
 def test_extract_summary(capsys):
-    settings = Mock(language_code='en',
-                    id_prefix='',
-                    auto_id_prefix='',
-                    pep_reference=False,
-                    rfc_reference=False)
+    settings = Mock(
+        language_code='en',
+        id_prefix='',
+        auto_id_prefix='',
+        pep_reference=False,
+        rfc_reference=False,
+    )
     document = new_document('', settings)
 
     # normal case
-    doc = ['',
-           'This is a first sentence. And second one.',
-           '',
-           'Second block is here']
+    doc = [
+        '',
+        'This is a first sentence. And second one.',
+        '',
+        'Second block is here',
+    ]
     assert extract_summary(doc, document) == 'This is a first sentence.'
 
     # inliner case
-    doc = ['This sentence contains *emphasis text having dots.*,',
-           'it does not break sentence.']
+    doc = [
+        'This sentence contains *emphasis text having dots.*,',
+        'it does not break sentence.',
+    ]
     assert extract_summary(doc, document) == ' '.join(doc)
 
     # abbreviations
@@ -119,20 +124,23 @@ def test_extract_summary(capsys):
     assert extract_summary(doc, document) == 'blah blah.'
 
     # heading
-    doc = ['blah blah',
-           '=========']
+    doc = [
+        'blah blah',
+        '=========',
+    ]
     assert extract_summary(doc, document) == 'blah blah'
 
-    doc = ['=========',
-           'blah blah',
-           '=========']
+    doc = [
+        '=========',
+        'blah blah',
+        '=========',
+    ]
     assert extract_summary(doc, document) == 'blah blah'
 
     # hyperlink target
-    doc = ['Do `this <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>`_ and that. '
-           'blah blah blah.']
-    assert (extract_summary(doc, document) ==
-            'Do `this <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>`_ and that.')
+    doc = ['Do `this <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>`_ and that. blah blah blah.']
+    extracted = extract_summary(doc, document)
+    assert extracted == 'Do `this <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>`_ and that.'
 
     _, err = capsys.readouterr()
     assert err == ''
@@ -142,6 +150,7 @@ def test_extract_summary(capsys):
 def test_get_items_summary(make_app, app_params):
     import sphinx.ext.autosummary
     import sphinx.ext.autosummary.generate
+
     args, kwargs = app_params
     app = make_app(*args, **kwargs)
     sphinx.ext.autosummary.generate.setup_documenters(app)
@@ -163,6 +172,7 @@ def handler(app, what, name, obj, options, lines):
         # ensure no docstring is processed twice:
         assert 'THIS HAS BEEN HANDLED' not in lines
         lines.append('THIS HAS BEEN HANDLED')
+
     app.connect('autodoc-process-docstring', handler)
 
     sphinx.ext.autosummary.Autosummary.get_items = new_get_items
@@ -177,7 +187,7 @@ def handler(app, what, name, obj, options, lines):
     expected_values = {
         'withSentence': 'I have a sentence which spans multiple lines.',
         'noSentence': "this doesn't start with a capital.",
-        'emptyLine': "This is the real summary",
+        'emptyLine': 'This is the real summary',
         'module_attr': 'This is a module attribute',
         'C.class_attr': 'This is a class attribute',
         'C.instance_attr': 'This is an instance attribute',
@@ -186,15 +196,18 @@ def handler(app, what, name, obj, options, lines):
         'C.C2': 'This is a nested inner class docstring',
     }
     for key, expected in expected_values.items():
-        assert autosummary_items[key][2] == expected, 'Summary for %s was %r -'\
-            ' expected %r' % (key, autosummary_items[key], expected)
+        assert (
+            autosummary_items[key][2] == expected
+        ), f'Summary for {key} was {autosummary_items[key]!r} - expected {expected!r}'
 
     # check an item in detail
     assert 'func' in autosummary_items
-    func_attrs = ('func',
-                  '(arg_, *args, **kwargs)',
-                  'Test function take an argument ended with underscore.',
-                  'dummy_module.func')
+    func_attrs = (
+        'func',
+        '(arg_, *args, **kwargs)',
+        'Test function take an argument ended with underscore.',
+        'dummy_module.func',
+    )
     assert autosummary_items['func'] == func_attrs
 
 
@@ -222,17 +235,43 @@ def test_escaping(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-autosummary')
 def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module(app):
     import autosummary_dummy_module
+
     template = Mock()
 
-    generate_autosummary_content('autosummary_dummy_module', autosummary_dummy_module, None,
-                                 template, None, False, app, False, {})
+    generate_autosummary_content(
+        'autosummary_dummy_module',
+        autosummary_dummy_module,
+        None,
+        template,
+        None,
+        False,
+        app,
+        False,
+        {},
+    )
     assert template.render.call_args[0][0] == 'module'
 
     context = template.render.call_args[0][1]
-    assert context['members'] == ['CONSTANT1', 'CONSTANT2', 'Exc', 'Foo', '_Baz', '_Exc',
-                                  '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__',
-                                  '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', '_quux', 'bar',
-                                  'non_imported_member', 'quuz', 'qux']
+    assert context['members'] == [
+        'CONSTANT1',
+        'CONSTANT2',
+        'Exc',
+        'Foo',
+        '_Baz',
+        '_Exc',
+        '__all__',
+        '__builtins__',
+        '__cached__',
+        '__doc__',
+        '__file__',
+        '__name__',
+        '__package__',
+        '_quux',
+        'bar',
+        'non_imported_member',
+        'quuz',
+        'qux',
+    ]
     assert context['functions'] == ['bar']
     assert context['all_functions'] == ['_quux', 'bar']
     assert context['classes'] == ['Foo']
@@ -240,7 +279,12 @@ def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module(app):
     assert context['exceptions'] == ['Exc']
     assert context['all_exceptions'] == ['Exc', '_Exc']
     assert context['attributes'] == ['CONSTANT1', 'qux', 'quuz', 'non_imported_member']
-    assert context['all_attributes'] == ['CONSTANT1', 'qux', 'quuz', 'non_imported_member']
+    assert context['all_attributes'] == [
+        'CONSTANT1',
+        'qux',
+        'quuz',
+        'non_imported_member',
+    ]
     assert context['fullname'] == 'autosummary_dummy_module'
     assert context['module'] == 'autosummary_dummy_module'
     assert context['objname'] == ''
@@ -251,15 +295,33 @@ def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-autosummary')
 def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module___all__(app):
     import autosummary_dummy_module
+
     template = Mock()
     app.config.autosummary_ignore_module_all = False
 
-    generate_autosummary_content('autosummary_dummy_module', autosummary_dummy_module, None,
-                                 template, None, False, app, False, {})
+    generate_autosummary_content(
+        'autosummary_dummy_module',
+        autosummary_dummy_module,
+        None,
+        template,
+        None,
+        False,
+        app,
+        False,
+        {},
+    )
     assert template.render.call_args[0][0] == 'module'
 
     context = template.render.call_args[0][1]
-    assert context['members'] == ['CONSTANT1', 'Exc', 'Foo', '_Baz', 'bar', 'qux', 'path']
+    assert context['members'] == [
+        'CONSTANT1',
+        'Exc',
+        'Foo',
+        '_Baz',
+        'bar',
+        'qux',
+        'path',
+    ]
     assert context['functions'] == ['bar']
     assert context['all_functions'] == ['bar']
     assert context['classes'] == ['Foo']
@@ -278,6 +340,7 @@ def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module___all__(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-autosummary')
 def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module_skipped(app):
     import autosummary_dummy_module
+
     template = Mock()
 
     def skip_member(app, what, name, obj, skip, options):
@@ -286,13 +349,35 @@ def skip_member(app, what, name, obj, skip, options):
         return None
 
     app.connect('autodoc-skip-member', skip_member)
-    generate_autosummary_content('autosummary_dummy_module', autosummary_dummy_module, None,
-                                 template, None, False, app, False, {})
+    generate_autosummary_content(
+        'autosummary_dummy_module',
+        autosummary_dummy_module,
+        None,
+        template,
+        None,
+        False,
+        app,
+        False,
+        {},
+    )
     context = template.render.call_args[0][1]
-    assert context['members'] == ['CONSTANT1', 'CONSTANT2', '_Baz', '_Exc', '__all__',
-                                  '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
-                                  '__name__', '__package__', '_quux', 'non_imported_member',
-                                  'quuz', 'qux']
+    assert context['members'] == [
+        'CONSTANT1',
+        'CONSTANT2',
+        '_Baz',
+        '_Exc',
+        '__all__',
+        '__builtins__',
+        '__cached__',
+        '__doc__',
+        '__file__',
+        '__name__',
+        '__package__',
+        '_quux',
+        'non_imported_member',
+        'quuz',
+        'qux',
+    ]
     assert context['functions'] == []
     assert context['classes'] == []
     assert context['exceptions'] == []
@@ -301,19 +386,49 @@ def skip_member(app, what, name, obj, skip, options):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-autosummary')
 def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module_imported_members(app):
     import autosummary_dummy_module
+
     template = Mock()
 
-    generate_autosummary_content('autosummary_dummy_module', autosummary_dummy_module, None,
-                                 template, None, True, app, False, {})
+    generate_autosummary_content(
+        'autosummary_dummy_module',
+        autosummary_dummy_module,
+        None,
+        template,
+        None,
+        True,
+        app,
+        False,
+        {},
+    )
     assert template.render.call_args[0][0] == 'module'
 
     context = template.render.call_args[0][1]
-    assert context['members'] == ['CONSTANT1', 'CONSTANT2', 'Class', 'Exc', 'Foo', 'Union',
-                                  '_Baz', '_Exc', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__',
-                                  '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__',
-                                  '__package__', '__spec__', '_quux', 'bar',
-                                  'considered_as_imported', 'non_imported_member', 'path',
-                                  'quuz', 'qux']
+    assert context['members'] == [
+        'CONSTANT1',
+        'CONSTANT2',
+        'Class',
+        'Exc',
+        'Foo',
+        'Union',
+        '_Baz',
+        '_Exc',
+        '__all__',
+        '__builtins__',
+        '__cached__',
+        '__doc__',
+        '__file__',
+        '__loader__',
+        '__name__',
+        '__package__',
+        '__spec__',
+        '_quux',
+        'bar',
+        'considered_as_imported',
+        'non_imported_member',
+        'path',
+        'quuz',
+        'qux',
+    ]
     assert context['functions'] == ['bar']
     assert context['all_functions'] == ['_quux', 'bar']
     assert context['classes'] == ['Class', 'Foo']
@@ -321,7 +436,12 @@ def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module_imported_members(app):
     assert context['exceptions'] == ['Exc']
     assert context['all_exceptions'] == ['Exc', '_Exc']
     assert context['attributes'] == ['CONSTANT1', 'qux', 'quuz', 'non_imported_member']
-    assert context['all_attributes'] == ['CONSTANT1', 'qux', 'quuz', 'non_imported_member']
+    assert context['all_attributes'] == [
+        'CONSTANT1',
+        'qux',
+        'quuz',
+        'non_imported_member',
+    ]
     assert context['fullname'] == 'autosummary_dummy_module'
     assert context['module'] == 'autosummary_dummy_module'
     assert context['objname'] == ''
@@ -332,17 +452,36 @@ def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module_imported_members(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-autosummary')
 def test_autosummary_generate_content_for_module_imported_members_inherited_module(app):
     import autosummary_dummy_inherited_module
+
     template = Mock()
 
-    generate_autosummary_content('autosummary_dummy_inherited_module',
-                                 autosummary_dummy_inherited_module, None,
-                                 template, None, True, app, False, {})
+    generate_autosummary_content(
+        'autosummary_dummy_inherited_module',
+        autosummary_dummy_inherited_module,
+        None,
+        template,
+        None,
+        True,
+        app,
+        False,
+        {},
+    )
     assert template.render.call_args[0][0] == 'module'
 
     context = template.render.call_args[0][1]
-    assert context['members'] == ['Foo', 'InheritedAttrClass', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__',
-                                  '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__',
-                                  '__package__', '__spec__']
+    assert context['members'] == [
+        'Foo',
+        'InheritedAttrClass',
+        '__all__',
+        '__builtins__',
+        '__cached__',
+        '__doc__',
+        '__file__',
+        '__loader__',
+        '__name__',
+        '__package__',
+        '__spec__',
+    ]
     assert context['functions'] == []
     assert context['classes'] == ['Foo', 'InheritedAttrClass']
     assert context['exceptions'] == []
@@ -361,133 +500,192 @@ def test_autosummary_generate(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('index')
-    assert_node(doctree, (nodes.paragraph,
-                          nodes.paragraph,
-                          addnodes.tabular_col_spec,
-                          autosummary_table,
-                          [autosummary_toc, addnodes.toctree]))
-    assert_node(doctree[3],
-                [autosummary_table, nodes.table, nodes.tgroup, (nodes.colspec,
-                                                                nodes.colspec,
-                                                                [nodes.tbody, (nodes.row,
-                                                                               nodes.row,
-                                                                               nodes.row,
-                                                                               nodes.row,
-                                                                               nodes.row,
-                                                                               nodes.row,
-                                                                               nodes.row,
-                                                                               nodes.row)])])
-    assert_node(doctree[4][0], addnodes.toctree, caption="An autosummary")
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            nodes.paragraph,
+            nodes.paragraph,
+            addnodes.tabular_col_spec,
+            autosummary_table,
+            [autosummary_toc, addnodes.toctree],
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3],
+        [
+            autosummary_table,
+            nodes.table,
+            nodes.tgroup,
+            (
+                nodes.colspec,
+                nodes.colspec,
+                [
+                    nodes.tbody,
+                    (
+                        nodes.row,
+                        nodes.row,
+                        nodes.row,
+                        nodes.row,
+                        nodes.row,
+                        nodes.row,
+                        nodes.row,
+                        nodes.row,
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert_node(doctree[4][0], addnodes.toctree, caption='An autosummary')
 
     assert len(doctree[3][0][0][2]) == 8
     assert doctree[3][0][0][2][0].astext() == 'autosummary_dummy_module\n\n'
     assert doctree[3][0][0][2][1].astext() == 'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo()\n\n'
     assert doctree[3][0][0][2][2].astext() == 'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo.Bar()\n\n'
-    assert doctree[3][0][0][2][3].astext() == 'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo.value\n\ndocstring'
+    assert doctree[3][0][0][2][3].astext() == (
+        'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo.value\n\ndocstring'
+    )
     assert doctree[3][0][0][2][4].astext() == 'autosummary_dummy_module.bar(x[, y])\n\n'
-    assert doctree[3][0][0][2][5].astext() == 'autosummary_dummy_module.qux\n\na module-level attribute'
-    assert doctree[3][0][0][2][6].astext() == 'autosummary_dummy_inherited_module.InheritedAttrClass()\n\n'
-    assert doctree[3][0][0][2][7].astext() == 'autosummary_dummy_inherited_module.InheritedAttrClass.subclassattr\n\nother docstring'
-
-    module = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-
-    assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-            '   \n'
-            '      Foo\n'
-            '   \n' in module)
-    assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-            '   \n'
-            '      CONSTANT1\n'
-            '      qux\n'
-            '      quuz\n'
-            '      non_imported_member\n'
-            '   \n' in module)
-
-    Foo = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert doctree[3][0][0][2][5].astext() == (
+        'autosummary_dummy_module.qux\n\na module-level attribute'
+    )
+    assert doctree[3][0][0][2][6].astext() == (
+        'autosummary_dummy_inherited_module.InheritedAttrClass()\n\n'
+    )
+    assert doctree[3][0][0][2][7].astext() == (
+        'autosummary_dummy_inherited_module.InheritedAttrClass.subclassattr\n\nother docstring'
+    )
+
+    path = app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst'
+    module = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+
+    assert '   .. autosummary::\n   \n      Foo\n   \n' in module
+    assert (
+        '   .. autosummary::\n'
+        '   \n'
+        '      CONSTANT1\n'
+        '      qux\n'
+        '      quuz\n'
+        '      non_imported_member\n'
+        '   \n'
+    ) in module
+
+    path = app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo.rst'
+    Foo = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert '.. automethod:: __init__' in Foo
-    assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-            '   \n'
-            '      ~Foo.__init__\n'
-            '      ~Foo.bar\n'
-            '   \n' in Foo)
-    assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-            '   \n'
-            '      ~Foo.CONSTANT3\n'
-            '      ~Foo.CONSTANT4\n'
-            '      ~Foo.baz\n'
-            '      ~Foo.value\n'
-            '   \n' in Foo)
-
-    FooBar = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo.Bar.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('.. currentmodule:: autosummary_dummy_module\n'
-            '\n'
-            '.. autoclass:: Foo.Bar\n' in FooBar)
-
-    Foo_value = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo.value.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('.. currentmodule:: autosummary_dummy_module\n'
-            '\n'
-            '.. autoattribute:: Foo.value' in Foo_value)
-
-    qux = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.qux.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('.. currentmodule:: autosummary_dummy_module\n'
-            '\n'
-            '.. autodata:: qux' in qux)
-
-    InheritedAttrClass = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_inherited_module.InheritedAttrClass.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert (
+        '   .. autosummary::\n'
+        '   \n'
+        '      ~Foo.__init__\n'
+        '      ~Foo.bar\n'
+        '   \n'
+    ) in Foo
+    assert (
+        '   .. autosummary::\n'
+        '   \n'
+        '      ~Foo.CONSTANT3\n'
+        '      ~Foo.CONSTANT4\n'
+        '      ~Foo.baz\n'
+        '      ~Foo.value\n'
+        '   \n'
+    ) in Foo
+
+    path = app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo.Bar.rst'
+    FooBar = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert (
+        '.. currentmodule:: autosummary_dummy_module\n\n.. autoclass:: Foo.Bar\n'
+    ) in FooBar
+
+    path = app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.Foo.value.rst'
+    Foo_value = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert (
+        '.. currentmodule:: autosummary_dummy_module\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autoattribute:: Foo.value'
+    ) in Foo_value
+
+    path = app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.qux.rst'
+    qux = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert '.. currentmodule:: autosummary_dummy_module\n\n.. autodata:: qux' in qux
+
+    path = (
+        app.srcdir
+        / 'generated'
+        / 'autosummary_dummy_inherited_module.InheritedAttrClass.rst'
+    )
+    InheritedAttrClass = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
     print(InheritedAttrClass)
     assert '.. automethod:: __init__' in Foo
-    assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-            '   \n'
-            '      ~InheritedAttrClass.__init__\n'
-            '      ~InheritedAttrClass.bar\n'
-            '   \n' in InheritedAttrClass)
-    assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-            '   \n'
-            '      ~InheritedAttrClass.CONSTANT3\n'
-            '      ~InheritedAttrClass.CONSTANT4\n'
-            '      ~InheritedAttrClass.baz\n'
-            '      ~InheritedAttrClass.subclassattr\n'
-            '      ~InheritedAttrClass.value\n'
-            '   \n' in InheritedAttrClass)
-
-    InheritedAttrClass_subclassattr = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_inherited_module.InheritedAttrClass.subclassattr.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('.. currentmodule:: autosummary_dummy_inherited_module\n'
-            '\n'
-            '.. autoattribute:: InheritedAttrClass.subclassattr' in InheritedAttrClass_subclassattr)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-autosummary',
-                    confoverrides={'autosummary_generate_overwrite': False})
+    assert (
+        '   .. autosummary::\n'
+        '   \n'
+        '      ~InheritedAttrClass.__init__\n'
+        '      ~InheritedAttrClass.bar\n'
+        '   \n'
+    ) in InheritedAttrClass
+    assert (
+        '   .. autosummary::\n'
+        '   \n'
+        '      ~InheritedAttrClass.CONSTANT3\n'
+        '      ~InheritedAttrClass.CONSTANT4\n'
+        '      ~InheritedAttrClass.baz\n'
+        '      ~InheritedAttrClass.subclassattr\n'
+        '      ~InheritedAttrClass.value\n'
+        '   \n'
+    ) in InheritedAttrClass
+
+    path = (
+        app.srcdir
+        / 'generated'
+        / 'autosummary_dummy_inherited_module.InheritedAttrClass.subclassattr.rst'
+    )
+    InheritedAttrClass_subclassattr = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert (
+        '.. currentmodule:: autosummary_dummy_inherited_module\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autoattribute:: InheritedAttrClass.subclassattr'
+    ) in InheritedAttrClass_subclassattr
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='ext-autosummary',
+    confoverrides={'autosummary_generate_overwrite': False},
+)
 def test_autosummary_generate_overwrite1(app_params, make_app):
     args, kwargs = app_params
     srcdir = kwargs.get('srcdir')
 
     (srcdir / 'generated').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst').write_text('', encoding='utf8')  # fmt: skip
 
     app = make_app(*args, **kwargs)
-    content = (srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    path = srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst'
+    content = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert content == ''
     assert 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst' not in app._warning.getvalue()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-autosummary',
-                    confoverrides={'autosummary_generate_overwrite': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='ext-autosummary',
+    confoverrides={'autosummary_generate_overwrite': True},
+)
 def test_autosummary_generate_overwrite2(app_params, make_app):
     args, kwargs = app_params
     srcdir = kwargs.get('srcdir')
 
     (srcdir / 'generated').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst').write_text('', encoding='utf8')
+    (srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst').write_text('', encoding='utf8')  # fmt: skip
 
     app = make_app(*args, **kwargs)
-    content = (srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    path = srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst'
+    content = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert content != ''
     assert 'autosummary_dummy_module.rst' not in app._warning.getvalue()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-autosummary-recursive')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_autosummary_recursive(app):
     sys.modules.pop('package', None)  # unload target module to clear the module cache
 
@@ -496,13 +694,13 @@ def test_autosummary_recursive(app):
     # autosummary having :recursive: option
     assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.rst').exists()
     assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.module.rst').exists()
-    assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.module_importfail.rst').exists() is False
+    assert not (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.module_importfail.rst').exists()
     assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.package.rst').exists()
     assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.package.module.rst').exists()
 
     # autosummary not having :recursive: option
     assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package2.rst').exists()
-    assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package2.module.rst').exists() is False
+    assert not (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package2.module.rst').exists()
 
     # Check content of recursively generated stub-files
     content = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
@@ -514,7 +712,8 @@ def test_autosummary_recursive(app):
     assert 'package.package' not in content
     assert 'package.module_importfail' not in content
 
-    content = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.package.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    path = app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.package.rst'
+    content = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert 'module' in content
     assert 'package.package.module' not in content
 
@@ -522,18 +721,21 @@ def test_autosummary_recursive(app):
     assert 'Summarised items should not include the current module.' not in warnings
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-autosummary-recursive',
-                    srcdir='test_autosummary_recursive_skips_mocked_modules',
-                    confoverrides={'autosummary_mock_imports': ['package.package']})
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='ext-autosummary-recursive',
+    srcdir='test_autosummary_recursive_skips_mocked_modules',
+    confoverrides={'autosummary_mock_imports': ['package.package']},
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_autosummary_recursive_skips_mocked_modules(app):
     sys.modules.pop('package', None)  # unload target module to clear the module cache
     app.build()
 
     assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.rst').exists()
     assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.module.rst').exists()
-    assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.package.rst').exists() is False
-    assert (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.package.module.rst').exists() is False
+    assert not (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.package.rst').exists()
+    assert not (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'package.package.module.rst').exists()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-autosummary-filename-map')
@@ -570,14 +772,17 @@ def test_import_by_name():
     assert parent is None
     assert modname == 'sphinx'
 
-    prefixed_name, obj, parent, modname = import_by_name('sphinx.ext.autosummary.__name__')
+    prefixed_name, obj, parent, modname = import_by_name(
+        'sphinx.ext.autosummary.__name__'
+    )
     assert prefixed_name == 'sphinx.ext.autosummary.__name__'
     assert obj is sphinx.ext.autosummary.__name__
     assert parent is sphinx.ext.autosummary
     assert modname == 'sphinx.ext.autosummary'
 
-    prefixed_name, obj, parent, modname = \
-        import_by_name('sphinx.ext.autosummary.Autosummary.get_items')
+    prefixed_name, obj, parent, modname = import_by_name(
+        'sphinx.ext.autosummary.Autosummary.get_items'
+    )
     assert prefixed_name == 'sphinx.ext.autosummary.Autosummary.get_items'
     assert obj == sphinx.ext.autosummary.Autosummary.get_items
     assert parent is sphinx.ext.autosummary.Autosummary
@@ -603,15 +808,10 @@ def test_autosummary_imported_members(app):
         # generated/foo is generated successfully
         assert app.env.get_doctree('generated/autosummary_dummy_package')
 
-        module = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_package.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-        assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-                '   \n'
-                '      Bar\n'
-                '   ' in module)
-        assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-                '   \n'
-                '      foo\n'
-                '   ' in module)
+        path = app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_package.rst'
+        module = path.read_text(encoding='utf8')
+        assert '   .. autosummary::\n   \n      Bar\n   ' in module
+        assert '   .. autosummary::\n   \n      foo\n   ' in module
     finally:
         sys.modules.pop('autosummary_dummy_package', None)
 
@@ -622,38 +822,47 @@ def test_autosummary_module_all(app):
         app.build()
         # generated/foo is generated successfully
         assert app.env.get_doctree('generated/autosummary_dummy_package_all')
-        module = (app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_package_all.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-        assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-                '   \n'
-                '      PublicBar\n'
-                '   \n' in module)
-        assert ('   .. autosummary::\n'
-                '   \n'
-                '      public_foo\n'
-                '      public_baz\n'
-                '   \n' in module)
-        assert ('.. autosummary::\n'
-                '   :toctree:\n'
-                '   :recursive:\n\n'
-                '   extra_dummy_module\n' in module)
+        module = (
+            app.srcdir / 'generated' / 'autosummary_dummy_package_all.rst'
+        ).read_text(encoding='utf8')
+        assert '   .. autosummary::\n   \n      PublicBar\n   \n' in module
+        assert (
+            '   .. autosummary::\n'
+            '   \n'
+            '      public_foo\n'
+            '      public_baz\n'
+            '   \n'
+        ) in module
+        assert (
+            '.. autosummary::\n'
+            '   :toctree:\n'
+            '   :recursive:\n\n'
+            '   extra_dummy_module\n'
+        ) in module
     finally:
         sys.modules.pop('autosummary_dummy_package_all', None)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-autodoc',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.autosummary']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='ext-autodoc',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.autosummary']},
+)
 def test_generate_autosummary_docs_property(app):
     with patch('sphinx.ext.autosummary.generate.find_autosummary_in_files') as mock:
-        mock.return_value = [AutosummaryEntry('target.methods.Base.prop', 'prop', None, False)]
+        mock.return_value = [
+            AutosummaryEntry('target.methods.Base.prop', 'prop', None, False)
+        ]
         generate_autosummary_docs([], output_dir=app.srcdir, app=app)
 
     content = (app.srcdir / 'target.methods.Base.prop.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert content == ("target.methods.Base.prop\n"
-                       "========================\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. currentmodule:: target.methods\n"
-                       "\n"
-                       ".. autoproperty:: Base.prop")
+    assert content == (
+        'target.methods.Base.prop\n'
+        '========================\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. currentmodule:: target.methods\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. autoproperty:: Base.prop'
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-autosummary-skip-member')
@@ -673,18 +882,27 @@ def test_autosummary_template(app):
     assert 'EMPTY' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-autosummary',
-                    confoverrides={'autosummary_generate': []})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='ext-autosummary',
+    confoverrides={'autosummary_generate': []},
+)
 def test_empty_autosummary_generate(app):
     app.build()
-    assert ("WARNING: autosummary: failed to import autosummary_importfail"
-            in app.warning.getvalue())
+    assert (
+        'WARNING: autosummary: failed to import autosummary_importfail'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-autosummary',
-                    confoverrides={'autosummary_generate': ['unknown']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='ext-autosummary',
+    confoverrides={'autosummary_generate': ['unknown']},
+)
 def test_invalid_autosummary_generate(app):
-    assert 'WARNING: autosummary_generate: file not found: unknown.rst' in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        'WARNING: autosummary_generate: file not found: unknown.rst'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
 
 def test_autogen(rootdir, tmp_path):
@@ -702,7 +920,9 @@ def test_autogen_remove_old(rootdir, tmp_path):
         autogen_main(args)
         assert set(tmp_path.iterdir()) == {
             tmp_path / 'sphinx.application.TemplateBridge.rst',
-            tmp_path / 'other.rst'
+            tmp_path / 'other.rst',
         }
         autogen_main([*args, '--remove-old'])
-        assert set(tmp_path.iterdir()) == {tmp_path / 'sphinx.application.TemplateBridge.rst'}
+        assert set(tmp_path.iterdir()) == {
+            tmp_path / 'sphinx.application.TemplateBridge.rst'
+        }
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary_imports.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary_imports.py
index 6136455f1af..12a0d4624b0 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary_imports.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary_imports.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-autosummary-import_cycle')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_autosummary_import_cycle(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -18,30 +18,47 @@ def test_autosummary_import_cycle(app):
 
     assert len(list(doctree.findall(nodes.reference))) == 1
 
-    assert_node(doctree,
-                (addnodes.index,  # [0]
-                 nodes.target,  # [1]
-                 nodes.paragraph,  # [2]
-                 addnodes.tabular_col_spec,  # [3]
-                 [autosummary_table, nodes.table, nodes.tgroup, (nodes.colspec,  # [4][0][0][0]
-                                                                 nodes.colspec,  # [4][0][0][1]
-                                                                 [nodes.tbody, nodes.row])],  # [4][0][0][2][1]
-                 addnodes.index,  # [5]
-                 addnodes.desc))  # [6]
-    assert_node(doctree[4][0][0][2][0],
-                ([nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, (nodes.reference, nodes.Text)], nodes.entry))
-    assert_node(doctree[4][0][0][2][0][0][0][0], nodes.reference,
-                refid='spam.eggs.Ham', reftitle='spam.eggs.Ham')
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,  # [0]
+            nodes.target,  # [1]
+            nodes.paragraph,  # [2]
+            addnodes.tabular_col_spec,  # [3]
+            [
+                autosummary_table,
+                nodes.table,
+                nodes.tgroup,
+                (
+                    nodes.colspec,  # [4][0][0][0]
+                    nodes.colspec,  # [4][0][0][1]
+                    [nodes.tbody, nodes.row],  # [4][0][0][2][1]
+                ),
+            ],
+            addnodes.index,  # [5]
+            addnodes.desc,  # [6]
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[4][0][0][2][0],
+        ([nodes.entry, nodes.paragraph, (nodes.reference, nodes.Text)], nodes.entry),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[4][0][0][2][0][0][0][0],
+        nodes.reference,
+        refid='spam.eggs.Ham',
+        reftitle='spam.eggs.Ham',
+    )
 
     expected = (
-        "Summarised items should not include the current module. "
+        'Summarised items should not include the current module. '
         "Replace 'spam.eggs.Ham' with 'Ham'."
     )
     assert expected in app.warning.getvalue()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-autosummary-module_prefix')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_autosummary_generate_prefixes(app):
     app.build()
     warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_coverage.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_coverage.py
index 15f3bfa3410..849af74d6e7 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_coverage.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_coverage.py
@@ -11,28 +11,30 @@ def test_build(app):
 
     py_undoc = (app.outdir / 'python.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert py_undoc.startswith(
-        'Undocumented Python objects\n'
-        '===========================\n',
+        'Undocumented Python objects\n===========================\n',
     )
     assert 'autodoc_target\n--------------\n' in py_undoc
     assert ' * Class -- missing methods:\n' in py_undoc
     assert ' * raises\n' in py_undoc
-    assert ' * function\n' not in py_undoc  # these two are documented
-    assert ' * Class\n' not in py_undoc     # in autodoc.txt
+    # these two are documented in autodoc.txt
+    assert ' * function\n' not in py_undoc
+    assert ' * Class\n' not in py_undoc
 
-    assert " * mod -- No module named 'mod'" in py_undoc  # in the "failed import" section
+    # in the "failed import" section
+    assert " * mod -- No module named 'mod'" in py_undoc
 
-    assert "undocumented  py" not in app.status.getvalue()
+    assert 'undocumented  py' not in app.status.getvalue()
 
     c_undoc = (app.outdir / 'c.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert c_undoc.startswith(
-        'Undocumented C API elements\n'
-        '===========================\n',
+        'Undocumented C API elements\n===========================\n',
     )
     assert 'api.h' in c_undoc
     assert ' * Py_SphinxTest' in c_undoc
 
-    undoc_py, undoc_c, py_undocumented, py_documented = pickle.loads((app.outdir / 'undoc.pickle').read_bytes())
+    undoc_py, undoc_c, py_undocumented, py_documented = pickle.loads(
+        (app.outdir / 'undoc.pickle').read_bytes()
+    )
     assert len(undoc_c) == 1
     # the key is the full path to the header file, which isn't testable
     assert list(undoc_c.values())[0] == {('function', 'Py_SphinxTest')}
@@ -44,14 +46,14 @@ def test_build(app):
     assert 'Class' in undoc_py['autodoc_target']['classes']
     assert 'undocmeth' in undoc_py['autodoc_target']['classes']['Class']
 
-    assert "undocumented  c" not in app.status.getvalue()
+    assert 'undocumented  c' not in app.status.getvalue()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('coverage', testroot='ext-coverage')
 def test_coverage_ignore_pyobjects(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     actual = (app.outdir / 'python.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expected = '''\
+    expected = """\
 Undocumented Python objects
 ===========================
 
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ def test_coverage_ignore_pyobjects(app):
    - not_ignored2
  * NotIgnored
 
-'''
+"""
     assert actual == expected
 
 
@@ -94,13 +96,13 @@ def test_coverage_ignore_pyobjects(app):
 def test_show_missing_items(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
-    assert "undocumented" in app.status.getvalue()
+    assert 'undocumented' in app.status.getvalue()
 
-    assert "py  function  raises" in app.status.getvalue()
-    assert "py  class     Base" in app.status.getvalue()
-    assert "py  method    Class.roger" in app.status.getvalue()
+    assert 'py  function  raises' in app.status.getvalue()
+    assert 'py  class     Base' in app.status.getvalue()
+    assert 'py  method    Class.roger' in app.status.getvalue()
 
-    assert "c   api       Py_SphinxTest [ function]" in app.status.getvalue()
+    assert 'c   api       Py_SphinxTest [ function]' in app.status.getvalue()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('coverage', confoverrides={'coverage_show_missing_items': True})
@@ -108,8 +110,12 @@ def test_show_missing_items_quiet(app):
     app.quiet = True
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
-    assert "undocumented python function: autodoc_target :: raises" in app.warning.getvalue()
-    assert "undocumented python class: autodoc_target :: Base" in app.warning.getvalue()
-    assert "undocumented python method: autodoc_target :: Class :: roger" in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        'undocumented python function: autodoc_target :: raises'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert 'undocumented python class: autodoc_target :: Base' in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert (
+        'undocumented python method: autodoc_target :: Class :: roger'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
-    assert "undocumented c api: Py_SphinxTest [function]" in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert 'undocumented c api: Py_SphinxTest [function]' in app.warning.getvalue()
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_doctest.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_doctest.py
index 7b3e8845843..198d2ddc415 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_doctest.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_doctest.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test the doctest extension."""
+
 import os
 from collections import Counter
 
@@ -31,8 +32,11 @@ def test_highlight_language_default(app):
         assert node['language'] in {'python', 'pycon', 'none'}
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='ext-doctest',
-                    confoverrides={'highlight_language': 'python'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='ext-doctest',
+    confoverrides={'highlight_language': 'python'},
+)
 def test_highlight_language_python3(app):
     app.build()
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('doctest')
@@ -94,23 +98,25 @@ def test_skipif(app):
     # Global setup/cleanup are run before/after evaluating the `:skipif:`
     # option in each directive - thus 11 additional invocations for each on top
     # of the ones made for the whole test file.
-    assert recorded_calls == {('doctest_global_setup', 'body', True): 13,
-                              ('testsetup', ':skipif:', True): 1,
-                              ('testsetup', ':skipif:', False): 1,
-                              ('testsetup', 'body', False): 1,
-                              ('doctest', ':skipif:', True): 1,
-                              ('doctest', ':skipif:', False): 1,
-                              ('doctest', 'body', False): 1,
-                              ('testcode', ':skipif:', True): 1,
-                              ('testcode', ':skipif:', False): 1,
-                              ('testcode', 'body', False): 1,
-                              ('testoutput-1', ':skipif:', True): 1,
-                              ('testoutput-2', ':skipif:', True): 1,
-                              ('testoutput-2', ':skipif:', False): 1,
-                              ('testcleanup', ':skipif:', True): 1,
-                              ('testcleanup', ':skipif:', False): 1,
-                              ('testcleanup', 'body', False): 1,
-                              ('doctest_global_cleanup', 'body', True): 13}
+    assert recorded_calls == {
+        ('doctest_global_setup', 'body', True): 13,
+        ('testsetup', ':skipif:', True): 1,
+        ('testsetup', ':skipif:', False): 1,
+        ('testsetup', 'body', False): 1,
+        ('doctest', ':skipif:', True): 1,
+        ('doctest', ':skipif:', False): 1,
+        ('doctest', 'body', False): 1,
+        ('testcode', ':skipif:', True): 1,
+        ('testcode', ':skipif:', False): 1,
+        ('testcode', 'body', False): 1,
+        ('testoutput-1', ':skipif:', True): 1,
+        ('testoutput-2', ':skipif:', True): 1,
+        ('testoutput-2', ':skipif:', False): 1,
+        ('testcleanup', ':skipif:', True): 1,
+        ('testcleanup', ':skipif:', False): 1,
+        ('testcleanup', 'body', False): 1,
+        ('doctest_global_cleanup', 'body', True): 13,
+    }
 
 
 def record(directive, part, should_skip):
@@ -125,9 +131,11 @@ def test_reporting_with_autodoc(app, capfd):
     app.builder._warn_out = written.append
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
-    failures = [line.replace(os.sep, '/')
-                for line in '\n'.join(written).splitlines()
-                if line.startswith('File')]
+    failures = [
+        line.replace(os.sep, '/')
+        for line in '\n'.join(written).splitlines()
+        if line.startswith('File')
+    ]
 
     assert 'File "dir/inner.rst", line 1, in default' in failures
     assert 'File "dir/bar.py", line ?, in default' in failures
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_duration.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_duration.py
index ba3d471e6dd..535786de892 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_duration.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_duration.py
@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@
 import pytest
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.duration']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.duration']},
+)
 def test_githubpages(app):
     app.build()
 
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_extlinks.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_extlinks.py
index 6fd5d9afe4a..38614329802 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_extlinks.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_extlinks.py
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 import pytest
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-extlinks-hardcoded-urls',
-                    confoverrides={'extlinks_detect_hardcoded_links': False})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-extlinks-hardcoded-urls',
+    confoverrides={'extlinks_detect_hardcoded_links': False},
+)
 def test_extlinks_detect_candidates(app):
     app.build()
     assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
@@ -18,28 +21,31 @@ def test_replaceable_uris_emit_extlinks_warnings(app):
         "index.rst:%d: WARNING: hardcoded link 'https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues/1' "
         "could be replaced by an extlink (try using '%s' instead)"
     )
-    assert message % (11, ":issue:`1`") in warning_output
-    assert message % (13, ":issue:`inline replaceable link <1>`") in warning_output
-    assert message % (15, ":issue:`replaceable link <1>`") in warning_output
+    assert message % (11, ':issue:`1`') in warning_output
+    assert message % (13, ':issue:`inline replaceable link <1>`') in warning_output
+    assert message % (15, ':issue:`replaceable link <1>`') in warning_output
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-extlinks-hardcoded-urls-multiple-replacements')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-extlinks-hardcoded-urls-multiple-replacements',
+)
 def test_all_replacements_suggested_if_multiple_replacements_possible(app):
     app.build()
     warning_output = app.warning.getvalue()
     # there should be six warnings for replaceable URLs, three pairs per link
-    assert warning_output.count("WARNING: hardcoded link") == 6
+    assert warning_output.count('WARNING: hardcoded link') == 6
     message = (
         "index.rst:%d: WARNING: hardcoded link 'https://github.com/octocat' "
         "could be replaced by an extlink (try using '%s' instead)"
     )
-    assert message % (14, ":user:`octocat`") in warning_output
-    assert message % (16, ":user:`inline replaceable link <octocat>`") in warning_output
-    assert message % (18, ":user:`replaceable link <octocat>`") in warning_output
+    assert message % (14, ':user:`octocat`') in warning_output
+    assert message % (16, ':user:`inline replaceable link <octocat>`') in warning_output
+    assert message % (18, ':user:`replaceable link <octocat>`') in warning_output
     message = (
         "index.rst:%d: WARNING: hardcoded link 'https://github.com/octocat' "
         "could be replaced by an extlink (try using '%s' instead)"
     )
-    assert message % (14, ":repo:`octocat`") in warning_output
-    assert message % (16, ":repo:`inline replaceable link <octocat>`") in warning_output
-    assert message % (18, ":repo:`replaceable link <octocat>`") in warning_output
+    assert message % (14, ':repo:`octocat`') in warning_output
+    assert message % (16, ':repo:`inline replaceable link <octocat>`') in warning_output
+    assert message % (18, ':repo:`replaceable link <octocat>`') in warning_output
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_githubpages.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_githubpages.py
index f1903b4e7b6..156b9a3916a 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_githubpages.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_githubpages.py
@@ -10,16 +10,22 @@ def test_githubpages(app):
     assert not (app.outdir / 'CNAME').exists()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-githubpages',
-                    confoverrides={'html_baseurl': 'https://sphinx-doc.github.io'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-githubpages',
+    confoverrides={'html_baseurl': 'https://sphinx-doc.github.io'},
+)
 def test_no_cname_for_github_io_domain(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     assert (app.outdir / '.nojekyll').exists()
     assert not (app.outdir / 'CNAME').exists()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-githubpages',
-                    confoverrides={'html_baseurl': 'https://sphinx-doc.org'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-githubpages',
+    confoverrides={'html_baseurl': 'https://sphinx-doc.org'},
+)
 def test_cname_for_custom_domain(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     assert (app.outdir / '.nojekyll').exists()
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_graphviz.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_graphviz.py
index b3e42b328c5..929dcfa63a0 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_graphviz.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_graphviz.py
@@ -14,73 +14,92 @@ def test_graphviz_png_html(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    html = (r'<figure class="align-default" .*?>\s*'
-            r'<div class="graphviz"><img .*?/></div>\s*<figcaption>\s*'
-            r'<p><span class="caption-text">caption of graph</span>.*</p>\s*'
-            r'</figcaption>\s*</figure>')
+    html = (
+        r'<figure class="align-default" .*?>\s*'
+        r'<div class="graphviz"><img .*?/></div>\s*<figcaption>\s*'
+        r'<p><span class="caption-text">caption of graph</span>.*</p>\s*'
+        r'</figcaption>\s*</figure>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
     html = 'Hello <div class="graphviz"><img .*?/></div>\n graphviz world'
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = ('<img src=".*?" alt="digraph foo {\nbaz -&gt; qux\n}" '
-            'class="graphviz neato-graph" />')
+    html = (
+        '<img src=".*?" alt="digraph foo {\nbaz -&gt; qux\n}" '
+        'class="graphviz neato-graph" />'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = (r'<figure class="align-right" .*?>\s*'
-            r'<div class="graphviz"><img .*?/></div>\s*<figcaption>\s*'
-            r'<p><span class="caption-text">on <em>right</em></span>.*</p>\s*'
-            r'</figcaption>\s*</figure>')
+    html = (
+        r'<figure class="align-right" .*?>\s*'
+        r'<div class="graphviz"><img .*?/></div>\s*<figcaption>\s*'
+        r'<p><span class="caption-text">on <em>right</em></span>.*</p>\s*'
+        r'</figcaption>\s*</figure>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = (r'<div align=\"center\" class=\"align-center\">'
-            r'<div class="graphviz"><img src=\".*\.png\" alt=\"digraph foo {\n'
-            r'centered\n'
-            r'}\" class="graphviz" /></div>\n</div>')
+    html = (
+        r'<div align=\"center\" class=\"align-center\">'
+        r'<div class="graphviz"><img src=\".*\.png\" alt=\"digraph foo {\n'
+        r'centered\n'
+        r'}\" class="graphviz" /></div>\n</div>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-graphviz',
-                    confoverrides={'graphviz_output_format': 'svg'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-graphviz',
+    confoverrides={'graphviz_output_format': 'svg'},
+)
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('if_graphviz_found')
 def test_graphviz_svg_html(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
-    html = (r'<figure class=\"align-default\" .*?>\n'
-            r'<div class="graphviz"><object data=\".*\.svg\".*>\n'
-            r'\s*<p class=\"warning\">digraph foo {\n'
-            r'bar -&gt; baz\n'
-            r'}</p></object></div>\n'
-            r'<figcaption>\n'
-            r'<p><span class=\"caption-text\">caption of graph</span>.*</p>\n'
-            r'</figcaption>\n'
-            r'</figure>')
+    html = (
+        r'<figure class=\"align-default\" .*?>\n'
+        r'<div class="graphviz"><object data=\".*\.svg\".*>\n'
+        r'\s*<p class=\"warning\">digraph foo {\n'
+        r'bar -&gt; baz\n'
+        r'}</p></object></div>\n'
+        r'<figcaption>\n'
+        r'<p><span class=\"caption-text\">caption of graph</span>.*</p>\n'
+        r'</figcaption>\n'
+        r'</figure>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = (r'Hello <div class="graphviz"><object.*>\n'
-            r'\s*<p class=\"warning\">graph</p></object></div>\n'
-            r' graphviz world')
+    html = (
+        r'Hello <div class="graphviz"><object.*>\n'
+        r'\s*<p class=\"warning\">graph</p></object></div>\n'
+        r' graphviz world'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = (r'<figure class=\"align-right\" .*\>\n'
-            r'<div class="graphviz"><object data=\".*\.svg\".*>\n'
-            r'\s*<p class=\"warning\">digraph bar {\n'
-            r'foo -&gt; bar\n'
-            r'}</p></object></div>\n'
-            r'<figcaption>\n'
-            r'<p><span class=\"caption-text\">on <em>right</em></span>.*</p>\n'
-            r'</figcaption>\n'
-            r'</figure>')
+    html = (
+        r'<figure class=\"align-right\" .*\>\n'
+        r'<div class="graphviz"><object data=\".*\.svg\".*>\n'
+        r'\s*<p class=\"warning\">digraph bar {\n'
+        r'foo -&gt; bar\n'
+        r'}</p></object></div>\n'
+        r'<figcaption>\n'
+        r'<p><span class=\"caption-text\">on <em>right</em></span>.*</p>\n'
+        r'</figcaption>\n'
+        r'</figure>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    html = (r'<div align=\"center\" class=\"align-center\">'
-            r'<div class="graphviz"><object data=\".*\.svg\".*>\n'
-            r'\s*<p class=\"warning\">digraph foo {\n'
-            r'centered\n'
-            r'}</p></object></div>\n'
-            r'</div>')
+    html = (
+        r'<div align=\"center\" class=\"align-center\">'
+        r'<div class="graphviz"><object data=\".*\.svg\".*>\n'
+        r'\s*<p class=\"warning\">digraph foo {\n'
+        r'centered\n'
+        r'}</p></object></div>\n'
+        r'</div>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
     image_re = r'.*data="([^"]+)".*?digraph test'
@@ -106,23 +125,25 @@ def test_graphviz_latex(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    macro = ('\\\\begin{figure}\\[htbp\\]\n\\\\centering\n\\\\capstart\n\n'
-             '\\\\sphinxincludegraphics\\[\\]{graphviz-\\w+.pdf}\n'
-             '\\\\caption{caption of graph}\\\\label{.*}\\\\end{figure}')
+    macro = (
+        '\\\\begin{figure}\\[htbp\\]\n\\\\centering\n\\\\capstart\n\n'
+        '\\\\sphinxincludegraphics\\[\\]{graphviz-\\w+.pdf}\n'
+        '\\\\caption{caption of graph}\\\\label{.*}\\\\end{figure}'
+    )
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
     macro = 'Hello \\\\sphinxincludegraphics\\[\\]{graphviz-\\w+.pdf} graphviz world'
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    macro = ('\\\\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0pt}\n\\\\centering\n'
-             '\\\\sphinxincludegraphics\\[\\]{graphviz-\\w+.pdf}\n'
-             '\\\\caption{on \\\\sphinxstyleemphasis{right}}'
-             '\\\\label{.*}\\\\end{wrapfigure}')
+    macro = (
+        '\\\\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0pt}\n\\\\centering\n'
+        '\\\\sphinxincludegraphics\\[\\]{graphviz-\\w+.pdf}\n'
+        '\\\\caption{on \\\\sphinxstyleemphasis{right}}'
+        '\\\\label{.*}\\\\end{wrapfigure}'
+    )
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    macro = (r'\{\\hfill'
-             r'\\sphinxincludegraphics\[\]{graphviz-.*}'
-             r'\\hspace\*{\\fill}}')
+    macro = r'\{\\hfill\\sphinxincludegraphics\[\]{graphviz-.*}\\hspace\*{\\fill}}'
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
@@ -138,10 +159,8 @@ def test_graphviz_i18n(app):
 
 def test_graphviz_parse_mapfile():
     # empty graph
-    code = ('# digraph {\n'
-            '# }\n')
-    content = ('<map id="%3" name="%3">\n'
-               '</map>')
+    code = '# digraph {\n# }\n'
+    content = '<map id="%3" name="%3">\n</map>'
     cmap = ClickableMapDefinition('dummy.map', content, code)
     assert cmap.filename == 'dummy.map'
     assert cmap.id == 'grapvizb08107169e'
@@ -149,15 +168,19 @@ def test_graphviz_parse_mapfile():
     assert cmap.generate_clickable_map() == ''
 
     # normal graph
-    code = ('digraph {\n'
-            '  foo [href="https://www.google.com/"];\n'
-            '  foo -> bar;\n'
-            '}\n')
-    content = ('<map id="%3" name="%3">\n'
-               '<area shape="poly" id="node1" href="https://www.google.com/" title="foo" alt=""'
-               ' coords="77,29,76,22,70,15,62,10,52,7,41,5,30,7,20,10,12,15,7,22,5,29,7,37,12,'
-               '43,20,49,30,52,41,53,52,52,62,49,70,43,76,37"/>\n'
-               '</map>')
+    code = (
+        'digraph {\n'
+        '  foo [href="https://www.google.com/"];\n'
+        '  foo -> bar;\n'
+        '}\n'
+    )
+    content = (
+        '<map id="%3" name="%3">\n'
+        '<area shape="poly" id="node1" href="https://www.google.com/" title="foo" alt=""'
+        ' coords="77,29,76,22,70,15,62,10,52,7,41,5,30,7,20,10,12,15,7,22,5,29,7,37,12,'
+        '43,20,49,30,52,41,53,52,52,62,49,70,43,76,37"/>\n'
+        '</map>'
+    )
     cmap = ClickableMapDefinition('dummy.map', content, code)
     assert cmap.filename == 'dummy.map'
     assert cmap.id == 'grapvizff087ab863'
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_ifconfig.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_ifconfig.py
index e1e2f0a735b..2c1fadaf65a 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_ifconfig.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_ifconfig.py
@@ -16,10 +16,8 @@ def test_ifconfig(app):
 
 
 def test_ifconfig_content_line_number(app):
-    app.setup_extension("sphinx.ext.ifconfig")
-    text = (".. ifconfig:: confval1\n" +
-            "\n" +
-            "   Some link here: :ref:`abc`\n")
+    app.setup_extension('sphinx.ext.ifconfig')
+    text = '.. ifconfig:: confval1\n\n   Some link here: :ref:`abc`\n'
     doc = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
     xrefs = list(doc.findall(condition=addnodes.pending_xref))
     assert len(xrefs) == 1
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_imgconverter.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_imgconverter.py
index 0b3c9a2fd67..a37c98c172d 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_imgconverter.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_imgconverter.py
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ def _if_converter_found(app):
     try:
         if image_converter:
             # print the image_converter version, to check that the command is available
-            subprocess.run([image_converter, '-version'], capture_output=True, check=False)
+            subprocess.run(
+                [image_converter, '-version'],
+                capture_output=True,
+                check=False,
+            )
             return
     except OSError:  # No such file or directory
         pass
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_inheritance_diagram.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_inheritance_diagram.py
index 5bfa8afac83..cf1d39ea9d7 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_inheritance_diagram.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_inheritance_diagram.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 from sphinx.ext.intersphinx import load_mappings, validate_intersphinx_mapping
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername="html", testroot="inheritance")
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='html', testroot='inheritance')
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('if_graphviz_found')
 def test_inheritance_diagram(app):
     # monkey-patch InheritaceDiagram.run() so we can get access to its
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def test_inheritance_diagram(app):
     def new_run(self):
         result = orig_run(self)
         node = result[0]
-        source = os.path.basename(node.document.current_source).replace(".rst", "")
+        source = os.path.basename(node.document.current_source).replace('.rst', '')
         graphs[source] = node['graph']
         return result
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def new_run(self):
     assert app.statuscode == 0
 
     html_warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
-    assert html_warnings == ""
+    assert html_warnings == ''
 
     # note: it is better to split these asserts into separate test functions
     # but I can't figure out how to build only a specific .rst file
@@ -132,20 +132,25 @@ def new_run(self):
     for cls in graphs['diagram_w_nested_classes'].class_info:
         assert cls in [
             ('dummy.test_nested.A', 'dummy.test_nested.A', [], None),
-            ('dummy.test_nested.C', 'dummy.test_nested.C', ['dummy.test_nested.A.B'], None),
+            (
+                'dummy.test_nested.C',
+                'dummy.test_nested.C',
+                ['dummy.test_nested.A.B'],
+                None,
+            ),
             ('dummy.test_nested.A.B', 'dummy.test_nested.A.B', [], None),
         ]
 
 
 # An external inventory to test intersphinx links in inheritance diagrams
-external_inventory = b'''\
+external_inventory = b"""\
 # Sphinx inventory version 2
 # Project: external
 # Version: 1.0
 # The remainder of this file is compressed using zlib.
-''' + zlib.compress(b'''\
+""" + zlib.compress(b"""\
 external.other.Bob py:class 1 foo.html#external.other.Bob -
-''')
+""")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-inheritance_diagram')
@@ -165,43 +170,50 @@ def test_inheritance_diagram_png_html(tmp_path, app):
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     base_maps = re.findall('<map .+\n.+\n</map>', content)
 
-    pattern = ('<figure class="align-default" id="id1">\n'
-               '<div class="graphviz">'
-               '<img src="_images/inheritance-\\w+.png" alt="Inheritance diagram of test.Foo" '
-               'class="inheritance graphviz" /></div>\n<figcaption>\n<p>'
-               '<span class="caption-text">Test Foo!</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" '
-               'title="Link to this image">\xb6</a></p>\n</figcaption>\n</figure>\n')
+    pattern = (
+        '<figure class="align-default" id="id1">\n'
+        '<div class="graphviz">'
+        '<img src="_images/inheritance-\\w+.png" alt="Inheritance diagram of test.Foo" '
+        'class="inheritance graphviz" /></div>\n<figcaption>\n<p>'
+        '<span class="caption-text">Test Foo!</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" '
+        'title="Link to this image">\xb6</a></p>\n</figcaption>\n</figure>\n'
+    )
     assert re.search(pattern, content, re.MULTILINE)
 
     subdir_content = (app.outdir / 'subdir/page1.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     subdir_maps = re.findall('<map .+\n.+\n</map>', subdir_content)
-    subdir_maps = [re.sub('href="(\\S+)"', 'href="subdir/\\g<1>"', s) for s in subdir_maps]
+    subdir_maps = [
+        re.sub('href="(\\S+)"', 'href="subdir/\\g<1>"', s) for s in subdir_maps
+    ]
 
     # Go through the clickmap for every PNG inheritance diagram
     for diagram_content in base_maps + subdir_maps:
         # Verify that an intersphinx link was created via the external inventory
         if 'subdir.' in diagram_content:
-            assert "https://example.org" in diagram_content
+            assert 'https://example.org' in diagram_content
 
         # Extract every link in the inheritance diagram
         for href in re.findall('href="(\\S+?)"', diagram_content):
             if '://' in href:
                 # Verify that absolute URLs are not prefixed with ../
-                assert href.startswith("https://example.org/")
+                assert href.startswith('https://example.org/')
             else:
                 # Verify that relative URLs point to existing documents
                 reluri = href.rsplit('#', 1)[0]  # strip the anchor at the end
                 assert (app.outdir / reluri).exists()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-inheritance_diagram',
-                    confoverrides={'graphviz_output_format': 'svg'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-inheritance_diagram',
+    confoverrides={'graphviz_output_format': 'svg'},
+)
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('if_graphviz_found')
 def test_inheritance_diagram_svg_html(tmp_path, app):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
     inv_file.write_bytes(external_inventory)
     app.config.intersphinx_mapping = {
-        "subdir": ('https://example.org', str(inv_file)),
+        'subdir': ('https://example.org', str(inv_file)),
     }
     app.config.intersphinx_cache_limit = 0
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
@@ -212,19 +224,23 @@ def test_inheritance_diagram_svg_html(tmp_path, app):
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     base_svgs = re.findall('<object data="(_images/inheritance-\\w+.svg?)"', content)
 
-    pattern = ('<figure class="align-default" id="id1">\n'
-               '<div class="graphviz">'
-               '<object data="_images/inheritance-\\w+.svg" '
-               'type="image/svg\\+xml" class="inheritance graphviz">\n'
-               '<p class="warning">Inheritance diagram of test.Foo</p>'
-               '</object></div>\n<figcaption>\n<p><span class="caption-text">'
-               'Test Foo!</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" '
-               'title="Link to this image">\xb6</a></p>\n</figcaption>\n</figure>\n')
+    pattern = (
+        '<figure class="align-default" id="id1">\n'
+        '<div class="graphviz">'
+        '<object data="_images/inheritance-\\w+.svg" '
+        'type="image/svg\\+xml" class="inheritance graphviz">\n'
+        '<p class="warning">Inheritance diagram of test.Foo</p>'
+        '</object></div>\n<figcaption>\n<p><span class="caption-text">'
+        'Test Foo!</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" '
+        'title="Link to this image">\xb6</a></p>\n</figcaption>\n</figure>\n'
+    )
 
     assert re.search(pattern, content, re.MULTILINE)
 
     subdir_content = (app.outdir / 'subdir/page1.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    subdir_svgs = re.findall('<object data="../(_images/inheritance-\\w+.svg?)"', subdir_content)
+    subdir_svgs = re.findall(
+        '<object data="../(_images/inheritance-\\w+.svg?)"', subdir_content
+    )
 
     # Go through every SVG inheritance diagram
     for diagram in base_svgs + subdir_svgs:
@@ -232,13 +248,13 @@ def test_inheritance_diagram_svg_html(tmp_path, app):
 
         # Verify that an intersphinx link was created via the external inventory
         if 'subdir.' in diagram_content:
-            assert "https://example.org" in diagram_content
+            assert 'https://example.org' in diagram_content
 
         # Extract every link in the inheritance diagram
         for href in re.findall('href="(\\S+?)"', diagram_content):
             if '://' in href:
                 # Verify that absolute URLs are not prefixed with ../
-                assert href.startswith("https://example.org/")
+                assert href.startswith('https://example.org/')
             else:
                 # Verify that relative URLs point to existing documents
                 reluri = href.rsplit('#', 1)[0]  # strip the anchor at the end
@@ -253,14 +269,19 @@ def test_inheritance_diagram_latex(app):
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
-    pattern = ('\\\\begin{figure}\\[htbp]\n\\\\centering\n\\\\capstart\n\n'
-               '\\\\sphinxincludegraphics\\[\\]{inheritance-\\w+.pdf}\n'
-               '\\\\caption{Test Foo!}\\\\label{\\\\detokenize{index:id1}}\\\\end{figure}')
+    pattern = (
+        '\\\\begin{figure}\\[htbp]\n\\\\centering\n\\\\capstart\n\n'
+        '\\\\sphinxincludegraphics\\[\\]{inheritance-\\w+.pdf}\n'
+        '\\\\caption{Test Foo!}\\\\label{\\\\detokenize{index:id1}}\\\\end{figure}'
+    )
     assert re.search(pattern, content, re.MULTILINE)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-inheritance_diagram',
-                    srcdir='ext-inheritance_diagram-alias')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-inheritance_diagram',
+    srcdir='ext-inheritance_diagram-alias',
+)
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('if_graphviz_found')
 def test_inheritance_diagram_latex_alias(app):
     app.config.inheritance_alias = {'test.Foo': 'alias.Foo'}
@@ -269,19 +290,31 @@ def test_inheritance_diagram_latex_alias(app):
     doc = app.env.get_and_resolve_doctree('index', app)
     aliased_graph = doc.children[0].children[3]['graph'].class_info
     assert len(aliased_graph) == 4
-    assert ('test.DocSubDir2', 'test.DocSubDir2', ['test.DocSubDir1'], None) in aliased_graph
-    assert ('test.DocSubDir1', 'test.DocSubDir1', ['test.DocHere'], None) in aliased_graph
+    assert (
+        'test.DocSubDir2',
+        'test.DocSubDir2',
+        ['test.DocSubDir1'],
+        None,
+    ) in aliased_graph
+    assert (
+        'test.DocSubDir1',
+        'test.DocSubDir1',
+        ['test.DocHere'],
+        None,
+    ) in aliased_graph
     assert ('test.DocHere', 'test.DocHere', ['alias.Foo'], None) in aliased_graph
     assert ('alias.Foo', 'alias.Foo', [], None) in aliased_graph
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
-    pattern = ('<figure class="align-default" id="id1">\n'
-               '<div class="graphviz">'
-               '<img src="_images/inheritance-\\w+.png" alt="Inheritance diagram of test.Foo" '
-               'class="inheritance graphviz" /></div>\n<figcaption>\n<p>'
-               '<span class="caption-text">Test Foo!</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" '
-               'title="Link to this image">\xb6</a></p>\n</figcaption>\n</figure>\n')
+    pattern = (
+        '<figure class="align-default" id="id1">\n'
+        '<div class="graphviz">'
+        '<img src="_images/inheritance-\\w+.png" alt="Inheritance diagram of test.Foo" '
+        'class="inheritance graphviz" /></div>\n<figcaption>\n<p>'
+        '<span class="caption-text">Test Foo!</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" '
+        'title="Link to this image">\xb6</a></p>\n</figcaption>\n</figure>\n'
+    )
     assert re.search(pattern, content, re.MULTILINE)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_intersphinx.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_intersphinx.py
index 306f4f2fcaf..e4b2c0d2ffe 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_intersphinx.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_intersphinx.py
@@ -96,9 +96,11 @@ def test_fetch_inventory_redirection(_read_from_url, InventoryFile, app):  # NoQ
         config=app.config,
         srcdir=app.srcdir,
     )
-    assert app.status.getvalue() == ('intersphinx inventory has moved: '
-                                     'https://hostname/%s -> https://hostname/new/%s\n' %
-                                     (INVENTORY_FILENAME, INVENTORY_FILENAME))
+    assert app.status.getvalue() == (
+        'intersphinx inventory has moved: '
+        'https://hostname/%s -> https://hostname/new/%s\n'
+        % (INVENTORY_FILENAME, INVENTORY_FILENAME)
+    )
     assert InventoryFile.load.call_args[0][1] == 'https://hostname/new'
 
     # different uri and inv, not redirected
@@ -126,29 +128,38 @@ def test_fetch_inventory_redirection(_read_from_url, InventoryFile, app):  # NoQ
         config=app.config,
         srcdir=app.srcdir,
     )
-    assert app.status.getvalue() == ('intersphinx inventory has moved: '
-                                     'https://hostname/new/%s -> https://hostname/other/%s\n' %
-                                     (INVENTORY_FILENAME, INVENTORY_FILENAME))
+    assert app.status.getvalue() == (
+        'intersphinx inventory has moved: '
+        'https://hostname/new/%s -> https://hostname/other/%s\n'
+        % (INVENTORY_FILENAME, INVENTORY_FILENAME)
+    )
     assert InventoryFile.load.call_args[0][1] == 'https://hostname/'
 
 
 def test_missing_reference(tmp_path, app):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
     inv_file.write_bytes(INVENTORY_V2)
-    set_config(app, {
-        'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
-        'py3k': ('https://docs.python.org/py3k/', str(inv_file)),
-        'py3krel': ('py3k', str(inv_file)),  # relative path
-        'py3krelparent': ('../../py3k', str(inv_file)),  # relative path, parent dir
-    })
+    set_config(
+        app,
+        {
+            'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
+            'py3k': ('https://docs.python.org/py3k/', str(inv_file)),
+            'py3krel': ('py3k', str(inv_file)),  # relative path
+            'py3krelparent': ('../../py3k', str(inv_file)),  # relative path, parent dir
+        },
+    )
 
     # load the inventory and check if it's done correctly
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
     load_mappings(app)
     inv = app.env.intersphinx_inventory
 
-    assert inv['py:module']['module2'] == \
-        ('foo', '2.0', 'https://docs.python.org/foo.html#module-module2', '-')
+    assert inv['py:module']['module2'] == (
+        'foo',
+        '2.0',
+        'https://docs.python.org/foo.html#module-module2',
+        '-',
+    )
 
     # check resolution when a target is found
     rn = reference_check(app, 'py', 'func', 'module1.func', 'foo')
@@ -173,20 +184,23 @@ def test_missing_reference(tmp_path, app):
     assert rn[0].astext() == 'module2'
 
     # prefix given, but explicit: nothing stripped
-    rn = reference_check(app, 'py', 'mod', 'py3k:module2', 'py3k:module2',
-                         refexplicit=True)
+    rn = reference_check(
+        app, 'py', 'mod', 'py3k:module2', 'py3k:module2', refexplicit=True
+    )
     assert rn[0].astext() == 'py3k:module2'
 
     # prefix given, target not found and nonexplicit title: prefix is not stripped
-    node, contnode = fake_node('py', 'mod', 'py3k:unknown', 'py3k:unknown',
-                               refexplicit=False)
+    node, contnode = fake_node(
+        'py', 'mod', 'py3k:unknown', 'py3k:unknown', refexplicit=False
+    )
     rn = missing_reference(app, app.env, node, contnode)
     assert rn is None
     assert contnode[0].astext() == 'py3k:unknown'
 
     # prefix given, target not found and explicit title: nothing is changed
-    node, contnode = fake_node('py', 'mod', 'py3k:unknown', 'py3k:unknown',
-                               refexplicit=True)
+    node, contnode = fake_node(
+        'py', 'mod', 'py3k:unknown', 'py3k:unknown', refexplicit=True
+    )
     rn = missing_reference(app, app.env, node, contnode)
     assert rn is None
     assert contnode[0].astext() == 'py3k:unknown'
@@ -198,11 +212,14 @@ def test_missing_reference(tmp_path, app):
     rn = reference_check(app, 'py', 'mod', 'py3krelparent:module1', 'foo')
     assert rn['refuri'] == '../../py3k/foo.html#module-module1'
 
-    rn = reference_check(app, 'py', 'mod', 'py3krel:module1', 'foo', refdoc='sub/dir/test')
+    rn = reference_check(
+        app, 'py', 'mod', 'py3krel:module1', 'foo', refdoc='sub/dir/test'
+    )
     assert rn['refuri'] == '../../py3k/foo.html#module-module1'
 
-    rn = reference_check(app, 'py', 'mod', 'py3krelparent:module1', 'foo',
-                         refdoc='sub/dir/test')
+    rn = reference_check(
+        app, 'py', 'mod', 'py3krelparent:module1', 'foo', refdoc='sub/dir/test'
+    )
     assert rn['refuri'] == '../../../../py3k/foo.html#module-module1'
 
     # check refs of standard domain
@@ -213,9 +230,12 @@ def test_missing_reference(tmp_path, app):
 def test_missing_reference_pydomain(tmp_path, app):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
     inv_file.write_bytes(INVENTORY_V2)
-    set_config(app, {
-        'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
-    })
+    set_config(
+        app,
+        {
+            'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
+        },
+    )
 
     # load the inventory and check if it's done correctly
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
@@ -243,9 +263,12 @@ def test_missing_reference_pydomain(tmp_path, app):
 def test_missing_reference_stddomain(tmp_path, app):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
     inv_file.write_bytes(INVENTORY_V2)
-    set_config(app, {
-        'cmd': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
-    })
+    set_config(
+        app,
+        {
+            'cmd': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
+        },
+    )
 
     # load the inventory and check if it's done correctly
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
@@ -290,31 +313,45 @@ def test_missing_reference_stddomain(tmp_path, app):
     assert rn.astext() == 'The Julia Domain'
 
 
-def test_ambiguous_reference_warning(tmp_path, app):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('term', 'expected_ambiguity'),
+    [
+        ('A TERM', False),
+        ('B TERM', True),
+    ],
+)
+def test_ambiguous_reference_handling(term, expected_ambiguity, tmp_path, app, warning):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
     inv_file.write_bytes(INVENTORY_V2_AMBIGUOUS_TERMS)
-    set_config(app, {
-        'cmd': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
-    })
+    set_config(
+        app,
+        {
+            'cmd': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
+        },
+    )
 
     # load the inventory
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
     load_mappings(app)
 
     # term reference (case insensitive)
-    node, contnode = fake_node('std', 'term', 'A TERM', 'A TERM')
+    node, contnode = fake_node('std', 'term', term, term)
     missing_reference(app, app.env, node, contnode)
 
-    assert 'multiple matches found for std:term:A TERM' in app.warning.getvalue()
+    ambiguity = f'multiple matches found for std:term:{term}' in warning.getvalue()
+    assert ambiguity is expected_ambiguity
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-intersphinx-cppdomain')
 def test_missing_reference_cppdomain(tmp_path, app):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
     inv_file.write_bytes(INVENTORY_V2)
-    set_config(app, {
-        'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
-    })
+    set_config(
+        app,
+        {
+            'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
+        },
+    )
 
     # load the inventory and check if it's done correctly
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
@@ -322,25 +359,34 @@ def test_missing_reference_cppdomain(tmp_path, app):
 
     app.build()
     html = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<a class="reference external"'
-            ' href="https://docs.python.org/index.html#cpp_foo_bar"'
-            ' title="(in foo v2.0)">'
-            '<code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate">'
-            '<span class="pre">Bar</span></code></a>' in html)
-    assert ('<a class="reference external"'
-            ' href="https://docs.python.org/index.html#foons"'
-            ' title="(in foo v2.0)"><span class="n"><span class="pre">foons</span></span></a>' in html)
-    assert ('<a class="reference external"'
-            ' href="https://docs.python.org/index.html#foons_bartype"'
-            ' title="(in foo v2.0)"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bartype</span></span></a>' in html)
+    assert (
+        '<a class="reference external"'
+        ' href="https://docs.python.org/index.html#cpp_foo_bar"'
+        ' title="(in foo v2.0)">'
+        '<code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate">'
+        '<span class="pre">Bar</span></code></a>'
+    ) in html
+    assert (
+        '<a class="reference external"'
+        ' href="https://docs.python.org/index.html#foons"'
+        ' title="(in foo v2.0)"><span class="n"><span class="pre">foons</span></span></a>'
+    ) in html
+    assert (
+        '<a class="reference external"'
+        ' href="https://docs.python.org/index.html#foons_bartype"'
+        ' title="(in foo v2.0)"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bartype</span></span></a>'
+    ) in html
 
 
 def test_missing_reference_jsdomain(tmp_path, app):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
     inv_file.write_bytes(INVENTORY_V2)
-    set_config(app, {
-        'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
-    })
+    set_config(
+        app,
+        {
+            'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
+        },
+    )
 
     # load the inventory and check if it's done correctly
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
@@ -362,9 +408,12 @@ def test_missing_reference_jsdomain(tmp_path, app):
 def test_missing_reference_disabled_domain(tmp_path, app):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
     inv_file.write_bytes(INVENTORY_V2)
-    set_config(app, {
-        'inv': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
-    })
+    set_config(
+        app,
+        {
+            'inv': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
+        },
+    )
 
     # load the inventory and check if it's done correctly
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
@@ -424,9 +473,12 @@ def assert_(rn, expected):
 def test_inventory_not_having_version(tmp_path, app):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'inventory'
     inv_file.write_bytes(INVENTORY_V2_NO_VERSION)
-    set_config(app, {
-        'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
-    })
+    set_config(
+        app,
+        {
+            'python': ('https://docs.python.org/', str(inv_file)),
+        },
+    )
 
     # load the inventory and check if it's done correctly
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
@@ -442,7 +494,6 @@ def test_inventory_not_having_version(tmp_path, app):
 def test_validate_intersphinx_mapping_warnings(app):
     """Check warnings in :func:`sphinx.ext.intersphinx.validate_intersphinx_mapping`."""
     bad_intersphinx_mapping = {
-        # fmt: off
         '':                 ('789.example', None),     # invalid project name (value)
         12345:              ('456.example', None),     # invalid project name (type)
         None:               ('123.example', None),     # invalid project name (type)
@@ -462,8 +513,7 @@ def test_validate_intersphinx_mapping_warnings(app):
         'bad-location-4':   ('d.example', ['y', '']),  # invalid inventory location (sequence input, bad string)
         'good-target-1':    ('e.example', None),       # valid inventory location (None)
         'good-target-2':    ('f.example', ('x',)),     # valid inventory location (sequence input)
-        # fmt: on
-    }
+    }  # fmt: skip
     set_config(app, bad_intersphinx_mapping)
 
     # normalise the inventory and check if it's done correctly
@@ -476,8 +526,8 @@ def test_validate_intersphinx_mapping_warnings(app):
     assert len(warnings) == len(bad_intersphinx_mapping) - 3
     assert warnings == [
         "ERROR: Invalid intersphinx project identifier `''` in intersphinx_mapping. Project identifiers must be non-empty strings.",
-        "ERROR: Invalid intersphinx project identifier `12345` in intersphinx_mapping. Project identifiers must be non-empty strings.",
-        "ERROR: Invalid intersphinx project identifier `None` in intersphinx_mapping. Project identifiers must be non-empty strings.",
+        'ERROR: Invalid intersphinx project identifier `12345` in intersphinx_mapping. Project identifiers must be non-empty strings.',
+        'ERROR: Invalid intersphinx project identifier `None` in intersphinx_mapping. Project identifiers must be non-empty strings.',
         "ERROR: Invalid value `None` in intersphinx_mapping['https://example/']. Expected a two-element tuple or list.",
         "ERROR: Invalid value `'inventory'` in intersphinx_mapping['https://server/']. Expected a two-element tuple or list.",
         "ERROR: Invalid value `0` in intersphinx_mapping['bad-dict-item']. Expected a two-element tuple or list.",
@@ -490,7 +540,7 @@ def test_validate_intersphinx_mapping_warnings(app):
         "ERROR: Invalid inventory location value `1` in intersphinx_mapping['bad-location-1'][1]. Inventory locations must be non-empty strings or None.",
         "ERROR: Invalid inventory location value `''` in intersphinx_mapping['bad-location-2'][1]. Inventory locations must be non-empty strings or None.",
         "ERROR: Invalid inventory location value `2` in intersphinx_mapping['bad-location-3'][1]. Inventory locations must be non-empty strings or None.",
-        "ERROR: Invalid inventory location value `''` in intersphinx_mapping['bad-location-4'][1]. Inventory locations must be non-empty strings or None."
+        "ERROR: Invalid inventory location value `''` in intersphinx_mapping['bad-location-4'][1]. Inventory locations must be non-empty strings or None.",
     ]
 
 
@@ -505,7 +555,7 @@ def test_load_mappings_fallback(tmp_path, app):
     }
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
     load_mappings(app)
-    assert "failed to reach any of the inventories" in app.warning.getvalue()
+    assert 'failed to reach any of the inventories' in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     rn = reference_check(app, 'py', 'func', 'module1.func', 'foo')
     assert rn is None
@@ -516,13 +566,17 @@ def test_load_mappings_fallback(tmp_path, app):
 
     # add fallbacks to mapping
     app.config.intersphinx_mapping = {
-        'fallback': ('https://docs.python.org/py3k/', ('/invalid/inventory/path',
-                                                       str(inv_file))),
+        'fallback': (
+            'https://docs.python.org/py3k/',
+            ('/invalid/inventory/path', str(inv_file)),
+        ),
     }
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
     load_mappings(app)
-    assert "encountered some issues with some of the inventories" in app.status.getvalue()
-    assert app.warning.getvalue() == ""
+    assert (
+        'encountered some issues with some of the inventories'
+    ) in app.status.getvalue()
+    assert app.warning.getvalue() == ''
 
     rn = reference_check(app, 'py', 'func', 'module1.func', 'foo')
     assert isinstance(rn, nodes.reference)
@@ -536,14 +590,14 @@ def test_auth_stripped(self):
         url = 'https://user:12345@domain.com/project/objects.inv'
         expected = 'https://domain.com/project/objects.inv'
         actual = _strip_basic_auth(url)
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert actual == expected
 
     def test_no_auth(self):
         """Url unchanged if param doesn't contain basic auth creds"""
         url = 'https://domain.com/project/objects.inv'
         expected = 'https://domain.com/project/objects.inv'
         actual = _strip_basic_auth(url)
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert actual == expected
 
     def test_having_port(self):
         """Basic auth creds correctly stripped from URL containing creds even if URL
@@ -552,7 +606,7 @@ def test_having_port(self):
         url = 'https://user:12345@domain.com:8080/project/objects.inv'
         expected = 'https://domain.com:8080/project/objects.inv'
         actual = _strip_basic_auth(url)
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert actual == expected
 
 
 def test_getsafeurl_authed():
@@ -560,7 +614,7 @@ def test_getsafeurl_authed():
     url = 'https://user:12345@domain.com/project/objects.inv'
     expected = 'https://user@domain.com/project/objects.inv'
     actual = _get_safe_url(url)
-    assert expected == actual
+    assert actual == expected
 
 
 def test_getsafeurl_authed_having_port():
@@ -568,7 +622,7 @@ def test_getsafeurl_authed_having_port():
     url = 'https://user:12345@domain.com:8080/project/objects.inv'
     expected = 'https://user@domain.com:8080/project/objects.inv'
     actual = _get_safe_url(url)
-    assert expected == actual
+    assert actual == expected
 
 
 def test_getsafeurl_unauthed():
@@ -576,7 +630,7 @@ def test_getsafeurl_unauthed():
     url = 'https://domain.com/project/objects.inv'
     expected = 'https://domain.com/project/objects.inv'
     actual = _get_safe_url(url)
-    assert expected == actual
+    assert actual == expected
 
 
 def test_inspect_main_noargs(capsys):
@@ -584,12 +638,12 @@ def test_inspect_main_noargs(capsys):
     assert inspect_main([]) == 1
 
     expected = (
-        "Print out an inventory file.\n"
-        "Error: must specify local path or URL to an inventory file."
+        'Print out an inventory file.\n'
+        'Error: must specify local path or URL to an inventory file.'
     )
     stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
-    assert stdout == ""
-    assert stderr == expected + "\n"
+    assert stdout == ''
+    assert stderr == expected + '\n'
 
 
 def test_inspect_main_file(capsys, tmp_path):
@@ -600,15 +654,16 @@ def test_inspect_main_file(capsys, tmp_path):
     inspect_main([str(inv_file)])
 
     stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
-    assert stdout.startswith("c:function\n")
-    assert stderr == ""
+    assert stdout.startswith('c:function\n')
+    assert stderr == ''
 
 
 def test_inspect_main_url(capsys):
     """inspect_main interface, with url argument"""
+
     class InventoryHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
         def do_GET(self):
-            self.send_response(200, "OK")
+            self.send_response(200, 'OK')
             self.end_headers()
             self.wfile.write(INVENTORY_V2)
 
@@ -621,8 +676,8 @@ def log_message(*args, **kwargs):
         inspect_main([url])
 
     stdout, stderr = capsys.readouterr()
-    assert stdout.startswith("c:function\n")
-    assert stderr == ""
+    assert stdout.startswith('c:function\n')
+    assert stderr == ''
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-intersphinx-role')
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_intersphinx_cache.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_intersphinx_cache.py
index e34fab8b2d6..72d942846bc 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_intersphinx_cache.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_intersphinx_cache.py
@@ -30,8 +30,13 @@ class InventoryEntry:
     """Entry in the Intersphinx inventory."""
 
     __slots__ = (
-        'name', 'display_name', 'domain_name',
-        'object_type', 'uri', 'anchor', 'priority',
+        'name',
+        'display_name',
+        'domain_name',
+        'object_type',
+        'uri',
+        'anchor',
+        'priority',
     )
 
     def __init__(
@@ -46,7 +51,7 @@ def __init__(
         priority: int = 0,
     ):
         if anchor.endswith(name):
-            anchor = anchor[:-len(name)] + '$'
+            anchor = anchor.removesuffix(name) + '$'
 
         if anchor:
             uri += '#' + anchor
@@ -64,8 +69,10 @@ def __init__(
 
     def format(self) -> str:
         """Format the entry as it appears in the inventory file."""
-        return (f'{self.name} {self.domain_name}:{self.object_type} '
-                f'{self.priority} {self.uri} {self.display_name}\n')
+        return (
+            f'{self.name} {self.domain_name}:{self.object_type} '
+            f'{self.priority} {self.uri} {self.display_name}\n'
+        )
 
 
 class IntersphinxProject:
@@ -122,9 +129,12 @@ def serialise(self, entries: Iterable[InventoryEntry] | None = None) -> bytes:
         return buffer.getvalue()
 
     def _write_headers(self, buffer: BinaryIO) -> None:
-        buffer.write((f'# Sphinx inventory version {self.protocol_version}\n'
-                      f'# Project: {self.project.safe_name}\n'
-                      f'# Version: {self.project.safe_version}\n').encode())
+        headers = (
+            f'# Sphinx inventory version {self.protocol_version}\n'
+            f'# Project: {self.project.safe_name}\n'
+            f'# Version: {self.project.safe_version}\n'
+        ).encode()
+        buffer.write(headers)
 
     def _write_body(self, buffer: BinaryIO, lines: Iterable[bytes]) -> None:
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -154,7 +164,7 @@ def __init__(
         *,
         item_name: str = 'ham',
         domain_name: str = 'py',
-        object_type: str = 'module'
+        object_type: str = 'module',
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             name=self.name,
@@ -170,10 +180,14 @@ def __init__(
     def make_entry(self) -> InventoryEntry:
         """Get an inventory entry for this project."""
         name = f'{self.item_name}_{self.version}'
-        return InventoryEntry(name, domain_name=self.domain_name, object_type=self.object_type)
+        return InventoryEntry(
+            name, domain_name=self.domain_name, object_type=self.object_type
+        )
 
 
-def make_inventory_handler(*projects: SingleEntryProject) -> type[BaseHTTPRequestHandler]:
+def make_inventory_handler(
+    *projects: SingleEntryProject,
+) -> type[BaseHTTPRequestHandler]:
     name, port = projects[0].name, projects[0].port
     assert all(p.name == name for p in projects)
     assert all(p.port == port for p in projects)
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_math.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_math.py
index 4a8b9daace1..a18a410c42c 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_math.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_math.py
@@ -22,10 +22,15 @@ def has_binary(binary: str) -> bool:
     return True
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(not has_binary('dvipng'),
-                    reason='Requires dvipng" binary')
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math-simple',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath']})
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not has_binary('dvipng'),
+    reason='Requires dvipng" binary',
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math-simple',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath']},
+)
 def test_imgmath_png(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     if "LaTeX command 'latex' cannot be run" in app.warning.getvalue():
@@ -37,16 +42,22 @@ def test_imgmath_png(app):
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     shutil.rmtree(app.outdir)
-    html = (r'<div class="math">\s*<p>\s*<img src="_images/math/\w+.png"'
-            r'\s*alt="a\^2\+b\^2=c\^2"/>\s*</p>\s*</div>')
+    html = (
+        r'<div class="math">\s*<p>\s*<img src="_images/math/\w+.png"'
+        r'\s*alt="a\^2\+b\^2=c\^2"/>\s*</p>\s*</div>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(not has_binary('dvisvgm'),
-                    reason='Requires dvisvgm" binary')
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math-simple',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath'],
-                                   'imgmath_image_format': 'svg'})
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not has_binary('dvisvgm'),
+    reason='Requires dvisvgm" binary',
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math-simple',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath'], 'imgmath_image_format': 'svg'},
+)
 def test_imgmath_svg(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     if "LaTeX command 'latex' cannot be run" in app.warning.getvalue():
@@ -58,17 +69,26 @@ def test_imgmath_svg(app):
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     shutil.rmtree(app.outdir)
-    html = (r'<div class="math">\s*<p>\s*<img src="_images/math/\w+.svg"'
-            r'\s*alt="a\^2\+b\^2=c\^2"/>\s*</p>\s*</div>')
+    html = (
+        r'<div class="math">\s*<p>\s*<img src="_images/math/\w+.svg"'
+        r'\s*alt="a\^2\+b\^2=c\^2"/>\s*</p>\s*</div>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(not has_binary('dvisvgm'),
-                    reason='Requires dvisvgm" binary')
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math-simple',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath'],
-                                   'imgmath_image_format': 'svg',
-                                   'imgmath_embed': True})
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not has_binary('dvisvgm'),
+    reason='Requires dvisvgm" binary',
+)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math-simple',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath'],
+        'imgmath_image_format': 'svg',
+        'imgmath_embed': True,
+    },
+)
 def test_imgmath_svg_embed(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     if "LaTeX command 'latex' cannot be run" in app.warning.getvalue():
@@ -84,147 +104,211 @@ def test_imgmath_svg_embed(app):
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'mathjax_options': {'integrity': 'sha384-0123456789'}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'mathjax_options': {'integrity': 'sha384-0123456789'},
+    },
+)
 def test_mathjax_options(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     shutil.rmtree(app.outdir)
-    assert ('<script async="async" integrity="sha384-0123456789" '
-            'src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js">'
-            '</script>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<script async="async" integrity="sha384-0123456789" '
+        'src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js">'
+        '</script>'
+    ) in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_mathjax_align(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     shutil.rmtree(app.outdir)
-    html = (r'<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">\s*'
-            r'\\\[ \\begin\{align\}\\begin\{aligned\}S \&amp;= \\pi r\^2\\\\'
-            r'V \&amp;= \\frac\{4\}\{3\} \\pi r\^3\\end\{aligned\}\\end\{align\} \\\]</div>')
+    html = (
+        r'<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">\s*'
+        r'\\\[ \\begin\{align\}\\begin\{aligned\}S \&amp;= \\pi r\^2\\\\'
+        r'V \&amp;= \\frac\{4\}\{3\} \\pi r\^3\\end\{aligned\}\\end\{align\} \\\]</div>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'math_number_all': True,
-                                   'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={'math_number_all': True, 'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_math_number_all_mathjax(app):
     app.build()
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    html = (r'<div class="math notranslate nohighlight" id="equation-index-0">\s*'
-            r'<span class="eqno">\(1\)<a .*>\xb6</a></span>\\\[a\^2\+b\^2=c\^2\\\]</div>')
+    html = (
+        r'<div class="math notranslate nohighlight" id="equation-index-0">\s*'
+        r'<span class="eqno">\(1\)<a .*>\xb6</a></span>\\\[a\^2\+b\^2=c\^2\\\]</div>'
+    )
     assert re.search(html, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_math_number_all_latex(app):
     app.build()
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    macro = (r'\\begin{equation\*}\s*'
-             r'\\begin{split}a\^2\+b\^2=c\^2\\end{split}\s*'
-             r'\\end{equation\*}')
+    macro = (
+        r'\\begin{equation\*}\s*'
+        r'\\begin{split}a\^2\+b\^2=c\^2\\end{split}\s*'
+        r'\\end{equation\*}'
+    )
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
     macro = r'Inline \\\(E=mc\^2\\\)'
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    macro = (r'\\begin{equation\*}\s*'
-             r'\\begin{split}e\^{i\\pi}\+1=0\\end{split}\s+'
-             r'\\end{equation\*}')
+    macro = (
+        r'\\begin{equation\*}\s*'
+        r'\\begin{split}e\^{i\\pi}\+1=0\\end{split}\s+'
+        r'\\end{equation\*}'
+    )
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
-    macro = (r'\\begin{align\*}\\!\\begin{aligned}\s*'
-             r'S &= \\pi r\^2\\\\\s*'
-             r'V &= \\frac\{4}\{3} \\pi r\^3\\\\\s*'
-             r'\\end{aligned}\\end{align\*}')
+    macro = (
+        r'\\begin{align\*}\\!\\begin{aligned}\s*'
+        r'S &= \\pi r\^2\\\\\s*'
+        r'V &= \\frac\{4}\{3} \\pi r\^3\\\\\s*'
+        r'\\end{aligned}\\end{align\*}'
+    )
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
     macro = r'Referencing equation \\eqref{equation:math:foo}.'
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'math_eqref_format': 'Eq.{number}'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'math_eqref_format': 'Eq.{number}',
+    },
+)
 def test_math_eqref_format_html(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'math.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    html = ('<p>Referencing equation <a class="reference internal" '
-            'href="#equation-foo">Eq.1</a> and <a class="reference internal" '
-            'href="#equation-foo">Eq.1</a>.</p>')
+    html = (
+        '<p>Referencing equation <a class="reference internal" '
+        'href="#equation-foo">Eq.1</a> and <a class="reference internal" '
+        'href="#equation-foo">Eq.1</a>.</p>'
+    )
     assert html in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'math_eqref_format': 'Eq.{number}'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'math_eqref_format': 'Eq.{number}',
+    },
+)
 def test_math_eqref_format_latex(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'projectnamenotset.tex').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    macro = (r'Referencing equation Eq.\\ref{equation:math:foo} and '
-             r'Eq.\\ref{equation:math:foo}.')
+    macro = (
+        r'Referencing equation Eq.\\ref{equation:math:foo} and '
+        r'Eq.\\ref{equation:math:foo}.'
+    )
     assert re.search(macro, content, re.DOTALL)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'numfig': True,
-                                   'math_numfig': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'numfig': True,
+        'math_numfig': True,
+    },
+)
 def test_mathjax_numfig_html(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'math.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    html = ('<div class="math notranslate nohighlight" id="equation-math-0">\n'
-            '<span class="eqno">(1.2)')
+    html = (
+        '<div class="math notranslate nohighlight" id="equation-math-0">\n'
+        '<span class="eqno">(1.2)'
+    )
     assert html in content
-    html = ('<p>Referencing equation <a class="reference internal" '
-            'href="#equation-foo">(1.1)</a> and '
-            '<a class="reference internal" href="#equation-foo">(1.1)</a>.</p>')
+    html = (
+        '<p>Referencing equation <a class="reference internal" '
+        'href="#equation-foo">(1.1)</a> and '
+        '<a class="reference internal" href="#equation-foo">(1.1)</a>.</p>'
+    )
     assert html in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'numfig': True,
-                                   'math_numfig': True,
-                                   'math_numsep': '-'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'numfig': True,
+        'math_numfig': True,
+        'math_numsep': '-',
+    },
+)
 def test_mathjax_numsep_html(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'math.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    html = ('<div class="math notranslate nohighlight" id="equation-math-0">\n'
-            '<span class="eqno">(1-2)')
+    html = (
+        '<div class="math notranslate nohighlight" id="equation-math-0">\n'
+        '<span class="eqno">(1-2)'
+    )
     assert html in content
-    html = ('<p>Referencing equation <a class="reference internal" '
-            'href="#equation-foo">(1-1)</a> and '
-            '<a class="reference internal" href="#equation-foo">(1-1)</a>.</p>')
+    html = (
+        '<p>Referencing equation <a class="reference internal" '
+        'href="#equation-foo">(1-1)</a> and '
+        '<a class="reference internal" href="#equation-foo">(1-1)</a>.</p>'
+    )
     assert html in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath'],
-                                   'numfig': True,
-                                   'numfig_secnum_depth': 0,
-                                   'math_numfig': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.imgmath'],
+        'numfig': True,
+        'numfig_secnum_depth': 0,
+        'math_numfig': True,
+    },
+)
 def test_imgmath_numfig_html(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'page.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     html = '<span class="eqno">(3)<a class="headerlink" href="#equation-bar"'
     assert html in content
-    html = ('<p>Referencing equations <a class="reference internal" '
-            'href="math.html#equation-foo">(1)</a> and '
-            '<a class="reference internal" href="#equation-bar">(3)</a>.</p>')
+    html = (
+        '<p>Referencing equations <a class="reference internal" '
+        'href="math.html#equation-foo">(1)</a> and '
+        '<a class="reference internal" href="#equation-bar">(3)</a>.</p>'
+    )
     assert html in content
 
 
@@ -234,75 +318,113 @@ def test_math_compat(app):
         app.build(force_all=True)
         doctree = app.env.get_and_resolve_doctree('index', app.builder)
 
-        assert_node(doctree,
-                    [nodes.document, nodes.section, (nodes.title,
-                                                     [nodes.section, (nodes.title,
-                                                                      nodes.paragraph)],
-                                                     nodes.section)])
-        assert_node(doctree[0][1][1],
-                    ('Inline: ',
-                     [nodes.math, "E=mc^2"],
-                     '\nInline my math: ',
-                     [nodes.math, "E = mc^2"]))
-        assert_node(doctree[0][2],
-                    ([nodes.title, "block"],
-                     [nodes.math_block, "a^2+b^2=c^2\n\n"],
-                     [nodes.paragraph, "Second math"],
-                     [nodes.math_block, "e^{i\\pi}+1=0\n\n"],
-                     [nodes.paragraph, "Multi math equations"],
-                     [nodes.math_block, "E = mc^2"]))
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'mathjax3_config': {'extensions': ['tex2jax.js']}})
+        assert_node(
+            doctree,
+            [
+                nodes.document,
+                nodes.section,
+                (
+                    nodes.title,
+                    [nodes.section, (nodes.title, nodes.paragraph)],
+                    nodes.section,
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+        assert_node(
+            doctree[0][1][1],
+            (
+                'Inline: ',
+                [nodes.math, 'E=mc^2'],
+                '\nInline my math: ',
+                [nodes.math, 'E = mc^2'],
+            ),
+        )
+        assert_node(
+            doctree[0][2],
+            (
+                [nodes.title, 'block'],
+                [nodes.math_block, 'a^2+b^2=c^2\n\n'],
+                [nodes.paragraph, 'Second math'],
+                [nodes.math_block, 'e^{i\\pi}+1=0\n\n'],
+                [nodes.paragraph, 'Multi math equations'],
+                [nodes.math_block, 'E = mc^2'],
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'mathjax3_config': {'extensions': ['tex2jax.js']},
+    },
+)
 def test_mathjax3_config(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert MATHJAX_URL in content
-    assert ('<script defer="defer" src="%s">' % MATHJAX_URL in content)
-    assert ('<script>window.MathJax = {"extensions": ["tex2jax.js"]}</script>' in content)
+    assert '<script defer="defer" src="%s">' % MATHJAX_URL in content
+    assert '<script>window.MathJax = {"extensions": ["tex2jax.js"]}</script>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'mathjax2_config': {'extensions': ['tex2jax.js']}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'mathjax2_config': {'extensions': ['tex2jax.js']},
+    },
+)
 def test_mathjax2_config(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<script async="async" src="%s">' % MATHJAX_URL in content)
-    assert ('<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">'
-            'MathJax.Hub.Config({"extensions": ["tex2jax.js"]})'
-            '</script>' in content)
+    assert '<script async="async" src="%s">' % MATHJAX_URL in content
+    assert (
+        '<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">'
+        'MathJax.Hub.Config({"extensions": ["tex2jax.js"]})'
+        '</script>'
+    ) in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'mathjax_options': {'async': 'async'},
-                                   'mathjax3_config': {'extensions': ['tex2jax.js']}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'mathjax_options': {'async': 'async'},
+        'mathjax3_config': {'extensions': ['tex2jax.js']},
+    },
+)
 def test_mathjax_options_async_for_mathjax3(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert MATHJAX_URL in content
-    assert ('<script async="async" src="%s">' % MATHJAX_URL in content)
+    assert '<script async="async" src="%s">' % MATHJAX_URL in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
-                                   'mathjax_options': {'defer': 'defer'},
-                                   'mathjax2_config': {'extensions': ['tex2jax.js']}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={
+        'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
+        'mathjax_options': {'defer': 'defer'},
+        'mathjax2_config': {'extensions': ['tex2jax.js']},
+    },
+)
 def test_mathjax_options_defer_for_mathjax2(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<script defer="defer" src="%s">' % MATHJAX_URL in content)
+    assert '<script defer="defer" src="%s">' % MATHJAX_URL in content
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'html', testroot='ext-math',
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
     confoverrides={
         'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
         'mathjax_path': 'MathJax.js',
@@ -316,7 +438,8 @@ def test_mathjax_path(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'html', testroot='ext-math',
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
     confoverrides={
         'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax'],
         'mathjax_path': 'MathJax.js?config=scipy-mathjax',
@@ -326,11 +449,16 @@ def test_mathjax_path_config(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert '<script async="async" src="_static/MathJax.js?config=scipy-mathjax"></script>' in content
+    assert (
+        '<script async="async" src="_static/MathJax.js?config=scipy-mathjax"></script>'
+    ) in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_mathjax_is_installed_only_if_document_having_math(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -341,8 +469,11 @@ def test_mathjax_is_installed_only_if_document_having_math(app):
     assert MATHJAX_URL not in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_mathjax_is_not_installed_if_no_equations(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -350,8 +481,11 @@ def test_mathjax_is_not_installed_if_no_equations(app):
     assert 'MathJax.js' not in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_mathjax_is_installed_if_no_equations_when_forced(app):
     app.set_html_assets_policy('always')
     app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -363,8 +497,11 @@ def test_mathjax_is_installed_if_no_equations_when_forced(app):
     assert MATHJAX_URL in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-math-include',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-math-include',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_mathjax_is_installed_if_included_file_has_equations(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -380,8 +517,11 @@ def test_mathjax_is_installed_if_included_file_has_equations(app):
     assert MATHJAX_URL in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('singlehtml', testroot='ext-math',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'singlehtml',
+    testroot='ext-math',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_mathjax_is_installed_only_if_document_having_math_singlehtml(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -389,8 +529,11 @@ def test_mathjax_is_installed_only_if_document_having_math_singlehtml(app):
     assert MATHJAX_URL in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('singlehtml', testroot='basic',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'singlehtml',
+    testroot='basic',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_mathjax_is_not_installed_if_no_equations_singlehtml(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -398,8 +541,11 @@ def test_mathjax_is_not_installed_if_no_equations_singlehtml(app):
     assert 'MathJax.js' not in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('singlehtml', testroot='ext-math-include',
-                    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'singlehtml',
+    testroot='ext-math-include',
+    confoverrides={'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.mathjax']},
+)
 def test_mathjax_is_installed_if_included_file_has_equations_singlehtml(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_napoleon.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_napoleon.py
index 466bd49ba74..1175d6becc6 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_napoleon.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_napoleon.py
@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@ def simple_decorator(f):
     """
     A simple decorator that does nothing, for tests to use.
     """
+
     @functools.wraps(f)
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
         return f(*args, **kwargs)
+
     return wrapper
 
 
@@ -80,20 +82,30 @@ def __special_undoc__(self):
 
 class TestProcessDocstring:
     def test_modify_in_place(self):
-        lines = ['Summary line.',
-                 '',
-                 'Args:',
-                 '   arg1: arg1 description']
+        lines = [
+            'Summary line.',
+            '',
+            'Args:',
+            '   arg1: arg1 description',
+        ]
         app = mock.Mock()
         app.config = Config()
-        _process_docstring(app, 'class', 'SampleClass', SampleClass,
-                           mock.Mock(), lines)
-
-        expected = ['Summary line.',
-                    '',
-                    ':param arg1: arg1 description',
-                    '']
-        assert expected == lines
+        _process_docstring(
+            app,
+            'class',
+            'SampleClass',
+            SampleClass,
+            mock.Mock(),
+            lines,
+        )
+
+        expected = [
+            'Summary line.',
+            '',
+            ':param arg1: arg1 description',
+            '',
+        ]
+        assert lines == expected
 
 
 class TestSetup:
@@ -106,10 +118,7 @@ def test_add_config_values(self):
         for name in Config._config_values:
             has_config = False
             for method_name, args, _kwargs in app.method_calls:
-                if (
-                    method_name == 'add_config_value' and
-                    args[0] == name
-                ):
+                if method_name == 'add_config_value' and args[0] == name:
                     has_config = True
             if not has_config:
                 pytest.fail('Config value was not added to app %s' % name)
@@ -119,14 +128,11 @@ def test_add_config_values(self):
         for method_name, args, _kwargs in app.method_calls:
             if method_name == 'connect':
                 if (
-                    args[0] == 'autodoc-process-docstring' and
-                    args[1] == _process_docstring
+                    args[0] == 'autodoc-process-docstring'
+                    and args[1] == _process_docstring
                 ):
                     has_process_docstring = True
-                elif (
-                    args[0] == 'autodoc-skip-member' and
-                    args[1] == _skip_member
-                ):
+                elif args[0] == 'autodoc-skip-member' and args[1] == _skip_member:
                     has_skip_member = True
         if not has_process_docstring:
             pytest.fail('autodoc-process-docstring never connected')
@@ -152,67 +158,127 @@ def test_namedtuple(self):
         # because there is no way to check the method is a member of the
         # namedtuple class.  This testcase confirms only it does not
         # raise an error on building document (refs: #1455)
-        self.assert_skip('class', '_asdict',
-                         SampleNamedTuple._asdict, True,
-                         'napoleon_include_private_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'class',
+            '_asdict',
+            SampleNamedTuple._asdict,
+            True,
+            'napoleon_include_private_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_class_private_doc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('class', '_private_doc',
-                         SampleClass._private_doc, False,
-                         'napoleon_include_private_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'class',
+            '_private_doc',
+            SampleClass._private_doc,
+            False,
+            'napoleon_include_private_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_class_private_undoc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('class', '_private_undoc',
-                         SampleClass._private_undoc, True,
-                         'napoleon_include_private_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'class',
+            '_private_undoc',
+            SampleClass._private_undoc,
+            True,
+            'napoleon_include_private_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_class_special_doc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('class', '__special_doc__',
-                         SampleClass.__special_doc__, False,
-                         'napoleon_include_special_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'class',
+            '__special_doc__',
+            SampleClass.__special_doc__,
+            False,
+            'napoleon_include_special_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_class_special_undoc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('class', '__special_undoc__',
-                         SampleClass.__special_undoc__, True,
-                         'napoleon_include_special_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'class',
+            '__special_undoc__',
+            SampleClass.__special_undoc__,
+            True,
+            'napoleon_include_special_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_class_decorated_doc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('class', '__decorated_func__',
-                         SampleClass.__decorated_func__, False,
-                         'napoleon_include_special_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'class',
+            '__decorated_func__',
+            SampleClass.__decorated_func__,
+            False,
+            'napoleon_include_special_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_exception_private_doc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('exception', '_private_doc',
-                         SampleError._private_doc, False,
-                         'napoleon_include_private_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'exception',
+            '_private_doc',
+            SampleError._private_doc,
+            False,
+            'napoleon_include_private_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_exception_private_undoc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('exception', '_private_undoc',
-                         SampleError._private_undoc, True,
-                         'napoleon_include_private_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'exception',
+            '_private_undoc',
+            SampleError._private_undoc,
+            True,
+            'napoleon_include_private_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_exception_special_doc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('exception', '__special_doc__',
-                         SampleError.__special_doc__, False,
-                         'napoleon_include_special_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'exception',
+            '__special_doc__',
+            SampleError.__special_doc__,
+            False,
+            'napoleon_include_special_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_exception_special_undoc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('exception', '__special_undoc__',
-                         SampleError.__special_undoc__, True,
-                         'napoleon_include_special_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'exception',
+            '__special_undoc__',
+            SampleError.__special_undoc__,
+            True,
+            'napoleon_include_special_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_module_private_doc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('module', '_private_doc', _private_doc, False,
-                         'napoleon_include_private_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'module',
+            '_private_doc',
+            _private_doc,
+            False,
+            'napoleon_include_private_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_module_private_undoc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('module', '_private_undoc', _private_undoc, True,
-                         'napoleon_include_private_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'module',
+            '_private_undoc',
+            _private_undoc,
+            True,
+            'napoleon_include_private_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_module_special_doc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('module', '__special_doc__', __special_doc__, False,
-                         'napoleon_include_special_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'module',
+            '__special_doc__',
+            __special_doc__,
+            False,
+            'napoleon_include_special_with_doc',
+        )
 
     def test_module_special_undoc(self):
-        self.assert_skip('module', '__special_undoc__', __special_undoc__, True,
-                         'napoleon_include_special_with_doc')
+        self.assert_skip(
+            'module',
+            '__special_undoc__',
+            __special_undoc__,
+            True,
+            'napoleon_include_special_with_doc',
+        )
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_napoleon_docstring.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_napoleon_docstring.py
index e238ff91099..8e04e4d9724 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_napoleon_docstring.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_napoleon_docstring.py
@@ -51,9 +51,14 @@ def __new__(cls, attr1, attr2=None):
 class TestNamedtupleSubclass:
     def test_attributes_docstring(self):
         config = Config()
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(cleandoc(NamedtupleSubclass.__doc__),
-                                    config=config, app=None, what='class',
-                                    name='NamedtupleSubclass', obj=NamedtupleSubclass))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(
+            cleandoc(NamedtupleSubclass.__doc__),
+            config=config,
+            app=None,
+            what='class',
+            name='NamedtupleSubclass',
+            obj=NamedtupleSubclass,
+        )
         expected = """\
 Sample namedtuple subclass
 
@@ -76,21 +81,25 @@ def test_attributes_docstring(self):
    :type: Type
 """
 
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
 
 class TestInlineAttribute:
-    inline_google_docstring = ('inline description with '
-                               '``a : in code``, '
-                               'a :ref:`reference`, '
-                               'a `link <https://foo.bar>`_, '
-                               'a :meta public:, '
-                               'a :meta field: value and '
-                               'an host:port and HH:MM strings.')
+    inline_google_docstring = (
+        'inline description with '
+        '``a : in code``, '
+        'a :ref:`reference`, '
+        'a `link <https://foo.bar>`_, '
+        'a :meta public:, '
+        'a :meta field: value and '
+        'an host:port and HH:MM strings.'
+    )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _docstring(source):
-        rst = GoogleDocstring(source, config=Config(), app=None, what='attribute', name='some_data', obj=0)
+        rst = GoogleDocstring(
+            source, config=Config(), app=None, what='attribute', name='some_data', obj=0
+        )
         return str(rst)
 
     def test_class_data_member(self):
@@ -115,37 +124,41 @@ def test_class_data_member_inline_ref_in_type(self):
 
 
 class TestGoogleDocstring:
-    docstrings = [(
-        """Single line summary""",
-        """Single line summary""",
-    ), (
-        """
+    docstrings = [
+        (
+            """Single line summary""",
+            """Single line summary""",
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Extended description
 
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Extended description
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Args:
           arg1(str):Extended
             description of arg1
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: **arg1** (*str*) -- Extended
                      description of arg1
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Args:
@@ -159,7 +172,7 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
             description of kwarg1
           kwarg2 ( int ) : Extended
             description of kwarg2""",
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: * **arg1** (*str*) -- Extended
@@ -172,8 +185,9 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
                             * **kwarg2** (*int*) -- Extended
                               description of kwarg2
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Arguments:
@@ -187,7 +201,7 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
             description of kwarg1
           kwarg2 ( int ) : Extended
             description of kwarg2""",
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: * **arg1** (*str*) -- Extended
@@ -200,62 +214,67 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
                             * **kwarg2** (*int*) -- Extended
                               description of kwarg2
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Return:
           str:Extended
           description of return value
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :returns: *str* -- Extended
                   description of return value
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Returns:
           str:Extended
           description of return value
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :returns: *str* -- Extended
                   description of return value
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Returns:
           Extended
           description of return value
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :returns: Extended
                   description of return value
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Returns:
           Extended
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :returns: Extended
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Args:
@@ -264,7 +283,7 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
           *args: Variable length argument list.
           **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments.
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: * **arg1** (*str*) -- Extended
@@ -272,8 +291,9 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
                      * **\\*args** -- Variable length argument list.
                      * **\\*\\*kwargs** -- Arbitrary keyword arguments.
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Args:
@@ -282,7 +302,7 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
           arg3 (dict(str, int)): Description
           arg4 (dict[str, int]): Description
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: * **arg1** (*list(int)*) -- Description
@@ -290,64 +310,69 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
                      * **arg3** (*dict(str, int)*) -- Description
                      * **arg4** (*dict[str, int]*) -- Description
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Receive:
           arg1 (list(int)): Description
           arg2 (list[int]): Description
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Receives: * **arg1** (*list(int)*) -- Description
                    * **arg2** (*list[int]*) -- Description
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Receives:
           arg1 (list(int)): Description
           arg2 (list[int]): Description
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Receives: * **arg1** (*list(int)*) -- Description
                    * **arg2** (*list[int]*) -- Description
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Yield:
           str:Extended
           description of yielded value
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Yields: *str* -- Extended
                  description of yielded value
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Yields:
           Extended
           description of yielded value
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Yields: Extended
                  description of yielded value
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Args:
@@ -365,7 +390,7 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
           arg6 (list of int or float): Extended
               description of arg6.
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: * **arg1** (*list of str*) -- Extended
@@ -381,7 +406,8 @@ class TestGoogleDocstring:
                      * **arg6** (*list of int or float*) -- Extended
                        description of arg6.
         """,
-    )]
+        ),
+    ]
 
     def test_sphinx_admonitions(self):
         admonition_map = {
@@ -400,25 +426,28 @@ def test_sphinx_admonitions(self):
         config = Config()
         for section, admonition in admonition_map.items():
             # Multiline
-            actual = str(GoogleDocstring(f"{section}:\n"
-                                         "    this is the first line\n"
-                                         "\n"
-                                         "    and this is the second line\n",
-                                         config))
-            expect = (f".. {admonition}::\n"
-                      "\n"
-                      "   this is the first line\n"
-                      "   \n"
-                      "   and this is the second line\n"
-                      )
-            assert expect == actual
+            actual = GoogleDocstring(
+                f'{section}:\n'
+                '    this is the first line\n'
+                '\n'
+                '    and this is the second line\n',
+                config,
+            )
+            expect = (
+                f'.. {admonition}::\n'
+                '\n'
+                '   this is the first line\n'
+                '   \n'
+                '   and this is the second line\n'
+            )
+            assert str(actual) == expect
 
             # Single line
-            actual = str(GoogleDocstring(f"{section}:\n"
-                                         "    this is a single line\n",
-                                         config))
-            expect = f".. {admonition}:: this is a single line\n"
-            assert expect == actual
+            actual = GoogleDocstring(
+                f'{section}:\n' '    this is a single line\n', config
+            )
+            expect = f'.. {admonition}:: this is a single line\n'
+            assert str(actual) == expect
 
     def test_docstrings(self):
         config = Config(
@@ -427,9 +456,9 @@ def test_docstrings(self):
             napoleon_use_keyword=False,
         )
         for docstring, expected in self.docstrings:
-            actual = str(GoogleDocstring(dedent(docstring), config))
+            actual = GoogleDocstring(dedent(docstring), config)
             expected = dedent(expected)
-            assert expected == actual
+            assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_parameters_with_class_reference(self):
         docstring = """\
@@ -449,7 +478,7 @@ def test_parameters_with_class_reference(self):
 
 """
 
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
         expected = """\
 Construct a new XBlock.
 
@@ -465,7 +494,7 @@ def test_parameters_with_class_reference(self):
 :param scope_ids: Identifiers needed to resolve scopes.
 :type scope_ids: :class:`ScopeIds`
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_attributes_with_class_reference(self):
         docstring = """\
@@ -473,7 +502,7 @@ def test_attributes_with_class_reference(self):
     in_attr(:class:`numpy.ndarray`): super-dooper attribute
 """
 
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
         expected = """\
 .. attribute:: in_attr
 
@@ -481,14 +510,14 @@ def test_attributes_with_class_reference(self):
 
    :type: :class:`numpy.ndarray`
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
         docstring = """\
 Attributes:
     in_attr(numpy.ndarray): super-dooper attribute
 """
 
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
         expected = """\
 .. attribute:: in_attr
 
@@ -505,14 +534,14 @@ def test_attributes_with_use_ivar(self):
 """
 
         config = Config(napoleon_use_ivar=True)
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring, config, obj=self.__class__))
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring, config, obj=self.__class__)
         expected = """\
 :ivar foo: blah blah
 :vartype foo: int
 :ivar bar: blah blah
 :vartype bar: str
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_code_block_in_returns_section(self):
         docstring = """
@@ -531,8 +560,8 @@ def test_code_block_in_returns_section(self):
               codecode
 :rtype: foobar
 """
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_colon_in_return_type(self):
         docstring = """Example property.
@@ -547,8 +576,8 @@ def test_colon_in_return_type(self):
           if available, None if not available.
 :rtype: :py:class:`~.module.submodule.SomeClass`
 """
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_xrefs_in_return_type(self):
         docstring = """Example Function
@@ -563,11 +592,13 @@ def test_xrefs_in_return_type(self):
           a bunch of math items
 :rtype: :class:`numpy.ndarray`
 """
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_raises_types(self):
-        docstrings = [("""
+        docstrings = [
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
@@ -584,7 +615,8 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
     :exc:`~ValueError`
         If the arguments are wrong.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises RuntimeError: A setting wasn't specified, or was invalid.
@@ -593,148 +625,183 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 :raises ~InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 :raises InvalidArgumentsError: If the arguments are invalid.
 :raises ~ValueError: If the arguments are wrong.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     InvalidDimensionsError
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises InvalidDimensionsError:
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     Invalid Dimensions Error
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises Invalid Dimensions Error:
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     Invalid Dimensions Error: With description
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises Invalid Dimensions Error: With description
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     Invalid Dimensions Error: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises Invalid Dimensions Error: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.:
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError`
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError:
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError`: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError`: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed,
        then a :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError` will be raised.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed,
     then a :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError` will be raised.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError`: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
     :class:`exc.InvalidArgumentsError`: If the arguments are invalid.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 :raises exc.InvalidArgumentsError: If the arguments are invalid.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises:
     :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError`
     :class:`exc.InvalidArgumentsError`
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError:
 :raises exc.InvalidArgumentsError:
-""")]
+""",
+            ),
+        ]
         for docstring, expected in docstrings:
-            actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
-            assert expected == actual
+            actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
+            assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_kwargs_in_arguments(self):
         docstring = """Allows to create attributes binded to this device.
@@ -764,27 +831,32 @@ def test_kwargs_in_arguments(self):
                    bound as instance attributes to this instance. See code
                    example above.
 """
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_section_header_formatting(self):
-        docstrings = [("""
+        docstrings = [
+            (
+                """
 Summary line
 
 Example:
     Multiline reStructuredText
     literal code block
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Summary line
 
 .. rubric:: Example
 
 Multiline reStructuredText
 literal code block
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Summary line
 
 Example::
@@ -792,16 +864,19 @@ def test_section_header_formatting(self):
     Multiline reStructuredText
     literal code block
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Summary line
 
 Example::
 
     Multiline reStructuredText
     literal code block
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Summary line
 
 :Example:
@@ -809,17 +884,20 @@ def test_section_header_formatting(self):
     Multiline reStructuredText
     literal code block
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Summary line
 
 :Example:
 
     Multiline reStructuredText
     literal code block
-""")]
+""",
+            ),
+        ]
         for docstring, expected in docstrings:
-            actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
-            assert expected == actual
+            actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
+            assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_list_in_parameter_description(self):
         docstring = """One line summary.
@@ -1001,8 +1079,8 @@ def test_list_in_parameter_description(self):
 :type definition_after_normal_text: int
 """
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=True)
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring, config))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring, config)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
         expected = """One line summary.
 
@@ -1097,47 +1175,64 @@ def test_list_in_parameter_description(self):
                    first line
 """
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=False)
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring, config))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring, config)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_custom_generic_sections(self):
-
-        docstrings = (("""\
+        docstrings = (
+            (
+                """\
 Really Important Details:
     You should listen to me!
-""", """.. rubric:: Really Important Details
+""",
+                """.. rubric:: Really Important Details
 
 You should listen to me!
-"""),
-                      ("""\
+""",
+            ),
+            (
+                """\
 Sooper Warning:
     Stop hitting yourself!
-""", """:Warns: **Stop hitting yourself!**
-"""),
-                      ("""\
+""",
+                """:Warns: **Stop hitting yourself!**
+""",
+            ),
+            (
+                """\
 Params Style:
     arg1 (int): Description of arg1
     arg2 (str): Description of arg2
 
-""", """\
+""",
+                """\
 :Params Style: * **arg1** (*int*) -- Description of arg1
                * **arg2** (*str*) -- Description of arg2
-"""),
-                      ("""\
+""",
+            ),
+            (
+                """\
 Returns Style:
     description of custom section
 
-""", """:Returns Style: description of custom section
-"""))
+""",
+                """:Returns Style: description of custom section
+""",
+            ),
+        )
 
-        testConfig = Config(napoleon_custom_sections=['Really Important Details',
-                                                      ('Sooper Warning', 'warns'),
-                                                      ('Params Style', 'params_style'),
-                                                      ('Returns Style', 'returns_style')])
+        testConfig = Config(
+            napoleon_custom_sections=[
+                'Really Important Details',
+                ('Sooper Warning', 'warns'),
+                ('Params Style', 'params_style'),
+                ('Returns Style', 'returns_style'),
+            ]
+        )
 
         for docstring, expected in docstrings:
-            actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring, testConfig))
-            assert expected == actual
+            actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring, testConfig)
+            assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_noindex(self):
         docstring = """
@@ -1163,9 +1258,14 @@ def test_noindex(self):
    description
 """  # NoQA: W293
         config = Config()
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring, config=config, app=None, what='module',
-                                     options={'no-index': True}))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(
+            docstring,
+            config=config,
+            app=None,
+            what='module',
+            options={'no-index': True},
+        )
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_keywords_with_types(self):
         docstring = """\
@@ -1174,22 +1274,27 @@ def test_keywords_with_types(self):
 Keyword Args:
     gotham_is_yours (None): shall interfere.
 """
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
         expected = """\
 Do as you please
 
 :keyword gotham_is_yours: shall interfere.
 :kwtype gotham_is_yours: None
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_pep526_annotations(self):
         # Test class attributes annotations
         config = Config(
             napoleon_attr_annotations=True,
         )
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(cleandoc(PEP526GoogleClass.__doc__), config, app=None, what="class",
-                                     obj=PEP526GoogleClass))
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(
+            cleandoc(PEP526GoogleClass.__doc__),
+            config,
+            app=None,
+            what='class',
+            obj=PEP526GoogleClass,
+        )
         expected = """\
 Sample class with PEP 526 annotations and google docstring.
 
@@ -1205,7 +1310,7 @@ def test_pep526_annotations(self):
 
    :type: str
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_preprocess_types(self):
         docstring = """\
@@ -1214,42 +1319,45 @@ def test_preprocess_types(self):
 Yield:
    str:Extended
 """
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring))
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring)
         expected = """\
 Do as you please
 
 :Yields: *str* -- Extended
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
         config = Config(napoleon_preprocess_types=True)
-        actual = str(GoogleDocstring(docstring, config))
+        actual = GoogleDocstring(docstring, config)
         expected = """\
 Do as you please
 
 :Yields: :py:class:`str` -- Extended
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
 
 class TestNumpyDocstring:
-    docstrings = [(
-        """Single line summary""",
-        """Single line summary""",
-    ), (
-        """
+    docstrings = [
+        (
+            """Single line summary""",
+            """Single line summary""",
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Extended description
 
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Extended description
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Parameters
@@ -1258,14 +1366,15 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
             Extended
             description of arg1
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: **arg1** (:class:`str`) -- Extended
                      description of arg1
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Parameters
@@ -1286,7 +1395,7 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
               Extended
               description of kwarg2
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: * **arg1** (:class:`str`) -- Extended
@@ -1299,8 +1408,9 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
                             * **kwarg2** (:class:`int`) -- Extended
                               description of kwarg2
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Return
@@ -1309,14 +1419,15 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
             Extended
             description of return value
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :returns: :class:`str` -- Extended
                   description of return value
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Returns
@@ -1325,14 +1436,15 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
             Extended
             description of return value
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :returns: :class:`str` -- Extended
                   description of return value
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Parameters
@@ -1344,15 +1456,16 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
         **kwargs:
             Arbitrary keyword arguments.
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: * **arg1** (:class:`str`) -- Extended description of arg1
                      * **\\*args** -- Variable length argument list.
                      * **\\*\\*kwargs** -- Arbitrary keyword arguments.
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Parameters
@@ -1362,14 +1475,15 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
         *args, **kwargs:
             Variable length argument list and arbitrary keyword arguments.
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: * **arg1** (:class:`str`) -- Extended description of arg1
                      * **\\*args, \\*\\*kwargs** -- Variable length argument list and arbitrary keyword arguments.
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Receive
@@ -1381,7 +1495,7 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
             Extended
             description of arg2
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Receives: * **arg1** (:class:`str`) -- Extended
@@ -1389,8 +1503,9 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
                    * **arg2** (:class:`int`) -- Extended
                      description of arg2
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Receives
@@ -1402,7 +1517,7 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
             Extended
             description of arg2
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Receives: * **arg1** (:class:`str`) -- Extended
@@ -1410,8 +1525,9 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
                    * **arg2** (:class:`int`) -- Extended
                      description of arg2
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Yield
@@ -1420,14 +1536,15 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
             Extended
             description of yielded value
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Yields: :class:`str` -- Extended
                  description of yielded value
         """,
-    ), (
-        """
+        ),
+        (
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         Yields
@@ -1436,13 +1553,14 @@ class TestNumpyDocstring:
             Extended
             description of yielded value
         """,
-        """
+            """
         Single line summary
 
         :Yields: :class:`str` -- Extended
                  description of yielded value
         """,
-    )]
+        ),
+    ]
 
     def test_sphinx_admonitions(self):
         admonition_map = {
@@ -1461,38 +1579,42 @@ def test_sphinx_admonitions(self):
         config = Config()
         for section, admonition in admonition_map.items():
             # Multiline
-            actual = str(NumpyDocstring(f"{section}\n"
-                                        f"{'-' * len(section)}\n"
-                                        "    this is the first line\n"
-                                        "\n"
-                                        "    and this is the second line\n",
-                                        config))
-            expect = (f".. {admonition}::\n"
-                      "\n"
-                      "   this is the first line\n"
-                      "   \n"
-                      "   and this is the second line\n"
-                      )
-            assert expect == actual
+            actual = NumpyDocstring(
+                f"{section}\n"
+                f"{'-' * len(section)}\n"
+                "    this is the first line\n"
+                "\n"
+                "    and this is the second line\n",
+                config,
+            )
+            expect = (
+                f'.. {admonition}::\n'
+                '\n'
+                '   this is the first line\n'
+                '   \n'
+                '   and this is the second line\n'
+            )
+            assert str(actual) == expect
 
             # Single line
-            actual = str(NumpyDocstring(f"{section}\n"
-                                        f"{'-' * len(section)}\n"
-                                        f"    this is a single line\n",
-                                        config))
-            expect = f".. {admonition}:: this is a single line\n"
-            assert expect == actual
+            actual = NumpyDocstring(
+                f"{section}\n{'-' * len(section)}\n    this is a single line\n",
+                config,
+            )
+            expect = f'.. {admonition}:: this is a single line\n'
+            assert str(actual) == expect
 
     def test_docstrings(self):
         config = Config(
             napoleon_use_param=False,
             napoleon_use_rtype=False,
             napoleon_use_keyword=False,
-            napoleon_preprocess_types=True)
+            napoleon_preprocess_types=True,
+        )
         for docstring, expected in self.docstrings:
-            actual = str(NumpyDocstring(dedent(docstring), config))
+            actual = NumpyDocstring(dedent(docstring), config)
             expected = dedent(expected)
-            assert expected == actual
+            assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_type_preprocessor(self):
         docstring = dedent("""
@@ -1506,14 +1628,14 @@ def test_type_preprocessor(self):
         """)
 
         config = Config(napoleon_preprocess_types=False, napoleon_use_param=False)
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config)
         expected = dedent("""
         Single line summary
 
         :Parameters: **arg1** (*str*) -- Extended
                      description of arg1
         """)
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_parameters_with_class_reference(self):
         docstring = """\
@@ -1528,16 +1650,16 @@ def test_parameters_with_class_reference(self):
 """
 
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=False)
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config)
         expected = """\
 :Parameters: **param1** (:class:`MyClass <name.space.MyClass>` instance)
 
 :Other Parameters: **param2** (:class:`MyClass <name.space.MyClass>` instance)
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=True)
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config)
         expected = """\
 :param param1:
 :type param1: :class:`MyClass <name.space.MyClass>` instance
@@ -1545,7 +1667,7 @@ def test_parameters_with_class_reference(self):
 :param param2:
 :type param2: :class:`MyClass <name.space.MyClass>` instance
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_multiple_parameters(self):
         docstring = """\
@@ -1557,21 +1679,21 @@ def test_multiple_parameters(self):
 """
 
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=False)
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config)
         expected = """\
 :Parameters: **x1, x2** (*array_like*) -- Input arrays, description of ``x1``, ``x2``.
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=True)
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(dedent(docstring), config))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(dedent(docstring), config)
         expected = """\
 :param x1: Input arrays, description of ``x1``, ``x2``.
 :type x1: array_like
 :param x2: Input arrays, description of ``x1``, ``x2``.
 :type x2: array_like
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_parameters_without_class_reference(self):
         docstring = """\
@@ -1582,19 +1704,19 @@ def test_parameters_without_class_reference(self):
 """
 
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=False)
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config)
         expected = """\
 :Parameters: **param1** (*MyClass instance*)
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=True)
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(dedent(docstring), config))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(dedent(docstring), config)
         expected = """\
 :param param1:
 :type param1: MyClass instance
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_see_also_refs(self):
         docstring = """\
@@ -1607,7 +1729,7 @@ def test_see_also_refs(self):
 
 """
 
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring)
 
         expected = """\
 numpy.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, shape=None, spam=None)
@@ -1619,7 +1741,7 @@ def test_see_also_refs(self):
    :obj:`otherfunc`
        relationship
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
         docstring = """\
 numpy.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, shape=None, spam=None)
@@ -1633,7 +1755,7 @@ def test_see_also_refs(self):
 
         config = Config()
         app = mock.Mock()
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, "method"))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, 'method')
 
         expected = """\
 numpy.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, shape=None, spam=None)
@@ -1645,7 +1767,7 @@ def test_see_also_refs(self):
    :obj:`otherfunc`
        relationship
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
         docstring = """\
 numpy.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, shape=None, spam=None)
@@ -1657,12 +1779,12 @@ def test_see_also_refs(self):
 
 """
         translations = {
-            "other": "MyClass.other",
-            "otherfunc": ":func:`~my_package.otherfunc`",
+            'other': 'MyClass.other',
+            'otherfunc': ':func:`~my_package.otherfunc`',
         }
         config = Config(napoleon_type_aliases=translations)
         app = mock.Mock()
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, "method"))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, 'method')
 
         expected = """\
 numpy.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, shape=None, spam=None)
@@ -1674,7 +1796,7 @@ def test_see_also_refs(self):
    :func:`~my_package.otherfunc`
        relationship
 """
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_colon_in_return_type(self):
         docstring = """
@@ -1695,9 +1817,9 @@ def test_colon_in_return_type(self):
 
         config = Config()
         app = mock.Mock()
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, "method"))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, 'method')
 
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_underscore_in_attribute(self):
         docstring = """
@@ -1715,9 +1837,9 @@ def test_underscore_in_attribute(self):
 
         config = Config(napoleon_use_ivar=True)
         app = mock.Mock()
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, "class"))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, 'class')
 
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_underscore_in_attribute_strip_signature_backslash(self):
         docstring = """
@@ -1736,9 +1858,9 @@ def test_underscore_in_attribute_strip_signature_backslash(self):
         config = Config(napoleon_use_ivar=True)
         config.strip_signature_backslash = True
         app = mock.Mock()
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, "class"))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, 'class')
 
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_return_types(self):
         docstring = dedent("""
@@ -1752,7 +1874,7 @@ def test_return_types(self):
            :rtype: :class:`~pandas.DataFrame`
         """)
         translations = {
-            "DataFrame": "~pandas.DataFrame",
+            'DataFrame': '~pandas.DataFrame',
         }
         config = Config(
             napoleon_use_param=True,
@@ -1760,8 +1882,8 @@ def test_return_types(self):
             napoleon_preprocess_types=True,
             napoleon_type_aliases=translations,
         )
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_yield_types(self):
         docstring = dedent("""
@@ -1778,16 +1900,20 @@ def test_yield_types(self):
             :Yields: :term:`scalar` or :class:`array-like <numpy.ndarray>` -- The result of the computation
         """)
         translations = {
-            "scalar": ":term:`scalar`",
-            "array-like": ":class:`array-like <numpy.ndarray>`",
+            'scalar': ':term:`scalar`',
+            'array-like': ':class:`array-like <numpy.ndarray>`',
         }
-        config = Config(napoleon_type_aliases=translations, napoleon_preprocess_types=True)
+        config = Config(
+            napoleon_type_aliases=translations, napoleon_preprocess_types=True
+        )
         app = mock.Mock()
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, "method"))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, 'method')
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_raises_types(self):
-        docstrings = [("""
+        docstrings = [
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1799,40 +1925,49 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 
       Something something value error.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises RuntimeError: A setting wasn't specified, or was invalid.
 :raises ValueError: Something something value error.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
 ------
 InvalidDimensionsError
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises InvalidDimensionsError:
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
 ------
 Invalid Dimensions Error
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises Invalid Dimensions Error:
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1840,13 +1975,16 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 Invalid Dimensions Error
     With description
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises Invalid Dimensions Error: With description
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1854,13 +1992,16 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 InvalidDimensionsError
     If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1868,39 +2009,48 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 Invalid Dimensions Error
     If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises Invalid Dimensions Error: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
 ------
 If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.:
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
 ------
 :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError`
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError:
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1908,13 +2058,16 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError`
     If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1923,14 +2076,17 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
     If the dimensions couldn't be parsed,
     then a :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError` will be raised.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed,
     then a :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError` will be raised.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1940,14 +2096,17 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 :class:`exc.InvalidArgumentsError`
     If the arguments are invalid.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 :raises exc.InvalidArgumentsError: If the arguments are invalid.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1955,13 +2114,16 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 CustomError
     If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises package.CustomError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1969,13 +2131,16 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 AnotherError
     If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises ~package.AnotherError: If the dimensions couldn't be parsed.
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Example Function
 
 Raises
@@ -1983,21 +2148,26 @@ def test_raises_types(self):
 :class:`exc.InvalidDimensionsError`
 :class:`exc.InvalidArgumentsError`
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Example Function
 
 :raises exc.InvalidDimensionsError:
 :raises exc.InvalidArgumentsError:
-""")]
+""",
+            ),
+        ]
         for docstring, expected in docstrings:
             translations = {
-                "CustomError": "package.CustomError",
-                "AnotherError": ":py:exc:`~package.AnotherError`",
+                'CustomError': 'package.CustomError',
+                'AnotherError': ':py:exc:`~package.AnotherError`',
             }
-            config = Config(napoleon_type_aliases=translations, napoleon_preprocess_types=True)
+            config = Config(
+                napoleon_type_aliases=translations, napoleon_preprocess_types=True
+            )
             app = mock.Mock()
-            actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, "method"))
-            assert expected == actual
+            actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, 'method')
+            assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_xrefs_in_return_type(self):
         docstring = """
@@ -2018,11 +2188,13 @@ def test_xrefs_in_return_type(self):
 """
         config = Config()
         app = mock.Mock()
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, "method"))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config, app, 'method')
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_section_header_underline_length(self):
-        docstrings = [("""
+        docstrings = [
+            (
+                """
 Summary line
 
 Example
@@ -2030,16 +2202,19 @@ def test_section_header_underline_length(self):
 Multiline example
 body
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Summary line
 
 Example
 -
 Multiline example
 body
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Summary line
 
 Example
@@ -2047,16 +2222,19 @@ def test_section_header_underline_length(self):
 Multiline example
 body
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Summary line
 
 .. rubric:: Example
 
 Multiline example
 body
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Summary line
 
 Example
@@ -2064,16 +2242,19 @@ def test_section_header_underline_length(self):
 Multiline example
 body
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Summary line
 
 .. rubric:: Example
 
 Multiline example
 body
-"""),
-                      ################################
-                      ("""
+""",
+            ),
+            ################################
+            (
+                """
 Summary line
 
 Example
@@ -2081,17 +2262,20 @@ def test_section_header_underline_length(self):
 Multiline example
 body
 
-""", """
+""",
+                """
 Summary line
 
 .. rubric:: Example
 
 Multiline example
 body
-""")]
+""",
+            ),
+        ]
         for docstring, expected in docstrings:
-            actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring))
-            assert expected == actual
+            actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring)
+            assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_list_in_parameter_description(self):
         docstring = """One line summary.
@@ -2264,8 +2448,8 @@ def test_list_in_parameter_description(self):
 :type definition_after_normal_text: int
 """
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=True)
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
         expected = """One line summary.
 
@@ -2356,144 +2540,144 @@ def test_list_in_parameter_description(self):
                    first line
 """
         config = Config(napoleon_use_param=False, napoleon_preprocess_types=True)
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_token_type(self):
         tokens = (
-            ("1", "literal"),
-            ("-4.6", "literal"),
-            ("2j", "literal"),
-            ("'string'", "literal"),
-            ('"another_string"', "literal"),
-            ("{1, 2}", "literal"),
-            ("{'va{ue', 'set'}", "literal"),
-            ("optional", "control"),
-            ("default", "control"),
-            (", ", "delimiter"),
-            (" of ", "delimiter"),
-            (" or ", "delimiter"),
-            (": ", "delimiter"),
-            ("True", "obj"),
-            ("None", "obj"),
-            ("name", "obj"),
-            (":py:class:`Enum`", "reference"),
+            ('1', 'literal'),
+            ('-4.6', 'literal'),
+            ('2j', 'literal'),
+            ("'string'", 'literal'),
+            ('"another_string"', 'literal'),
+            ('{1, 2}', 'literal'),
+            ("{'va{ue', 'set'}", 'literal'),
+            ('optional', 'control'),
+            ('default', 'control'),
+            (', ', 'delimiter'),
+            (' of ', 'delimiter'),
+            (' or ', 'delimiter'),
+            (': ', 'delimiter'),
+            ('True', 'obj'),
+            ('None', 'obj'),
+            ('name', 'obj'),
+            (':py:class:`Enum`', 'reference'),
         )
 
         for token, expected in tokens:
             actual = _token_type(token)
-            assert expected == actual
+            assert actual == expected
 
     def test_tokenize_type_spec(self):
         specs = (
-            "str",
-            "defaultdict",
-            "int, float, or complex",
-            "int or float or None, optional",
-            "list of list of int or float, optional",
-            "tuple of list of str, float, or int",
+            'str',
+            'defaultdict',
+            'int, float, or complex',
+            'int or float or None, optional',
+            'list of list of int or float, optional',
+            'tuple of list of str, float, or int',
             '{"F", "C", "N"}',
             "{'F', 'C', 'N'}, default: 'F'",
             "{'F', 'C', 'N or C'}, default 'F'",
             "str, default: 'F or C'",
-            "int, default: None",
-            "int, default None",
-            "int, default :obj:`None`",
+            'int, default: None',
+            'int, default None',
+            'int, default :obj:`None`',
             '"ma{icious"',
             r"'with \'quotes\''",
         )
 
         tokens = (
-            ["str"],
-            ["defaultdict"],
-            ["int", ", ", "float", ", or ", "complex"],
-            ["int", " or ", "float", " or ", "None", ", ", "optional"],
-            ["list", " of ", "list", " of ", "int", " or ", "float", ", ", "optional"],
-            ["tuple", " of ", "list", " of ", "str", ", ", "float", ", or ", "int"],
-            ["{", '"F"', ", ", '"C"', ", ", '"N"', "}"],
-            ["{", "'F'", ", ", "'C'", ", ", "'N'", "}", ", ", "default", ": ", "'F'"],
-            ["{", "'F'", ", ", "'C'", ", ", "'N or C'", "}", ", ", "default", " ", "'F'"],
-            ["str", ", ", "default", ": ", "'F or C'"],
-            ["int", ", ", "default", ": ", "None"],
-            ["int", ", ", "default", " ", "None"],
-            ["int", ", ", "default", " ", ":obj:`None`"],
+            ['str'],
+            ['defaultdict'],
+            ['int', ', ', 'float', ', or ', 'complex'],
+            ['int', ' or ', 'float', ' or ', 'None', ', ', 'optional'],
+            ['list', ' of ', 'list', ' of ', 'int', ' or ', 'float', ', ', 'optional'],
+            ['tuple', ' of ', 'list', ' of ', 'str', ', ', 'float', ', or ', 'int'],
+            ['{', '"F"', ', ', '"C"', ', ', '"N"', '}'],
+            ['{', "'F'", ', ', "'C'", ', ', "'N'", '}', ', ', 'default', ': ', "'F'"],
+            ['{', "'F'", ', ', "'C'", ', ', "'N or C'", '}', ', ', 'default', ' ', "'F'"],
+            ['str', ', ', 'default', ': ', "'F or C'"],
+            ['int', ', ', 'default', ': ', 'None'],
+            ['int', ', ', 'default', ' ', 'None'],
+            ['int', ', ', 'default', ' ', ':obj:`None`'],
             ['"ma{icious"'],
             [r"'with \'quotes\''"],
-        )
+        )  # fmt: skip
 
         for spec, expected in zip(specs, tokens, strict=True):
             actual = _tokenize_type_spec(spec)
-            assert expected == actual
+            assert actual == expected
 
     def test_recombine_set_tokens(self):
         tokens = (
-            ["{", "1", ", ", "2", "}"],
-            ["{", '"F"', ", ", '"C"', ", ", '"N"', "}", ", ", "optional"],
-            ["{", "'F'", ", ", "'C'", ", ", "'N'", "}", ", ", "default", ": ", "None"],
-            ["{", "'F'", ", ", "'C'", ", ", "'N'", "}", ", ", "default", " ", "None"],
+            ['{', '1', ', ', '2', '}'],
+            ['{', '"F"', ', ', '"C"', ', ', '"N"', '}', ', ', 'optional'],
+            ['{', "'F'", ', ', "'C'", ', ', "'N'", '}', ', ', 'default', ': ', 'None'],
+            ['{', "'F'", ', ', "'C'", ', ', "'N'", '}', ', ', 'default', ' ', 'None'],
         )
 
         combined_tokens = (
-            ["{1, 2}"],
-            ['{"F", "C", "N"}', ", ", "optional"],
-            ["{'F', 'C', 'N'}", ", ", "default", ": ", "None"],
-            ["{'F', 'C', 'N'}", ", ", "default", " ", "None"],
+            ['{1, 2}'],
+            ['{"F", "C", "N"}', ', ', 'optional'],
+            ["{'F', 'C', 'N'}", ', ', 'default', ': ', 'None'],
+            ["{'F', 'C', 'N'}", ', ', 'default', ' ', 'None'],
         )
 
         for tokens_, expected in zip(tokens, combined_tokens, strict=True):
             actual = _recombine_set_tokens(tokens_)
-            assert expected == actual
+            assert actual == expected
 
     def test_recombine_set_tokens_invalid(self):
         tokens = (
-            ["{", "1", ", ", "2"],
-            ['"F"', ", ", '"C"', ", ", '"N"', "}", ", ", "optional"],
-            ["{", "1", ", ", "2", ", ", "default", ": ", "None"],
+            ['{', '1', ', ', '2'],
+            ['"F"', ', ', '"C"', ', ', '"N"', '}', ', ', 'optional'],
+            ['{', '1', ', ', '2', ', ', 'default', ': ', 'None'],
         )
         combined_tokens = (
-            ["{1, 2"],
-            ['"F"', ", ", '"C"', ", ", '"N"', "}", ", ", "optional"],
-            ["{1, 2", ", ", "default", ": ", "None"],
+            ['{1, 2'],
+            ['"F"', ', ', '"C"', ', ', '"N"', '}', ', ', 'optional'],
+            ['{1, 2', ', ', 'default', ': ', 'None'],
         )
 
         for tokens_, expected in zip(tokens, combined_tokens, strict=True):
             actual = _recombine_set_tokens(tokens_)
-            assert expected == actual
+            assert actual == expected
 
     def test_convert_numpy_type_spec(self):
         translations = {
-            "DataFrame": "pandas.DataFrame",
+            'DataFrame': 'pandas.DataFrame',
         }
 
         specs = (
-            "",
-            "optional",
-            "str, optional",
-            "int or float or None, default: None",
-            "list of tuple of str, optional",
-            "int, default None",
+            '',
+            'optional',
+            'str, optional',
+            'int or float or None, default: None',
+            'list of tuple of str, optional',
+            'int, default None',
             '{"F", "C", "N"}',
             "{'F', 'C', 'N'}, default: 'N'",
             "{'F', 'C', 'N'}, default 'N'",
-            "DataFrame, optional",
+            'DataFrame, optional',
         )
 
         converted = (
-            "",
-            "*optional*",
-            ":class:`str`, *optional*",
-            ":class:`int` or :class:`float` or :obj:`None`, *default*: :obj:`None`",
-            ":class:`list` of :class:`tuple` of :class:`str`, *optional*",
-            ":class:`int`, *default* :obj:`None`",
+            '',
+            '*optional*',
+            ':class:`str`, *optional*',
+            ':class:`int` or :class:`float` or :obj:`None`, *default*: :obj:`None`',
+            ':class:`list` of :class:`tuple` of :class:`str`, *optional*',
+            ':class:`int`, *default* :obj:`None`',
             '``{"F", "C", "N"}``',
             "``{'F', 'C', 'N'}``, *default*: ``'N'``",
             "``{'F', 'C', 'N'}``, *default* ``'N'``",
-            ":class:`pandas.DataFrame`, *optional*",
+            ':class:`pandas.DataFrame`, *optional*',
         )
 
         for spec, expected in zip(specs, converted, strict=True):
             actual = _convert_numpy_type_spec(spec, translations=translations)
-            assert expected == actual
+            assert actual == expected
 
     def test_parameter_types(self):
         docstring = dedent("""\
@@ -2539,9 +2723,9 @@ def test_parameter_types(self):
             :type param9: :class:`tuple` of :class:`list` of :class:`int`
         """)
         translations = {
-            "dict-like": ":term:`dict-like <mapping>`",
-            "mapping": ":term:`mapping`",
-            "hashable": ":term:`hashable`",
+            'dict-like': ':term:`dict-like <mapping>`',
+            'mapping': ':term:`mapping`',
+            'hashable': ':term:`hashable`',
         }
         config = Config(
             napoleon_use_param=True,
@@ -2549,47 +2733,47 @@ def test_parameter_types(self):
             napoleon_preprocess_types=True,
             napoleon_type_aliases=translations,
         )
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(docstring, config))
-        assert expected == actual
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(docstring, config)
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
     def test_token_type_invalid(self, app):
         tokens = (
-            "{1, 2",
-            "}",
+            '{1, 2',
+            '}',
             "'abc",
             "def'",
             '"ghi',
             'jkl"',
         )
         errors = (
-            r".+: invalid value set \(missing closing brace\):",
-            r".+: invalid value set \(missing opening brace\):",
-            r".+: malformed string literal \(missing closing quote\):",
-            r".+: malformed string literal \(missing opening quote\):",
-            r".+: malformed string literal \(missing closing quote\):",
-            r".+: malformed string literal \(missing opening quote\):",
+            r'.+: invalid value set \(missing closing brace\):',
+            r'.+: invalid value set \(missing opening brace\):',
+            r'.+: malformed string literal \(missing closing quote\):',
+            r'.+: malformed string literal \(missing opening quote\):',
+            r'.+: malformed string literal \(missing closing quote\):',
+            r'.+: malformed string literal \(missing opening quote\):',
         )
         for token, error in zip(tokens, errors, strict=True):
             try:
                 _token_type(token)
             finally:
                 raw_warnings = app.warning.getvalue()
-                warnings = [w for w in raw_warnings.split("\n") if w.strip()]
+                warnings = [w for w in raw_warnings.split('\n') if w.strip()]
 
                 assert len(warnings) == 1
                 assert re.compile(error).match(warnings[0])
                 app.warning.truncate(0)
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-        ("name", "expected"),
+        ('name', 'expected'),
         [
-            ("x, y, z", "x, y, z"),
-            ("*args, **kwargs", r"\*args, \*\*kwargs"),
-            ("*x, **y", r"\*x, \*\*y"),
+            ('x, y, z', 'x, y, z'),
+            ('*args, **kwargs', r'\*args, \*\*kwargs'),
+            ('*x, **y', r'\*x, \*\*y'),
         ],
     )
     def test_escape_args_and_kwargs(self, name, expected):
-        numpy_docstring = NumpyDocstring("")
+        numpy_docstring = NumpyDocstring('')
         actual = numpy_docstring._escape_args_and_kwargs(name)
 
         assert actual == expected
@@ -2599,8 +2783,13 @@ def test_pep526_annotations(self):
         config = Config(
             napoleon_attr_annotations=True,
         )
-        actual = str(NumpyDocstring(cleandoc(PEP526NumpyClass.__doc__), config, app=None, what="class",
-                                    obj=PEP526NumpyClass))
+        actual = NumpyDocstring(
+            cleandoc(PEP526NumpyClass.__doc__),
+            config,
+            app=None,
+            what='class',
+            obj=PEP526NumpyClass,
+        )
         expected = """\
 Sample class with PEP 526 annotations and numpy docstring
 
@@ -2617,12 +2806,17 @@ def test_pep526_annotations(self):
    :type: str
 """
         print(actual)
-        assert expected == actual
+        assert str(actual) == expected
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-napoleon',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'description',
-                                   'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'all'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-napoleon',
+    confoverrides={
+        'autodoc_typehints': 'description',
+        'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'all',
+    },
+)
 def test_napoleon_and_autodoc_typehints_description_all(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'typehints.txt').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
@@ -2644,9 +2838,14 @@ def test_napoleon_and_autodoc_typehints_description_all(app):
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('text', testroot='ext-napoleon',
-                    confoverrides={'autodoc_typehints': 'description',
-                                   'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented_params'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='ext-napoleon',
+    confoverrides={
+        'autodoc_typehints': 'description',
+        'autodoc_typehints_description_target': 'documented_params',
+    },
+)
 def test_napoleon_and_autodoc_typehints_description_documented_params(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'typehints.txt').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
@@ -2668,16 +2867,19 @@ def test_napoleon_and_autodoc_typehints_description_documented_params(app):
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-napoleon-paramtype', freshenv=True)
 def test_napoleon_keyword_and_paramtype(app, tmp_path):
     inv_file = tmp_path / 'objects.inv'
-    inv_file.write_bytes(b'''\
+    inv_file.write_bytes(
+        b"""\
 # Sphinx inventory version 2
 # Project: Intersphinx Test
 # Version: 42
 # The remainder of this file is compressed using zlib.
-''' + zlib.compress(b'''\
+"""
+        + zlib.compress(b"""\
 None py:data 1 none.html -
 list py:class 1 list.html -
 int py:class 1 int.html -
-'''))  # NoQA: W291
+""")
+    )  # NoQA: W291
     app.config.intersphinx_mapping = {'python': ('127.0.0.1:5555', str(inv_file))}
     validate_intersphinx_mapping(app, app.config)
     load_mappings(app)
@@ -2686,7 +2888,10 @@ def test_napoleon_keyword_and_paramtype(app, tmp_path):
 
     etree = etree_parse(app.outdir / 'index.html')
 
-    for name, typename in product(('keyword', 'kwarg', 'kwparam'), ('paramtype', 'kwtype')):
+    for name, typename in product(
+        ('keyword', 'kwarg', 'kwparam'),
+        ('paramtype', 'kwtype'),
+    ):
         param = f'{name}_{typename}'
         li_ = list(etree.findall(f'.//li/p/strong[.="{param}"]/../..'))
         assert len(li_) == 1
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_todo.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_todo.py
index d5fbfe6f26c..ed7f8d60963 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_todo.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_todo.py
@@ -5,8 +5,12 @@
 import pytest
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-todo', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'todo_include_todos': True, 'todo_emit_warnings': True})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-todo',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'todo_include_todos': True, 'todo_emit_warnings': True},
+)
 def test_todo(app):
     todos = []
 
@@ -18,19 +22,17 @@ def on_todo_defined(app, node):
 
     # check todolist
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n'
-            '<p>todo in foo</p>') in content
+    assert '<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n<p>todo in foo</p>' in content
 
-    assert ('<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n'
-            '<p>todo in bar</p>') in content
+    assert '<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n<p>todo in bar</p>' in content
 
     # check todo
     content = (app.outdir / 'foo.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n'
-            '<p>todo in foo</p>') in content
+    assert '<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n<p>todo in foo</p>' in content
 
-    assert ('<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n'
-            '<p>todo in param field</p>') in content
+    assert (
+        '<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n<p>todo in param field</p>'
+    ) in content
 
     # check emitted warnings
     assert 'WARNING: TODO entry found: todo in foo' in app.warning.getvalue()
@@ -38,13 +40,19 @@ def on_todo_defined(app, node):
 
     # check handled event
     assert len(todos) == 3
-    assert {todo[1].astext() for todo in todos} == {'todo in foo',
-                                                    'todo in bar',
-                                                    'todo in param field'}
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='ext-todo', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'todo_include_todos': False, 'todo_emit_warnings': True})
+    assert {todo[1].astext() for todo in todos} == {
+        'todo in foo',
+        'todo in bar',
+        'todo in param field',
+    }
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='ext-todo',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'todo_include_todos': False, 'todo_emit_warnings': True},
+)
 def test_todo_not_included(app):
     todos = []
 
@@ -56,16 +64,13 @@ def on_todo_defined(app, node):
 
     # check todolist
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n'
-            '<p>todo in foo</p>') not in content
+    assert '<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n<p>todo in foo</p>' not in content
 
-    assert ('<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n'
-            '<p>todo in bar</p>') not in content
+    assert '<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n<p>todo in bar</p>' not in content
 
     # check todo
     content = (app.outdir / 'foo.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n'
-            '<p>todo in foo</p>') not in content
+    assert '<p class="admonition-title">Todo</p>\n<p>todo in foo</p>' not in content
 
     # check emitted warnings
     assert 'WARNING: TODO entry found: todo in foo' in app.warning.getvalue()
@@ -73,13 +78,19 @@ def on_todo_defined(app, node):
 
     # check handled event
     assert len(todos) == 3
-    assert {todo[1].astext() for todo in todos} == {'todo in foo',
-                                                    'todo in bar',
-                                                    'todo in param field'}
-
-
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('latex', testroot='ext-todo', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'todo_include_todos': True})
+    assert {todo[1].astext() for todo in todos} == {
+        'todo in foo',
+        'todo in bar',
+        'todo in param field',
+    }
+
+
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='ext-todo',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'todo_include_todos': True},
+)
 def test_todo_valid_link(app):
     """
     Test that the inserted "original entry" links for todo items have a target
@@ -94,8 +105,10 @@ def test_todo_valid_link(app):
     # Look for the link to foo. Note that there are two of them because the
     # source document uses todolist twice. We could equally well look for links
     # to bar.
-    link = (r'{\\hyperref\[\\detokenize{(.*?foo.*?)}]{\\sphinxcrossref{'
-            r'\\sphinxstyleemphasis{original entry}}}}')
+    link = (
+        r'{\\hyperref\[\\detokenize{(.*?foo.*?)}]{\\sphinxcrossref{'
+        r'\\sphinxstyleemphasis{original entry}}}}'
+    )
     m = re.findall(link, content)
     assert len(m) == 4
     target = m[0]
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_viewcode.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_viewcode.py
index 2bb2116c773..b672d635fcf 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_viewcode.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_viewcode.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 def check_viewcode_output(app: SphinxTestApp) -> str:
     warnings = re.sub(r'\\+', '/', app.warning.getvalue())
     assert re.findall(
-        r"index.rst:\d+: WARNING: Object named 'func1' not found in include " +
+        r"index.rst:\d+: WARNING: Object named 'func1' not found in include "
         r"file .*/spam/__init__.py'",
         warnings,
     )
@@ -34,9 +34,12 @@ def check_viewcode_output(app: SphinxTestApp) -> str:
     assert result.count('this is the class attribute class_attr') == 2
 
     result = (app.outdir / '_modules/spam/mod1.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    result = re.sub('<span class="[^"]{,2}">', '<span>', result)  # filter pygments classes
-    assert ('<div class="viewcode-block" id="Class1">\n'
-            '<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../index.html#spam.Class1">[docs]</a>\n') in result
+    # filter pygments classes
+    result = re.sub('<span class="[^"]{,2}">', '<span>', result)
+    assert (
+        '<div class="viewcode-block" id="Class1">\n'
+        '<a class="viewcode-back" href="../../index.html#spam.Class1">[docs]</a>\n'
+    ) in result
     assert '<span>@decorator</span>\n' in result
     assert '<span>class</span> <span>Class1</span><span>:</span>\n' in result
     assert '<span>    </span><span>&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>\n' in result
@@ -46,9 +49,12 @@ def check_viewcode_output(app: SphinxTestApp) -> str:
     return result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-viewcode', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={"viewcode_line_numbers": True})
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='ext-viewcode',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'viewcode_line_numbers': True},
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_viewcode_linenos(app):
     shutil.rmtree(app.outdir / '_modules', ignore_errors=True)
     app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -57,9 +63,12 @@ def test_viewcode_linenos(app):
     assert '<span class="linenos"> 1</span>' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-viewcode', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={"viewcode_line_numbers": False})
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='ext-viewcode',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'viewcode_line_numbers': False},
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_viewcode(app):
     shutil.rmtree(app.outdir / '_modules', ignore_errors=True)
     app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -69,7 +78,7 @@ def test_viewcode(app):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('epub', testroot='ext-viewcode')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_viewcode_epub_default(app):
     shutil.rmtree(app.outdir)
     app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -80,9 +89,12 @@ def test_viewcode_epub_default(app):
     assert result.count('href="_modules/spam/mod1.xhtml#func1"') == 0
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('epub', testroot='ext-viewcode',
-                    confoverrides={'viewcode_enable_epub': True})
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'epub',
+    testroot='ext-viewcode',
+    confoverrides={'viewcode_enable_epub': True},
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_viewcode_epub_enabled(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -108,7 +120,7 @@ def test_linkcode(app):
 def test_local_source_files(app):
     def find_source(app, modname):
         if modname == 'not_a_package':
-            source = (app.srcdir / 'not_a_package/__init__.py').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+            source = app.srcdir / 'not_a_package/__init__.py'
             tags = {
                 'func1': ('def', 1, 1),
                 'Class1': ('class', 1, 1),
@@ -116,7 +128,7 @@ def find_source(app, modname):
                 'not_a_package.submodule.Class1': ('class', 1, 1),
             }
         else:
-            source = (app.srcdir / 'not_a_package/submodule.py').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+            source = app.srcdir / 'not_a_package/submodule.py'
             tags = {
                 'not_a_package.submodule.func1': ('def', 11, 15),
                 'Class1': ('class', 19, 22),
@@ -124,24 +136,26 @@ def find_source(app, modname):
                 'Class3': ('class', 25, 30),
                 'not_a_package.submodule.Class3.class_attr': ('other', 29, 29),
             }
-        return (source, tags)
+        return source.read_text(encoding='utf8'), tags
 
     app.connect('viewcode-find-source', find_source)
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
     warnings = re.sub(r'\\+', '/', app.warning.getvalue())
     assert re.findall(
-        r"index.rst:\d+: WARNING: Object named 'func1' not found in include " +
+        r"index.rst:\d+: WARNING: Object named 'func1' not found in include "
         r"file .*/not_a_package/__init__.py'",
         warnings,
     )
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert result.count('href="_modules/not_a_package.html#func1"') == 1
-    assert result.count('href="_modules/not_a_package.html#not_a_package.submodule.func1"') == 1
-    assert result.count('href="_modules/not_a_package/submodule.html#Class1"') == 1
-    assert result.count('href="_modules/not_a_package/submodule.html#Class3"') == 1
-    assert result.count('href="_modules/not_a_package/submodule.html#not_a_package.submodule.Class1"') == 1
-
-    assert result.count('href="_modules/not_a_package/submodule.html#not_a_package.submodule.Class3.class_attr"') == 1
-    assert result.count('This is the class attribute class_attr') == 1
+    for needle in (
+        'href="_modules/not_a_package.html#func1"',
+        'href="_modules/not_a_package.html#not_a_package.submodule.func1"',
+        'href="_modules/not_a_package/submodule.html#Class1"',
+        'href="_modules/not_a_package/submodule.html#Class3"',
+        'href="_modules/not_a_package/submodule.html#not_a_package.submodule.Class1"',
+        'href="_modules/not_a_package/submodule.html#not_a_package.submodule.Class3.class_attr"',
+        'This is the class attribute class_attr',
+    ):
+        assert result.count(needle) == 1
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_extension.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_extension.py
index d74743cca21..a136c1affb4 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_extension.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_extension.py
@@ -13,11 +13,15 @@ def test_needs_extensions(app):
 
     # needs_extensions fulfilled
     app.config.needs_extensions = {'test.extension': '3.9'}
-    app.extensions['test.extension'] = Extension('test.extension', 'test.extension', version='3.10')
+    app.extensions['test.extension'] = Extension(
+        'test.extension', 'test.extension', version='3.10'
+    )
     verify_needs_extensions(app, app.config)
 
     # needs_extensions not fulfilled
     app.config.needs_extensions = {'test.extension': '3.11'}
-    app.extensions['test.extension'] = Extension('test.extension', 'test.extension', version='3.10')
+    app.extensions['test.extension'] = Extension(
+        'test.extension', 'test.extension', version='3.10'
+    )
     with pytest.raises(VersionRequirementError):
         verify_needs_extensions(app, app.config)
diff --git a/tests/test_highlighting.py b/tests/test_highlighting.py
index 95d0b4513a8..0160e5faf83 100644
--- a/tests/test_highlighting.py
+++ b/tests/test_highlighting.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 if tuple(map(int, pygments.__version__.split('.')))[:2] < (2, 18):
     from pygments.formatter import Formatter
+
     Formatter.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(lambda cls, name: cls)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
 
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ def format(self, tokensource, outfile):
 
 class ComplainOnUnhighlighted(PygmentsBridge):
     def unhighlighted(self, source):
-        raise AssertionError("should highlight %r" % source)
+        raise AssertionError('should highlight %r' % source)
 
 
 def test_add_lexer(app):
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ def test_detect_interactive():
     ]
     for block in blocks:
         ret = bridge.highlight_block(block.lstrip(), 'python')
-        assert ret.startswith("<div class=\"highlight\">")
+        assert ret.startswith('<div class="highlight">')
 
 
 def test_lexer_options():
@@ -79,31 +80,44 @@ def test_default_highlight(logger):
 
     # default: highlights as python3
     ret = bridge.highlight_block('print "Hello sphinx world"', 'default')
-    assert ret == ('<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span> '
-                   '<span class="s2">&quot;Hello sphinx world&quot;</span>\n</pre></div>\n')
+    assert ret == (
+        '<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span> '
+        '<span class="s2">&quot;Hello sphinx world&quot;</span>\n</pre></div>\n'
+    )
 
     # default: fallbacks to none if highlighting failed
     ret = bridge.highlight_block('reST ``like`` text', 'default')
-    assert ret == '<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>reST ``like`` text\n</pre></div>\n'
+    assert ret == (
+        '<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>reST ``like`` text\n</pre></div>\n'
+    )
 
     # python: highlights as python3
     ret = bridge.highlight_block('print("Hello sphinx world")', 'python')
-    assert ret == ('<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span>'
-                   '<span class="p">(</span>'
-                   '<span class="s2">&quot;Hello sphinx world&quot;</span>'
-                   '<span class="p">)</span>\n</pre></div>\n')
+    assert ret == (
+        '<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span>'
+        '<span class="p">(</span>'
+        '<span class="s2">&quot;Hello sphinx world&quot;</span>'
+        '<span class="p">)</span>\n</pre></div>\n'
+    )
 
     # python3: highlights as python3
     ret = bridge.highlight_block('print("Hello sphinx world")', 'python3')
-    assert ret == ('<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span>'
-                   '<span class="p">(</span>'
-                   '<span class="s2">&quot;Hello sphinx world&quot;</span>'
-                   '<span class="p">)</span>\n</pre></div>\n')
+    assert ret == (
+        '<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span>'
+        '<span class="p">(</span>'
+        '<span class="s2">&quot;Hello sphinx world&quot;</span>'
+        '<span class="p">)</span>\n</pre></div>\n'
+    )
 
     # python: raises error if highlighting failed
     ret = bridge.highlight_block('reST ``like`` text', 'python')
-    logger.warning.assert_called_with('Lexing literal_block %r as "%s" resulted in an error at token: %r. '
-                                      'Retrying in relaxed mode.',
-                                      'reST ``like`` text', 'python', '`',
-                                      type='misc', subtype='highlighting_failure',
-                                      location=None)
+    logger.warning.assert_called_with(
+        'Lexing literal_block %r as "%s" resulted in an error at token: %r. '
+        'Retrying in relaxed mode.',
+        'reST ``like`` text',
+        'python',
+        '`',
+        type='misc',
+        subtype='highlighting_failure',
+        location=None,
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_intl/test_catalogs.py b/tests/test_intl/test_catalogs.py
index fa84fd2652e..5e28df680ec 100644
--- a/tests/test_intl/test_catalogs.py
+++ b/tests/test_intl/test_catalogs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test the base build process."""
+
 import shutil
 from pathlib import Path
 
@@ -13,7 +14,9 @@ def _setup_test(app_params):
     dest_locale_dir = srcdir / 'locale'
     # copy all catalogs into locale layout directory
     for po in src_locale_dir.rglob('*.po'):
-        copy_po = (dest_locale_dir / 'en' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / po.relative_to(src_locale_dir))
+        copy_po = (
+            dest_locale_dir / 'en' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / po.relative_to(src_locale_dir)
+        )
         if not copy_po.parent.exists():
             copy_po.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         shutil.copy(po, copy_po)
@@ -28,8 +31,10 @@ def _setup_test(app_params):
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('_setup_test')
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test-catalogs')
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'html', testroot='intl',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'en', 'locale_dirs': ['./locale']})
+    'html',
+    testroot='intl',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'en', 'locale_dirs': ['./locale']},
+)
 def test_compile_all_catalogs(app):
     app.builder.compile_all_catalogs()
 
@@ -44,25 +49,31 @@ def test_compile_all_catalogs(app):
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('_setup_test')
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test-catalogs')
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'html', testroot='intl',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'en', 'locale_dirs': ['./locale']})
+    'html',
+    testroot='intl',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'en', 'locale_dirs': ['./locale']},
+)
 def test_compile_specific_catalogs(app):
     locale_dir = app.srcdir / 'locale'
     catalog_dir = locale_dir / app.config.language / 'LC_MESSAGES'
 
     actual_on_boot = set(catalog_dir.rglob('*.mo'))  # sphinx.mo might be included
     app.builder.compile_specific_catalogs([app.srcdir / 'admonitions.txt'])
-    actual = {str(x.relative_to(catalog_dir))
-              for x in catalog_dir.rglob('*.mo')
-              if x not in actual_on_boot}
+    actual = {
+        str(x.relative_to(catalog_dir))
+        for x in catalog_dir.rglob('*.mo')
+        if x not in actual_on_boot
+    }
     assert actual == {'admonitions.mo'}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('_setup_test')
 @pytest.mark.test_params(shared_result='test-catalogs')
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'html', testroot='intl',
-    confoverrides={'language': 'en', 'locale_dirs': ['./locale']})
+    'html',
+    testroot='intl',
+    confoverrides={'language': 'en', 'locale_dirs': ['./locale']},
+)
 def test_compile_update_catalogs(app):
     app.builder.compile_update_catalogs()
 
diff --git a/tests/test_intl/test_intl.py b/tests/test_intl/test_intl.py
index 8c787e669d8..e664d479999 100644
--- a/tests/test_intl/test_intl.py
+++ b/tests/test_intl/test_intl.py
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@
 sphinx_intl = pytest.mark.sphinx(
     testroot='intl',
     confoverrides={
-        'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE, 'locale_dirs': ['.'],
+        'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE,
+        'locale_dirs': ['.'],
         'gettext_compact': False,
     },
 )
@@ -96,9 +97,13 @@ def test_text_emit_warnings(app):
     app.build()
     # test warnings in translation
     warnings = getwarning(app.warning)
-    warning_expr = ('.*/warnings.txt:4:<translated>:1: '
-                    'WARNING: Inline literal start-string without end-string. \\[docutils\\]\n')
-    assert re.search(warning_expr, warnings), f'{warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
+    warning_expr = (
+        '.*/warnings.txt:4:<translated>:1: '
+        'WARNING: Inline literal start-string without end-string. \\[docutils\\]\n'
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        warning_expr, warnings
+    ), f'{warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -108,9 +113,11 @@ def test_text_warning_node(app):
     app.build()
     # test warnings in translation
     result = (app.outdir / 'warnings.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("3. I18N WITH REST WARNINGS"
-              "\n**************************\n"
-              "\nLINE OF >>``<<BROKEN LITERAL MARKUP.\n")
+    expect = (
+        '3. I18N WITH REST WARNINGS'
+        '\n**************************\n'
+        '\nLINE OF >>``<<BROKEN LITERAL MARKUP.\n'
+    )
     assert result == expect
 
 
@@ -121,9 +128,11 @@ def test_text_title_underline(app):
     app.build()
     # --- simple translation; check title underlines
     result = (app.outdir / 'bom.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("2. Datei mit UTF-8"
-              "\n******************\n"  # underline matches new translation
-              "\nThis file has umlauts: äöü.\n")
+    expect = (
+        '2. Datei mit UTF-8'
+        '\n******************\n'  # underline matches new translation
+        '\nThis file has umlauts: äöü.\n'
+    )
     assert result == expect
 
 
@@ -144,50 +153,65 @@ def test_text_inconsistency_warnings(app):
     app.build()
     # --- check warnings for inconsistency in number of references
     result = (app.outdir / 'refs_inconsistency.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("8. I18N WITH REFS INCONSISTENCY"
-              "\n*******************************\n"
-              "\n* FOR CITATION [ref3].\n"
-              "\n* reference FOR reference.\n"
-              "\n* ORPHAN REFERENCE: I18N WITH REFS INCONSISTENCY.\n"
-              "\n[1] THIS IS A AUTO NUMBERED FOOTNOTE.\n"
-              "\n[ref2] THIS IS A CITATION.\n"
-              "\n[100] THIS IS A NUMBERED FOOTNOTE.\n")
+    expect = (
+        '8. I18N WITH REFS INCONSISTENCY'
+        '\n*******************************\n'
+        '\n* FOR CITATION [ref3].\n'
+        '\n* reference FOR reference.\n'
+        '\n* ORPHAN REFERENCE: I18N WITH REFS INCONSISTENCY.\n'
+        '\n[1] THIS IS A AUTO NUMBERED FOOTNOTE.\n'
+        '\n[ref2] THIS IS A CITATION.\n'
+        '\n[100] THIS IS A NUMBERED FOOTNOTE.\n'
+    )
     assert result == expect
 
     warnings = getwarning(app.warning)
-    warning_fmt = ('.*/refs_inconsistency.txt:\\d+: '
-                   'WARNING: inconsistent %(reftype)s in translated message.'
-                   ' original: %(original)s, translated: %(translated)s \\[i18n.inconsistent_references\\]\n')
+    warning_fmt = (
+        '.*/refs_inconsistency.txt:\\d+: '
+        'WARNING: inconsistent %(reftype)s in translated message.'
+        ' original: %(original)s, translated: %(translated)s \\[i18n.inconsistent_references\\]\n'
+    )
     expected_warning_expr = (
-        warning_fmt % {
+        warning_fmt
+        % {
             'reftype': 'footnote references',
             'original': "\\['\\[#\\]_'\\]",
-            'translated': "\\[\\]",
-        } +
-        warning_fmt % {
+            'translated': '\\[\\]',
+        }
+        + warning_fmt
+        % {
             'reftype': 'footnote references',
             'original': "\\['\\[100\\]_'\\]",
-            'translated': "\\[\\]",
-        } +
-        warning_fmt % {
+            'translated': '\\[\\]',
+        }
+        + warning_fmt
+        % {
             'reftype': 'references',
             'original': "\\['reference_'\\]",
             'translated': "\\['reference_', 'reference_'\\]",
-        } +
-        warning_fmt % {
+        }
+        + warning_fmt
+        % {
             'reftype': 'references',
-            'original': "\\[\\]",
+            'original': '\\[\\]',
             'translated': "\\['`I18N WITH REFS INCONSISTENCY`_'\\]",
-        })
-    assert re.search(expected_warning_expr, warnings), f'{expected_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
+        }
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        expected_warning_expr, warnings
+    ), f'{expected_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
 
-    expected_citation_ref_warning_expr = (
-        '.*/refs_inconsistency.txt:\\d+: WARNING: Citation \\[ref2\\] is not referenced.')
-    assert re.search(expected_citation_ref_warning_expr, warnings), f'{expected_citation_ref_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
+    expected_citation_ref_warning_expr = '.*/refs_inconsistency.txt:\\d+: WARNING: Citation \\[ref2\\] is not referenced.'
+    assert re.search(
+        expected_citation_ref_warning_expr, warnings
+    ), f'{expected_citation_ref_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
 
     expected_citation_warning_expr = (
-        '.*/refs_inconsistency.txt:\\d+: WARNING: citation not found: ref3')
-    assert re.search(expected_citation_warning_expr, warnings), f'{expected_citation_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
+        '.*/refs_inconsistency.txt:\\d+: WARNING: citation not found: ref3'
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        expected_citation_warning_expr, warnings
+    ), f'{expected_citation_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -213,7 +237,7 @@ def test_noqa(app):
 TO TEST BARE noqa.
 """
     assert result == expect
-    assert "next-section" not in getwarning(app.warning)
+    assert 'next-section' not in getwarning(app.warning)
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -223,19 +247,24 @@ def test_text_literalblock_warnings(app):
     app.build()
     # --- check warning for literal block
     result = (app.outdir / 'literalblock.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("9. I18N WITH LITERAL BLOCK"
-              "\n**************************\n"
-              "\nCORRECT LITERAL BLOCK:\n"
-              "\n   this is"
-              "\n   literal block\n"
-              "\nMISSING LITERAL BLOCK:\n"
-              "\n<SYSTEM MESSAGE:")
+    expect = (
+        '9. I18N WITH LITERAL BLOCK'
+        '\n**************************\n'
+        '\nCORRECT LITERAL BLOCK:\n'
+        '\n   this is'
+        '\n   literal block\n'
+        '\nMISSING LITERAL BLOCK:\n'
+        '\n<SYSTEM MESSAGE:'
+    )
     assert result.startswith(expect)
 
     warnings = getwarning(app.warning)
-    expected_warning_expr = ('.*/literalblock.txt:\\d+: '
-                             'WARNING: Literal block expected; none found.')
-    assert re.search(expected_warning_expr, warnings), f'{expected_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
+    expected_warning_expr = (
+        '.*/literalblock.txt:\\d+: WARNING: Literal block expected; none found.'
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        expected_warning_expr, warnings
+    ), f'{expected_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -245,16 +274,18 @@ def test_text_definition_terms(app):
     app.build()
     # --- definition terms: regression test for #975, #2198, #2205
     result = (app.outdir / 'definition_terms.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("13. I18N WITH DEFINITION TERMS"
-              "\n******************************\n"
-              "\nSOME TERM"
-              "\n   THE CORRESPONDING DEFINITION\n"
-              "\nSOME *TERM* WITH LINK"
-              "\n   THE CORRESPONDING DEFINITION #2\n"
-              "\nSOME **TERM** WITH : CLASSIFIER1 : CLASSIFIER2"
-              "\n   THE CORRESPONDING DEFINITION\n"
-              "\nSOME TERM WITH : CLASSIFIER[]"
-              "\n   THE CORRESPONDING DEFINITION\n")
+    expect = (
+        '13. I18N WITH DEFINITION TERMS'
+        '\n******************************\n'
+        '\nSOME TERM'
+        '\n   THE CORRESPONDING DEFINITION\n'
+        '\nSOME *TERM* WITH LINK'
+        '\n   THE CORRESPONDING DEFINITION #2\n'
+        '\nSOME **TERM** WITH : CLASSIFIER1 : CLASSIFIER2'
+        '\n   THE CORRESPONDING DEFINITION\n'
+        '\nSOME TERM WITH : CLASSIFIER[]'
+        '\n   THE CORRESPONDING DEFINITION\n'
+    )
     assert result == expect
 
 
@@ -265,7 +296,7 @@ def test_text_glossary_term(app):
     app.build()
     # --- glossary terms: regression test for #1090
     result = (app.outdir / 'glossary_terms.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = (r"""18. I18N WITH GLOSSARY TERMS
+    expect = r"""18. I18N WITH GLOSSARY TERMS
 ****************************
 
 SOME NEW TERM
@@ -287,7 +318,7 @@ def test_text_glossary_term(app):
 TRANSLATED TERM ZZZ
 VVV
    DEFINE ZZZ
-""")
+"""
     assert result == expect
     warnings = getwarning(app.warning)
     assert warnings.count('term not in glossary') == 1
@@ -299,11 +330,15 @@ def test_text_glossary_term(app):
 def test_text_glossary_term_inconsistencies(app):
     app.build()
     # --- glossary term inconsistencies: regression test for #1090
-    result = (app.outdir / 'glossary_terms_inconsistency.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("19. I18N WITH GLOSSARY TERMS INCONSISTENCY"
-              "\n******************************************\n"
-              "\n1. LINK TO *SOME NEW TERM*.\n"
-              "\n2. LINK TO *TERM NOT IN GLOSSARY*.\n")
+    result = (app.outdir / 'glossary_terms_inconsistency.txt').read_text(
+        encoding='utf8'
+    )
+    expect = (
+        '19. I18N WITH GLOSSARY TERMS INCONSISTENCY'
+        '\n******************************************\n'
+        '\n1. LINK TO *SOME NEW TERM*.\n'
+        '\n2. LINK TO *TERM NOT IN GLOSSARY*.\n'
+    )
     assert result == expect
 
     warnings = getwarning(app.warning)
@@ -311,12 +346,18 @@ def test_text_glossary_term_inconsistencies(app):
         '.*/glossary_terms_inconsistency.txt:\\d+: '
         'WARNING: inconsistent term references in translated message.'
         " original: \\[':term:`Some term`', ':term:`Some other term`'\\],"
-        " translated: \\[':term:`SOME NEW TERM`'\\] \\[i18n.inconsistent_references\\]\n")
-    assert re.search(expected_warning_expr, warnings), f'{expected_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
+        " translated: \\[':term:`SOME NEW TERM`'\\] \\[i18n.inconsistent_references\\]\n"
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        expected_warning_expr, warnings
+    ), f'{expected_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
     expected_warning_expr = (
         '.*/glossary_terms_inconsistency.txt:\\d+:<translated>:1: '
-        "WARNING: term not in glossary: 'TERM NOT IN GLOSSARY'")
-    assert re.search(expected_warning_expr, warnings), f'{expected_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
+        "WARNING: term not in glossary: 'TERM NOT IN GLOSSARY'"
+    )
+    assert re.search(
+        expected_warning_expr, warnings
+    ), f'{expected_warning_expr!r} did not match {warnings!r}'
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -350,13 +391,15 @@ def test_text_seealso(app):
     app.build()
     # --- seealso
     result = (app.outdir / 'seealso.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("12. I18N WITH SEEALSO"
-              "\n*********************\n"
-              "\nSee also: SHORT TEXT 1\n"
-              "\nSee also: LONG TEXT 1\n"
-              "\nSee also:\n"
-              "\n  SHORT TEXT 2\n"
-              "\n  LONG TEXT 2\n")
+    expect = (
+        '12. I18N WITH SEEALSO'
+        '\n*********************\n'
+        '\nSee also: SHORT TEXT 1\n'
+        '\nSee also: LONG TEXT 1\n'
+        '\nSee also:\n'
+        '\n  SHORT TEXT 2\n'
+        '\n  LONG TEXT 2\n'
+    )
     assert result == expect
 
 
@@ -367,40 +410,42 @@ def test_text_figure_captions(app):
     app.build()
     # --- figure captions: regression test for #940
     result = (app.outdir / 'figure.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("14. I18N WITH FIGURE CAPTION"
-              "\n****************************\n"
-              "\n   [image]MY CAPTION OF THE FIGURE\n"
-              "\n   MY DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH1 OF THE FIGURE.\n"
-              "\n   MY DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH2 OF THE FIGURE.\n"
-              "\n"
-              "\n14.1. FIGURE IN THE BLOCK"
-              "\n=========================\n"
-              "\nBLOCK\n"
-              "\n      [image]MY CAPTION OF THE FIGURE\n"
-              "\n      MY DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH1 OF THE FIGURE.\n"
-              "\n      MY DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH2 OF THE FIGURE.\n"
-              "\n"
-              "\n"
-              "14.2. IMAGE URL AND ALT\n"
-              "=======================\n"
-              "\n"
-              "[image: I18N -> IMG][image]\n"
-              "\n"
-              "   [image: IMG -> I18N][image]\n"
-              "\n"
-              "\n"
-              "14.3. IMAGE ON SUBSTITUTION\n"
-              "===========================\n"
-              "\n"
-              "\n"
-              "14.4. IMAGE UNDER NOTE\n"
-              "======================\n"
-              "\n"
-              "Note:\n"
-              "\n"
-              "  [image: i18n under note][image]\n"
-              "\n"
-              "     [image: img under note][image]\n")
+    expect = (
+        '14. I18N WITH FIGURE CAPTION'
+        '\n****************************\n'
+        '\n   [image]MY CAPTION OF THE FIGURE\n'
+        '\n   MY DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH1 OF THE FIGURE.\n'
+        '\n   MY DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH2 OF THE FIGURE.\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n14.1. FIGURE IN THE BLOCK'
+        '\n=========================\n'
+        '\nBLOCK\n'
+        '\n      [image]MY CAPTION OF THE FIGURE\n'
+        '\n      MY DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH1 OF THE FIGURE.\n'
+        '\n      MY DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH2 OF THE FIGURE.\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n'
+        '14.2. IMAGE URL AND ALT\n'
+        '=======================\n'
+        '\n'
+        '[image: I18N -> IMG][image]\n'
+        '\n'
+        '   [image: IMG -> I18N][image]\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n'
+        '14.3. IMAGE ON SUBSTITUTION\n'
+        '===========================\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\n'
+        '14.4. IMAGE UNDER NOTE\n'
+        '======================\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Note:\n'
+        '\n'
+        '  [image: i18n under note][image]\n'
+        '\n'
+        '     [image: img under note][image]\n'
+    )
     assert result == expect
 
 
@@ -411,14 +456,16 @@ def test_text_rubric(app):
     app.build()
     # --- rubric: regression test for pull request #190
     result = (app.outdir / 'rubric.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("I18N WITH RUBRIC"
-              "\n****************\n"
-              "\n-[ RUBRIC TITLE ]-\n"
-              "\n"
-              "\nRUBRIC IN THE BLOCK"
-              "\n===================\n"
-              "\nBLOCK\n"
-              "\n   -[ RUBRIC TITLE ]-\n")
+    expect = (
+        'I18N WITH RUBRIC'
+        '\n****************\n'
+        '\n-[ RUBRIC TITLE ]-\n'
+        '\n'
+        '\nRUBRIC IN THE BLOCK'
+        '\n===================\n'
+        '\nBLOCK\n'
+        '\n   -[ RUBRIC TITLE ]-\n'
+    )
     assert result == expect
 
 
@@ -429,25 +476,27 @@ def test_text_docfields(app):
     app.build()
     # --- docfields
     result = (app.outdir / 'docfields.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expect = ("21. I18N WITH DOCFIELDS"
-              "\n***********************\n"
-              "\nclass Cls1\n"
-              "\n   Parameters:"
-              "\n      **param** -- DESCRIPTION OF PARAMETER param\n"
-              "\nclass Cls2\n"
-              "\n   Parameters:"
-              "\n      * **foo** -- DESCRIPTION OF PARAMETER foo\n"
-              "\n      * **bar** -- DESCRIPTION OF PARAMETER bar\n"
-              "\nclass Cls3(values)\n"
-              "\n   Raises:"
-              "\n      **ValueError** -- IF THE VALUES ARE OUT OF RANGE\n"
-              "\nclass Cls4(values)\n"
-              "\n   Raises:"
-              "\n      * **TypeError** -- IF THE VALUES ARE NOT VALID\n"
-              "\n      * **ValueError** -- IF THE VALUES ARE OUT OF RANGE\n"
-              "\nclass Cls5\n"
-              "\n   Returns:"
-              '\n      A NEW "Cls3" INSTANCE\n')
+    expect = (
+        '21. I18N WITH DOCFIELDS'
+        '\n***********************\n'
+        '\nclass Cls1\n'
+        '\n   Parameters:'
+        '\n      **param** -- DESCRIPTION OF PARAMETER param\n'
+        '\nclass Cls2\n'
+        '\n   Parameters:'
+        '\n      * **foo** -- DESCRIPTION OF PARAMETER foo\n'
+        '\n      * **bar** -- DESCRIPTION OF PARAMETER bar\n'
+        '\nclass Cls3(values)\n'
+        '\n   Raises:'
+        '\n      **ValueError** -- IF THE VALUES ARE OUT OF RANGE\n'
+        '\nclass Cls4(values)\n'
+        '\n   Raises:'
+        '\n      * **TypeError** -- IF THE VALUES ARE NOT VALID\n'
+        '\n      * **ValueError** -- IF THE VALUES ARE OUT OF RANGE\n'
+        '\nclass Cls5\n'
+        '\n   Returns:'
+        '\n      A NEW "Cls3" INSTANCE\n'
+    )
     assert result == expect
 
 
@@ -461,14 +510,23 @@ def test_text_admonitions(app):
     # seealso: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/directives.html#admonitions
     result = (app.outdir / 'admonitions.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
     directives = (
-        "attention", "caution", "danger", "error", "hint",
-        "important", "note", "tip", "warning", "admonition")
+        'attention',
+        'caution',
+        'danger',
+        'error',
+        'hint',
+        'important',
+        'note',
+        'tip',
+        'warning',
+        'admonition',
+    )
     for d in directives:
-        assert d.upper() + " TITLE" in result
-        assert d.upper() + " BODY" in result
+        assert d.upper() + ' TITLE' in result
+        assert d.upper() + ' BODY' in result
 
     # for #4938 `1. ` prefixed admonition title
-    assert "1. ADMONITION TITLE" in result
+    assert '1. ADMONITION TITLE' in result
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -559,7 +617,9 @@ def test_text_topic(app):
 def test_gettext_definition_terms(app):
     app.build()
     # --- definition terms: regression test for #2198, #2205
-    expect = read_po(app.srcdir / _CATALOG_LOCALE / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'definition_terms.po')
+    expect = read_po(
+        app.srcdir / _CATALOG_LOCALE / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'definition_terms.po'
+    )
     actual = read_po(app.outdir / 'definition_terms.pot')
     for expect_msg in [m for m in expect if m.id]:
         assert expect_msg.id in [m.id for m in actual if m.id]
@@ -585,7 +645,9 @@ def test_gettext_glossary_terms(app):
 def test_gettext_glossary_term_inconsistencies(app):
     app.build()
     # --- glossary term inconsistencies: regression test for #1090
-    expect = read_po(app.srcdir / _CATALOG_LOCALE / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'glossary_terms_inconsistency.po')
+    expect = read_po(
+        app.srcdir / _CATALOG_LOCALE / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'glossary_terms_inconsistency.po'
+    )
     actual = read_po(app.outdir / 'glossary_terms_inconsistency.pot')
     for expect_msg in [m for m in expect if m.id]:
         assert expect_msg.id in [m.id for m in actual if m.id]
@@ -641,11 +703,16 @@ def test_translation_progress_substitution(app):
     assert doctree[0][19][0] == '68.75%'  # 11 out of 16 lines are translated
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='intl', freshenv=True, confoverrides={
-    'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE, 'locale_dirs': ['.'],
-    'gettext_compact': False,
-    'translation_progress_classes': True,
-})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='intl',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={
+        'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE,
+        'locale_dirs': ['.'],
+        'gettext_compact': False,
+        'translation_progress_classes': True,
+    },
+)
 def test_translation_progress_classes_true(app):
     app.build(filenames=[app.srcdir / 'translation_progress.txt'])
 
@@ -772,7 +839,11 @@ def mock_write_mo(self, locale, use_fuzzy=False):
 
 @sphinx_intl
 # use the same testroot as 'gettext' since the latter contains less PO files
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='builder-gettext-dont-rebuild-mo', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='builder-gettext-dont-rebuild-mo',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_dummy_should_rebuild_mo(mock_time_and_i18n, make_app, app_params):
     mock, clock = mock_time_and_i18n
     assert os.name == 'posix' or clock.time() == 0
@@ -830,7 +901,11 @@ def test_dummy_should_rebuild_mo(mock_time_and_i18n, make_app, app_params):
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('gettext', testroot='builder-gettext-dont-rebuild-mo', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'gettext',
+    testroot='builder-gettext-dont-rebuild-mo',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_gettext_dont_rebuild_mo(mock_time_and_i18n, app):
     mock, clock = mock_time_and_i18n
     assert os.name == 'posix' or clock.time() == 0
@@ -881,9 +956,13 @@ def test_html_meta(app):
     app.build()
     # --- test for meta
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    expected_expr = '<meta content="TESTDATA FOR I18N" name="description" translated="True" />'
+    expected_expr = (
+        '<meta content="TESTDATA FOR I18N" name="description" translated="True" />'
+    )
     assert expected_expr in result
-    expected_expr = '<meta content="I18N, SPHINX, MARKUP" name="keywords" translated="True" />'
+    expected_expr = (
+        '<meta content="I18N, SPHINX, MARKUP" name="keywords" translated="True" />'
+    )
     assert expected_expr in result
     expected_expr = '<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">HIDDEN TOC</span></p>'
     assert expected_expr in result
@@ -907,17 +986,19 @@ def test_html_undefined_refs(app):
     # --- links to undefined reference
     result = (app.outdir / 'refs_inconsistency.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
-    expected_expr = ('<a class="reference external" '
-                     'href="https://www.example.com">reference</a>')
+    expected_expr = (
+        '<a class="reference external" href="https://www.example.com">reference</a>'
+    )
     assert len(re.findall(expected_expr, result)) == 2
 
-    expected_expr = ('<a class="reference internal" '
-                     'href="#reference">reference</a>')
+    expected_expr = '<a class="reference internal" href="#reference">reference</a>'
     assert len(re.findall(expected_expr, result)) == 0
 
-    expected_expr = ('<a class="reference internal" '
-                     'href="#i18n-with-refs-inconsistency">I18N WITH '
-                     'REFS INCONSISTENCY</a>')
+    expected_expr = (
+        '<a class="reference internal" '
+        'href="#i18n-with-refs-inconsistency">I18N WITH '
+        'REFS INCONSISTENCY</a>'
+    )
     assert len(re.findall(expected_expr, result)) == 1
 
 
@@ -930,14 +1011,15 @@ def test_html_index_entries(app):
     result = (app.outdir / 'genindex.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     def wrap(tag, keyword):
-        start_tag = "<%s[^>]*>" % tag
-        end_tag = "</%s>" % tag
-        return fr"{start_tag}\s*{keyword}\s*{end_tag}"
+        start_tag = '<%s[^>]*>' % tag
+        end_tag = '</%s>' % tag
+        return rf'{start_tag}\s*{keyword}\s*{end_tag}'
 
     def wrap_nest(parenttag, childtag, keyword):
-        start_tag1 = "<%s[^>]*>" % parenttag
-        start_tag2 = "<%s[^>]*>" % childtag
-        return fr"{start_tag1}\s*{keyword}\s*{start_tag2}"
+        start_tag1 = '<%s[^>]*>' % parenttag
+        start_tag2 = '<%s[^>]*>' % childtag
+        return rf'{start_tag1}\s*{keyword}\s*{start_tag2}'
+
     expected_exprs = [
         wrap('h2', 'Symbols'),
         wrap('h2', 'C'),
@@ -959,7 +1041,9 @@ def wrap_nest(parenttag, childtag, keyword):
         wrap_nest('li', 'ul', 'SEE'),
     ]
     for expr in expected_exprs:
-        assert re.search(expr, result, re.MULTILINE), f'{expr!r} did not match {result!r}'
+        assert re.search(
+            expr, result, re.MULTILINE
+        ), f'{expr!r} did not match {result!r}'
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -971,8 +1055,7 @@ def test_html_versionchanges(app):
     result = (app.outdir / 'versionchange.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     def get_content(result, name):
-        matched = re.search(r'<div class="%s">\n*(.*?)</div>' % name,
-                            result, re.DOTALL)
+        matched = re.search(r'<div class="%s">\n*(.*?)</div>' % name, result, re.DOTALL)
         if matched:
             return matched.group(1)
         else:
@@ -981,27 +1064,31 @@ def get_content(result, name):
     expect1 = (
         """<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 1.0: </span>"""
         """THIS IS THE <em>FIRST</em> PARAGRAPH OF DEPRECATED.</p>\n"""
-        """<p>THIS IS THE <em>SECOND</em> PARAGRAPH OF DEPRECATED.</p>\n""")
-    matched_content = get_content(result, "deprecated")
-    assert expect1 == matched_content
+        """<p>THIS IS THE <em>SECOND</em> PARAGRAPH OF DEPRECATED.</p>\n"""
+    )
+    matched_content = get_content(result, 'deprecated')
+    assert matched_content == expect1
 
     expect2 = (
         """<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 1.0: </span>"""
-        """THIS IS THE <em>FIRST</em> PARAGRAPH OF VERSIONADDED.</p>\n""")
-    matched_content = get_content(result, "versionadded")
-    assert expect2 == matched_content
+        """THIS IS THE <em>FIRST</em> PARAGRAPH OF VERSIONADDED.</p>\n"""
+    )
+    matched_content = get_content(result, 'versionadded')
+    assert matched_content == expect2
 
     expect3 = (
         """<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 1.0: </span>"""
-        """THIS IS THE <em>FIRST</em> PARAGRAPH OF VERSIONCHANGED.</p>\n""")
-    matched_content = get_content(result, "versionchanged")
-    assert expect3 == matched_content
+        """THIS IS THE <em>FIRST</em> PARAGRAPH OF VERSIONCHANGED.</p>\n"""
+    )
+    matched_content = get_content(result, 'versionchanged')
+    assert matched_content == expect3
 
     expect4 = (
         """<p><span class="versionmodified removed">Removed in version 1.0: </span>"""
-        """THIS IS THE <em>FIRST</em> PARAGRAPH OF VERSIONREMOVED.</p>\n""")
-    matched_content = get_content(result, "versionremoved")
-    assert expect4 == matched_content
+        """THIS IS THE <em>FIRST</em> PARAGRAPH OF VERSIONREMOVED.</p>\n"""
+    )
+    matched_content = get_content(result, 'versionremoved')
+    assert matched_content == expect4
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -1021,8 +1108,8 @@ def test_html_template(app):
     app.build()
     # --- gettext template
     result = (app.outdir / 'contents.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert "WELCOME" in result
-    assert "SPHINX 2013.120" in result
+    assert 'WELCOME' in result
+    assert 'SPHINX 2013.120' in result
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -1056,46 +1143,41 @@ def test_xml_footnotes(app):
     para0 = secs[0].findall('paragraph')
     assert_elem(
         para0[0],
-        ['I18N WITH FOOTNOTE', 'INCLUDE THIS CONTENTS',
-         '2', '[ref]', '1', '100', '*', '. SECOND FOOTNOTE_REF', '100', '.'],
-        ['i18n-with-footnote', 'ref'])
+        [
+            'I18N WITH FOOTNOTE',
+            'INCLUDE THIS CONTENTS',
+            '2',
+            '[ref]',
+            '1',
+            '100',
+            '*',
+            '. SECOND FOOTNOTE_REF',
+            '100',
+            '.',
+        ],
+        ['i18n-with-footnote', 'ref'],
+    )
 
     # check node_id for footnote_references which refer same footnote (refs: #3002)
     assert para0[0][4].text == para0[0][6].text == '100'
     assert para0[0][4].attrib['ids'] != para0[0][6].attrib['ids']
 
     footnote0 = secs[0].findall('footnote')
+    assert_elem(footnote0[0], ['1', 'THIS IS A AUTO NUMBERED FOOTNOTE.'], None, ['1'])
+    assert_elem(footnote0[1], ['100', 'THIS IS A NUMBERED FOOTNOTE.'], None, ['100'])
     assert_elem(
-        footnote0[0],
-        ['1', 'THIS IS A AUTO NUMBERED FOOTNOTE.'],
-        None,
-        ['1'])
-    assert_elem(
-        footnote0[1],
-        ['100', 'THIS IS A NUMBERED FOOTNOTE.'],
-        None,
-        ['100'])
-    assert_elem(
-        footnote0[2],
-        ['2', 'THIS IS A AUTO NUMBERED NAMED FOOTNOTE.'],
-        None,
-        ['named'])
-    assert_elem(
-        footnote0[3],
-        ['*', 'THIS IS A AUTO SYMBOL FOOTNOTE.'],
-        None,
-        None)
+        footnote0[2], ['2', 'THIS IS A AUTO NUMBERED NAMED FOOTNOTE.'], None, ['named']
+    )
+    assert_elem(footnote0[3], ['*', 'THIS IS A AUTO SYMBOL FOOTNOTE.'], None, None)
 
     citation0 = secs[0].findall('citation')
-    assert_elem(
-        citation0[0],
-        ['ref', 'THIS IS A NAMED FOOTNOTE.'],
-        None,
-        ['ref'])
+    assert_elem(citation0[0], ['ref', 'THIS IS A NAMED FOOTNOTE.'], None, ['ref'])
 
     warnings = getwarning(app.warning)
     warning_expr = '.*/footnote.xml:\\d*: SEVERE: Duplicate ID: ".*".\n'
-    assert not re.search(warning_expr, warnings), f'{warning_expr!r} did match {warnings!r}'
+    assert not re.search(
+        warning_expr, warnings
+    ), f'{warning_expr!r} did match {warnings!r}'
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -1132,7 +1214,8 @@ def test_xml_refs_in_python_domain(app):
     assert_elem(
         para0[0],
         ['SEE THIS DECORATOR:', 'sensitive_variables()', '.'],
-        ['sensitive.sensitive_variables'])
+        ['sensitive.sensitive_variables'],
+    )
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -1147,50 +1230,60 @@ def test_xml_keep_external_links(app):
     para0 = secs[0].findall('paragraph')
     # external link check
     assert_elem(
-        para0[0],
-        ['EXTERNAL LINK TO', 'Python', '.'],
-        ['https://python.org/index.html'])
+        para0[0], ['EXTERNAL LINK TO', 'Python', '.'], ['https://python.org/index.html']
+    )
 
     # internal link check
     assert_elem(
-        para0[1],
-        ['EXTERNAL LINKS', 'IS INTERNAL LINK.'],
-        ['i18n-with-external-links'])
+        para0[1], ['EXTERNAL LINKS', 'IS INTERNAL LINK.'], ['i18n-with-external-links']
+    )
 
     # inline link check
     assert_elem(
-        para0[2],
-        ['INLINE LINK BY', 'THE SPHINX SITE', '.'],
-        ['https://sphinx-doc.org'])
+        para0[2], ['INLINE LINK BY', 'THE SPHINX SITE', '.'], ['https://sphinx-doc.org']
+    )
 
     # unnamed link check
-    assert_elem(
-        para0[3],
-        ['UNNAMED', 'LINK', '.'],
-        ['https://google.com'])
+    assert_elem(para0[3], ['UNNAMED', 'LINK', '.'], ['https://google.com'])
 
     # link target swapped translation
     para1 = secs[1].findall('paragraph')
     assert_elem(
         para1[0],
         ['LINK TO', 'external2', 'AND', 'external1', '.'],
-        ['https://www.google.com/external2',
-         'https://www.google.com/external1'])
+        ['https://www.google.com/external2', 'https://www.google.com/external1'],
+    )
     assert_elem(
         para1[1],
         ['LINK TO', 'THE PYTHON SITE', 'AND', 'THE SPHINX SITE', '.'],
-        ['https://python.org', 'https://sphinx-doc.org'])
+        ['https://python.org', 'https://sphinx-doc.org'],
+    )
 
     # multiple references in the same line
     para2 = secs[2].findall('paragraph')
     assert_elem(
         para2[0],
-        ['LINK TO', 'EXTERNAL LINKS', ',', 'Python', ',',
-         'THE SPHINX SITE', ',', 'UNNAMED', 'AND',
-         'THE PYTHON SITE', '.'],
-        ['i18n-with-external-links', 'https://python.org/index.html',
-         'https://sphinx-doc.org', 'https://google.com',
-         'https://python.org'])
+        [
+            'LINK TO',
+            'EXTERNAL LINKS',
+            ',',
+            'Python',
+            ',',
+            'THE SPHINX SITE',
+            ',',
+            'UNNAMED',
+            'AND',
+            'THE PYTHON SITE',
+            '.',
+        ],
+        [
+            'i18n-with-external-links',
+            'https://python.org/index.html',
+            'https://sphinx-doc.org',
+            'https://google.com',
+            'https://python.org',
+        ],
+    )
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -1202,54 +1295,70 @@ def test_xml_role_xref(app):
     et = etree_parse(app.outdir / 'role_xref.xml')
     sec1, sec2 = et.findall('section')
 
-    para1, = sec1.findall('paragraph')
+    (para1,) = sec1.findall('paragraph')
     assert_elem(
         para1,
-        ['LINK TO', "I18N ROCK'N ROLE XREF", ',', 'CONTENTS', ',',
-         'SOME NEW TERM', '.'],
-        ['i18n-role-xref', 'index',
-         'glossary_terms#term-Some-term'])
+        [
+            'LINK TO',
+            "I18N ROCK'N ROLE XREF",
+            ',',
+            'CONTENTS',
+            ',',
+            'SOME NEW TERM',
+            '.',
+        ],
+        ['i18n-role-xref', 'index', 'glossary_terms#term-Some-term'],
+    )
 
-    sec1_1, = sec1.findall('section')
-    title, = sec1_1.findall('title')
+    (sec1_1,) = sec1.findall('section')
+    (title,) = sec1_1.findall('title')
     assert_elem(
         title,
-        ['LINK TO', "I18N ROCK'N ROLE XREF", ',', 'CONTENTS', ',',
-         'SOME NEW TERM', '.'],
-        ['i18n-role-xref', 'index',
-         'glossary_terms#term-Some-term'])
+        [
+            'LINK TO',
+            "I18N ROCK'N ROLE XREF",
+            ',',
+            'CONTENTS',
+            ',',
+            'SOME NEW TERM',
+            '.',
+        ],
+        ['i18n-role-xref', 'index', 'glossary_terms#term-Some-term'],
+    )
 
     para2 = sec2.findall('paragraph')
     assert_elem(
         para2[0],
         ['LINK TO', 'SOME OTHER NEW TERM', 'AND', 'SOME NEW TERM', '.'],
-        ['glossary_terms#term-Some-other-term',
-         'glossary_terms#term-Some-term'])
+        ['glossary_terms#term-Some-other-term', 'glossary_terms#term-Some-term'],
+    )
     assert_elem(
         para2[1],
-        ['LINK TO', 'LABEL', 'AND',
-         'SAME TYPE LINKS', 'AND', 'SAME TYPE LINKS', '.'],
-        ['i18n-role-xref', 'same-type-links', 'same-type-links'])
+        ['LINK TO', 'LABEL', 'AND', 'SAME TYPE LINKS', 'AND', 'SAME TYPE LINKS', '.'],
+        ['i18n-role-xref', 'same-type-links', 'same-type-links'],
+    )
     assert_elem(
         para2[2],
         ['LINK TO', 'I18N WITH GLOSSARY TERMS', 'AND', 'CONTENTS', '.'],
-        ['glossary_terms', 'index'])
+        ['glossary_terms', 'index'],
+    )
     assert_elem(
         para2[3],
         ['LINK TO', '--module', 'AND', '-m', '.'],
-        ['cmdoption-module', 'cmdoption-m'])
+        ['cmdoption-module', 'cmdoption-m'],
+    )
     assert_elem(
         para2[4],
         ['LINK TO', 'env2', 'AND', 'env1', '.'],
-        ['envvar-env2', 'envvar-env1'])
-    assert_elem(
-        para2[5],
-        ['LINK TO', 'token2', 'AND', 'token1', '.'],
-        [])  # TODO: how do I link token role to productionlist?
+        ['envvar-env2', 'envvar-env1'],
+    )
+    # TODO: how do I link token role to productionlist?
+    assert_elem(para2[5], ['LINK TO', 'token2', 'AND', 'token1', '.'], [])
     assert_elem(
         para2[6],
-        ['LINK TO', 'same-type-links', 'AND', "i18n-role-xref", '.'],
-        ['same-type-links', 'i18n-role-xref'])
+        ['LINK TO', 'same-type-links', 'AND', 'i18n-role-xref', '.'],
+        ['same-type-links', 'i18n-role-xref'],
+    )
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -1276,49 +1385,74 @@ def test_xml_label_targets(app):
     para0 = secs[0].findall('paragraph')
     assert_elem(
         para0[0],
-        ['X SECTION AND LABEL', 'POINT TO', 'implicit-target', 'AND',
-         'X SECTION AND LABEL', 'POINT TO', 'section-and-label', '.'],
-        ['implicit-target', 'section-and-label'])
+        [
+            'X SECTION AND LABEL',
+            'POINT TO',
+            'implicit-target',
+            'AND',
+            'X SECTION AND LABEL',
+            'POINT TO',
+            'section-and-label',
+            '.',
+        ],
+        ['implicit-target', 'section-and-label'],
+    )
 
     para1 = secs[1].findall('paragraph')
     assert_elem(
         para1[0],
-        ['X EXPLICIT-TARGET', 'POINT TO', 'explicit-target', 'AND',
-         'X EXPLICIT-TARGET', 'POINT TO DUPLICATED ID LIKE', 'id1',
-         '.'],
-        ['explicit-target', 'id1'])
+        [
+            'X EXPLICIT-TARGET',
+            'POINT TO',
+            'explicit-target',
+            'AND',
+            'X EXPLICIT-TARGET',
+            'POINT TO DUPLICATED ID LIKE',
+            'id1',
+            '.',
+        ],
+        ['explicit-target', 'id1'],
+    )
 
     para2 = secs[2].findall('paragraph')
     assert_elem(
         para2[0],
-        ['X IMPLICIT SECTION NAME', 'POINT TO',
-         'implicit-section-name', '.'],
-        ['implicit-section-name'])
+        ['X IMPLICIT SECTION NAME', 'POINT TO', 'implicit-section-name', '.'],
+        ['implicit-section-name'],
+    )
 
     sec2 = secs[2].findall('section')
 
     para2_0 = sec2[0].findall('paragraph')
-    assert_elem(
-        para2_0[0],
-        ['`X DUPLICATED SUB SECTION`_', 'IS BROKEN LINK.'],
-        [])
+    assert_elem(para2_0[0], ['`X DUPLICATED SUB SECTION`_', 'IS BROKEN LINK.'], [])
 
     para3 = secs[3].findall('paragraph')
     assert_elem(
         para3[0],
-        ['X', 'bridge label',
-         'IS NOT TRANSLATABLE BUT LINKED TO TRANSLATED ' +
-         'SECTION TITLE.'],
-        ['label-bridged-target-section'])
+        [
+            'X',
+            'bridge label',
+            'IS NOT TRANSLATABLE BUT LINKED TO TRANSLATED SECTION TITLE.',
+        ],
+        ['label-bridged-target-section'],
+    )
     assert_elem(
         para3[1],
-        ['X', 'bridge label', 'POINT TO',
-         'LABEL BRIDGED TARGET SECTION', 'AND', 'bridge label2',
-         'POINT TO', 'SECTION AND LABEL', '. THE SECOND APPEARED',
-         'bridge label2', 'POINT TO CORRECT TARGET.'],
-        ['label-bridged-target-section',
-         'section-and-label',
-         'section-and-label'])
+        [
+            'X',
+            'bridge label',
+            'POINT TO',
+            'LABEL BRIDGED TARGET SECTION',
+            'AND',
+            'bridge label2',
+            'POINT TO',
+            'SECTION AND LABEL',
+            '. THE SECOND APPEARED',
+            'bridge label2',
+            'POINT TO CORRECT TARGET.',
+        ],
+        ['label-bridged-target-section', 'section-and-label', 'section-and-label'],
+    )
 
 
 @sphinx_intl
@@ -1329,8 +1463,8 @@ def test_xml_strange_markup(app):
     et = etree_parse(app.outdir / 'markup.xml')
     secs = et.findall('section')
 
-    subsec1, = secs[0].findall('section')
-    title1, = subsec1.findall('title')
+    (subsec1,) = secs[0].findall('section')
+    (title1,) = subsec1.findall('title')
     assert_elem(title1, ['1. TITLE STARTING WITH 1.'])
 
 
@@ -1355,25 +1489,30 @@ def test_additional_targets_should_not_be_translated(app):
     assert_count(expected_expr, result, 1)
 
     # C code block with lang should not be translated but be *C* highlighted
-    expected_expr = ("""<span class="cp">#include</span>"""
-                     """<span class="w"> </span>"""
-                     """<span class="cpf">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span>""")
+    expected_expr = (
+        """<span class="cp">#include</span>"""
+        """<span class="w"> </span>"""
+        """<span class="cpf">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span>"""
+    )
     assert_count(expected_expr, result, 1)
 
     # literal block in list item should not be translated
-    expected_expr = ("""<span class="n">literal</span>"""
-                     """<span class="o">-</span>"""
-                     """<span class="n">block</span>\n"""
-                     """<span class="k">in</span>"""
-                     """<span class="w"> </span>"""
-                     """<span class="n">list</span>""")
+    expected_expr = (
+        """<span class="n">literal</span>"""
+        """<span class="o">-</span>"""
+        """<span class="n">block</span>\n"""
+        """<span class="k">in</span>"""
+        """<span class="w"> </span>"""
+        """<span class="n">list</span>"""
+    )
     assert_count(expected_expr, result, 1)
 
     # doctest block should not be translated but be highlighted
     expected_expr = (
         """<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>"""
         """<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>  """
-        """<span class="c1"># sys importing</span>""")
+        """<span class="c1"># sys importing</span>"""
+    )
     assert_count(expected_expr, result, 1)
 
     # [raw.txt]
@@ -1402,7 +1541,8 @@ def test_additional_targets_should_not_be_translated(app):
     'html',
     srcdir='test_additional_targets_should_be_translated',
     confoverrides={
-        'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE, 'locale_dirs': ['.'],
+        'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE,
+        'locale_dirs': ['.'],
         'gettext_compact': False,
         'gettext_additional_targets': [
             'index',
@@ -1419,8 +1559,10 @@ def test_additional_targets_should_be_translated(app):
     result = (app.outdir / 'literalblock.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     # basic literal bloc should be translated
-    expected_expr = ('<span class="n">THIS</span> <span class="n">IS</span>\n'
-                     '<span class="n">LITERAL</span> <span class="n">BLOCK</span>')
+    expected_expr = (
+        '<span class="n">THIS</span> <span class="n">IS</span>\n'
+        '<span class="n">LITERAL</span> <span class="n">BLOCK</span>'
+    )
     assert_count(expected_expr, result, 1)
 
     # literalinclude should be translated
@@ -1440,29 +1582,34 @@ def test_additional_targets_should_be_translated(app):
     assert_count(expected_expr, result, 1)
 
     # C code block with lang should be translated and be *C* highlighted
-    expected_expr = ("""<span class="cp">#include</span>"""
-                     """<span class="w"> </span>"""
-                     """<span class="cpf">&lt;STDIO.H&gt;</span>""")
+    expected_expr = (
+        """<span class="cp">#include</span>"""
+        """<span class="w"> </span>"""
+        """<span class="cpf">&lt;STDIO.H&gt;</span>"""
+    )
     assert_count(expected_expr, result, 1)
 
     # literal block in list item should be translated
-    expected_expr = ("""<span class="no">LITERAL</span>"""
-                     """<span class="o">-</span>"""
-                     """<span class="no">BLOCK</span>\n"""
-                     """<span class="no">IN</span>"""
-                     """<span class="w"> </span>"""
-                     """<span class="no">LIST</span>""")
+    expected_expr = (
+        """<span class="no">LITERAL</span>"""
+        """<span class="o">-</span>"""
+        """<span class="no">BLOCK</span>\n"""
+        """<span class="no">IN</span>"""
+        """<span class="w"> </span>"""
+        """<span class="no">LIST</span>"""
+    )
     assert_count(expected_expr, result, 1)
 
     # doctest block should not be translated but be highlighted
     expected_expr = (
         """<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>"""
         """<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>  """
-        """<span class="c1"># SYS IMPORTING</span>""")
+        """<span class="c1"># SYS IMPORTING</span>"""
+    )
     assert_count(expected_expr, result, 1)
 
     # 'noqa' comments should remain in literal blocks.
-    assert_count("#noqa", result, 1)
+    assert_count('#noqa', result, 1)
 
     # [raw.txt]
 
@@ -1489,7 +1636,8 @@ def test_additional_targets_should_be_translated(app):
     'html',
     testroot='intl_substitution_definitions',
     confoverrides={
-        'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE, 'locale_dirs': ['.'],
+        'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE,
+        'locale_dirs': ['.'],
         'gettext_compact': False,
         'gettext_additional_targets': [
             'index',
@@ -1531,7 +1679,8 @@ def test_text_references(app):
     'text',
     testroot='intl_substitution_definitions',
     confoverrides={
-        'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE, 'locale_dirs': ['.'],
+        'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE,
+        'locale_dirs': ['.'],
         'gettext_compact': False,
     },
 )
@@ -1540,7 +1689,8 @@ def test_text_prolog_epilog_substitution(app):
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'prolog_epilog_substitution.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
-    assert result == """\
+    assert result == (
+        """\
 1. I18N WITH PROLOGUE AND EPILOGUE SUBSTITUTIONS
 ************************************************
 
@@ -1552,10 +1702,12 @@ def test_text_prolog_epilog_substitution(app):
 
 SUBSTITUTED IMAGE [image: SUBST_EPILOG_2 TRANSLATED][image] HERE.
 """
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'dummy', testroot='images',
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='images',
     srcdir='test_intl_images',
     confoverrides={'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE},
 )
@@ -1564,41 +1716,75 @@ def test_image_glob_intl(app):
 
     # index.rst
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('index')
-    assert_node(doctree[0][1], nodes.image, uri='rimg.xx.png',
-                candidates={'*': 'rimg.xx.png'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][1], nodes.image, uri='rimg.xx.png', candidates={'*': 'rimg.xx.png'}
+    )
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][2], nodes.figure)
-    assert_node(doctree[0][2][0], nodes.image, uri='rimg.xx.png',
-                candidates={'*': 'rimg.xx.png'})
-
-    assert_node(doctree[0][3], nodes.image, uri='img.*',
-                candidates={'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
-                            'image/gif': 'img.gif',
-                            'image/png': 'img.png'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][2][0],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='rimg.xx.png',
+        candidates={'*': 'rimg.xx.png'},
+    )
+
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][3],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='img.*',
+        candidates={
+            'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
+            'image/gif': 'img.gif',
+            'image/png': 'img.png',
+        },
+    )
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][4], nodes.figure)
-    assert_node(doctree[0][4][0], nodes.image, uri='img.*',
-                candidates={'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
-                            'image/gif': 'img.gif',
-                            'image/png': 'img.png'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][4][0],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='img.*',
+        candidates={
+            'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
+            'image/gif': 'img.gif',
+            'image/png': 'img.png',
+        },
+    )
 
     # subdir/index.rst
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('subdir/index')
-    assert_node(doctree[0][1], nodes.image, uri='subdir/rimg.xx.png',
-                candidates={'*': 'subdir/rimg.xx.png'})
-
-    assert_node(doctree[0][2], nodes.image, uri='subdir/svgimg.*',
-                candidates={'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
-                            'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.xx.svg'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][1],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='subdir/rimg.xx.png',
+        candidates={'*': 'subdir/rimg.xx.png'},
+    )
+
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][2],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='subdir/svgimg.*',
+        candidates={
+            'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
+            'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.xx.svg',
+        },
+    )
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][3], nodes.figure)
-    assert_node(doctree[0][3][0], nodes.image, uri='subdir/svgimg.*',
-                candidates={'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
-                            'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.xx.svg'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][3][0],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='subdir/svgimg.*',
+        candidates={
+            'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
+            'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.xx.svg',
+        },
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(
-    'dummy', testroot='images',
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='images',
     srcdir='test_intl_images',
     confoverrides={
         'language': _CATALOG_LOCALE,
@@ -1610,49 +1796,85 @@ def test_image_glob_intl_using_figure_language_filename(app):
 
     # index.rst
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('index')
-    assert_node(doctree[0][1], nodes.image, uri='rimg.png.xx',
-                candidates={'*': 'rimg.png.xx'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][1], nodes.image, uri='rimg.png.xx', candidates={'*': 'rimg.png.xx'}
+    )
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][2], nodes.figure)
-    assert_node(doctree[0][2][0], nodes.image, uri='rimg.png.xx',
-                candidates={'*': 'rimg.png.xx'})
-
-    assert_node(doctree[0][3], nodes.image, uri='img.*',
-                candidates={'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
-                            'image/gif': 'img.gif',
-                            'image/png': 'img.png'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][2][0],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='rimg.png.xx',
+        candidates={'*': 'rimg.png.xx'},
+    )
+
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][3],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='img.*',
+        candidates={
+            'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
+            'image/gif': 'img.gif',
+            'image/png': 'img.png',
+        },
+    )
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][4], nodes.figure)
-    assert_node(doctree[0][4][0], nodes.image, uri='img.*',
-                candidates={'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
-                            'image/gif': 'img.gif',
-                            'image/png': 'img.png'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][4][0],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='img.*',
+        candidates={
+            'application/pdf': 'img.pdf',
+            'image/gif': 'img.gif',
+            'image/png': 'img.png',
+        },
+    )
 
     # subdir/index.rst
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('subdir/index')
-    assert_node(doctree[0][1], nodes.image, uri='subdir/rimg.png',
-                candidates={'*': 'subdir/rimg.png'})
-
-    assert_node(doctree[0][2], nodes.image, uri='subdir/svgimg.*',
-                candidates={'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
-                            'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.svg'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][1],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='subdir/rimg.png',
+        candidates={'*': 'subdir/rimg.png'},
+    )
+
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][2],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='subdir/svgimg.*',
+        candidates={
+            'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
+            'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.svg',
+        },
+    )
 
     assert isinstance(doctree[0][3], nodes.figure)
-    assert_node(doctree[0][3][0], nodes.image, uri='subdir/svgimg.*',
-                candidates={'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
-                            'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.svg'})
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][3][0],
+        nodes.image,
+        uri='subdir/svgimg.*',
+        candidates={
+            'application/pdf': 'subdir/svgimg.pdf',
+            'image/svg+xml': 'subdir/svgimg.svg',
+        },
+    )
 
 
 def getwarning(warnings: StringIO) -> str:
     return strip_colors(warnings.getvalue().replace(os.sep, '/'))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    srcdir='gettext_allow_fuzzy_translations',
-                    confoverrides={
-                        'language': 'de',
-                        'gettext_allow_fuzzy_translations': True,
-                    })
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    srcdir='gettext_allow_fuzzy_translations',
+    confoverrides={
+        'language': 'de',
+        'gettext_allow_fuzzy_translations': True,
+    },
+)
 def test_gettext_allow_fuzzy_translations(app):
     locale_dir = app.srcdir / 'locales' / 'de' / 'LC_MESSAGES'
     locale_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
@@ -1666,12 +1888,15 @@ def test_gettext_allow_fuzzy_translations(app):
     assert 'FEATURES' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='basic',
-                    srcdir='gettext_disallow_fuzzy_translations',
-                    confoverrides={
-                        'language': 'de',
-                        'gettext_allow_fuzzy_translations': False,
-                    })
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='basic',
+    srcdir='gettext_disallow_fuzzy_translations',
+    confoverrides={
+        'language': 'de',
+        'gettext_allow_fuzzy_translations': False,
+    },
+)
 def test_gettext_disallow_fuzzy_translations(app):
     locale_dir = app.srcdir / 'locales' / 'de' / 'LC_MESSAGES'
     locale_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
@@ -1716,7 +1941,11 @@ def test_customize_system_message(make_app, app_params):
         locale.translators.clear()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='intl', confoverrides={'today_fmt': '%Y-%m-%d'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='intl',
+    confoverrides={'today_fmt': '%Y-%m-%d'},
+)
 def test_customize_today_date_format(app, monkeypatch):
     with monkeypatch.context() as m:
         m.setenv('SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH', '1439131307')
diff --git a/tests/test_intl/test_locale.py b/tests/test_intl/test_locale.py
index 400b6e7caaa..1432812c19b 100644
--- a/tests/test_intl/test_locale.py
+++ b/tests/test_intl/test_locale.py
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ def _empty_language_translation(rootdir: Path) -> Callable[[str], str]:
 
 def test_init_environment_language(rootdir, monkeypatch):
     with monkeypatch.context() as m:
-        m.setenv("LANGUAGE", "en_US:en")
+        m.setenv('LANGUAGE', 'en_US:en')
         _ = _empty_language_translation(rootdir)
         assert _('Hello world') == 'HELLO WORLD'
 
     with monkeypatch.context() as m:
-        m.setenv("LANGUAGE", "et_EE:et")
+        m.setenv('LANGUAGE', 'et_EE:et')
         _ = _empty_language_translation(rootdir)
         assert _('Hello world') == 'Tere maailm'
diff --git a/tests/test_markup/test_markup.py b/tests/test_markup/test_markup.py
index cad357b0e7c..241a42b9ef5 100644
--- a/tests/test_markup/test_markup.py
+++ b/tests/test_markup/test_markup.py
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ def settings(app):
         # DeprecationWarning: The frontend.OptionParser class will be replaced
         # by a subclass of argparse.ArgumentParser in Docutils 0.21 or later.
         optparser = frontend.OptionParser(
-            components=(RstParser, HTMLWriter, LaTeXWriter),
-            defaults=default_settings)
+            components=(RstParser, HTMLWriter, LaTeXWriter), defaults=default_settings
+        )
     settings = optparser.get_default_values()
     settings.smart_quotes = True
     settings.env = app.builder.env
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ def parse_(rst):
             if msg['level'] == 1:
                 msg.replace_self([])
         return document
+
     return parse_
 
 
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@ def verify(rst, html_expected):
         document.walkabout(html_translator)
         html_translated = ''.join(html_translator.fragment).strip()
         assert re.match(html_expected, html_translated), 'from ' + rst
+
     return verify
 
 
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ def verify(rst, latex_expected):
         document.walkabout(latex_translator)
         latex_translated = ''.join(latex_translator.body).strip()
         assert re.match(latex_expected, latex_translated), 'from ' + repr(rst)
+
     return verify
 
 
@@ -125,6 +128,7 @@ def verify_re_(rst, html_expected, latex_expected):
             verify_re_html(rst, html_expected)
         if latex_expected:
             verify_re_latex(rst, latex_expected)
+
     return verify_re_
 
 
@@ -135,6 +139,7 @@ def verify_(rst, html_expected, latex_expected):
             verify_re_html(rst, re.escape(html_expected) + '$')
         if latex_expected:
             verify_re_latex(rst, re.escape(latex_expected) + '$')
+
     return verify_
 
 
@@ -147,282 +152,343 @@ def get_verifier(verify, verify_re):
 
     def get(name):
         return v[name]
+
     return get
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('type', 'rst', 'html_expected', 'latex_expected'), [
-    (
-        # pep role
-        'verify',
-        ':pep:`8`',
-        ('<p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" '
-         'href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/"><strong>PEP 8</strong></a></p>'),
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         '\\index{Python Enhancement Proposals@\\spxentry{Python Enhancement Proposals}'
-         '!PEP 8@\\spxentry{PEP 8}}\\sphinxhref{https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/}'
-         '{\\sphinxstylestrong{PEP 8}}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # pep role with anchor
-        'verify',
-        ':pep:`8#id1`',
-        ('<p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" '
-         'href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/#id1">'
-         '<strong>PEP 8#id1</strong></a></p>'),
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         '\\index{Python Enhancement Proposals@\\spxentry{Python Enhancement Proposals}'
-         '!PEP 8\\#id1@\\spxentry{PEP 8\\#id1}}\\sphinxhref'
-         '{https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/\\#id1}'
-         '{\\sphinxstylestrong{PEP 8\\#id1}}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # rfc role
-        'verify',
-        ':rfc:`2324`',
-        ('<p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" '
-         'href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2324.html"><strong>RFC 2324</strong></a></p>'),
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         '\\index{RFC@\\spxentry{RFC}!RFC 2324@\\spxentry{RFC 2324}}'
-         '\\sphinxhref{https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2324.html}'
-         '{\\sphinxstylestrong{RFC 2324}}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # rfc role with anchor
-        'verify',
-        ':rfc:`2324#id1`',
-        ('<p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" '
-         'href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2324.html#id1">'
-         '<strong>RFC 2324#id1</strong></a></p>'),
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         '\\index{RFC@\\spxentry{RFC}!RFC 2324\\#id1@\\spxentry{RFC 2324\\#id1}}'
-         '\\sphinxhref{https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2324.html\\#id1}'
-         '{\\sphinxstylestrong{RFC 2324\\#id1}}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # correct interpretation of code with whitespace
-        'verify_re',
-        '``code   sample``',
-        ('<p><code class="(samp )?docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
-         'code</span>&#160;&#160; <span class="pre">sample</span></code></p>'),
-        r'\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxcode{\\sphinxupquote{code   sample}}',
-    ),
-    (
-        # interpolation of arrows in menuselection
-        'verify',
-        ':menuselection:`a --> b`',
-        ('<p><span class="menuselection">a \N{TRIANGULAR BULLET} b</span></p>'),
-        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxmenuselection{a \\(\\rightarrow\\) b}',
-    ),
-    (
-        # interpolation of ampersands in menuselection
-        'verify',
-        ':menuselection:`&Foo -&&- &Bar`',
-        ('<p><span class="menuselection"><span class="accelerator">F</span>oo '
-         '-&amp;- <span class="accelerator">B</span>ar</span></p>'),
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         r'\sphinxmenuselection{\sphinxaccelerator{F}oo \sphinxhyphen{}'
-         r'\&\sphinxhyphen{} \sphinxaccelerator{B}ar}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # interpolation of ampersands in guilabel
-        'verify',
-        ':guilabel:`&Foo -&&- &Bar`',
-        ('<p><span class="guilabel"><span class="accelerator">F</span>oo '
-         '-&amp;- <span class="accelerator">B</span>ar</span></p>'),
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         r'\sphinxguilabel{\sphinxaccelerator{F}oo \sphinxhyphen{}\&\sphinxhyphen{} \sphinxaccelerator{B}ar}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # no ampersands in guilabel
-        'verify',
-        ':guilabel:`Foo`',
-        '<p><span class="guilabel">Foo</span></p>',
-        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxguilabel{Foo}',
-    ),
-    (
-        # kbd role
-        'verify',
-        ':kbd:`space`',
-        '<p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">space</kbd></p>',
-        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{space}}',
-    ),
-    (
-        # kbd role
-        'verify',
-        ':kbd:`Control+X`',
-        ('<p><kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate">'
-         '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>'
-         '+'
-         '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">X</kbd>'
-         '</kbd></p>'),
-        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{Control+X}}',
-    ),
-    (
-        # kbd role
-        'verify',
-        ':kbd:`Alt+^`',
-        ('<p><kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate">'
-         '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Alt</kbd>'
-         '+'
-         '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">^</kbd>'
-         '</kbd></p>'),
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         '\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{Alt+\\textasciicircum{}}}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # kbd role
-        'verify',
-        ':kbd:`M-x  M-s`',
-        ('<p><kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate">'
-         '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">M</kbd>'
-         '-'
-         '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">x</kbd>'
-         '  '
-         '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">M</kbd>'
-         '-'
-         '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">s</kbd>'
-         '</kbd></p>'),
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         '\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{M\\sphinxhyphen{}x  M\\sphinxhyphen{}s}}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # kbd role
-        'verify',
-        ':kbd:`-`',
-        '<p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">-</kbd></p>',
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         '\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{\\sphinxhyphen{}}}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # kbd role
-        'verify',
-        ':kbd:`Caps Lock`',
-        '<p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Caps Lock</kbd></p>',
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         '\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{Caps Lock}}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # kbd role
-        'verify',
-        ':kbd:`sys   rq`',
-        '<p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">sys   rq</kbd></p>',
-        ('\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         '\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{sys   rq}}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # non-interpolation of dashes in option role
-        'verify_re',
-        ':option:`--with-option`',
-        ('<p><code( class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate")?>'
-         '<span class="pre">--with-option</span></code></p>$'),
-        (r'\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
-         r'\\sphinxcode{\\sphinxupquote{\\sphinxhyphen{}\\sphinxhyphen{}with\\sphinxhyphen{}option}}$'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # verify smarty-pants quotes
-        'verify',
-        '"John"',
-        '<p>“John”</p>',
-        "\\sphinxAtStartPar\n“John”",
-    ),
-    (
-        # ... but not in literal text
-        'verify',
-        '``"John"``',
-        ('<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
-         '&quot;John&quot;</span></code></p>'),
-        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxcode{\\sphinxupquote{"John"}}',
-    ),
-    (
-        # verify classes for inline roles
-        'verify',
-        ':manpage:`mp(1)`',
-        '<p><em class="manpage">mp(1)</em></p>',
-        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxstyleliteralemphasis{\\sphinxupquote{mp(1)}}',
-    ),
-    (
-        # correct escaping in normal mode
-        'verify',
-        'Γ\\\\∞$',
-        None,
-        '\\sphinxAtStartPar\nΓ\\textbackslash{}\\(\\infty\\)\\$',
-    ),
-    (
-        # in verbatim code fragments
-        'verify',
-        '::\n\n @Γ\\∞${}',
-        None,
-        ('\\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}]\n'
-         '@Γ\\PYGZbs{}\\(\\infty\\)\\PYGZdl{}\\PYGZob{}\\PYGZcb{}\n'
-         '\\end{sphinxVerbatim}'),
-    ),
-    (
-        # in URIs
-        'verify_re',
-        '`test <https://www.google.com/~me/>`_',
-        None,
-        r'\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxhref{https://www.google.com/~me/}{test}.*',
-    ),
-    (
-        # description list: simple
-        'verify',
-        'term\n    description',
-        '<dl class="simple">\n<dt>term</dt><dd><p>description</p>\n</dd>\n</dl>',
-        None,
-    ),
-    (
-        # description list: with classifiers
-        'verify',
-        'term : class1 : class2\n    description',
-        ('<dl class="simple">\n<dt>term<span class="classifier">class1</span>'
-         '<span class="classifier">class2</span></dt><dd><p>description</p>\n</dd>\n</dl>'),
-        None,
-    ),
-    (
-        # glossary (description list): multiple terms
-        'verify',
-        '.. glossary::\n\n   term1\n   term2\n       description',
-        ('<dl class="simple glossary">\n'
-         '<dt id="term-term1">term1<a class="headerlink" href="#term-term1"'
-         ' title="Link to this term">¶</a></dt>'
-         '<dt id="term-term2">term2<a class="headerlink" href="#term-term2"'
-         ' title="Link to this term">¶</a></dt>'
-         '<dd><p>description</p>\n</dd>\n</dl>'),
-        None,
-    ),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('type', 'rst', 'html_expected', 'latex_expected'),
+    [
+        (
+            # pep role
+            'verify',
+            ':pep:`8`',
+            (
+                '<p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" '
+                'href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/"><strong>PEP 8</strong></a></p>'
+            ),
+            (
+                '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                '\\index{Python Enhancement Proposals@\\spxentry{Python Enhancement Proposals}'
+                '!PEP 8@\\spxentry{PEP 8}}\\sphinxhref{https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/}'
+                '{\\sphinxstylestrong{PEP 8}}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # pep role with anchor
+            'verify',
+            ':pep:`8#id1`',
+            (
+                '<p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" '
+                'href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/#id1">'
+                '<strong>PEP 8#id1</strong></a></p>'
+            ),
+            (
+                '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                '\\index{Python Enhancement Proposals@\\spxentry{Python Enhancement Proposals}'
+                '!PEP 8\\#id1@\\spxentry{PEP 8\\#id1}}\\sphinxhref'
+                '{https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/\\#id1}'
+                '{\\sphinxstylestrong{PEP 8\\#id1}}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # rfc role
+            'verify',
+            ':rfc:`2324`',
+            (
+                '<p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" '
+                'href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2324.html"><strong>RFC 2324</strong></a></p>'
+            ),
+            (
+                '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                '\\index{RFC@\\spxentry{RFC}!RFC 2324@\\spxentry{RFC 2324}}'
+                '\\sphinxhref{https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2324.html}'
+                '{\\sphinxstylestrong{RFC 2324}}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # rfc role with anchor
+            'verify',
+            ':rfc:`2324#id1`',
+            (
+                '<p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" '
+                'href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2324.html#id1">'
+                '<strong>RFC 2324#id1</strong></a></p>'
+            ),
+            (
+                '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                '\\index{RFC@\\spxentry{RFC}!RFC 2324\\#id1@\\spxentry{RFC 2324\\#id1}}'
+                '\\sphinxhref{https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2324.html\\#id1}'
+                '{\\sphinxstylestrong{RFC 2324\\#id1}}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # correct interpretation of code with whitespace
+            'verify_re',
+            '``code   sample``',
+            (
+                '<p><code class="(samp )?docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
+                'code</span>&#160;&#160; <span class="pre">sample</span></code></p>'
+            ),
+            r'\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxcode{\\sphinxupquote{code   sample}}',
+        ),
+        (
+            # interpolation of arrows in menuselection
+            'verify',
+            ':menuselection:`a --> b`',
+            '<p><span class="menuselection">a \N{TRIANGULAR BULLET} b</span></p>',
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxmenuselection{a \\(\\rightarrow\\) b}',
+        ),
+        (
+            # interpolation of ampersands in menuselection
+            'verify',
+            ':menuselection:`&Foo -&&- &Bar`',
+            (
+                '<p><span class="menuselection"><span class="accelerator">F</span>oo '
+                '-&amp;- <span class="accelerator">B</span>ar</span></p>'
+            ),
+            (
+                '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                r'\sphinxmenuselection{\sphinxaccelerator{F}oo \sphinxhyphen{}'
+                r'\&\sphinxhyphen{} \sphinxaccelerator{B}ar}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # interpolation of ampersands in guilabel
+            'verify',
+            ':guilabel:`&Foo -&&- &Bar`',
+            (
+                '<p><span class="guilabel"><span class="accelerator">F</span>oo '
+                '-&amp;- <span class="accelerator">B</span>ar</span></p>'
+            ),
+            (
+                '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                r'\sphinxguilabel{\sphinxaccelerator{F}oo \sphinxhyphen{}\&\sphinxhyphen{} \sphinxaccelerator{B}ar}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # no ampersands in guilabel
+            'verify',
+            ':guilabel:`Foo`',
+            '<p><span class="guilabel">Foo</span></p>',
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxguilabel{Foo}',
+        ),
+        (
+            # kbd role
+            'verify',
+            ':kbd:`space`',
+            '<p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">space</kbd></p>',
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{space}}',
+        ),
+        (
+            # kbd role
+            'verify',
+            ':kbd:`Control+X`',
+            (
+                '<p><kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate">'
+                '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>'
+                '+'
+                '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">X</kbd>'
+                '</kbd></p>'
+            ),
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{Control+X}}',
+        ),
+        (
+            # kbd role
+            'verify',
+            ':kbd:`Alt+^`',
+            (
+                '<p><kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate">'
+                '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Alt</kbd>'
+                '+'
+                '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">^</kbd>'
+                '</kbd></p>'
+            ),
+            (
+                '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                '\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{Alt+\\textasciicircum{}}}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # kbd role
+            'verify',
+            ':kbd:`M-x  M-s`',
+            (
+                '<p><kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate">'
+                '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">M</kbd>'
+                '-'
+                '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">x</kbd>'
+                '  '
+                '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">M</kbd>'
+                '-'
+                '<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">s</kbd>'
+                '</kbd></p>'
+            ),
+            (
+                '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                '\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{M\\sphinxhyphen{}x  M\\sphinxhyphen{}s}}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # kbd role
+            'verify',
+            ':kbd:`-`',
+            '<p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">-</kbd></p>',
+            (
+                '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                '\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{\\sphinxhyphen{}}}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # kbd role
+            'verify',
+            ':kbd:`Caps Lock`',
+            '<p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Caps Lock</kbd></p>',
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{Caps Lock}}',
+        ),
+        (
+            # kbd role
+            'verify',
+            ':kbd:`sys   rq`',
+            '<p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">sys   rq</kbd></p>',
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxkeyboard{\\sphinxupquote{sys   rq}}',
+        ),
+        (
+            # non-interpolation of dashes in option role
+            'verify_re',
+            ':option:`--with-option`',
+            (
+                '<p><code( class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate")?>'
+                '<span class="pre">--with-option</span></code></p>$'
+            ),
+            (
+                r'\\sphinxAtStartPar\n'
+                r'\\sphinxcode{\\sphinxupquote{\\sphinxhyphen{}\\sphinxhyphen{}with\\sphinxhyphen{}option}}$'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # verify smarty-pants quotes
+            'verify',
+            '"John"',
+            '<p>“John”</p>',
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n“John”',
+        ),
+        (
+            # ... but not in literal text
+            'verify',
+            '``"John"``',
+            (
+                '<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
+                '&quot;John&quot;</span></code></p>'
+            ),
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxcode{\\sphinxupquote{"John"}}',
+        ),
+        (
+            # verify classes for inline roles
+            'verify',
+            ':manpage:`mp(1)`',
+            '<p><em class="manpage">mp(1)</em></p>',
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxstyleliteralemphasis{\\sphinxupquote{mp(1)}}',
+        ),
+        (
+            # correct escaping in normal mode
+            'verify',
+            'Γ\\\\∞$',
+            None,
+            '\\sphinxAtStartPar\nΓ\\textbackslash{}\\(\\infty\\)\\$',
+        ),
+        (
+            # in verbatim code fragments
+            'verify',
+            '::\n\n @Γ\\∞${}',
+            None,
+            (
+                '\\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}]\n'
+                '@Γ\\PYGZbs{}\\(\\infty\\)\\PYGZdl{}\\PYGZob{}\\PYGZcb{}\n'
+                '\\end{sphinxVerbatim}'
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            # in URIs
+            'verify_re',
+            '`test <https://www.google.com/~me/>`_',
+            None,
+            r'\\sphinxAtStartPar\n\\sphinxhref{https://www.google.com/~me/}{test}.*',
+        ),
+        (
+            # description list: simple
+            'verify',
+            'term\n    description',
+            '<dl class="simple">\n<dt>term</dt><dd><p>description</p>\n</dd>\n</dl>',
+            None,
+        ),
+        (
+            # description list: with classifiers
+            'verify',
+            'term : class1 : class2\n    description',
+            (
+                '<dl class="simple">\n<dt>term<span class="classifier">class1</span>'
+                '<span class="classifier">class2</span></dt><dd><p>description</p>\n</dd>\n</dl>'
+            ),
+            None,
+        ),
+        (
+            # glossary (description list): multiple terms
+            'verify',
+            '.. glossary::\n\n   term1\n   term2\n       description',
+            (
+                '<dl class="simple glossary">\n'
+                '<dt id="term-term1">term1<a class="headerlink" href="#term-term1"'
+                ' title="Link to this term">¶</a></dt>'
+                '<dt id="term-term2">term2<a class="headerlink" href="#term-term2"'
+                ' title="Link to this term">¶</a></dt>'
+                '<dd><p>description</p>\n</dd>\n</dl>'
+            ),
+            None,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
 def test_inline(get_verifier, type, rst, html_expected, latex_expected):
     verifier = get_verifier(type)
     verifier(rst, html_expected, latex_expected)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('type', 'rst', 'html_expected', 'latex_expected'), [
-    (
-        'verify',
-        r'4 backslashes \\\\',
-        r'<p>4 backslashes \\</p>',
-        None,
-    ),
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('type', 'rst', 'html_expected', 'latex_expected'),
+    [
+        (
+            'verify',
+            r'4 backslashes \\\\',
+            r'<p>4 backslashes \\</p>',
+            None,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
 def test_inline_docutils16(get_verifier, type, rst, html_expected, latex_expected):
     verifier = get_verifier(type)
     verifier(rst, html_expected, latex_expected)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(confoverrides={'latex_engine': 'xelatex'})
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('type', 'rst', 'html_expected', 'latex_expected'), [
-    (
-        # in verbatim code fragments
-        'verify',
-        '::\n\n @Γ\\∞${}',
-        None,
-        ('\\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}]\n'
-         '@Γ\\PYGZbs{}∞\\PYGZdl{}\\PYGZob{}\\PYGZcb{}\n'
-         '\\end{sphinxVerbatim}'),
-    ),
-])
-def test_inline_for_unicode_latex_engine(get_verifier, type, rst,
-                                         html_expected, latex_expected):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('type', 'rst', 'html_expected', 'latex_expected'),
+    [
+        (
+            # in verbatim code fragments
+            'verify',
+            '::\n\n @Γ\\∞${}',
+            None,
+            (
+                '\\begin{sphinxVerbatim}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}]\n'
+                '@Γ\\PYGZbs{}∞\\PYGZdl{}\\PYGZob{}\\PYGZcb{}\n'
+                '\\end{sphinxVerbatim}'
+            ),
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_inline_for_unicode_latex_engine(
+    get_verifier, type, rst, html_expected, latex_expected
+):
     verifier = get_verifier(type)
     verifier(rst, html_expected, latex_expected)
 
@@ -431,49 +497,68 @@ def test_samp_role(parse):
     # no braces
     text = ':samp:`a{b}c`'
     doctree = parse(text)
-    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, ("a",
-                                                              [nodes.emphasis, "b"],
-                                                              "c")])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, ('a', [nodes.emphasis, 'b'], 'c')]
+    )
     # nested braces
     text = ':samp:`a{{b}}c`'
     doctree = parse(text)
-    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, ("a",
-                                                              [nodes.emphasis, "{b"],
-                                                              "}c")])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, ('a', [nodes.emphasis, '{b'], '}c')],
+    )
 
     # half-opened braces
     text = ':samp:`a{bc`'
     doctree = parse(text)
-    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, "a{bc"])
+    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, 'a{bc'])
 
     # escaped braces
     text = ':samp:`a\\\\{b}c`'
     doctree = parse(text)
-    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, "a{b}c"])
+    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, 'a{b}c'])
 
     # no braces (whitespaces are keeped as is)
     text = ':samp:`code   sample`'
     doctree = parse(text)
-    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, "code   sample"])
+    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, nodes.literal, 'code   sample'])
 
 
 def test_download_role(parse):
     # implicit
     text = ':download:`sphinx.rst`'
     doctree = parse(text)
-    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, addnodes.download_reference,
-                             nodes.literal, "sphinx.rst"])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0], refdoc='dummy', refdomain='', reftype='download',
-                refexplicit=False, reftarget='sphinx.rst', refwarn=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        [nodes.paragraph, addnodes.download_reference, nodes.literal, 'sphinx.rst'],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        refdoc='dummy',
+        refdomain='',
+        reftype='download',
+        refexplicit=False,
+        reftarget='sphinx.rst',
+        refwarn=False,
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[0][0][0], classes=['xref', 'download'])
 
     # explicit
     text = ':download:`reftitle <sphinx.rst>`'
     doctree = parse(text)
-    assert_node(doctree[0], [nodes.paragraph, addnodes.download_reference,
-                             nodes.literal, "reftitle"])
-    assert_node(doctree[0][0], refdoc='dummy', refdomain='', reftype='download',
-                refexplicit=True, reftarget='sphinx.rst', refwarn=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0],
+        [nodes.paragraph, addnodes.download_reference, nodes.literal, 'reftitle'],
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][0],
+        refdoc='dummy',
+        refdomain='',
+        reftype='download',
+        refexplicit=True,
+        reftarget='sphinx.rst',
+        refwarn=False,
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[0][0][0], classes=['xref', 'download'])
 
 
@@ -484,15 +569,29 @@ def test_XRefRole(inliner):
     doctrees, errors = role('ref', 'rawtext', 'text', 5, inliner, {}, [])
     assert len(doctrees) == 1
     assert_node(doctrees[0], [addnodes.pending_xref, nodes.literal, 'text'])
-    assert_node(doctrees[0], refdoc='dummy', refdomain='', reftype='ref', reftarget='text',
-                refexplicit=False, refwarn=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctrees[0],
+        refdoc='dummy',
+        refdomain='',
+        reftype='ref',
+        reftarget='text',
+        refexplicit=False,
+        refwarn=False,
+    )
     assert errors == []
 
     # explicit
     doctrees, errors = role('ref', 'rawtext', 'title <target>', 5, inliner, {}, [])
     assert_node(doctrees[0], [addnodes.pending_xref, nodes.literal, 'title'])
-    assert_node(doctrees[0], refdoc='dummy', refdomain='', reftype='ref', reftarget='target',
-                refexplicit=True, refwarn=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctrees[0],
+        refdoc='dummy',
+        refdomain='',
+        reftype='ref',
+        reftarget='target',
+        refexplicit=True,
+        refwarn=False,
+    )
 
     # bang
     doctrees, errors = role('ref', 'rawtext', '!title <target>', 5, inliner, {}, [])
@@ -501,22 +600,43 @@ def test_XRefRole(inliner):
     # refdomain
     doctrees, errors = role('test:doc', 'rawtext', 'text', 5, inliner, {}, [])
     assert_node(doctrees[0], [addnodes.pending_xref, nodes.literal, 'text'])
-    assert_node(doctrees[0], refdoc='dummy', refdomain='test', reftype='doc', reftarget='text',
-                refexplicit=False, refwarn=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctrees[0],
+        refdoc='dummy',
+        refdomain='test',
+        reftype='doc',
+        reftarget='text',
+        refexplicit=False,
+        refwarn=False,
+    )
 
     # fix_parens
     role = XRefRole(fix_parens=True)
     doctrees, errors = role('ref', 'rawtext', 'text()', 5, inliner, {}, [])
     assert_node(doctrees[0], [addnodes.pending_xref, nodes.literal, 'text()'])
-    assert_node(doctrees[0], refdoc='dummy', refdomain='', reftype='ref', reftarget='text',
-                refexplicit=False, refwarn=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctrees[0],
+        refdoc='dummy',
+        refdomain='',
+        reftype='ref',
+        reftarget='text',
+        refexplicit=False,
+        refwarn=False,
+    )
 
     # lowercase
     role = XRefRole(lowercase=True)
     doctrees, errors = role('ref', 'rawtext', 'TEXT', 5, inliner, {}, [])
     assert_node(doctrees[0], [addnodes.pending_xref, nodes.literal, 'TEXT'])
-    assert_node(doctrees[0], refdoc='dummy', refdomain='', reftype='ref', reftarget='text',
-                refexplicit=False, refwarn=False)
+    assert_node(
+        doctrees[0],
+        refdoc='dummy',
+        refdomain='',
+        reftype='ref',
+        reftarget='text',
+        refexplicit=False,
+        refwarn=False,
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='prolog')
@@ -552,8 +672,11 @@ def test_keep_warnings_is_True(app):
     assert_node(doctree[0][1], nodes.system_message)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='keep_warnings',
-                    confoverrides={'keep_warnings': False})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='keep_warnings',
+    confoverrides={'keep_warnings': False},
+)
 def test_keep_warnings_is_False(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('index')
@@ -589,7 +712,7 @@ def test_default_role1(app):
     assert_node(doctree[0][1], nodes.paragraph)
     assert_node(doctree[0][1][0], addnodes.index)
     assert_node(doctree[0][1][1], nodes.target)
-    assert_node(doctree[0][1][2], nodes.reference, classes=["pep"])
+    assert_node(doctree[0][1][2], nodes.reference, classes=['pep'])
 
     # no default-role
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('foo')
@@ -599,8 +722,11 @@ def test_default_role1(app):
     assert_node(doctree[0][1][1], nodes.Text)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='default_role',
-                    confoverrides={'default_role': 'guilabel'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='default_role',
+    confoverrides={'default_role': 'guilabel'},
+)
 def test_default_role2(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
@@ -610,11 +736,11 @@ def test_default_role2(app):
     assert_node(doctree[0][1], nodes.paragraph)
     assert_node(doctree[0][1][0], addnodes.index)
     assert_node(doctree[0][1][1], nodes.target)
-    assert_node(doctree[0][1][2], nodes.reference, classes=["pep"])
+    assert_node(doctree[0][1][2], nodes.reference, classes=['pep'])
 
     # default_role changes the default behavior
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('foo')
     assert_node(doctree[0], nodes.section)
     assert_node(doctree[0][1], nodes.paragraph)
-    assert_node(doctree[0][1][0], nodes.inline, classes=["guilabel"])
+    assert_node(doctree[0][1][0], nodes.inline, classes=['guilabel'])
     assert_node(doctree[0][1][1], nodes.Text)
diff --git a/tests/test_markup/test_metadata.py b/tests/test_markup/test_metadata.py
index 00e87e9bfd3..b3fe3e678ee 100644
--- a/tests/test_markup/test_metadata.py
+++ b/tests/test_markup/test_metadata.py
@@ -21,17 +21,21 @@ def test_docinfo(app):
         'authors': ['Me', 'Myself', 'I'],
         'address': '123 Example Street\nExample, EX  Canada\nA1B 2C3',
         'field name': 'This is a generic bibliographic field.',
-        'field name 2': ('Generic bibliographic fields may contain multiple '
-                         'body elements.\n\nLike this.'),
+        'field name 2': (
+            'Generic bibliographic fields may contain multiple '
+            'body elements.\n\nLike this.'
+        ),
         'status': 'This is a “work in progress”',
         'version': '1',
-        'copyright': ('This document has been placed in the public domain. '
-                      'You\nmay do with it as you wish. You may copy, modify,'
-                      '\nredistribute, reattribute, sell, buy, rent, lease,\n'
-                      'destroy, or improve it, quote it at length, excerpt,\n'
-                      'incorporate, collate, fold, staple, or mutilate it, or '
-                      'do\nanything else to it that your or anyone else’s '
-                      'heart\ndesires.'),
+        'copyright': (
+            'This document has been placed in the public domain. '
+            'You\nmay do with it as you wish. You may copy, modify,'
+            '\nredistribute, reattribute, sell, buy, rent, lease,\n'
+            'destroy, or improve it, quote it at length, excerpt,\n'
+            'incorporate, collate, fold, staple, or mutilate it, or '
+            'do\nanything else to it that your or anyone else’s '
+            'heart\ndesires.'
+        ),
         'contact': 'goodger@python.org',
         'date': '2006-05-21',
         'organization': 'humankind',
diff --git a/tests/test_markup/test_parser.py b/tests/test_markup/test_parser.py
index 86163c6ad3d..89656141f20 100644
--- a/tests/test_markup/test_parser.py
+++ b/tests/test_markup/test_parser.py
@@ -17,41 +17,47 @@ def test_RSTParser_prolog_epilog(RSTStateMachine, app):
     parser.set_application(app)
 
     # normal case
-    text = ('hello Sphinx world\n'
-            'Sphinx is a document generator')
+    text = 'hello Sphinx world\nSphinx is a document generator'
     parser.parse(text, document)
     (content, _), _ = RSTStateMachine().run.call_args
 
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator'),
+    ]
 
     # with rst_prolog
     app.env.config.rst_prolog = 'this is rst_prolog\nhello reST!'
     parser.parse(text, document)
     (content, _), _ = RSTStateMachine().run.call_args
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
-                                      ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
-                                      ('<generated>', 0, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
+        ('<generated>', 0, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator'),
+    ]
 
     # with rst_epilog
     app.env.config.rst_prolog = None
     app.env.config.rst_epilog = 'this is rst_epilog\ngood-bye reST!'
     parser.parse(text, document)
     (content, _), _ = RSTStateMachine().run.call_args
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
-                                      ('<rst_epilog>', 0, 'this is rst_epilog'),
-                                      ('<rst_epilog>', 1, 'good-bye reST!')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
+        ('<rst_epilog>', 0, 'this is rst_epilog'),
+        ('<rst_epilog>', 1, 'good-bye reST!'),
+    ]
 
     # expandtabs / convert whitespaces
     app.env.config.rst_prolog = None
     app.env.config.rst_epilog = None
-    text = ('\thello Sphinx world\n'
-            '\v\fSphinx is a document generator')
+    text = '\thello Sphinx world\n\v\fSphinx is a document generator'
     parser.parse(text, document)
     (content, _), _ = RSTStateMachine().run.call_args
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('dummy.rst', 0, '        hello Sphinx world'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, '  Sphinx is a document generator')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, '        hello Sphinx world'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, '  Sphinx is a document generator'),
+    ]
diff --git a/tests/test_markup/test_smartquotes.py b/tests/test_markup/test_smartquotes.py
index 54d8d9500fa..e9ee9f3c7ac 100644
--- a/tests/test_markup/test_smartquotes.py
+++ b/tests/test_markup/test_smartquotes.py
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@
 from sphinx.testing.util import etree_parse
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='html', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_basic(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -13,7 +17,11 @@ def test_basic(app):
     assert '<p>– “Sphinx” is a tool that makes it easy …</p>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='html', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_literals(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -29,7 +37,11 @@ def test_literals(app):
             assert code_text == "literal with 'quotes'"
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='text', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'text',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_text_builder(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -37,7 +49,11 @@ def test_text_builder(app):
     assert '-- "Sphinx" is a tool that makes it easy ...' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='man', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'man',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_man_builder(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -45,7 +61,11 @@ def test_man_builder(app):
     assert r'\-\- \(dqSphinx\(dq is a tool that makes it easy ...' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='latex', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'latex',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_latex_builder(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -53,8 +73,12 @@ def test_latex_builder(app):
     assert '\\textendash{} “Sphinx” is a tool that makes it easy …' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='html', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'language': 'ja'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'language': 'ja'},
+)
 def test_ja_html_builder(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -62,8 +86,12 @@ def test_ja_html_builder(app):
     assert '<p>-- &quot;Sphinx&quot; is a tool that makes it easy ...</p>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='html', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'smartquotes': False})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'smartquotes': False},
+)
 def test_smartquotes_disabled(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -71,8 +99,12 @@ def test_smartquotes_disabled(app):
     assert '<p>-- &quot;Sphinx&quot; is a tool that makes it easy ...</p>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='html', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'smartquotes_action': 'q'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'smartquotes_action': 'q'},
+)
 def test_smartquotes_action(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -80,8 +112,12 @@ def test_smartquotes_action(app):
     assert '<p>-- “Sphinx” is a tool that makes it easy ...</p>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='html', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'language': 'ja', 'smartquotes_excludes': {}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'language': 'ja', 'smartquotes_excludes': {}},
+)
 def test_smartquotes_excludes_language(app):
     app.build()
 
@@ -89,8 +125,12 @@ def test_smartquotes_excludes_language(app):
     assert '<p>– 「Sphinx」 is a tool that makes it easy …</p>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(buildername='man', testroot='smartquotes', freshenv=True,
-                    confoverrides={'smartquotes_excludes': {}})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'man',
+    testroot='smartquotes',
+    freshenv=True,
+    confoverrides={'smartquotes_excludes': {}},
+)
 def test_smartquotes_excludes_builders(app):
     app.build()
 
diff --git a/tests/test_project.py b/tests/test_project.py
index 83098bd1cef..c4228621725 100644
--- a/tests/test_project.py
+++ b/tests/test_project.py
@@ -1,13 +1,28 @@
 """Tests project module."""
+
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 
 from sphinx.project import Project
 
-DOCNAMES = {'autodoc', 'bom', 'extapi', 'extensions', 'footnote', 'images',
-            'includes', 'index', 'lists', 'markup', 'math', 'objects',
-            'subdir/excluded', 'subdir/images', 'subdir/includes'}
+DOCNAMES = {
+    'autodoc',
+    'bom',
+    'extapi',
+    'extensions',
+    'footnote',
+    'images',
+    'includes',
+    'index',
+    'lists',
+    'markup',
+    'math',
+    'objects',
+    'subdir/excluded',
+    'subdir/images',
+    'subdir/includes',
+}
 SUBDIR_DOCNAMES = {'subdir/excluded', 'subdir/images', 'subdir/includes'}
 
 
@@ -40,9 +55,11 @@ def test_project_discover_complicated_suffix(rootdir):
 def test_project_discover_templates_path(rootdir):
     # templates_path
     project = Project(rootdir / 'test-root', ['.html'])
-    assert project.discover() == {'_templates/layout',
-                                  '_templates/customsb',
-                                  '_templates/contentssb'}
+    assert project.discover() == {
+        '_templates/layout',
+        '_templates/customsb',
+        '_templates/contentssb',
+    }
 
     assert project.discover(['_templates']) == set()
 
@@ -57,7 +74,10 @@ def test_project_path2doc(rootdir):
     assert project.path2doc(rootdir / 'test-basic' / 'to/index.rst') == 'to/index'
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(srcdir='project_doc2path', testroot='basic')
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    srcdir='project_doc2path',
+    testroot='basic',
+)
 def test_project_doc2path(app):
     source_suffix = {'.rst': 'restructuredtext', '.txt': 'restructuredtext'}
 
diff --git a/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode.py b/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode.py
index fae1b635c10..6bc71bdcb87 100644
--- a/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode.py
+++ b/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode.py
@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@
 
 
 def test_ModuleAnalyzer_get_module_source():
-    assert ModuleAnalyzer.get_module_source('sphinx') == (sphinx.__file__, sphinx.__loader__.get_source('sphinx'))
+    assert ModuleAnalyzer.get_module_source('sphinx') == (
+        sphinx.__file__,
+        sphinx.__loader__.get_source('sphinx'),
+    )
 
     # failed to obtain source information from builtin modules
     with pytest.raises(PycodeError):
@@ -37,8 +40,7 @@ def test_ModuleAnalyzer_for_file():
 def test_ModuleAnalyzer_for_module(rootdir):
     analyzer = ModuleAnalyzer.for_module('sphinx')
     assert analyzer.modname == 'sphinx'
-    assert analyzer.srcname in (SPHINX_MODULE_PATH,
-                                os.path.abspath(SPHINX_MODULE_PATH))
+    assert analyzer.srcname in (SPHINX_MODULE_PATH, os.path.abspath(SPHINX_MODULE_PATH))
 
     saved_path = sys.path.copy()
     sys.path.insert(0, str(rootdir / 'test-pycode'))
@@ -51,38 +53,48 @@ def test_ModuleAnalyzer_for_module(rootdir):
 
 
 def test_ModuleAnalyzer_find_tags():
-    code = ('class Foo(object):\n'  # line: 1
-            '    """class Foo!"""\n'
-            '    def __init__(self):\n'
-            '       pass\n'
-            '\n'
-            '    def bar(self, arg1, arg2=True, *args, **kwargs):\n'
-            '       """method Foo.bar"""\n'
-            '       pass\n'
-            '\n'
-            '    class Baz(object):\n'
-            '       def __init__(self):\n'  # line: 11
-            '           pass\n'
-            '\n'
-            'def qux():\n'
-            '   """function baz"""\n'
-            '   pass\n'
-            '\n'
-            '@decorator1\n'
-            '@decorator2\n'
-            'def quux():\n'
-            '   pass\n'  # line: 21
-            '\n'
-            'class Corge(object):\n'
-            '    @decorator1\n'
-            '    @decorator2\n'
-            '    def grault(self):\n'
-            '        pass\n')
+    code = (
+        'class Foo(object):\n'  # line: 1
+        '    """class Foo!"""\n'
+        '    def __init__(self):\n'
+        '       pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '    def bar(self, arg1, arg2=True, *args, **kwargs):\n'
+        '       """method Foo.bar"""\n'
+        '       pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '    class Baz(object):\n'
+        '       def __init__(self):\n'  # line: 11
+        '           pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        'def qux():\n'
+        '   """function baz"""\n'
+        '   pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@decorator1\n'
+        '@decorator2\n'
+        'def quux():\n'
+        '   pass\n'  # line: 21
+        '\n'
+        'class Corge(object):\n'
+        '    @decorator1\n'
+        '    @decorator2\n'
+        '    def grault(self):\n'
+        '        pass\n'
+    )
     analyzer = ModuleAnalyzer.for_string(code, 'module')
     tags = analyzer.find_tags()
-    assert set(tags.keys()) == {'Foo', 'Foo.__init__', 'Foo.bar',
-                                'Foo.Baz', 'Foo.Baz.__init__', 'qux', 'quux',
-                                'Corge', 'Corge.grault'}
+    assert set(tags.keys()) == {
+        'Foo',
+        'Foo.__init__',
+        'Foo.bar',
+        'Foo.Baz',
+        'Foo.Baz.__init__',
+        'qux',
+        'quux',
+        'Corge',
+        'Corge.grault',
+    }
     assert tags['Foo'] == ('class', 1, 12)  # type, start, end
     assert tags['Foo.__init__'] == ('def', 3, 4)
     assert tags['Foo.bar'] == ('def', 6, 8)
@@ -95,44 +107,48 @@ def test_ModuleAnalyzer_find_tags():
 
 
 def test_ModuleAnalyzer_find_attr_docs():
-    code = ('class Foo(object):\n'
-            '    """class Foo!"""\n'
-            '    #: comment before attr1\n'
-            '    attr1 = None\n'
-            '    attr2 = None  # attribute comment for attr2 (without colon)\n'
-            '    attr3 = None  #: attribute comment for attr3\n'
-            '    attr4 = None  #: long attribute comment\n'
-            '                  #: for attr4\n'
-            '    #: comment before attr5\n'
-            '    attr5 = None  #: attribute comment for attr5\n'
-            '    attr6, attr7 = 1, 2  #: this comment is ignored\n'
-            '\n'
-            '    def __init__(self):\n'
-            '       self.attr8 = None  #: first attribute comment (ignored)\n'
-            '       self.attr8 = None  #: attribute comment for attr8\n'
-            '       #: comment before attr9\n'
-            '       self.attr9 = None  #: comment after attr9\n'
-            '       "string after attr9"\n'
-            '\n'
-            '    def bar(self, arg1, arg2=True, *args, **kwargs):\n'
-            '       """method Foo.bar"""\n'
-            '       pass\n'
-            '\n'
-            'def baz():\n'
-            '   """function baz"""\n'
-            '   pass\n'
-            '\n'
-            'class Qux: attr1 = 1; attr2 = 2')
+    code = (
+        'class Foo(object):\n'
+        '    """class Foo!"""\n'
+        '    #: comment before attr1\n'
+        '    attr1 = None\n'
+        '    attr2 = None  # attribute comment for attr2 (without colon)\n'
+        '    attr3 = None  #: attribute comment for attr3\n'
+        '    attr4 = None  #: long attribute comment\n'
+        '                  #: for attr4\n'
+        '    #: comment before attr5\n'
+        '    attr5 = None  #: attribute comment for attr5\n'
+        '    attr6, attr7 = 1, 2  #: this comment is ignored\n'
+        '\n'
+        '    def __init__(self):\n'
+        '       self.attr8 = None  #: first attribute comment (ignored)\n'
+        '       self.attr8 = None  #: attribute comment for attr8\n'
+        '       #: comment before attr9\n'
+        '       self.attr9 = None  #: comment after attr9\n'
+        '       "string after attr9"\n'
+        '\n'
+        '    def bar(self, arg1, arg2=True, *args, **kwargs):\n'
+        '       """method Foo.bar"""\n'
+        '       pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        'def baz():\n'
+        '   """function baz"""\n'
+        '   pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        'class Qux: attr1 = 1; attr2 = 2'
+    )
     analyzer = ModuleAnalyzer.for_string(code, 'module')
     docs = analyzer.find_attr_docs()
-    assert set(docs) == {('Foo', 'attr1'),
-                         ('Foo', 'attr3'),
-                         ('Foo', 'attr4'),
-                         ('Foo', 'attr5'),
-                         ('Foo', 'attr6'),
-                         ('Foo', 'attr7'),
-                         ('Foo', 'attr8'),
-                         ('Foo', 'attr9')}
+    assert set(docs) == {
+        ('Foo', 'attr1'),
+        ('Foo', 'attr3'),
+        ('Foo', 'attr4'),
+        ('Foo', 'attr5'),
+        ('Foo', 'attr6'),
+        ('Foo', 'attr7'),
+        ('Foo', 'attr8'),
+        ('Foo', 'attr9'),
+    }
     assert docs[('Foo', 'attr1')] == ['comment before attr1', '']
     assert docs[('Foo', 'attr3')] == ['attribute comment for attr3', '']
     assert docs[('Foo', 'attr4')] == ['long attribute comment', '']
@@ -142,32 +158,34 @@ def test_ModuleAnalyzer_find_attr_docs():
     assert docs[('Foo', 'attr7')] == ['this comment is ignored', '']
     assert docs[('Foo', 'attr8')] == ['attribute comment for attr8', '']
     assert docs[('Foo', 'attr9')] == ['string after attr9', '']
-    assert analyzer.tagorder == {'Foo': 0,
-                                 'Foo.__init__': 8,
-                                 'Foo.attr1': 1,
-                                 'Foo.attr2': 2,
-                                 'Foo.attr3': 3,
-                                 'Foo.attr4': 4,
-                                 'Foo.attr5': 5,
-                                 'Foo.attr6': 6,
-                                 'Foo.attr7': 7,
-                                 'Foo.attr8': 10,
-                                 'Foo.attr9': 12,
-                                 'Foo.bar': 13,
-                                 'baz': 14,
-                                 'Qux': 15,
-                                 'Qux.attr1': 16,
-                                 'Qux.attr2': 17}
+    assert analyzer.tagorder == {
+        'Foo': 0,
+        'Foo.__init__': 8,
+        'Foo.attr1': 1,
+        'Foo.attr2': 2,
+        'Foo.attr3': 3,
+        'Foo.attr4': 4,
+        'Foo.attr5': 5,
+        'Foo.attr6': 6,
+        'Foo.attr7': 7,
+        'Foo.attr8': 10,
+        'Foo.attr9': 12,
+        'Foo.bar': 13,
+        'baz': 14,
+        'Qux': 15,
+        'Qux.attr1': 16,
+        'Qux.attr2': 17,
+    }
 
 
 def test_ModuleAnalyzer_find_attr_docs_for_posonlyargs_method():
-    code = ('class Foo(object):\n'
-            '    def __init__(self, /):\n'
-            '       self.attr = None  #: attribute comment\n')
+    code = (
+        'class Foo(object):\n'
+        '    def __init__(self, /):\n'
+        '       self.attr = None  #: attribute comment\n'
+    )
     analyzer = ModuleAnalyzer.for_string(code, 'module')
     docs = analyzer.find_attr_docs()
     assert set(docs) == {('Foo', 'attr')}
     assert docs[('Foo', 'attr')] == ['attribute comment', '']
-    assert analyzer.tagorder == {'Foo': 0,
-                                 'Foo.__init__': 1,
-                                 'Foo.attr': 2}
+    assert analyzer.tagorder == {'Foo': 0, 'Foo.__init__': 1, 'Foo.attr': 2}
diff --git a/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode_ast.py b/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode_ast.py
index 1ed43e11724..c62600a82dc 100644
--- a/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode_ast.py
+++ b/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode_ast.py
@@ -7,58 +7,61 @@
 from sphinx.pycode.ast import unparse as ast_unparse
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(('source', 'expected'), [
-    ("a + b", "a + b"),                         # Add
-    ("a and b", "a and b"),                     # And
-    ("os.path", "os.path"),                     # Attribute
-    ("1 * 2", "1 * 2"),                         # BinOp
-    ("a & b", "a & b"),                         # BitAnd
-    ("a | b", "a | b"),                         # BitOr
-    ("a ^ b", "a ^ b"),                         # BitXor
-    ("a and b and c", "a and b and c"),         # BoolOp
-    ("b'bytes'", "b'bytes'"),                   # Bytes
-    ("object()", "object()"),                   # Call
-    ("1234", "1234"),                           # Constant, Num
-    ("{'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}",
-     "{'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}"),   # Dict
-    ("a / b", "a / b"),                         # Div
-    ("...", "..."),                             # Ellipsis
-    ("a // b", "a // b"),                       # FloorDiv
-    ("Tuple[int, int]", "Tuple[int, int]"),     # Index, Subscript
-    ("~1", "~1"),                               # Invert
-    ("lambda x, y: x + y",
-     "lambda x, y: ..."),                       # Lambda
-    ("[1, 2, 3]", "[1, 2, 3]"),                 # List
-    ("a << b", "a << b"),                       # LShift
-    ("a @ b", "a @ b"),                         # MatMult
-    ("a % b", "a % b"),                         # Mod
-    ("a * b", "a * b"),                         # Mult
-    ("sys", "sys"),                             # Name, NameConstant
-    ("not a", "not a"),                         # Not
-    ("a or b", "a or b"),                       # Or
-    ("a**b", "a**b"),                           # Pow
-    ("a >> b", "a >> b"),                       # RShift
-    ("{1, 2, 3}", "{1, 2, 3}"),                 # Set
-    ("a - b", "a - b"),                         # Sub
-    ("'str'", "'str'"),                         # Str
-    ("+a", "+a"),                               # UAdd
-    ("-1", "-1"),                               # UnaryOp
-    ("-a", "-a"),                               # USub
-    ("(1, 2, 3)", "(1, 2, 3)"),                 # Tuple
-    ("()", "()"),                               # Tuple (empty)
-    ("(1,)", "(1,)"),                           # Tuple (single item)
-    ("lambda x=0, /, y=1, *args, z, **kwargs: x + y + z",
-     "lambda x=0, /, y=1, *args, z, **kwargs: ..."),  # posonlyargs
-    ("0x1234", "0x1234"),                       # Constant
-    ("1_000_000", "1_000_000"),                 # Constant
-    ("Tuple[:,:]", "Tuple[:, :]"),              # Index, Subscript, 2x Slice
-    ("Tuple[1:2]", "Tuple[1:2]"),               # Index, Subscript, Slice(no-step)
-    ("Tuple[1:2:3]", "Tuple[1:2:3]"),           # Index, Subscript, Slice
-    ("x[:, np.newaxis, :, :]",
-     "x[:, np.newaxis, :, :]"),                 # Index, Subscript, numpy extended syntax
-    ("y[:, 1:3][np.array([0, 2, 4]), :]",
-     "y[:, 1:3][np.array([0, 2, 4]), :]"),       # Index, 2x Subscript, numpy extended syntax
-])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('source', 'expected'),
+    [
+        ('a + b', 'a + b'),                        # Add
+        ('a and b', 'a and b'),                    # And
+        ('os.path', 'os.path'),                    # Attribute
+        ('1 * 2', '1 * 2'),                        # BinOp
+        ('a & b', 'a & b'),                        # BitAnd
+        ('a | b', 'a | b'),                        # BitOr
+        ('a ^ b', 'a ^ b'),                        # BitXor
+        ('a and b and c', 'a and b and c'),        # BoolOp
+        ("b'bytes'", "b'bytes'"),                  # Bytes
+        ('object()', 'object()'),                  # Call
+        ('1234', '1234'),                          # Constant, Num
+        ("{'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}",
+         "{'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}"),  # Dict
+        ('a / b', 'a / b'),                        # Div
+        ('...', '...'),                            # Ellipsis
+        ('a // b', 'a // b'),                      # FloorDiv
+        ('Tuple[int, int]', 'Tuple[int, int]'),    # Index, Subscript
+        ('~1', '~1'),                              # Invert
+        ('lambda x, y: x + y',
+         'lambda x, y: ...'),                      # Lambda
+        ('[1, 2, 3]', '[1, 2, 3]'),                # List
+        ('a << b', 'a << b'),                      # LShift
+        ('a @ b', 'a @ b'),                        # MatMult
+        ('a % b', 'a % b'),                        # Mod
+        ('a * b', 'a * b'),                        # Mult
+        ('sys', 'sys'),                            # Name, NameConstant
+        ('not a', 'not a'),                        # Not
+        ('a or b', 'a or b'),                      # Or
+        ('a**b', 'a**b'),                          # Pow
+        ('a >> b', 'a >> b'),                      # RShift
+        ('{1, 2, 3}', '{1, 2, 3}'),                # Set
+        ('a - b', 'a - b'),                        # Sub
+        ("'str'", "'str'"),                        # Str
+        ('+a', '+a'),                              # UAdd
+        ('-1', '-1'),                              # UnaryOp
+        ('-a', '-a'),                              # USub
+        ('(1, 2, 3)', '(1, 2, 3)'),                # Tuple
+        ('()', '()'),                              # Tuple (empty)
+        ('(1,)', '(1,)'),                          # Tuple (single item)
+        ('lambda x=0, /, y=1, *args, z, **kwargs: x + y + z',
+         'lambda x=0, /, y=1, *args, z, **kwargs: ...'),  # posonlyargs
+        ('0x1234', '0x1234'),                      # Constant
+        ('1_000_000', '1_000_000'),                # Constant
+        ('Tuple[:,:]', 'Tuple[:, :]'),             # Index, Subscript, 2x Slice
+        ('Tuple[1:2]', 'Tuple[1:2]'),              # Index, Subscript, Slice(no-step)
+        ('Tuple[1:2:3]', 'Tuple[1:2:3]'),          # Index, Subscript, Slice
+        ('x[:, np.newaxis, :, :]',
+         'x[:, np.newaxis, :, :]'),                # Index, Subscript, numpy extended syntax
+        ('y[:, 1:3][np.array([0, 2, 4]), :]',
+         'y[:, 1:3][np.array([0, 2, 4]), :]'),     # Index, 2x Subscript, numpy extended syntax
+    ],
+)  # fmt: skip
 def test_unparse(source, expected):
     module = ast.parse(source)
     assert ast_unparse(module.body[0].value, source) == expected
diff --git a/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode_parser.py b/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode_parser.py
index fde648d352b..c12ac4d9935 100644
--- a/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode_parser.py
+++ b/tests/test_pycode/test_pycode_parser.py
@@ -5,156 +5,174 @@
 
 
 def test_comment_picker_basic():
-    source = ('a = 1 + 1      #: assignment\n'
-              'b = 1 +\\\n 1  #: assignment including a CR\n'
-              'c = (1 +\n 1)  #: tuple  \n'
-              'd = {1, \n 1}  #:     set\n'
-              'e = [1, \n 1]  #: list #: additional comment\n'
-              'f = "abc"\n'
-              '#: string; comment on next line (ignored)\n'
-              'g = 1.0\n'
-              '"""float; string on next line"""\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('', 'a'): 'assignment',
-                               ('', 'b'): 'assignment including a CR',
-                               ('', 'c'): 'tuple  ',
-                               ('', 'd'): '    set',
-                               ('', 'e'): 'list #: additional comment',
-                               ('', 'g'): 'float; string on next line'}
+    source = (
+        'a = 1 + 1      #: assignment\n'
+        'b = 1 +\\\n 1  #: assignment including a CR\n'
+        'c = (1 +\n 1)  #: tuple  \n'
+        'd = {1, \n 1}  #:     set\n'
+        'e = [1, \n 1]  #: list #: additional comment\n'
+        'f = "abc"\n'
+        '#: string; comment on next line (ignored)\n'
+        'g = 1.0\n'
+        '"""float; string on next line"""\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.comments == {
+        ('', 'a'): 'assignment',
+        ('', 'b'): 'assignment including a CR',
+        ('', 'c'): 'tuple  ',
+        ('', 'd'): '    set',
+        ('', 'e'): 'list #: additional comment',
+        ('', 'g'): 'float; string on next line',
+    }
 
 
 def test_comment_picker_location():
     # multiple "before" comments
-    source = ('#: comment before assignment1\n'
-              '#:\n'
-              '#: comment before assignment2\n'
-              'a = 1 + 1\n')
+    source = (
+        '#: comment before assignment1\n'
+        '#:\n'
+        '#: comment before assignment2\n'
+        'a = 1 + 1\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('', 'a'): ('comment before assignment1\n'
-                                           '\n'
-                                           'comment before assignment2')}
+    assert parser.comments == {
+        ('', 'a'): 'comment before assignment1\n\ncomment before assignment2'
+    }
 
     # before and after comments
-    source = ('#: comment before assignment\n'
-              'a = 1 + 1  #: comment after assignment\n')
+    source = '#: comment before assignment\na = 1 + 1  #: comment after assignment\n'
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {('', 'a'): 'comment after assignment'}
 
     # after comment and next line string
-    source = ('a = 1 + 1\n  #: comment after assignment\n'
-              '"""string on next line"""\n')
+    source = 'a = 1 + 1\n  #: comment after assignment\n"""string on next line"""\n'
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {('', 'a'): 'string on next line'}
 
     # before comment and next line string
-    source = ('#: comment before assignment\n'
-              'a = 1 + 1\n'
-              '"""string on next line"""\n')
+    source = '#: comment before assignment\na = 1 + 1\n"""string on next line"""\n'
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {('', 'a'): 'string on next line'}
 
     # before comment, after comment and next line string
-    source = ('#: comment before assignment\n'
-              'a = 1 + 1  #: comment after assignment\n'
-              '"""string on next line"""\n')
+    source = (
+        '#: comment before assignment\n'
+        'a = 1 + 1  #: comment after assignment\n'
+        '"""string on next line"""\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {('', 'a'): 'string on next line'}
 
     # inside __init__ method
-    source = ('class Foo(object):\n'
-              '    def __init__(self):\n'
-              '        #: comment before assignment\n'
-              '        self.attr1 = None\n'
-              '        self.attr2 = None  #: comment after assignment\n'
-              '\n'
-              '        #: comment for attr3(1)\n'
-              '        self.attr3 = None  #: comment for attr3(2)\n'
-              '        """comment for attr3(3)"""\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('Foo', 'attr1'): 'comment before assignment',
-                               ('Foo', 'attr2'): 'comment after assignment',
-                               ('Foo', 'attr3'): 'comment for attr3(3)'}
+    source = (
+        'class Foo(object):\n'
+        '    def __init__(self):\n'
+        '        #: comment before assignment\n'
+        '        self.attr1 = None\n'
+        '        self.attr2 = None  #: comment after assignment\n'
+        '\n'
+        '        #: comment for attr3(1)\n'
+        '        self.attr3 = None  #: comment for attr3(2)\n'
+        '        """comment for attr3(3)"""\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.comments == {
+        ('Foo', 'attr1'): 'comment before assignment',
+        ('Foo', 'attr2'): 'comment after assignment',
+        ('Foo', 'attr3'): 'comment for attr3(3)',
+    }
 
 
 def test_annotated_assignment():
-    source = ('a: str = "Sphinx"  #: comment\n'
-              'b: int = 1\n'
-              '"""string on next line"""\n'
-              'c: int  #: comment\n'
-              'd = 1  # type: int\n'
-              '"""string on next line"""\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('', 'a'): 'comment',
-                               ('', 'b'): 'string on next line',
-                               ('', 'c'): 'comment',
-                               ('', 'd'): 'string on next line'}
-    assert parser.annotations == {('', 'a'): 'str',
-                                  ('', 'b'): 'int',
-                                  ('', 'c'): 'int',
-                                  ('', 'd'): 'int'}
+    source = (
+        'a: str = "Sphinx"  #: comment\n'
+        'b: int = 1\n'
+        '"""string on next line"""\n'
+        'c: int  #: comment\n'
+        'd = 1  # type: int\n'
+        '"""string on next line"""\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.comments == {
+        ('', 'a'): 'comment',
+        ('', 'b'): 'string on next line',
+        ('', 'c'): 'comment',
+        ('', 'd'): 'string on next line',
+    }
+    assert parser.annotations == {
+        ('', 'a'): 'str',
+        ('', 'b'): 'int',
+        ('', 'c'): 'int',
+        ('', 'd'): 'int',
+    }
     assert parser.definitions == {}
 
 
 def test_complex_assignment():
-    source = ('a = 1 + 1; b = a  #: compound statement\n'
-              'c, d = (1, 1)  #: unpack assignment\n'
-              'e = True  #: first assignment\n'
-              'e = False  #: second assignment\n'
-              'f = g = None  #: multiple assignment at once\n'
-              '(theta, phi) = (0, 0.5)  #: unpack assignment via tuple\n'
-              '[x, y] = (5, 6)  #: unpack assignment via list\n'
-              'h, *i, j = (1, 2, 3, 4)  #: unpack assignment2\n'
-              'k, *self.attr = (5, 6, 7)  #: unpack assignment3\n'
-              'l, *m[0] = (8, 9, 0)  #: unpack assignment4\n'
-              )
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('', 'b'): 'compound statement',
-                               ('', 'c'): 'unpack assignment',
-                               ('', 'd'): 'unpack assignment',
-                               ('', 'e'): 'second assignment',
-                               ('', 'f'): 'multiple assignment at once',
-                               ('', 'g'): 'multiple assignment at once',
-                               ('', 'theta'): 'unpack assignment via tuple',
-                               ('', 'phi'): 'unpack assignment via tuple',
-                               ('', 'x'): 'unpack assignment via list',
-                               ('', 'y'): 'unpack assignment via list',
-                               ('', 'h'): 'unpack assignment2',
-                               ('', 'i'): 'unpack assignment2',
-                               ('', 'j'): 'unpack assignment2',
-                               ('', 'k'): 'unpack assignment3',
-                               ('', 'l'): 'unpack assignment4',
-                               }
+    source = (
+        'a = 1 + 1; b = a  #: compound statement\n'
+        'c, d = (1, 1)  #: unpack assignment\n'
+        'e = True  #: first assignment\n'
+        'e = False  #: second assignment\n'
+        'f = g = None  #: multiple assignment at once\n'
+        '(theta, phi) = (0, 0.5)  #: unpack assignment via tuple\n'
+        '[x, y] = (5, 6)  #: unpack assignment via list\n'
+        'h, *i, j = (1, 2, 3, 4)  #: unpack assignment2\n'
+        'k, *self.attr = (5, 6, 7)  #: unpack assignment3\n'
+        'l, *m[0] = (8, 9, 0)  #: unpack assignment4\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.comments == {
+        ('', 'b'): 'compound statement',
+        ('', 'c'): 'unpack assignment',
+        ('', 'd'): 'unpack assignment',
+        ('', 'e'): 'second assignment',
+        ('', 'f'): 'multiple assignment at once',
+        ('', 'g'): 'multiple assignment at once',
+        ('', 'theta'): 'unpack assignment via tuple',
+        ('', 'phi'): 'unpack assignment via tuple',
+        ('', 'x'): 'unpack assignment via list',
+        ('', 'y'): 'unpack assignment via list',
+        ('', 'h'): 'unpack assignment2',
+        ('', 'i'): 'unpack assignment2',
+        ('', 'j'): 'unpack assignment2',
+        ('', 'k'): 'unpack assignment3',
+        ('', 'l'): 'unpack assignment4',
+    }
     assert parser.definitions == {}
 
 
 def test_assignment_in_try_clause():
-    source = ('try:\n'
-              '    a = None  #: comment\n'
-              'except:\n'
-              '    b = None  #: ignored\n'
-              'else:\n'
-              '    c = None  #: comment\n')
+    source = (
+        'try:\n'
+        '    a = None  #: comment\n'
+        'except:\n'
+        '    b = None  #: ignored\n'
+        'else:\n'
+        '    c = None  #: comment\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('', 'a'): 'comment',
-                               ('', 'c'): 'comment'}
-    assert parser.deforders == {'a': 0,
-                                'c': 1}
+    assert parser.comments == {('', 'a'): 'comment', ('', 'c'): 'comment'}
+    assert parser.deforders == {'a': 0, 'c': 1}
 
 
 def test_obj_assignment():
-    source = ('obj = SomeObject()  #: some object\n'
-              'obj.attr = 1  #: attr1\n'
-              'obj.attr.attr = 1  #: attr2\n')
+    source = (
+        'obj = SomeObject()  #: some object\n'
+        'obj.attr = 1  #: attr1\n'
+        'obj.attr.attr = 1  #: attr2\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {('', 'obj'): 'some object'}
@@ -162,25 +180,28 @@ def test_obj_assignment():
 
 
 def test_container_assignment():
-    source = ('l = []  #: list\n'
-              'l[1] = True  #: list assignment\n'
-              'l[0:0] = []  #: list assignment\n'
-              'l[_from:_to] = []  #: list assignment\n'
-              'd = {}  #: dict\n'
-              'd["doc"] = 1  #: dict assignment\n')
+    source = (
+        'l = []  #: list\n'
+        'l[1] = True  #: list assignment\n'
+        'l[0:0] = []  #: list assignment\n'
+        'l[_from:_to] = []  #: list assignment\n'
+        'd = {}  #: dict\n'
+        'd["doc"] = 1  #: dict assignment\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('', 'l'): 'list',
-                               ('', 'd'): 'dict'}
+    assert parser.comments == {('', 'l'): 'list', ('', 'd'): 'dict'}
     assert parser.definitions == {}
 
 
 def test_function():
-    source = ('def some_function():\n'
-              '    """docstring"""\n'
-              '    a = 1 + 1  #: comment1\n'
-              '\n'
-              '    b = a  #: comment2\n')
+    source = (
+        'def some_function():\n'
+        '    """docstring"""\n'
+        '    a = 1 + 1  #: comment1\n'
+        '\n'
+        '    b = a  #: comment2\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {}
@@ -189,11 +210,13 @@ def test_function():
 
 
 def test_nested_function():
-    source = ('def some_function():\n'
-              '    a = 1 + 1  #: comment1\n'
-              '\n'
-              '    def inner_function():\n'
-              '        b = 1 + 1  #: comment2\n')
+    source = (
+        'def some_function():\n'
+        '    a = 1 + 1  #: comment1\n'
+        '\n'
+        '    def inner_function():\n'
+        '        b = 1 + 1  #: comment2\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {}
@@ -202,71 +225,85 @@ def test_nested_function():
 
 
 def test_class():
-    source = ('class Foo(object):\n'
-              '    attr1 = None  #: comment1\n'
-              '    attr2 = None  #: comment2\n'
-              '\n'
-              '    def __init__(self):\n'
-              '        self.a = 1 + 1  #: comment3\n'
-              '        self.attr2 = 1 + 1  #: overridden\n'
-              '        b = 1 + 1  #: comment5\n'
-              '\n'
-              '    def some_method(self):\n'
-              '        c = 1 + 1  #: comment6\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('Foo', 'attr1'): 'comment1',
-                               ('Foo', 'a'): 'comment3',
-                               ('Foo', 'attr2'): 'overridden'}
-    assert parser.definitions == {'Foo': ('class', 1, 11),
-                                  'Foo.__init__': ('def', 5, 8),
-                                  'Foo.some_method': ('def', 10, 11)}
-    assert parser.deforders == {'Foo': 0,
-                                'Foo.attr1': 1,
-                                'Foo.__init__': 3,
-                                'Foo.a': 4,
-                                'Foo.attr2': 5,
-                                'Foo.some_method': 6}
+    source = (
+        'class Foo(object):\n'
+        '    attr1 = None  #: comment1\n'
+        '    attr2 = None  #: comment2\n'
+        '\n'
+        '    def __init__(self):\n'
+        '        self.a = 1 + 1  #: comment3\n'
+        '        self.attr2 = 1 + 1  #: overridden\n'
+        '        b = 1 + 1  #: comment5\n'
+        '\n'
+        '    def some_method(self):\n'
+        '        c = 1 + 1  #: comment6\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.comments == {
+        ('Foo', 'attr1'): 'comment1',
+        ('Foo', 'a'): 'comment3',
+        ('Foo', 'attr2'): 'overridden',
+    }
+    assert parser.definitions == {
+        'Foo': ('class', 1, 11),
+        'Foo.__init__': ('def', 5, 8),
+        'Foo.some_method': ('def', 10, 11),
+    }
+    assert parser.deforders == {
+        'Foo': 0,
+        'Foo.attr1': 1,
+        'Foo.__init__': 3,
+        'Foo.a': 4,
+        'Foo.attr2': 5,
+        'Foo.some_method': 6,
+    }
 
 
 def test_class_uses_non_self():
-    source = ('class Foo(object):\n'
-              '    def __init__(this):\n'
-              '        this.a = 1 + 1  #: comment\n')
+    source = (
+        'class Foo(object):\n'
+        '    def __init__(this):\n'
+        '        this.a = 1 + 1  #: comment\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {('Foo', 'a'): 'comment'}
-    assert parser.definitions == {'Foo': ('class', 1, 3),
-                                  'Foo.__init__': ('def', 2, 3)}
-    assert parser.deforders == {'Foo': 0,
-                                'Foo.__init__': 1,
-                                'Foo.a': 2}
+    assert parser.definitions == {'Foo': ('class', 1, 3), 'Foo.__init__': ('def', 2, 3)}
+    assert parser.deforders == {'Foo': 0, 'Foo.__init__': 1, 'Foo.a': 2}
 
 
 def test_nested_class():
-    source = ('class Foo(object):\n'
-              '    attr1 = None  #: comment1\n'
-              '\n'
-              '    class Bar(object):\n'
-              '        attr2 = None  #: comment2\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('Foo', 'attr1'): 'comment1',
-                               ('Foo.Bar', 'attr2'): 'comment2'}
-    assert parser.definitions == {'Foo': ('class', 1, 5),
-                                  'Foo.Bar': ('class', 4, 5)}
-    assert parser.deforders == {'Foo': 0,
-                                'Foo.attr1': 1,
-                                'Foo.Bar': 2,
-                                'Foo.Bar.attr2': 3}
+    source = (
+        'class Foo(object):\n'
+        '    attr1 = None  #: comment1\n'
+        '\n'
+        '    class Bar(object):\n'
+        '        attr2 = None  #: comment2\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.comments == {
+        ('Foo', 'attr1'): 'comment1',
+        ('Foo.Bar', 'attr2'): 'comment2',
+    }
+    assert parser.definitions == {'Foo': ('class', 1, 5), 'Foo.Bar': ('class', 4, 5)}
+    assert parser.deforders == {
+        'Foo': 0,
+        'Foo.attr1': 1,
+        'Foo.Bar': 2,
+        'Foo.Bar.attr2': 3,
+    }
 
 
 def test_class_comment():
-    source = ('import logging\n'
-              'logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n'
-              '\n'
-              'class Foo(object):\n'
-              '    """Bar"""\n')
+    source = (
+        'import logging\n'
+        'logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n'
+        '\n'
+        'class Foo(object):\n'
+        '    """Bar"""\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {}
@@ -274,238 +311,288 @@ def test_class_comment():
 
 
 def test_comment_picker_multiline_string():
-    source = ('class Foo(object):\n'
-              '    a = None\n'
-              '    """multiline\n'
-              '    docstring\n'
-              '    """\n'
-              '    b = None\n'
-              '    """\n'
-              '    docstring\n'
-              '    starts with::\n'
-              '\n'
-              '        empty line"""\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.comments == {('Foo', 'a'): 'multiline\ndocstring',
-                               ('Foo', 'b'): 'docstring\nstarts with::\n\n    empty line'}
+    source = (
+        'class Foo(object):\n'
+        '    a = None\n'
+        '    """multiline\n'
+        '    docstring\n'
+        '    """\n'
+        '    b = None\n'
+        '    """\n'
+        '    docstring\n'
+        '    starts with::\n'
+        '\n'
+        '        empty line"""\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.comments == {
+        ('Foo', 'a'): 'multiline\ndocstring',
+        ('Foo', 'b'): 'docstring\nstarts with::\n\n    empty line',
+    }
 
 
 def test_decorators():
-    source = ('@deco\n'
-              'def func1(): pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@deco(param1, param2)\n'
-              'def func2(): pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@deco1\n'
-              '@deco2\n'
-              'def func3(): pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@deco\n'
-              'class Foo():\n'
-              '    @deco1\n'
-              '    @deco2\n'
-              '    def method(self): pass\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.definitions == {'func1': ('def', 1, 2),
-                                  'func2': ('def', 4, 5),
-                                  'func3': ('def', 7, 9),
-                                  'Foo': ('class', 11, 15),
-                                  'Foo.method': ('def', 13, 15)}
+    source = (
+        '@deco\n'
+        'def func1(): pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@deco(param1, param2)\n'
+        'def func2(): pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@deco1\n'
+        '@deco2\n'
+        'def func3(): pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@deco\n'
+        'class Foo():\n'
+        '    @deco1\n'
+        '    @deco2\n'
+        '    def method(self): pass\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.definitions == {
+        'func1': ('def', 1, 2),
+        'func2': ('def', 4, 5),
+        'func3': ('def', 7, 9),
+        'Foo': ('class', 11, 15),
+        'Foo.method': ('def', 13, 15),
+    }
 
 
 def test_async_function_and_method():
-    source = ('async def some_function():\n'
-              '    """docstring"""\n'
-              '    a = 1 + 1  #: comment1\n'
-              '\n'
-              'class Foo:\n'
-              '    async def method(self):\n'
-              '        pass\n')
+    source = (
+        'async def some_function():\n'
+        '    """docstring"""\n'
+        '    a = 1 + 1  #: comment1\n'
+        '\n'
+        'class Foo:\n'
+        '    async def method(self):\n'
+        '        pass\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
-    assert parser.definitions == {'some_function': ('def', 1, 3),
-                                  'Foo': ('class', 5, 7),
-                                  'Foo.method': ('def', 6, 7)}
+    assert parser.definitions == {
+        'some_function': ('def', 1, 3),
+        'Foo': ('class', 5, 7),
+        'Foo.method': ('def', 6, 7),
+    }
 
 
 def test_imports():
-    source = ('import sys\n'
-              'from os import environment, path\n'
-              '\n'
-              'import sphinx as Sphinx\n'
-              'from sphinx.application import Sphinx as App\n')
+    source = (
+        'import sys\n'
+        'from os import environment, path\n'
+        '\n'
+        'import sphinx as Sphinx\n'
+        'from sphinx.application import Sphinx as App\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.definitions == {}
-    assert parser.deforders == {'sys': 0,
-                                'environment': 1,
-                                'path': 2,
-                                'Sphinx': 3,
-                                'App': 4}
+    assert parser.deforders == {
+        'sys': 0,
+        'environment': 1,
+        'path': 2,
+        'Sphinx': 3,
+        'App': 4,
+    }
 
 
 def test_formfeed_char():
-    source = ('class Foo:\n'
-              '\f\n'
-              '    attr = 1234  #: comment\n')
+    source = 'class Foo:\n\f\n    attr = 1234  #: comment\n'
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.comments == {('Foo', 'attr'): 'comment'}
 
 
 def test_typing_final():
-    source = ('import typing\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@typing.final\n'
-              'def func(): pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@typing.final\n'
-              'class Foo:\n'
-              '    @typing.final\n'
-              '    def meth(self):\n'
-              '        pass\n')
+    source = (
+        'import typing\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@typing.final\n'
+        'def func(): pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@typing.final\n'
+        'class Foo:\n'
+        '    @typing.final\n'
+        '    def meth(self):\n'
+        '        pass\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.finals == ['func', 'Foo', 'Foo.meth']
 
 
 def test_typing_final_from_import():
-    source = ('from typing import final\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@final\n'
-              'def func(): pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@final\n'
-              'class Foo:\n'
-              '    @final\n'
-              '    def meth(self):\n'
-              '        pass\n')
+    source = (
+        'from typing import final\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@final\n'
+        'def func(): pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@final\n'
+        'class Foo:\n'
+        '    @final\n'
+        '    def meth(self):\n'
+        '        pass\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.finals == ['func', 'Foo', 'Foo.meth']
 
 
 def test_typing_final_import_as():
-    source = ('import typing as foo\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@foo.final\n'
-              'def func(): pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@foo.final\n'
-              'class Foo:\n'
-              '    @typing.final\n'
-              '    def meth(self):\n'
-              '        pass\n')
+    source = (
+        'import typing as foo\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@foo.final\n'
+        'def func(): pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@foo.final\n'
+        'class Foo:\n'
+        '    @typing.final\n'
+        '    def meth(self):\n'
+        '        pass\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.finals == ['func', 'Foo']
 
 
 def test_typing_final_from_import_as():
-    source = ('from typing import final as bar\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@bar\n'
-              'def func(): pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@bar\n'
-              'class Foo:\n'
-              '    @final\n'
-              '    def meth(self):\n'
-              '        pass\n')
+    source = (
+        'from typing import final as bar\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@bar\n'
+        'def func(): pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@bar\n'
+        'class Foo:\n'
+        '    @final\n'
+        '    def meth(self):\n'
+        '        pass\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.finals == ['func', 'Foo']
 
 
 def test_typing_final_not_imported():
-    source = ('@typing.final\n'
-              'def func(): pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@typing.final\n'
-              'class Foo:\n'
-              '    @final\n'
-              '    def meth(self):\n'
-              '        pass\n')
+    source = (
+        '@typing.final\n'
+        'def func(): pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@typing.final\n'
+        'class Foo:\n'
+        '    @final\n'
+        '    def meth(self):\n'
+        '        pass\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.finals == []
 
 
 def test_typing_overload():
-    source = ('import typing\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@typing.overload\n'
-              'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@typing.overload\n'
-              'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              'def func(x, y): pass\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.overloads == {'func': [signature_from_str('(x: int, y: int) -> int'),
-                                         signature_from_str('(x: str, y: str) -> str')]}
+    source = (
+        'import typing\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@typing.overload\n'
+        'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@typing.overload\n'
+        'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        'def func(x, y): pass\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.overloads == {
+        'func': [
+            signature_from_str('(x: int, y: int) -> int'),
+            signature_from_str('(x: str, y: str) -> str'),
+        ]
+    }
 
 
 def test_typing_overload_from_import():
-    source = ('from typing import overload\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@overload\n'
-              'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@overload\n'
-              'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              'def func(x, y): pass\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.overloads == {'func': [signature_from_str('(x: int, y: int) -> int'),
-                                         signature_from_str('(x: str, y: str) -> str')]}
+    source = (
+        'from typing import overload\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@overload\n'
+        'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@overload\n'
+        'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        'def func(x, y): pass\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.overloads == {
+        'func': [
+            signature_from_str('(x: int, y: int) -> int'),
+            signature_from_str('(x: str, y: str) -> str'),
+        ]
+    }
 
 
 def test_typing_overload_import_as():
-    source = ('import typing as foo\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@foo.overload\n'
-              'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@foo.overload\n'
-              'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              'def func(x, y): pass\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.overloads == {'func': [signature_from_str('(x: int, y: int) -> int'),
-                                         signature_from_str('(x: str, y: str) -> str')]}
+    source = (
+        'import typing as foo\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@foo.overload\n'
+        'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@foo.overload\n'
+        'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        'def func(x, y): pass\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.overloads == {
+        'func': [
+            signature_from_str('(x: int, y: int) -> int'),
+            signature_from_str('(x: str, y: str) -> str'),
+        ]
+    }
 
 
 def test_typing_overload_from_import_as():
-    source = ('from typing import overload as bar\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@bar\n'
-              'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@bar\n'
-              'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              'def func(x, y): pass\n')
-    parser = Parser(source)
-    parser.parse()
-    assert parser.overloads == {'func': [signature_from_str('(x: int, y: int) -> int'),
-                                         signature_from_str('(x: str, y: str) -> str')]}
+    source = (
+        'from typing import overload as bar\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@bar\n'
+        'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@bar\n'
+        'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        'def func(x, y): pass\n'
+    )
+    parser = Parser(source)
+    parser.parse()
+    assert parser.overloads == {
+        'func': [
+            signature_from_str('(x: int, y: int) -> int'),
+            signature_from_str('(x: str, y: str) -> str'),
+        ]
+    }
 
 
 def test_typing_overload_not_imported():
-    source = ('@typing.final\n'
-              'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              '@typing.final\n'
-              'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
-              '\n'
-              'def func(x, y): pass\n')
+    source = (
+        '@typing.final\n'
+        'def func(x: int, y: int) -> int: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        '@typing.final\n'
+        'def func(x: str, y: str) -> str: pass\n'
+        '\n'
+        'def func(x, y): pass\n'
+    )
     parser = Parser(source)
     parser.parse()
     assert parser.overloads == {}
diff --git a/tests/test_quickstart.py b/tests/test_quickstart.py
index 671aed469e3..3c5787990c8 100644
--- a/tests/test_quickstart.py
+++ b/tests/test_quickstart.py
@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@ def mock_input(answers, needanswer=False):
 
     def input_(prompt):
         if prompt in called:
-            raise AssertionError('answer for %r missing and no default '
-                                 'present' % prompt)
+            raise AssertionError(
+                'answer for %r missing and no default present' % prompt
+            )
         called.add(prompt)
         for question in answers:
             if prompt.startswith(qs.PROMPT_PREFIX + question):
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ def input_(prompt):
         if needanswer:
             raise AssertionError('answer for %r missing' % prompt)
         return ''
+
     return input_
 
 
@@ -152,14 +154,17 @@ def test_quickstart_all_answers(tmp_path):
     ns = {}
     exec(conffile.read_text(encoding='utf8'), ns)  # NoQA: S102
     assert ns['extensions'] == [
-        'sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.doctest', 'sphinx.ext.todo',
+        'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
+        'sphinx.ext.doctest',
+        'sphinx.ext.todo',
     ]
     assert ns['templates_path'] == ['.templates']
     assert ns['source_suffix'] == '.txt'
     assert ns['root_doc'] == 'contents'
     assert ns['project'] == 'STASI™'
-    assert ns['copyright'] == "%s, Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein" % \
-        time.strftime('%Y')
+    assert ns['copyright'] == "%s, Wolfgang Schäuble & G'Beckstein" % time.strftime(
+        '%Y'
+    )
     assert ns['version'] == '2.0'
     assert ns['release'] == '2.0.1'
     assert ns['todo_include_todos'] is True
@@ -185,7 +190,7 @@ def test_generated_files_eol(tmp_path):
 
     def assert_eol(filename, eol):
         content = filename.read_bytes().decode()
-        assert all(l[-len(eol):] == eol for l in content.splitlines(keepends=True))
+        assert all(l[-len(eol) :] == eol for l in content.splitlines(keepends=True))
 
     assert_eol(tmp_path / 'make.bat', '\r\n')
     assert_eol(tmp_path / 'Makefile', '\n')
@@ -210,7 +215,8 @@ def test_quickstart_and_build(tmp_path):
         (tmp_path / '_build' / '.doctree'),  # doctreedir
         'html',  # buildername
         status=StringIO(),
-        warning=warnfile)
+        warning=warnfile,
+    )
     app.build(force_all=True)
     warnings = warnfile.getvalue()
     assert not warnings
@@ -235,8 +241,16 @@ def test_default_filename(tmp_path):
 
 
 def test_extensions(tmp_path):
-    qs.main(['-q', '-p', 'project_name', '-a', 'author',
-             '--extensions', 'foo,bar,baz', str(tmp_path)])
+    qs.main([
+        '-q',
+        '-p',
+        'project_name',
+        '-a',
+        'author',
+        '--extensions',
+        'foo,bar,baz',
+        str(tmp_path),
+    ])
 
     conffile = tmp_path / 'conf.py'
     assert conffile.is_file()
@@ -250,6 +264,7 @@ def test_exits_when_existing_confpy(monkeypatch):
     # so we mock it as True with pytest's monkeypatch
     def mock_isfile(path):
         return True
+
     monkeypatch.setattr(path, 'isfile', mock_isfile)
 
     qs.term_input = mock_input({
diff --git a/tests/test_roles.py b/tests/test_roles.py
index 67a13c8ef1b..2c7ea985be4 100644
--- a/tests/test_roles.py
+++ b/tests/test_roles.py
@@ -14,62 +14,102 @@ def test_samp():
     # normal case
     text = 'print 1+{variable}'
     ret, msg = emph_literal_role('samp', text, text, 0, Mock())
-    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, ("print 1+",
-                                         [nodes.emphasis, "variable"])])
+    assert_node(
+        ret[0],
+        [
+            nodes.literal,
+            (
+                'print 1+',
+                [nodes.emphasis, 'variable'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert msg == []
 
     # two emphasis items
     text = 'print {1}+{variable}'
     ret, msg = emph_literal_role('samp', text, text, 0, Mock())
-    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, ("print ",
-                                         [nodes.emphasis, "1"],
-                                         "+",
-                                         [nodes.emphasis, "variable"])])
+    assert_node(
+        ret[0],
+        [
+            nodes.literal,
+            (
+                'print ',
+                [nodes.emphasis, '1'],
+                '+',
+                [nodes.emphasis, 'variable'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert msg == []
 
     # empty curly brace
     text = 'print 1+{}'
     ret, msg = emph_literal_role('samp', text, text, 0, Mock())
-    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, "print 1+{}"])
+    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, 'print 1+{}'])
     assert msg == []
 
     # half-opened variable
     text = 'print 1+{variable'
     ret, msg = emph_literal_role('samp', text, text, 0, Mock())
-    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, "print 1+{variable"])
+    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, 'print 1+{variable'])
     assert msg == []
 
     # nested
     text = 'print 1+{{variable}}'
     ret, msg = emph_literal_role('samp', text, text, 0, Mock())
-    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, ("print 1+",
-                                         [nodes.emphasis, "{variable"],
-                                         "}")])
+    assert_node(
+        ret[0],
+        [
+            nodes.literal,
+            (
+                'print 1+',
+                [nodes.emphasis, '{variable'],
+                '}',
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert msg == []
 
     # emphasized item only
     text = '{variable}'
     ret, msg = emph_literal_role('samp', text, text, 0, Mock())
-    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, nodes.emphasis, "variable"])
+    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, nodes.emphasis, 'variable'])
     assert msg == []
 
     # escaping
     text = r'print 1+\{variable}'
     ret, msg = emph_literal_role('samp', text, text, 0, Mock())
-    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, "print 1+{variable}"])
+    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, 'print 1+{variable}'])
     assert msg == []
 
     # escaping (2)
     text = r'print 1+\{{variable}\}'
     ret, msg = emph_literal_role('samp', text, text, 0, Mock())
-    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, ("print 1+{",
-                                         [nodes.emphasis, "variable"],
-                                         "}")])
+    assert_node(
+        ret[0],
+        [
+            nodes.literal,
+            (
+                'print 1+{',
+                [nodes.emphasis, 'variable'],
+                '}',
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert msg == []
 
     # escape a backslash
     text = r'print 1+\\{variable}'
     ret, msg = emph_literal_role('samp', text, text, 0, Mock())
-    assert_node(ret[0], [nodes.literal, ("print 1+\\",
-                                         [nodes.emphasis, "variable"])])
+    assert_node(
+        ret[0],
+        [
+            nodes.literal,
+            (
+                'print 1+\\',
+                [nodes.emphasis, 'variable'],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     assert msg == []
diff --git a/tests/test_search.py b/tests/test_search.py
index 3687911e488..0e4e20a9f06 100644
--- a/tests/test_search.py
+++ b/tests/test_search.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test the search index builder."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ def is_registered_term(index, keyword):
     return index['terms'].get(keyword, []) != []
 
 
-FILE_CONTENTS = '''\
+FILE_CONTENTS = """\
 section_title
 =============
 
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def is_registered_term(index, keyword):
 =============
 
 test that non-comments are indexed: fermion
-'''
+"""
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='ext-viewcode')
@@ -106,7 +107,11 @@ def test_meta_keys_are_handled_for_language_en(app):
     assert not is_registered_term(searchindex, 'onlytoogerman')
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='search', confoverrides={'html_search_language': 'de'}, freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='search',
+    confoverrides={'html_search_language': 'de'},
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_meta_keys_are_handled_for_language_de(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
     searchindex = load_searchindex(app.outdir / 'searchindex.js')
@@ -156,10 +161,14 @@ def test_term_in_raw_directive(app):
 
 
 def test_IndexBuilder():
-    domain1 = DummyDomain([('objname1', 'objdispname1', 'objtype1', 'docname1_1', '#anchor', 1),
-                          ('objname2', 'objdispname2', 'objtype2', 'docname1_2', '', -1)])
-    domain2 = DummyDomain([('objname1', 'objdispname1', 'objtype1', 'docname2_1', '#anchor', 1),
-                           ('objname2', 'objdispname2', 'objtype2', 'docname2_2', '', -1)])
+    domain1 = DummyDomain([
+        ('objname1', 'objdispname1', 'objtype1', 'docname1_1', '#anchor', 1),
+        ('objname2', 'objdispname2', 'objtype2', 'docname1_2', '', -1),
+    ])
+    domain2 = DummyDomain([
+        ('objname1', 'objdispname1', 'objtype1', 'docname2_1', '#anchor', 1),
+        ('objname2', 'objdispname2', 'objtype2', 'docname2_2', '', -1),
+    ])
     env = DummyEnvironment('1.0', {'dummy1': domain1, 'dummy2': domain2})
     doc = utils.new_document(b'test data', settings)
     doc['file'] = 'dummy'
@@ -171,10 +180,18 @@ def test_IndexBuilder():
     index.feed('docname1_2', 'filename1_2', 'title1_2', doc)
     index.feed('docname2_2', 'filename2_2', 'title2_2', doc)
     index.feed('docname2_1', 'filename2_1', 'title2_1', doc)
-    assert index._titles == {'docname1_1': 'title1_1', 'docname1_2': 'title1_2',
-                             'docname2_1': 'title2_1', 'docname2_2': 'title2_2'}
-    assert index._filenames == {'docname1_1': 'filename1_1', 'docname1_2': 'filename1_2',
-                                'docname2_1': 'filename2_1', 'docname2_2': 'filename2_2'}
+    assert index._titles == {
+        'docname1_1': 'title1_1',
+        'docname1_2': 'title1_2',
+        'docname2_1': 'title2_1',
+        'docname2_2': 'title2_2',
+    }
+    assert index._filenames == {
+        'docname1_1': 'filename1_1',
+        'docname1_2': 'filename1_2',
+        'docname2_1': 'filename2_1',
+        'docname2_2': 'filename2_2',
+    }
     # note: element iteration order (sort order) is important when the index
     # is frozen (serialized) during build -- however, the _mapping-related
     # dictionaries below may be iterated in arbitrary order by Python at
@@ -199,30 +216,46 @@ def test_IndexBuilder():
         'docnames': ('docname1_1', 'docname1_2', 'docname2_1', 'docname2_2'),
         'envversion': '1.0',
         'filenames': ['filename1_1', 'filename1_2', 'filename2_1', 'filename2_2'],
-        'objects': {'': [(0, 0, 1, '#anchor', 'objdispname1'),
-                         (2, 1, 1, '#anchor', 'objdispname1')]},
-        'objnames': {0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'), 1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1')},
+        'objects': {
+            '': [
+                (0, 0, 1, '#anchor', 'objdispname1'),
+                (2, 1, 1, '#anchor', 'objdispname1'),
+            ]
+        },
+        'objnames': {
+            0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+            1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+        },
         'objtypes': {0: 'dummy1:objtype1', 1: 'dummy2:objtype1'},
-        'terms': {'ar': [0, 1, 2, 3],
-                  'comment': [0, 1, 2, 3],
-                  'fermion': [0, 1, 2, 3],
-                  'index': [0, 1, 2, 3],
-                  'non': [0, 1, 2, 3],
-                  'test': [0, 1, 2, 3]},
+        'terms': {
+            'ar': [0, 1, 2, 3],
+            'comment': [0, 1, 2, 3],
+            'fermion': [0, 1, 2, 3],
+            'index': [0, 1, 2, 3],
+            'non': [0, 1, 2, 3],
+            'test': [0, 1, 2, 3],
+        },
         'titles': ('title1_1', 'title1_2', 'title2_1', 'title2_2'),
         'titleterms': {
             'another_titl': [0, 1, 2, 3],
             'section_titl': [0, 1, 2, 3],
         },
         'alltitles': {
-            'another_title': [(0, 'another-title'), (1, 'another-title'), (2, 'another-title'), (3, 'another-title')],
+            'another_title': [
+                (0, 'another-title'),
+                (1, 'another-title'),
+                (2, 'another-title'),
+                (3, 'another-title'),
+            ],
             'section_title': [(0, None), (1, None), (2, None), (3, None)],
         },
         'indexentries': {},
     }
     assert index._objtypes == {('dummy1', 'objtype1'): 0, ('dummy2', 'objtype1'): 1}
-    assert index._objnames == {0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
-                               1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1')}
+    assert index._objnames == {
+        0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+        1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+    }
 
     env = DummyEnvironment('1.0', {'dummy1': domain1, 'dummy2': domain2})
 
@@ -249,7 +282,10 @@ def test_IndexBuilder():
     # prune
     index.prune(['docname1_2', 'docname2_2'])
     assert index._titles == {'docname1_2': 'title1_2', 'docname2_2': 'title2_2'}
-    assert index._filenames == {'docname1_2': 'filename1_2', 'docname2_2': 'filename2_2'}
+    assert index._filenames == {
+        'docname1_2': 'filename1_2',
+        'docname2_2': 'filename2_2',
+    }
     assert index._mapping == {
         'ar': {'docname1_2', 'docname2_2'},
         'fermion': {'docname1_2', 'docname2_2'},
@@ -263,7 +299,10 @@ def test_IndexBuilder():
         'section_titl': {'docname1_2', 'docname2_2'},
     }
     assert index._objtypes == {('dummy1', 'objtype1'): 0, ('dummy2', 'objtype1'): 1}
-    assert index._objnames == {0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'), 1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1')}
+    assert index._objnames == {
+        0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+        1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+    }
 
     # freeze after prune
     assert index.freeze() == {
@@ -271,14 +310,19 @@ def test_IndexBuilder():
         'envversion': '1.0',
         'filenames': ['filename1_2', 'filename2_2'],
         'objects': {},
-        'objnames': {0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'), 1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1')},
+        'objnames': {
+            0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+            1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+        },
         'objtypes': {0: 'dummy1:objtype1', 1: 'dummy2:objtype1'},
-        'terms': {'ar': [0, 1],
-                  'comment': [0, 1],
-                  'fermion': [0, 1],
-                  'index': [0, 1],
-                  'non': [0, 1],
-                  'test': [0, 1]},
+        'terms': {
+            'ar': [0, 1],
+            'comment': [0, 1],
+            'fermion': [0, 1],
+            'index': [0, 1],
+            'non': [0, 1],
+            'test': [0, 1],
+        },
         'titles': ('title1_2', 'title2_2'),
         'titleterms': {
             'another_titl': [0, 1],
@@ -291,8 +335,10 @@ def test_IndexBuilder():
         'indexentries': {},
     }
     assert index._objtypes == {('dummy1', 'objtype1'): 0, ('dummy2', 'objtype1'): 1}
-    assert index._objnames == {0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
-                               1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1')}
+    assert index._objnames == {
+        0: ('dummy1', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+        1: ('dummy2', 'objtype1', 'objtype1'),
+    }
 
 
 def test_IndexBuilder_lookup():
@@ -321,7 +367,10 @@ def test_search_index_gen_zh(app):
     assert 'cas' in index['terms']
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='search', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='search',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_nosearch(app):
     app.build()
     index = load_searchindex(app.outdir / 'searchindex.js')
@@ -333,7 +382,11 @@ def test_nosearch(app):
     assert index['terms']['bat'] == [0, 2]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='search', parallel=3, freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='search',
+    parallel=3,
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_parallel(app):
     app.build()
     index = load_searchindex(app.outdir / 'searchindex.js')
@@ -377,18 +430,28 @@ def assert_is_sorted(item, path: str):
     elif isinstance(item, list):
         if not is_title_tuple_type(item) and path not in lists_not_to_sort:
             # sort nulls last; http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19868767/
-            assert item == sorted(item, key=lambda x: (x is None, x)), f'{err_path} is not sorted'
+            assert item == sorted(
+                item, key=lambda x: (x is None, x)
+            ), f'{err_path} is not sorted'
         for i, child in enumerate(item):
             assert_is_sorted(child, f'{path}[{i}]')
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('directory', JAVASCRIPT_TEST_ROOTS)
 def test_check_js_search_indexes(make_app, sphinx_test_tempdir, directory):
-    app = make_app('html', srcdir=directory, builddir=sphinx_test_tempdir / directory.name)
+    app = make_app(
+        'html',
+        srcdir=directory,
+        builddir=sphinx_test_tempdir / directory.name,
+    )
     app.build()
 
-    fresh_searchindex = (app.outdir / 'searchindex.js')
-    existing_searchindex = (TESTS_ROOT / 'js' / 'fixtures' / directory.name / 'searchindex.js')
+    fresh_searchindex = app.outdir / 'searchindex.js'
+    existing_searchindex = (
+        TESTS_ROOT / 'js' / 'fixtures' / directory.name / 'searchindex.js'
+    )
 
-    msg = f"Search index fixture {existing_searchindex} does not match regenerated copy."
+    msg = (
+        f'Search index fixture {existing_searchindex} does not match regenerated copy.'
+    )
     assert fresh_searchindex.read_bytes() == existing_searchindex.read_bytes(), msg
diff --git a/tests/test_theming/test_html_theme.py b/tests/test_theming/test_html_theme.py
index eebace5396a..bdfca9886d8 100644
--- a/tests/test_theming/test_html_theme.py
+++ b/tests/test_theming/test_html_theme.py
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
 def test_theme_options(app):
     app.build()
 
-    result = (app.outdir / '_static' / 'documentation_options.js').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    result = (app.outdir / '_static' / 'documentation_options.js').read_text(
+        encoding='utf8'
+    )
     assert 'NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS: false' in result
     assert 'ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS: true' in result
 
@@ -21,7 +23,9 @@ def test_theme_options(app):
 def test_theme_options_with_override(app):
     app.build()
 
-    result = (app.outdir / '_static' / 'documentation_options.js').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    result = (app.outdir / '_static' / 'documentation_options.js').read_text(
+        encoding='utf8'
+    )
     assert 'NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS: true' in result
     assert 'ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS: false' in result
 
@@ -31,5 +35,9 @@ def test_theme_having_multiple_stylesheets(app):
     app.build()
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
 
-    assert '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/mytheme.css" />' in content
-    assert '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/extra.css" />' in content
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/mytheme.css" />'
+    ) in content
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/extra.css" />'
+    ) in content
diff --git a/tests/test_theming/test_templating.py b/tests/test_theming/test_templating.py
index bc02e9705fd..6eb2fdffa78 100644
--- a/tests/test_theming/test_templating.py
+++ b/tests/test_theming/test_templating.py
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ def test_autosummary_class_template_overloading(make_app, app_params):
     setup_documenters(app)
     app.build()
 
-    result = (app.outdir / 'generated' / 'sphinx.application.TemplateBridge.html').read_text(
-        encoding='utf8'
-    )
+    result = (
+        app.outdir / 'generated' / 'sphinx.application.TemplateBridge.html'
+    ).read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert 'autosummary/class.rst method block overloading' in result
     assert 'foobar' not in result
 
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ def test_autosummary_context(make_app, app_params):
     setup_documenters(app)
     app.build()
 
-    result = (app.outdir / 'generated' / 'sphinx.application.TemplateBridge.html').read_text(
-        encoding='utf8'
-    )
+    result = (
+        app.outdir / 'generated' / 'sphinx.application.TemplateBridge.html'
+    ).read_text(encoding='utf8')
     assert 'autosummary/class.rst method block overloading' in result
     assert 'foobar' in result
diff --git a/tests/test_theming/test_theming.py b/tests/test_theming/test_theming.py
index 8d9aada25ed..209f6faf998 100644
--- a/tests/test_theming/test_theming.py
+++ b/tests/test_theming/test_theming.py
@@ -103,13 +103,19 @@ def test_double_inheriting_theme(app):
     app.build()  # => not raises TemplateNotFound
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='theming', confoverrides={'html_theme': 'child'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='theming',
+    confoverrides={'html_theme': 'child'},
+)
 def test_nested_zipped_theme(app):
     assert app.builder.theme.name == 'child'
     app.build()  # => not raises TemplateNotFound
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='theming', confoverrides={'html_theme': 'staticfiles'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='theming',
+    confoverrides={'html_theme': 'staticfiles'},
+)
 def test_staticfiles(app):
     app.build()
     assert (app.outdir / '_static' / 'legacytmpl.html').exists()
@@ -127,7 +133,10 @@ def test_staticfiles(app):
     assert '<meta name="testopt" content="optdefault" />' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='theming', confoverrides={'html_theme': 'test-theme'})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='theming',
+    confoverrides={'html_theme': 'test-theme'},
+)
 def test_dark_style(app, monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(sphinx.builders.html, '_file_checksum', lambda o, f: '')
 
@@ -149,7 +158,9 @@ def test_dark_style(app, monkeypatch):
     ]
 
     result = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css" />' in result
+    assert (
+        '<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css" />'
+    ) in result
     assert (
         '<link id="pygments_dark_css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" '
         'rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" '
diff --git a/tests/test_toctree.py b/tests/test_toctree.py
index 6978b199a14..39aac47a679 100644
--- a/tests/test_toctree.py
+++ b/tests/test_toctree.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test the HTML builder and check output against XPath."""
+
 import re
 
 import pytest
@@ -12,7 +13,11 @@ def test_relations(app):
     assert app.builder.relations['bar/index'] == ['index', 'foo', 'bar/bar_1']
     assert app.builder.relations['bar/bar_1'] == ['bar/index', 'bar/index', 'bar/bar_2']
     assert app.builder.relations['bar/bar_2'] == ['bar/index', 'bar/bar_1', 'bar/bar_3']
-    assert app.builder.relations['bar/bar_3'] == ['bar/index', 'bar/bar_2', 'bar/bar_4/index']
+    assert app.builder.relations['bar/bar_3'] == [
+        'bar/index',
+        'bar/bar_2',
+        'bar/bar_4/index',
+    ]
     assert app.builder.relations['bar/bar_4/index'] == ['bar/index', 'bar/bar_3', 'baz']
     assert app.builder.relations['baz'] == ['index', 'bar/bar_4/index', 'qux/index']
     assert app.builder.relations['qux/index'] == ['index', 'baz', 'qux/qux_1']
@@ -30,7 +35,10 @@ def test_singlehtml_toctree(app):
         pytest.fail('Unexpected AttributeError in app.builder.fix_refuris')
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx(testroot='toctree', srcdir="numbered-toctree")
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    testroot='toctree',
+    srcdir='numbered-toctree',
+)
 def test_numbered_toctree(app):
     # give argument to :numbered: option
     index = (app.srcdir / 'index.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8')
diff --git a/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_move_module_targets.py b/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_move_module_targets.py
index 6483a00faa0..df72d9c33a5 100644
--- a/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_move_module_targets.py
+++ b/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_move_module_targets.py
@@ -19,15 +19,18 @@
 """
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('content', [
-    CONTENT_PY,  # Python
-    CONTENT_JS,  # JavaScript
-])
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'content',
+    [
+        CONTENT_PY,  # Python
+        CONTENT_JS,  # JavaScript
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_move_module_targets(tmp_path, content):
     # Test for the MoveModuleTargets transform
-    tmp_path.joinpath("conf.py").touch()
-    tmp_path.joinpath("index.rst").write_text(content, encoding="utf-8")
+    tmp_path.joinpath('conf.py').touch()
+    tmp_path.joinpath('index.rst').write_text(content, encoding='utf-8')
 
     app = SphinxTestApp('dummy', srcdir=tmp_path)
     app.build(force_all=True)
@@ -35,31 +38,33 @@ def test_move_module_targets(tmp_path, content):
     section: nodes.section = document[0]  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
     # target ID has been lifted into the section node
-    assert section["ids"] == ['module-fish_licence.halibut', 'move-module-targets']
+    assert section['ids'] == ['module-fish_licence.halibut', 'move-module-targets']
     # nodes.target has been removed from 'section'
     assert isinstance(section[0], nodes.title)
     assert isinstance(section[1], addnodes.index)
     assert len(section) == 2
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_move_module_targets_no_section(tmp_path):
     # Test for the MoveModuleTargets transform
-    tmp_path.joinpath("conf.py").touch()
-    tmp_path.joinpath("index.rst").write_text(".. py:module:: fish_licence.halibut\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    tmp_path.joinpath('conf.py').touch()
+    tmp_path.joinpath('index.rst').write_text(
+        '.. py:module:: fish_licence.halibut\n', encoding='utf-8'
+    )
 
     app = SphinxTestApp('dummy', srcdir=tmp_path)
     app.build(force_all=True)
     document = app.env.get_doctree('index')
 
-    assert document["ids"] == []
+    assert document['ids'] == []
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("rollback_sysmodules")
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('rollback_sysmodules')
 def test_move_module_targets_disabled(tmp_path):
     # Test for the MoveModuleTargets transform
-    tmp_path.joinpath("conf.py").touch()
-    tmp_path.joinpath("index.rst").write_text(CONTENT_PY, encoding="utf-8")
+    tmp_path.joinpath('conf.py').touch()
+    tmp_path.joinpath('index.rst').write_text(CONTENT_PY, encoding='utf-8')
 
     app = SphinxTestApp('dummy', srcdir=tmp_path)
     app.registry.transforms.remove(MoveModuleTargets)  # disable the transform
@@ -68,8 +73,8 @@ def test_move_module_targets_disabled(tmp_path):
     section: nodes.section = document[0]  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
     # target ID is not lifted into the section node
-    assert section["ids"] == ['move-module-targets']
-    assert section[2]["ids"] == ['module-fish_licence.halibut']  # type: ignore[index]
+    assert section['ids'] == ['move-module-targets']
+    assert section[2]['ids'] == ['module-fish_licence.halibut']  # type: ignore[index]
     # nodes.target remains in 'section'
     assert isinstance(section[0], nodes.title)
     assert isinstance(section[1], addnodes.index)
diff --git a/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_post_transforms.py b/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_post_transforms.py
index 4d1aea4def3..c26aaa3c704 100644
--- a/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_post_transforms.py
+++ b/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_post_transforms.py
@@ -25,16 +25,22 @@
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='transforms-post_transforms-missing-reference')
 def test_nitpicky_warning(app):
     app.build()
-    assert ('index.rst:4: WARNING: py:class reference target '
-            'not found: io.StringIO' in app.warning.getvalue())
+    assert (
+        'index.rst:4: WARNING: py:class reference target not found: io.StringIO'
+    ) in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     content = (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert ('<p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
-            'io.StringIO</span></code></p>' in content)
+    assert (
+        '<p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'
+        'io.StringIO</span></code></p>'
+    ) in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='transforms-post_transforms-missing-reference',
-                    freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='transforms-post_transforms-missing-reference',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_missing_reference(app):
     def missing_reference(app_, env_, node_, contnode_):
         assert app_ is app
@@ -53,8 +59,11 @@ def missing_reference(app_, env_, node_, contnode_):
     assert '<p><span>missing-reference.StringIO</span></p>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='domain-py-python_use_unqualified_type_names',
-                    freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='domain-py-python_use_unqualified_type_names',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_missing_reference_conditional_pending_xref(app):
     def missing_reference(_app, _env, _node, contnode):
         return contnode
@@ -68,13 +77,16 @@ def missing_reference(_app, _env, _node, contnode):
     assert '<span class="n"><span class="pre">Age</span></span>' in content
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='transforms-post_transforms-keyboard',
-                    freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='transforms-post_transforms-keyboard',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_keyboard_hyphen_spaces(app):
     """Regression test for issue 10495, we want no crash."""
     app.build()
-    assert "spanish" in (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
-    assert "inquisition" in (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert 'spanish' in (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert 'inquisition' in (app.outdir / 'index.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
 
 class TestSigElementFallbackTransform:
@@ -82,7 +94,9 @@ class TestSigElementFallbackTransform:
 
     # safe copy of the "built-in" desc_sig_* nodes (during the test, instances of such nodes
     # will be created sequentially, so we fix a possible order at the beginning using a tuple)
-    _builtin_sig_elements: tuple[type[addnodes.desc_sig_element], ...] = tuple(SIG_ELEMENTS)
+    _builtin_sig_elements: tuple[type[addnodes.desc_sig_element], ...] = tuple(
+        SIG_ELEMENTS
+    )
 
     @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
     def builtin_sig_elements(self) -> tuple[type[addnodes.desc_sig_element], ...]:
@@ -91,7 +105,9 @@ def builtin_sig_elements(self) -> tuple[type[addnodes.desc_sig_element], ...]:
 
     @pytest.fixture
     def document(
-        self, app: SphinxTestApp, builtin_sig_elements: tuple[type[addnodes.desc_sig_element], ...],
+        self,
+        app: SphinxTestApp,
+        builtin_sig_elements: tuple[type[addnodes.desc_sig_element], ...],
     ) -> nodes.document:
         """Fixture returning a new document with built-in ``desc_sig_*`` nodes and a final ``desc_inline`` node."""
         doc = new_document('')
@@ -177,8 +193,11 @@ def mark_node(self, node: nodes.Node) -> NoReturn:
     )
     @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy')
     def test_support_desc_inline(
-        self, document: nodes.document, with_desc_sig_elements: bool,
-            add_visitor_method_for: list[str], request: SubRequest,
+        self,
+        document: nodes.document,
+        with_desc_sig_elements: bool,
+        add_visitor_method_for: list[str],
+        request: SubRequest,
     ) -> None:
         document, _, _ = self._exec(request)
         # count the number of desc_inline nodes with the extra _sig_node_type field
@@ -195,7 +214,11 @@ def test_support_desc_inline(
             [],  # no support
             ['desc_sig_space'],  # enable desc_sig_space visitor
             ['desc_sig_element'],  # enable generic visitor
-            ['desc_sig_space', 'desc_sig_element'],  # enable desc_sig_space and generic visitors
+            [
+                # enable desc_sig_space and generic visitors
+                'desc_sig_space',
+                'desc_sig_element',
+            ],
         ],
         ids=[
             'no_explicit_visitor',
@@ -221,30 +244,54 @@ def test_custom_implementation(
         request: SubRequest,
     ) -> None:
         document, stdout, stderr = self._exec(request)
-        assert len(self._builtin_sig_elements) == len(document.children[:-1]) == len(stdout[:-1])
-
-        visit_desc_sig_element = addnodes.desc_sig_element.__name__ in add_visitor_method_for
-        ignore_sig_element_fallback_transform = visit_desc_sig_element or with_desc_sig_elements
+        assert (
+            len(self._builtin_sig_elements)
+            == len(document.children[:-1])
+            == len(stdout[:-1])
+        )
+
+        visit_desc_sig_element = (
+            addnodes.desc_sig_element.__name__ in add_visitor_method_for
+        )
+        ignore_sig_element_fallback_transform = (
+            visit_desc_sig_element or with_desc_sig_elements
+        )
 
         if ignore_sig_element_fallback_transform:
             # desc_sig_element is implemented or desc_sig_* nodes are properly handled (and left untouched)
-            for node_type, node, mess in zip(self._builtin_sig_elements, document.children[:-1], stdout[:-1], strict=True):
+            for node_type, node, mess in zip(
+                self._builtin_sig_elements,
+                document.children[:-1],
+                stdout[:-1],
+                strict=True,
+            ):
                 assert_node(node, node_type)
                 assert not node.hasattr('_sig_node_type')
                 assert mess == f'mark: {node_type.__name__!r}'
         else:
             # desc_sig_* nodes are converted into inline nodes
-            for node_type, node, mess in zip(self._builtin_sig_elements, document.children[:-1], stdout[:-1], strict=True):
+            for node_type, node, mess in zip(
+                self._builtin_sig_elements,
+                document.children[:-1],
+                stdout[:-1],
+                strict=True,
+            ):
                 assert_node(node, nodes.inline, _sig_node_type=node_type.__name__)
                 assert mess == f'generic visit: {nodes.inline.__name__!r}'
 
         # desc_inline node is never handled and always transformed
         assert addnodes.desc_inline.__name__ not in add_visitor_method_for
-        assert_node(document[-1], nodes.inline, _sig_node_type=addnodes.desc_inline.__name__)
+        assert_node(
+            document[-1], nodes.inline, _sig_node_type=addnodes.desc_inline.__name__
+        )
         assert stdout[-1] == f'generic visit: {nodes.inline.__name__!r}'
 
         # nodes.inline are never handled
-        assert len(stderr) == 1 if ignore_sig_element_fallback_transform else len(document.children)
+        assert (
+            len(stderr) == 1
+            if ignore_sig_element_fallback_transform
+            else len(document.children)
+        )
         assert set(stderr) == {f'unknown visit: {nodes.inline.__name__!r}'}
 
     @staticmethod
diff --git a/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_post_transforms_code.py b/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_post_transforms_code.py
index f9b614f5445..57e9bb054cc 100644
--- a/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_post_transforms_code.py
+++ b/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_post_transforms_code.py
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@ def test_trim_doctest_flags_html(app):
     assert 'GRAULT' in result
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='trim_doctest_flags',
-                    confoverrides={'trim_doctest_flags': False})
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'html',
+    testroot='trim_doctest_flags',
+    confoverrides={'trim_doctest_flags': False},
+)
 def test_trim_doctest_flags_disabled(app):
     app.build()
 
diff --git a/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_reorder_nodes.py b/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_reorder_nodes.py
index 7ffdae6c613..b27f8c50289 100644
--- a/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_reorder_nodes.py
+++ b/tests/test_transforms/test_transforms_reorder_nodes.py
@@ -8,26 +8,41 @@
 
 
 def test_transforms_reorder_consecutive_target_and_index_nodes_preserve_order(app):
-    text = ('.. index:: abc\n'
-            '.. index:: def\n'
-            '.. index:: ghi\n'
-            '.. index:: jkl\n'
-            '\n'
-            'text\n')
+    text = (
+        '.. index:: abc\n'
+        '.. index:: def\n'
+        '.. index:: ghi\n'
+        '.. index:: jkl\n'
+        '\n'
+        'text\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.paragraph))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'abc', 'index-0', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'def', 'index-1', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'ghi', 'index-2', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[3], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'jkl', 'index-3', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.paragraph,
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'abc', 'index-0', '', None)]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'def', 'index-1', '', None)]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'ghi', 'index-2', '', None)]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[3], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'jkl', 'index-3', '', None)]
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[4], nodes.target, refid='index-0')
     assert_node(doctree[5], nodes.target, refid='index-1')
     assert_node(doctree[6], nodes.target, refid='index-2')
@@ -35,60 +50,88 @@ def test_transforms_reorder_consecutive_target_and_index_nodes_preserve_order(ap
     # assert_node(doctree[8], nodes.paragraph)
 
 
-def test_transforms_reorder_consecutive_target_and_index_nodes_no_merge_across_other_nodes(app):
-    text = ('.. index:: abc\n'
-            '.. index:: def\n'
-            '\n'
-            'text\n'
-            '\n'
-            '.. index:: ghi\n'
-            '.. index:: jkl\n'
-            '\n'
-            'text\n')
+def test_transforms_reorder_consecutive_target_and_index_nodes_no_merge_across_other_nodes(
+    app,
+):
+    text = (
+        '.. index:: abc\n'
+        '.. index:: def\n'
+        '\n'
+        'text\n'
+        '\n'
+        '.. index:: ghi\n'
+        '.. index:: jkl\n'
+        '\n'
+        'text\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.paragraph,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.paragraph))
-    assert_node(doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'abc', 'index-0', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'def', 'index-1', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.paragraph,
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.paragraph,
+        ),
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'abc', 'index-0', '', None)]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'def', 'index-1', '', None)]
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[2], nodes.target, refid='index-0')
     assert_node(doctree[3], nodes.target, refid='index-1')
     # assert_node(doctree[4], nodes.paragraph)
-    assert_node(doctree[5], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'ghi', 'index-2', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[6], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'jkl', 'index-3', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[5], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'ghi', 'index-2', '', None)]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[6], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'jkl', 'index-3', '', None)]
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[7], nodes.target, refid='index-2')
     assert_node(doctree[8], nodes.target, refid='index-3')
     # assert_node(doctree[9], nodes.paragraph)
 
 
 def test_transforms_reorder_consecutive_target_and_index_nodes_merge_with_labels(app):
-    text = ('.. _abc:\n'
-            '.. index:: def\n'
-            '.. _ghi:\n'
-            '.. index:: jkl\n'
-            '.. _mno:\n'
-            '\n'
-            'Heading\n'
-            '=======\n')
+    text = (
+        '.. _abc:\n'
+        '.. index:: def\n'
+        '.. _ghi:\n'
+        '.. index:: jkl\n'
+        '.. _mno:\n'
+        '\n'
+        'Heading\n'
+        '=======\n'
+    )
     doctree = restructuredtext.parse(app, text)
-    assert_node(doctree, (nodes.title,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          addnodes.index,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.target,
-                          nodes.target))
+    assert_node(
+        doctree,
+        (
+            nodes.title,
+            addnodes.index,
+            addnodes.index,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+            nodes.target,
+        ),
+    )
     # assert_node(doctree[8], nodes.title)
-    assert_node(doctree[1], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'def', 'index-0', '', None)])
-    assert_node(doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'jkl', 'index-1', '', None)])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[1], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'def', 'index-0', '', None)]
+    )
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[2], addnodes.index, entries=[('single', 'jkl', 'index-1', '', None)]
+    )
     assert_node(doctree[3], nodes.target, refid='abc')
     assert_node(doctree[4], nodes.target, refid='index-0')
     assert_node(doctree[5], nodes.target, refid='ghi')
diff --git a/tests/test_transforms/test_unreferenced_footnotes.py b/tests/test_transforms/test_unreferenced_footnotes.py
index 938adcb7fc6..b1cf08f783a 100644
--- a/tests/test_transforms/test_unreferenced_footnotes.py
+++ b/tests/test_transforms/test_unreferenced_footnotes.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 
 def test_warnings(make_app: type[SphinxTestApp], tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     """Test that warnings are emitted for unreferenced footnotes."""
-    tmp_path.joinpath("conf.py").touch()
-    tmp_path.joinpath("index.rst").write_text(
+    tmp_path.joinpath('conf.py').touch()
+    tmp_path.joinpath('index.rst').write_text(
         """
 Title
 =====
@@ -24,16 +24,20 @@ def test_warnings(make_app: type[SphinxTestApp], tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 .. [#label1] This is an auto-numbered footnote with a label.
 .. [#label1] This is an auto-numbered footnote with a label.
 .. [#label2] This is an auto-numbered footnote with a label.
-        """, encoding="utf8"
+        """,
+        encoding='utf8',
     )
     app = make_app(srcdir=tmp_path)
     app.build()
-    warnings = strip_colors(app.warning.getvalue()).replace(str(tmp_path / "index.rst"), "source/index.rst")
-    print(warnings)
-    assert warnings.strip() == """
+    warnings = strip_colors(app.warning.getvalue()).lstrip()
+    warnings = warnings.replace(str(tmp_path / 'index.rst'), 'source/index.rst')
+    assert (
+        warnings
+        == """\
 source/index.rst:8: WARNING: Duplicate explicit target name: "2". [docutils]
 source/index.rst:13: WARNING: Duplicate explicit target name: "label1". [docutils]
 source/index.rst:9: WARNING: Footnote [3] is not referenced. [ref.footnote]
 source/index.rst:10: WARNING: Footnote [*] is not referenced. [ref.footnote]
 source/index.rst:11: WARNING: Footnote [#] is not referenced. [ref.footnote]
-""".strip()
+"""
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_util/intersphinx_data.py b/tests/test_util/intersphinx_data.py
index 95cf80a9b39..2b3489da465 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/intersphinx_data.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/intersphinx_data.py
@@ -6,20 +6,20 @@
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from typing import Final
 
-INVENTORY_V1: Final[bytes] = b'''\
+INVENTORY_V1: Final[bytes] = b"""\
 # Sphinx inventory version 1
 # Project: foo
 # Version: 1.0
 module mod foo.html
 module.cls class foo.html
-'''
+"""
 
-INVENTORY_V2: Final[bytes] = b'''\
+INVENTORY_V2: Final[bytes] = b"""\
 # Sphinx inventory version 2
 # Project: foo
 # Version: 2.0
 # The remainder of this file is compressed with zlib.
-''' + zlib.compress(b'''\
+""" + zlib.compress(b"""\
 module1 py:module 0 foo.html#module-module1 Long Module desc
 module2 py:module 0 foo.html#module-$ -
 module1.func py:function 1 sub/foo.html#$ -
@@ -40,25 +40,25 @@
 foo.bar.qux js:data 1 index.html#foo.bar.qux -
 a term including:colon std:term -1 glossary.html#term-a-term-including-colon -
 The-Julia-Domain std:label -1 write_inventory/#$ The Julia Domain
-''')
+""")
 
-INVENTORY_V2_NO_VERSION: Final[bytes] = b'''\
+INVENTORY_V2_NO_VERSION: Final[bytes] = b"""\
 # Sphinx inventory version 2
 # Project: foo
 # Version:
 # The remainder of this file is compressed with zlib.
-''' + zlib.compress(b'''\
+""" + zlib.compress(b"""\
 module1 py:module 0 foo.html#module-module1 Long Module desc
-''')
+""")
 
-INVENTORY_V2_AMBIGUOUS_TERMS: Final[bytes] = b'''\
+INVENTORY_V2_AMBIGUOUS_TERMS: Final[bytes] = b"""\
 # Sphinx inventory version 2
 # Project: foo
 # Version: 2.0
 # The remainder of this file is compressed with zlib.
-''' + zlib.compress(b'''\
+""" + zlib.compress(b"""\
 a term std:term -1 glossary.html#term-a-term -
 A term std:term -1 glossary.html#term-a-term -
 b term std:term -1 document.html#id5 -
 B term std:term -1 document.html#B -
-''')
+""")
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util.py b/tests/test_util/test_util.py
index a09b9e05150..8cf40a02965 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util.py
@@ -5,24 +5,28 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-from sphinx.errors import ExtensionError
-from sphinx.util import encode_uri, import_object, parselinenos
+from sphinx.util import encode_uri, parselinenos
 from sphinx.util.osutil import ensuredir
 
 
 def test_encode_uri():
-    expected = ('https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_'
-                '%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_'
-                '%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85')
-    uri = ('https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki'
-           '/Система_управления_базами_данных')
-    assert expected == encode_uri(uri)
-
-    expected = ('https://github.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+is%3A'
-                'sprint-friendly+user%3Ajupyter&type=Issues&ref=searchresults')
-    uri = ('https://github.com/search?utf8=✓&q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+is%3A'
-           'sprint-friendly+user%3Ajupyter&type=Issues&ref=searchresults')
-    assert expected == encode_uri(uri)
+    expected = (
+        'https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_'
+        '%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_'
+        '%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85'
+    )
+    uri = 'https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Система_управления_базами_данных'
+    assert encode_uri(uri) == expected
+
+    expected = (
+        'https://github.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+is%3A'
+        'sprint-friendly+user%3Ajupyter&type=Issues&ref=searchresults'
+    )
+    uri = (
+        'https://github.com/search?utf8=✓&q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+is%3A'
+        'sprint-friendly+user%3Ajupyter&type=Issues&ref=searchresults'
+    )
+    assert encode_uri(uri) == expected
 
 
 def test_ensuredir():
@@ -35,26 +39,6 @@ def test_ensuredir():
         assert os.path.isdir(path)
 
 
-def test_import_object():
-    module = import_object('sphinx')
-    assert module.__name__ == 'sphinx'
-
-    module = import_object('sphinx.application')
-    assert module.__name__ == 'sphinx.application'
-
-    obj = import_object('sphinx.application.Sphinx')
-    assert obj.__name__ == 'Sphinx'
-
-    with pytest.raises(ExtensionError) as exc:
-        import_object('sphinx.unknown_module')
-    assert exc.value.args[0] == 'Could not import sphinx.unknown_module'
-
-    with pytest.raises(ExtensionError) as exc:
-        import_object('sphinx.unknown_module', 'my extension')
-    assert exc.value.args[0] == ('Could not import sphinx.unknown_module '
-                                 '(needed for my extension)')
-
-
 def test_parselinenos():
     assert parselinenos('1,2,3', 10) == [0, 1, 2]
     assert parselinenos('4, 5, 6', 10) == [3, 4, 5]
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_display.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_display.py
index b0608780670..488cf9752fb 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_display.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_display.py
@@ -35,36 +35,38 @@ def test_status_iterator_length_0(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy')
 def test_status_iterator_verbosity_0(app, monkeypatch):
-    monkeypatch.setenv("FORCE_COLOR", "1")
+    monkeypatch.setenv('FORCE_COLOR', '1')
     logging.setup(app, app.status, app.warning)
 
     # test for status_iterator (verbosity=0)
     app.status.seek(0)
     app.status.truncate(0)
-    yields = list(status_iterator(['hello', 'sphinx', 'world'], 'testing ... ',
-                                  length=3, verbosity=0))
+    yields = status_iterator(
+        ['hello', 'sphinx', 'world'], 'testing ... ', length=3, verbosity=0
+    )
+    assert list(yields) == ['hello', 'sphinx', 'world']
     output = strip_colors(app.status.getvalue())
     assert 'testing ... [ 33%] hello\r' in output
     assert 'testing ... [ 67%] sphinx\r' in output
     assert 'testing ... [100%] world\r\n' in output
-    assert yields == ['hello', 'sphinx', 'world']
 
 
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy')
 def test_status_iterator_verbosity_1(app, monkeypatch):
-    monkeypatch.setenv("FORCE_COLOR", "1")
+    monkeypatch.setenv('FORCE_COLOR', '1')
     logging.setup(app, app.status, app.warning)
 
     # test for status_iterator (verbosity=1)
     app.status.seek(0)
     app.status.truncate(0)
-    yields = list(status_iterator(['hello', 'sphinx', 'world'], 'testing ... ',
-                                  length=3, verbosity=1))
+    yields = status_iterator(
+        ['hello', 'sphinx', 'world'], 'testing ... ', length=3, verbosity=1
+    )
+    assert list(yields) == ['hello', 'sphinx', 'world']
     output = strip_colors(app.status.getvalue())
     assert 'testing ... [ 33%] hello\n' in output
     assert 'testing ... [ 67%] sphinx\n' in output
     assert 'testing ... [100%] world\n\n' in output
-    assert yields == ['hello', 'sphinx', 'world']
 
 
 def test_progress_message(app):
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_docstrings.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_docstrings.py
index 813e84e975e..6d416a0754e 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_docstrings.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_docstrings.py
@@ -1,47 +1,41 @@
 """Test sphinx.util.docstrings."""
 
-from sphinx.util.docstrings import prepare_commentdoc, prepare_docstring, separate_metadata
+from sphinx.util.docstrings import (
+    prepare_commentdoc,
+    prepare_docstring,
+    separate_metadata,
+)
 
 
 def test_separate_metadata():
     # metadata only
-    text = (":meta foo: bar\n"
-            ":meta baz:\n")
+    text = ':meta foo: bar\n:meta baz:\n'
     docstring, metadata = separate_metadata(text)
     assert docstring == ''
     assert metadata == {'foo': 'bar', 'baz': ''}
 
     # non metadata field list item
-    text = (":meta foo: bar\n"
-            ":param baz:\n")
+    text = ':meta foo: bar\n:param baz:\n'
     docstring, metadata = separate_metadata(text)
     assert docstring == ':param baz:\n'
     assert metadata == {'foo': 'bar'}
 
     # field_list like text following just after paragraph is not a field_list
-    text = ("blah blah blah\n"
-            ":meta foo: bar\n"
-            ":meta baz:\n")
+    text = 'blah blah blah\n:meta foo: bar\n:meta baz:\n'
     docstring, metadata = separate_metadata(text)
     assert docstring == text
     assert metadata == {}
 
     # field_list like text following after blank line is a field_list
-    text = ("blah blah blah\n"
-            "\n"
-            ":meta foo: bar\n"
-            ":meta baz:\n")
+    text = 'blah blah blah\n\n:meta foo: bar\n:meta baz:\n'
     docstring, metadata = separate_metadata(text)
-    assert docstring == "blah blah blah\n\n"
+    assert docstring == 'blah blah blah\n\n'
     assert metadata == {'foo': 'bar', 'baz': ''}
 
     # non field_list item breaks field_list
-    text = (":meta foo: bar\n"
-            "blah blah blah\n"
-            ":meta baz:\n")
+    text = ':meta foo: bar\nblah blah blah\n:meta baz:\n'
     docstring, metadata = separate_metadata(text)
-    assert docstring == ("blah blah blah\n"
-                         ":meta baz:\n")
+    assert docstring == 'blah blah blah\n:meta baz:\n'
     assert metadata == {'foo': 'bar'}
 
 
@@ -56,33 +50,33 @@ def test_prepare_docstring():
                     ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
                 """
 
-    assert (prepare_docstring(docstring) ==
-            ["multiline docstring",
-             "",
-             "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit,",
-             "sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna",
-             "aliqua::",
-             "",
-             "  Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation",
-             "    ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.",
-             ""])
+    assert prepare_docstring(docstring) == [
+        'multiline docstring',
+        '',
+        'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit,',
+        'sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna',
+        'aliqua::',
+        '',
+        '  Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation',
+        '    ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.',
+        '',
+    ]
 
     docstring = """
 
                 multiline docstring with leading empty lines
                 """
-    assert (prepare_docstring(docstring) ==
-            ["multiline docstring with leading empty lines",
-             ""])
+    assert prepare_docstring(docstring) == [
+        'multiline docstring with leading empty lines',
+        '',
+    ]
 
-    docstring = "single line docstring"
-    assert (prepare_docstring(docstring) ==
-            ["single line docstring",
-             ""])
+    docstring = 'single line docstring'
+    assert prepare_docstring(docstring) == ['single line docstring', '']
 
 
 def test_prepare_commentdoc():
-    assert prepare_commentdoc("hello world") == []
-    assert prepare_commentdoc("#: hello world") == ["hello world", ""]
-    assert prepare_commentdoc("#:  hello world") == [" hello world", ""]
-    assert prepare_commentdoc("#: hello\n#: world\n") == ["hello", "world", ""]
+    assert prepare_commentdoc('hello world') == []
+    assert prepare_commentdoc('#: hello world') == ['hello world', '']
+    assert prepare_commentdoc('#:  hello world') == [' hello world', '']
+    assert prepare_commentdoc('#: hello\n#: world\n') == ['hello', 'world', '']
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils.py
index a5423a21687..7dc4a4aa04f 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def test_SphinxFileOutput(tmpdir):
     assert os.stat(filename).st_mtime_ns == 0  # not updated
 
     # overwrite it again (content changed)
-    output.write(content + "; content change")
+    output.write(content + '; content change')
     assert os.stat(filename).st_mtime_ns != 0  # updated
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils_sphinx_directive.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils_sphinx_directive.py
index 8f5ab3f8e38..8b2016bdd44 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils_sphinx_directive.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_docutils_sphinx_directive.py
@@ -4,18 +4,27 @@
 
 from docutils import nodes
 from docutils.parsers.rst.languages import en as english  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-from docutils.parsers.rst.states import Inliner, RSTState, RSTStateMachine, state_classes
+from docutils.parsers.rst.states import (
+    Inliner,
+    RSTState,
+    RSTStateMachine,
+    state_classes,
+)
 from docutils.statemachine import StringList
 
 from sphinx.util.docutils import SphinxDirective, new_document
 
 
-def make_directive(*, env: SimpleNamespace, input_lines: StringList | None = None) -> SphinxDirective:
+def make_directive(
+    *, env: SimpleNamespace, input_lines: StringList | None = None
+) -> SphinxDirective:
     _, directive = make_directive_and_state(env=env, input_lines=input_lines)
     return directive
 
 
-def make_directive_and_state(*, env: SimpleNamespace, input_lines: StringList | None = None) -> tuple[RSTState, SphinxDirective]:
+def make_directive_and_state(
+    *, env: SimpleNamespace, input_lines: StringList | None = None
+) -> tuple[RSTState, SphinxDirective]:
     sm = RSTStateMachine(state_classes, initial_state='Body')
     sm.reporter = object()
     if input_lines is not None:
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_fileutil.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_fileutil.py
index 2ba21a41e8e..33633a8b020 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_fileutil.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_fileutil.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 """Tests sphinx.util.fileutil functions."""
 
+import re
 from unittest import mock
 
 import pytest
@@ -22,18 +23,18 @@ def test_copy_asset_file(tmp_path):
     renderer = DummyTemplateLoader()
 
     # copy normal file
-    src = (tmp_path / 'asset.txt')
+    src = tmp_path / 'asset.txt'
     src.write_text('# test data', encoding='utf8')
-    dest = (tmp_path / 'output.txt')
+    dest = tmp_path / 'output.txt'
 
     copy_asset_file(src, dest)
     assert dest.exists()
     assert src.read_text(encoding='utf8') == dest.read_text(encoding='utf8')
 
     # copy template file
-    src = (tmp_path / 'asset.txt.jinja')
+    src = tmp_path / 'asset.txt.jinja'
     src.write_text('# {{var1}} data', encoding='utf8')
-    dest = (tmp_path / 'output.txt.jinja')
+    dest = tmp_path / 'output.txt.jinja'
 
     copy_asset_file(str(src), str(dest), {'var1': 'template'}, renderer)
     assert not dest.exists()
@@ -41,9 +42,9 @@ def test_copy_asset_file(tmp_path):
     assert (tmp_path / 'output.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8') == '# template data'
 
     # copy template file to subdir
-    src = (tmp_path / 'asset.txt.jinja')
+    src = tmp_path / 'asset.txt.jinja'
     src.write_text('# {{var1}} data', encoding='utf8')
-    subdir1 = (tmp_path / 'subdir')
+    subdir1 = tmp_path / 'subdir'
     subdir1.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
     copy_asset_file(src, subdir1, context={'var1': 'template'}, renderer=renderer)
@@ -51,8 +52,8 @@ def test_copy_asset_file(tmp_path):
     assert (subdir1 / 'asset.txt').read_text(encoding='utf8') == '# template data'
 
     # copy template file without context
-    src = (tmp_path / 'asset.txt.jinja')
-    subdir2 = (tmp_path / 'subdir2')
+    src = tmp_path / 'asset.txt.jinja'
+    subdir2 = tmp_path / 'subdir2'
     subdir2.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
     copy_asset_file(src, subdir2)
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ def test_copy_asset(tmp_path):
     renderer = DummyTemplateLoader()
 
     # prepare source files
-    source = (tmp_path / 'source')
+    source = tmp_path / 'source'
     source.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     (source / 'index.rst').write_text('index.rst', encoding='utf8')
     (source / 'foo.rst.jinja').write_text('{{var1}}.rst', encoding='utf8')
@@ -73,7 +74,9 @@ def test_copy_asset(tmp_path):
     (source / '_static' / 'basic.css').write_text('basic.css', encoding='utf8')
     (source / '_templates').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     (source / '_templates' / 'layout.html').write_text('layout.html', encoding='utf8')
-    (source / '_templates' / 'sidebar.html.jinja').write_text('sidebar: {{var2}}', encoding='utf8')
+    (source / '_templates' / 'sidebar.html.jinja').write_text(
+        'sidebar: {{var2}}', encoding='utf8'
+    )
 
     # copy a single file
     assert not (tmp_path / 'test1').exists()
@@ -83,22 +86,33 @@ def test_copy_asset(tmp_path):
 
     # copy directories
     destdir = tmp_path / 'test2'
-    copy_asset(source, destdir, context={'var1': 'bar', 'var2': 'baz'}, renderer=renderer)
+    copy_asset(
+        source,
+        destdir,
+        context={'var1': 'bar', 'var2': 'baz'},
+        renderer=renderer,
+    )
     assert (destdir / 'index.rst').exists()
     assert (destdir / 'foo.rst').exists()
     assert (destdir / 'foo.rst').read_text(encoding='utf8') == 'bar.rst'
     assert (destdir / '_static' / 'basic.css').exists()
     assert (destdir / '_templates' / 'layout.html').exists()
     assert (destdir / '_templates' / 'sidebar.html').exists()
-    assert (destdir / '_templates' / 'sidebar.html').read_text(encoding='utf8') == 'sidebar: baz'
+    sidebar = (destdir / '_templates' / 'sidebar.html').read_text(encoding='utf8')
+    assert sidebar == 'sidebar: baz'
 
     # copy with exclusion
     def excluded(path):
-        return ('sidebar.html' in path or 'basic.css' in path)
+        return 'sidebar.html' in path or 'basic.css' in path
 
     destdir = tmp_path / 'test3'
-    copy_asset(source, destdir, excluded,
-               context={'var1': 'bar', 'var2': 'baz'}, renderer=renderer)
+    copy_asset(
+        source,
+        destdir,
+        excluded,
+        context={'var1': 'bar', 'var2': 'baz'},
+        renderer=renderer,
+    )
     assert (destdir / 'index.rst').exists()
     assert (destdir / 'foo.rst').exists()
     assert not (destdir / '_static' / 'basic.css').exists()
@@ -106,6 +120,15 @@ def excluded(path):
     assert not (destdir / '_templates' / 'sidebar.html').exists()
 
 
+@pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='html_assets')
+def test_copy_asset_template(app):
+    app.build(force_all=True)
+
+    expected_msg = r'^Writing evaluated template result to [^\n]*\bAPI.html$'
+    output = strip_colors(app.status.getvalue())
+    assert re.findall(expected_msg, output, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.sphinx('html', testroot='util-copyasset_overwrite')
 def test_copy_asset_overwrite(app):
     app.build()
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_i18n.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_i18n.py
index 01d343d5f14..8823ee86503 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_i18n.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_i18n.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def test_catalog_outdated(tmp_path):
     cat = i18n.CatalogInfo(tmp_path, 'test', 'utf-8')
     assert cat.is_outdated()  # if mo is not exist
 
-    mo_file = (tmp_path / 'test.mo')
+    mo_file = tmp_path / 'test.mo'
     mo_file.write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
     assert not cat.is_outdated()  # if mo is exist and newer than po
 
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ def test_format_date():
     # strftime format
     format = '%B %d, %Y'
     assert i18n.format_date(format, date=date, language='') == 'February 07, 2016'
-    assert i18n.format_date(format, date=date, language='unknown') == 'February 07, 2016'
+    formatted_unknown = i18n.format_date(format, date=date, language='unknown')
+    assert formatted_unknown == 'February 07, 2016'
     assert i18n.format_date(format, date=date, language='en') == 'February 07, 2016'
     assert i18n.format_date(format, date=date, language='ja') == '2月 07, 2016'
     assert i18n.format_date(format, date=date, language='de') == 'Februar 07, 2016'
@@ -69,17 +70,20 @@ def test_format_date():
 
     format = '%B %d, %Y, %H:%M:%S %I %p'
     datet = datetime.datetime(2016, 2, 7, 5, 11, 17, 0)  # NoQA: DTZ001
-    assert i18n.format_date(format, date=datet, language='en') == 'February 07, 2016, 05:11:17 05 AM'
+    formatted = i18n.format_date(format, date=datet, language='en')
+    assert formatted == 'February 07, 2016, 05:11:17 05 AM'
 
     format = '%B %-d, %Y, %-H:%-M:%-S %-I %p'
-    assert i18n.format_date(format, date=datet, language='en') == 'February 7, 2016, 5:11:17 5 AM'
+    formatted = i18n.format_date(format, date=datet, language='en')
+    assert formatted == 'February 7, 2016, 5:11:17 5 AM'
     format = '%x'
     assert i18n.format_date(format, date=datet, language='en') == 'Feb 7, 2016'
     format = '%X'
     assert i18n.format_date(format, date=datet, language='en') == '5:11:17\u202fAM'
     assert i18n.format_date(format, date=date, language='en') == 'Feb 7, 2016'
     format = '%c'
-    assert i18n.format_date(format, date=datet, language='en') == 'Feb 7, 2016, 5:11:17\u202fAM'
+    formatted = i18n.format_date(format, date=datet, language='en')
+    assert formatted == 'Feb 7, 2016, 5:11:17\u202fAM'
     assert i18n.format_date(format, date=date, language='en') == 'Feb 7, 2016'
 
     # timezone
@@ -90,81 +94,80 @@ def test_format_date():
 
 
 def test_get_filename_for_language(app):
+    get_filename = i18n.get_image_filename_for_language
     app.env.temp_data['docname'] = 'index'
 
     # language is en
     app.env.config.language = 'en'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo.png', app.env) == 'foo.en.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo.bar.png', app.env) == 'foo.bar.en.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('dir/foo.png', app.env) == 'dir/foo.en.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('../foo.png', app.env) == '../foo.en.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo', app.env) == 'foo.en'
+    assert get_filename('foo.png', app.env) == 'foo.en.png'
+    assert get_filename('foo.bar.png', app.env) == 'foo.bar.en.png'
+    assert get_filename('dir/foo.png', app.env) == 'dir/foo.en.png'
+    assert get_filename('../foo.png', app.env) == '../foo.en.png'
+    assert get_filename('foo', app.env) == 'foo.en'
 
     # modify figure_language_filename and language is 'en'
     app.env.config.language = 'en'
     app.env.config.figure_language_filename = 'images/{language}/{root}{ext}'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo.png', app.env) == 'images/en/foo.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language(
-        'foo.bar.png', app.env) == 'images/en/foo.bar.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language(
-        'subdir/foo.png', app.env) == 'images/en/subdir/foo.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language(
-        '../foo.png', app.env) == 'images/en/../foo.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo', app.env) == 'images/en/foo'
+    assert get_filename('foo.png', app.env) == 'images/en/foo.png'
+    assert get_filename('foo.bar.png', app.env) == 'images/en/foo.bar.png'
+    assert get_filename('subdir/foo.png', app.env) == 'images/en/subdir/foo.png'
+    assert get_filename('../foo.png', app.env) == 'images/en/../foo.png'
+    assert get_filename('foo', app.env) == 'images/en/foo'
 
     # new path and basename tokens
     app.env.config.language = 'en'
     app.env.config.figure_language_filename = '{path}{language}/{basename}{ext}'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo.png', app.env) == 'en/foo.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language(
-        'foo.bar.png', app.env) == 'en/foo.bar.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language(
-        'subdir/foo.png', app.env) == 'subdir/en/foo.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language(
-        '../foo.png', app.env) == '../en/foo.png'
-    assert i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo', app.env) == 'en/foo'
+    assert get_filename('foo.png', app.env) == 'en/foo.png'
+    assert get_filename('foo.bar.png', app.env) == 'en/foo.bar.png'
+    assert get_filename('subdir/foo.png', app.env) == 'subdir/en/foo.png'
+    assert get_filename('../foo.png', app.env) == '../en/foo.png'
+    assert get_filename('foo', app.env) == 'en/foo'
 
     # invalid figure_language_filename
     app.env.config.figure_language_filename = '{root}.{invalid}{ext}'
     with pytest.raises(SphinxError):
-        i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo.png', app.env)
+        get_filename('foo.png', app.env)
 
     # docpath (for a document in the top of source directory)
     app.env.config.language = 'en'
     app.env.config.figure_language_filename = '/{docpath}{language}/{basename}{ext}'
-    assert (i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo.png', app.env) ==
-            '/en/foo.png')
+    assert get_filename('foo.png', app.env) == '/en/foo.png'
 
     # docpath (for a document in the sub directory)
     app.env.temp_data['docname'] = 'subdir/index'
-    assert (i18n.get_image_filename_for_language('foo.png', app.env) ==
-            '/subdir/en/foo.png')
+    assert get_filename('foo.png', app.env) == '/subdir/en/foo.png'
 
 
 def test_CatalogRepository(tmp_path):
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test1.po').write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test2.po').write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'sub').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'sub' / 'test3.po').write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'sub' / 'test4.po').write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / '.dotdir').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / '.dotdir' / 'test5.po').write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'yy' / 'LC_MESSAGES').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'yy' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test6.po').write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
-    (tmp_path / 'loc2' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (tmp_path / 'loc2' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test1.po').write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
-    (tmp_path / 'loc2' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test7.po').write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / '.dotdir2').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / '.dotdir2' / 'test8.po').write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
+    for po_file in (
+        (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test1.po'),
+        (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test2.po'),
+        (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'sub' / 'test3.po'),
+        (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'sub' / 'test4.po'),
+        (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / '.dotdir' / 'test5.po'),
+        (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'yy' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test6.po'),
+        (tmp_path / 'loc2' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test1.po'),
+        (tmp_path / 'loc2' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / 'test7.po'),
+        (tmp_path / 'loc1' / 'xx' / 'LC_MESSAGES' / '.dotdir2' / 'test8.po'),
+    ):
+        po_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        po_file.write_text('#', encoding='utf8')
 
     # for language xx
     repo = i18n.CatalogRepository(tmp_path, ['loc1', 'loc2'], 'xx', 'utf-8')
-    assert list(repo.locale_dirs) == [str(tmp_path / 'loc1'),
-                                      str(tmp_path / 'loc2')]
+    assert list(repo.locale_dirs) == [
+        str(tmp_path / 'loc1'),
+        str(tmp_path / 'loc2'),
+    ]
     assert all(isinstance(c, i18n.CatalogInfo) for c in repo.catalogs)
-    assert sorted(c.domain for c in repo.catalogs) == ['sub/test3', 'sub/test4',
-                                                       'test1', 'test1', 'test2', 'test7']
+    assert sorted(c.domain for c in repo.catalogs) == [
+        'sub/test3',
+        'sub/test4',
+        'test1',
+        'test1',
+        'test2',
+        'test7',
+    ]
 
     # for language yy
     repo = i18n.CatalogRepository(tmp_path, ['loc1', 'loc2'], 'yy', 'utf-8')
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_images.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_images.py
index 15853c77934..afc8587fa30 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_images.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_images.py
@@ -46,29 +46,40 @@ def test_get_image_extension():
 
 def test_parse_data_uri():
     # standard case
-    uri = ("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElEQVQI12P4"
-           "//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==")
+    uri = (
+        'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElEQVQI12P4'
+        '//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='
+    )
     image = parse_data_uri(uri)
     assert image is not None
     assert image.mimetype == 'image/png'
     assert image.charset == 'US-ASCII'
 
     # no mimetype
-    uri = ("data:charset=utf-8,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElE"
-           "QVQI12P4//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==")
+    uri = (
+        'data:charset=utf-8,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElE'
+        'QVQI12P4//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='
+    )
     image = parse_data_uri(uri)
     assert image is not None
     assert image.mimetype == 'text/plain'
     assert image.charset == 'utf-8'
 
     # non data URI
-    uri = ("image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElEQVQI12P4"
-           "//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==")
+    uri = (
+        'image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElEQVQI12P4'
+        '//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='
+    )
     image = parse_data_uri(uri)
     assert image is None
 
     # invalid data URI (no properties)
-    uri = ("data:iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElEQVQI12P4"
-           "//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==")
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r'not enough values to unpack \(expected 2, got 1\)'):
+    uri = (
+        'data:iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElEQVQI12P4'
+        '//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ValueError,
+        match=r'not enough values to unpack \(expected 2, got 1\)',
+    ):
         parse_data_uri(uri)
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_importer.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_importer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..57fd6e46fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_importer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""Test sphinx.util._importer."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from sphinx.errors import ExtensionError
+from sphinx.util._importer import import_object
+
+
+def test_import_object():
+    module = import_object('sphinx')
+    assert module.__name__ == 'sphinx'
+
+    module = import_object('sphinx.application')
+    assert module.__name__ == 'sphinx.application'
+
+    obj = import_object('sphinx.application.Sphinx')
+    assert obj.__name__ == 'Sphinx'
+
+    with pytest.raises(ExtensionError) as exc:
+        import_object('sphinx.unknown_module')
+    assert exc.value.args[0] == 'Could not import sphinx.unknown_module'
+
+    with pytest.raises(ExtensionError) as exc:
+        import_object('sphinx.unknown_module', 'my extension')
+    expected = 'Could not import sphinx.unknown_module (needed for my extension)'
+    assert exc.value.args[0] == expected
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_inspect.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_inspect.py
index 9ddab510b99..33226371fb7 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_inspect.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_inspect.py
@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@
 import pytest
 
 from sphinx.util import inspect
-from sphinx.util.inspect import TypeAliasForwardRef, TypeAliasNamespace, stringify_signature
+from sphinx.util.inspect import (
+    TypeAliasForwardRef,
+    TypeAliasNamespace,
+    stringify_signature,
+)
 from sphinx.util.typing import stringify_annotation
 
 
@@ -84,22 +88,28 @@ def _decorator(f):
     @functools.wraps(f)
     def wrapper():
         return f()
+
     return wrapper
 
 
 def test_TypeAliasForwardRef():
     alias = TypeAliasForwardRef('example')
-    assert stringify_annotation(alias, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'example'
+    sig_str = stringify_annotation(alias, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert sig_str == 'example'
 
     alias = Optional[alias]  # NoQA: UP007
-    assert stringify_annotation(alias, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'example | None'
+    sig_str = stringify_annotation(alias, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert sig_str == 'example | None'
 
 
 def test_TypeAliasNamespace():
     import logging.config
-    type_alias = TypeAliasNamespace({'logging.Filter': 'MyFilter',
-                                     'logging.Handler': 'MyHandler',
-                                     'logging.handlers.SyslogHandler': 'MySyslogHandler'})
+
+    type_alias = TypeAliasNamespace({
+        'logging.Filter': 'MyFilter',
+        'logging.Handler': 'MyHandler',
+        'logging.handlers.SyslogHandler': 'MySyslogHandler',
+    })
 
     assert type_alias['logging'].Filter == 'MyFilter'
     assert type_alias['logging'].Handler == 'MyHandler'
@@ -144,6 +154,7 @@ def func(a, b, c=1, d=2, *e, **f):
 def test_signature_partial():
     def fun(a, b, c=1, d=2):
         pass
+
     p = functools.partial(fun, 10, c=11)
 
     sig = inspect.signature(p)
@@ -235,10 +246,12 @@ def test_signature_annotations():
 
     # TypeVars and generic types with TypeVars
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f2)
-    assert stringify_signature(sig) == ('(x: typing.List[tests.test_util.typing_test_data.T],'
-                                        ' y: typing.List[tests.test_util.typing_test_data.T_co],'
-                                        ' z: tests.test_util.typing_test_data.T'
-                                        ') -> typing.List[tests.test_util.typing_test_data.T_contra]')
+    assert stringify_signature(sig) == (
+        '(x: typing.List[tests.test_util.typing_test_data.T],'
+        ' y: typing.List[tests.test_util.typing_test_data.T_co],'
+        ' z: tests.test_util.typing_test_data.T'
+        ') -> typing.List[tests.test_util.typing_test_data.T_contra]'
+    )
 
     # Union types
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f3)
@@ -258,10 +271,11 @@ def test_signature_annotations():
 
     # Space around '=' for defaults
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f7)
+    sig_str = stringify_signature(sig)
     if sys.version_info[:2] <= (3, 10):
-        assert stringify_signature(sig) == '(x: int | None = None, y: dict = {}) -> None'
+        assert sig_str == '(x: int | None = None, y: dict = {}) -> None'
     else:
-        assert stringify_signature(sig) == '(x: int = None, y: dict = {}) -> None'
+        assert sig_str == '(x: int = None, y: dict = {}) -> None'
 
     # Callable types
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f8)
@@ -272,7 +286,8 @@ def test_signature_annotations():
 
     # Tuple types
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f10)
-    assert stringify_signature(sig) == '(x: typing.Tuple[int, str], y: typing.Tuple[int, ...]) -> None'
+    sig_str = stringify_signature(sig)
+    assert sig_str == '(x: typing.Tuple[int, str], y: typing.Tuple[int, ...]) -> None'
 
     # Instance annotations
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f11)
@@ -288,8 +303,10 @@ def test_signature_annotations():
 
     # optional union
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f20)
-    assert stringify_signature(sig) in ('() -> int | str | None',
-                                        '() -> str | int | None')
+    assert stringify_signature(sig) in (
+        '() -> int | str | None',
+        '() -> str | int | None',
+    )
 
     # Any
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f14)
@@ -308,8 +325,9 @@ def test_signature_annotations():
     assert stringify_signature(sig) == '(*, arg3, arg4)'
 
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f18)
-    assert stringify_signature(sig) == ('(self, arg1: int | typing.Tuple = 10) -> '
-                                        'typing.List[typing.Dict]')
+    assert stringify_signature(sig) == (
+        '(self, arg1: int | typing.Tuple = 10) -> typing.List[typing.Dict]'
+    )
 
     # annotations for variadic and keyword parameters
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f19)
@@ -321,10 +339,14 @@ def test_signature_annotations():
 
     # type hints by string
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.Node.children)
-    assert stringify_signature(sig) == '(self) -> typing.List[tests.test_util.typing_test_data.Node]'
+    sig_str = stringify_signature(sig)
+    assert sig_str == '(self) -> typing.List[tests.test_util.typing_test_data.Node]'
 
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.Node.__init__)
-    assert stringify_signature(sig) == '(self, parent: tests.test_util.typing_test_data.Node | None) -> None'
+    sig_str = stringify_signature(sig)
+    assert sig_str == (
+        '(self, parent: tests.test_util.typing_test_data.Node | None) -> None'
+    )
 
     # show_annotation is False
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f7)
@@ -332,17 +354,19 @@ def test_signature_annotations():
 
     # show_return_annotation is False
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f7)
+    sig_str = stringify_signature(sig, show_return_annotation=False)
     if sys.version_info[:2] <= (3, 10):
-        assert stringify_signature(sig, show_return_annotation=False) == '(x: int | None = None, y: dict = {})'
+        assert sig_str == '(x: int | None = None, y: dict = {})'
     else:
-        assert stringify_signature(sig, show_return_annotation=False) == '(x: int = None, y: dict = {})'
+        assert sig_str == '(x: int = None, y: dict = {})'
 
     # unqualified_typehints is True
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f7)
+    sig_str = stringify_signature(sig, unqualified_typehints=True)
     if sys.version_info[:2] <= (3, 10):
-        assert stringify_signature(sig, unqualified_typehints=True) == '(x: int | None = None, y: dict = {}) -> None'
+        assert sig_str == '(x: int | None = None, y: dict = {}) -> None'
     else:
-        assert stringify_signature(sig, unqualified_typehints=True) == '(x: int = None, y: dict = {}) -> None'
+        assert sig_str == '(x: int = None, y: dict = {}) -> None'
 
     # case: separator at head
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f22)
@@ -361,7 +385,10 @@ def test_signature_annotations():
 
     # collapse Literal types
     sig = inspect.signature(mod.f26)
-    assert stringify_signature(sig) == "(x: typing.Literal[1, 2, 3] = 1, y: typing.Literal['a', 'b'] = 'a') -> None"
+    sig_str = stringify_signature(sig)
+    assert sig_str == (
+        "(x: typing.Literal[1, 2, 3] = 1, y: typing.Literal['a', 'b'] = 'a') -> None"
+    )
 
 
 def test_signature_from_str_basic():
@@ -396,9 +423,11 @@ def test_signature_from_str_basic():
 
 
 def test_signature_from_str_default_values():
-    signature = ('(a=0, b=0.0, c="str", d=b"bytes", e=..., f=True, '
-                 'g=[1, 2, 3], h={"a": 1}, i={1, 2, 3}, '
-                 'j=lambda x, y: None, k=None, l=object(), m=foo.bar.CONSTANT)')
+    signature = (
+        '(a=0, b=0.0, c="str", d=b"bytes", e=..., f=True, '
+        'g=[1, 2, 3], h={"a": 1}, i={1, 2, 3}, '
+        'j=lambda x, y: None, k=None, l=object(), m=foo.bar.CONSTANT)'
+    )
     sig = inspect.signature_from_str(signature)
     assert sig.parameters['a'].default == '0'
     assert sig.parameters['b'].default == '0.0'
@@ -419,10 +448,10 @@ def test_signature_from_str_annotations():
     signature = '(a: int, *args: bytes, b: str = "blah", **kwargs: float) -> None'
     sig = inspect.signature_from_str(signature)
     assert list(sig.parameters.keys()) == ['a', 'args', 'b', 'kwargs']
-    assert sig.parameters['a'].annotation == "int"
-    assert sig.parameters['args'].annotation == "bytes"
-    assert sig.parameters['b'].annotation == "str"
-    assert sig.parameters['kwargs'].annotation == "float"
+    assert sig.parameters['a'].annotation == 'int'
+    assert sig.parameters['args'].annotation == 'bytes'
+    assert sig.parameters['b'].annotation == 'str'
+    assert sig.parameters['kwargs'].annotation == 'float'
     assert sig.return_annotation == 'None'
 
 
@@ -539,13 +568,13 @@ def __dict__(self):
 
 
 def test_dictionary_sorting():
-    dictionary = {"c": 3, "a": 1, "d": 2, "b": 4}
+    dictionary = {'c': 3, 'a': 1, 'd': 2, 'b': 4}
     description = inspect.object_description(dictionary)
     assert description == "{'a': 1, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2}"
 
 
 def test_set_sorting():
-    set_ = set("gfedcba")
+    set_ = set('gfedcba')
     description = inspect.object_description(set_)
     assert description == "{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'}"
 
@@ -558,28 +587,28 @@ class MyEnum(enum.Enum):
 
     set_ = set(MyEnum)
     description = inspect.object_description(set_)
-    assert description == "{MyEnum.a, MyEnum.b, MyEnum.c}"
+    assert description == '{MyEnum.a, MyEnum.b, MyEnum.c}'
 
 
 def test_set_sorting_fallback():
     set_ = {None, 1}
     description = inspect.object_description(set_)
-    assert description == "{1, None}"
+    assert description == '{1, None}'
 
 
 def test_deterministic_nested_collection_descriptions():
     # sortable
-    assert inspect.object_description([{1, 2, 3, 10}]) == "[{1, 2, 3, 10}]"
-    assert inspect.object_description(({1, 2, 3, 10},)) == "({1, 2, 3, 10},)"
+    assert inspect.object_description([{1, 2, 3, 10}]) == '[{1, 2, 3, 10}]'
+    assert inspect.object_description(({1, 2, 3, 10},)) == '({1, 2, 3, 10},)'
     # non-sortable (elements of varying datatype)
-    assert inspect.object_description([{None, 1}]) == "[{1, None}]"
-    assert inspect.object_description(({None, 1},)) == "({1, None},)"
+    assert inspect.object_description([{None, 1}]) == '[{1, None}]'
+    assert inspect.object_description(({None, 1},)) == '({1, None},)'
     assert inspect.object_description([{None, 1, 'A'}]) == "[{'A', 1, None}]"
     assert inspect.object_description(({None, 1, 'A'},)) == "({'A', 1, None},)"
 
 
 def test_frozenset_sorting():
-    frozenset_ = frozenset("gfedcba")
+    frozenset_ = frozenset('gfedcba')
     description = inspect.object_description(frozenset_)
     assert description == "frozenset({'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'})"
 
@@ -587,22 +616,22 @@ def test_frozenset_sorting():
 def test_frozenset_sorting_fallback():
     frozenset_ = frozenset((None, 1))
     description = inspect.object_description(frozenset_)
-    assert description == "frozenset({1, None})"
+    assert description == 'frozenset({1, None})'
 
 
 def test_nested_tuple_sorting():
-    tuple_ = ({"c", "b", "a"},)  # nb. trailing comma
+    tuple_ = ({'c', 'b', 'a'},)  # nb. trailing comma
     description = inspect.object_description(tuple_)
     assert description == "({'a', 'b', 'c'},)"
 
-    tuple_ = ({"c", "b", "a"}, {"f", "e", "d"})
+    tuple_ = ({'c', 'b', 'a'}, {'f', 'e', 'd'})
     description = inspect.object_description(tuple_)
     assert description == "({'a', 'b', 'c'}, {'d', 'e', 'f'})"
 
 
 def test_recursive_collection_description():
-    dict_a_, dict_b_ = {"a": 1}, {"b": 2}
-    dict_a_["link"], dict_b_["link"] = dict_b_, dict_a_
+    dict_a_, dict_b_ = {'a': 1}, {'b': 2}
+    dict_a_['link'], dict_b_['link'] = dict_b_, dict_a_
     description_a, description_b = (
         inspect.object_description(dict_a_),
         inspect.object_description(dict_b_),
@@ -618,8 +647,8 @@ def test_recursive_collection_description():
         inspect.object_description(list_d_),
     )
 
-    assert description_c == "[1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6, 7, 8, list(...)]]"
-    assert description_d == "[5, 6, 7, 8, [1, 2, 3, 4, list(...)]]"
+    assert description_c == '[1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6, 7, 8, list(...)]]'
+    assert description_d == '[5, 6, 7, 8, [1, 2, 3, 4, list(...)]]'
 
 
 def test_dict_customtype():
@@ -628,12 +657,12 @@ def __init__(self, value):
             self._value = value
 
         def __repr__(self):
-            return "<CustomType(%r)>" % self._value
+            return '<CustomType(%r)>' % self._value
 
     dictionary = {CustomType(2): 2, CustomType(1): 1}
     description = inspect.object_description(dictionary)
     # Type is unsortable, just check that it does not crash
-    assert "<CustomType(2)>: 2" in description
+    assert '<CustomType(2)>: 2' in description
 
 
 def test_object_description_enum():
@@ -641,7 +670,7 @@ class MyEnum(enum.Enum):
         FOO = 1
         BAR = 2
 
-    assert inspect.object_description(MyEnum.FOO) == "MyEnum.FOO"
+    assert inspect.object_description(MyEnum.FOO) == 'MyEnum.FOO'
 
 
 def test_object_description_enum_custom_repr():
@@ -652,7 +681,7 @@ class MyEnum(enum.Enum):
         def __repr__(self):
             return self.name
 
-    assert inspect.object_description(MyEnum.FOO) == "FOO"
+    assert inspect.object_description(MyEnum.FOO) == 'FOO'
 
 
 def test_getslots():
@@ -678,98 +707,115 @@ class Qux:
 
 
 def test_isclassmethod():
-    assert inspect.isclassmethod(Base.classmeth) is True
-    assert inspect.isclassmethod(Base.meth) is False
-    assert inspect.isclassmethod(Inherited.classmeth) is True
-    assert inspect.isclassmethod(Inherited.meth) is False
+    assert inspect.isclassmethod(Base.classmeth)
+    assert not inspect.isclassmethod(Base.meth)
+    assert inspect.isclassmethod(Inherited.classmeth)
+    assert not inspect.isclassmethod(Inherited.meth)
 
 
 def test_isstaticmethod():
-    assert inspect.isstaticmethod(Base.staticmeth, Base, 'staticmeth') is True
-    assert inspect.isstaticmethod(Base.meth, Base, 'meth') is False
-    assert inspect.isstaticmethod(Inherited.staticmeth, Inherited, 'staticmeth') is True
-    assert inspect.isstaticmethod(Inherited.meth, Inherited, 'meth') is False
+    assert inspect.isstaticmethod(Base.staticmeth, Base, 'staticmeth')
+    assert not inspect.isstaticmethod(Base.meth, Base, 'meth')
+    assert inspect.isstaticmethod(Inherited.staticmeth, Inherited, 'staticmeth')
+    assert not inspect.isstaticmethod(Inherited.meth, Inherited, 'meth')
 
 
 def test_iscoroutinefunction():
-    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func) is False                   # function
-    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(coroutinefunc) is True           # coroutine
-    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(partial_coroutinefunc) is True   # partial-ed coroutine
-    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(Base.meth) is False              # method
-    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(Base.coroutinemeth) is True      # coroutine-method
-    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(Base.__dict__["coroutineclassmeth"]) is True      # coroutine classmethod
+    # function
+    assert not inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func)
+    # coroutine
+    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(coroutinefunc)
+    # partial-ed coroutine
+    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(partial_coroutinefunc)
+    # method
+    assert not inspect.iscoroutinefunction(Base.meth)
+    # coroutine-method
+    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(Base.coroutinemeth)
+    # coroutine classmethod
+    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(Base.__dict__['coroutineclassmeth'])
 
     # partial-ed coroutine-method
     partial_coroutinemeth = Base.__dict__['partial_coroutinemeth']
-    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(partial_coroutinemeth) is True
+    assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(partial_coroutinemeth)
 
 
 def test_iscoroutinefunction_wrapped():
     # function wrapping a callable obj
-    assert inspect.isfunction(_decorator(coroutinefunc)) is True
+    assert inspect.isfunction(_decorator(coroutinefunc))
 
 
 def test_isfunction():
-    assert inspect.isfunction(func) is True                     # function
-    assert inspect.isfunction(partial_func) is True             # partial-ed function
-    assert inspect.isfunction(Base.meth) is True                # method of class
-    assert inspect.isfunction(Base.partialmeth) is True         # partial-ed method of class
-    assert inspect.isfunction(Base().meth) is False             # method of instance
-    assert inspect.isfunction(builtin_func) is False            # builtin function
-    assert inspect.isfunction(partial_builtin_func) is False    # partial-ed builtin function
+    # fmt: off
+    assert inspect.isfunction(func)                      # function
+    assert inspect.isfunction(partial_func)              # partial-ed function
+    assert inspect.isfunction(Base.meth)                 # method of class
+    assert inspect.isfunction(Base.partialmeth)          # partial-ed method of class
+    assert not inspect.isfunction(Base().meth)           # method of instance
+    assert not inspect.isfunction(builtin_func)          # builtin function
+    assert not inspect.isfunction(partial_builtin_func)  # partial-ed builtin function
+    # fmt: on
 
 
 def test_isfunction_wrapped():
     # function wrapping a callable obj
-    assert inspect.isfunction(_decorator(_Callable())) is True
+    assert inspect.isfunction(_decorator(_Callable()))
 
 
 def test_isbuiltin():
-    assert inspect.isbuiltin(builtin_func) is True          # builtin function
-    assert inspect.isbuiltin(partial_builtin_func) is True  # partial-ed builtin function
-    assert inspect.isbuiltin(func) is False                 # function
-    assert inspect.isbuiltin(partial_func) is False         # partial-ed function
-    assert inspect.isbuiltin(Base.meth) is False            # method of class
-    assert inspect.isbuiltin(Base().meth) is False          # method of instance
+    # fmt: off
+    assert inspect.isbuiltin(builtin_func)          # builtin function
+    assert inspect.isbuiltin(partial_builtin_func)  # partial-ed builtin function
+    assert not inspect.isbuiltin(func)              # function
+    assert not inspect.isbuiltin(partial_func)      # partial-ed function
+    assert not inspect.isbuiltin(Base.meth)         # method of class
+    assert not inspect.isbuiltin(Base().meth)       # method of instance
+    # fmt: on
 
 
 def test_isdescriptor():
-    assert inspect.isdescriptor(Base.prop) is True      # property of class
-    assert inspect.isdescriptor(Base().prop) is False   # property of instance
-    assert inspect.isdescriptor(Base.meth) is True      # method of class
-    assert inspect.isdescriptor(Base().meth) is True    # method of instance
-    assert inspect.isdescriptor(func) is True           # function
+    # fmt: off
+    assert inspect.isdescriptor(Base.prop)        # property of class
+    assert not inspect.isdescriptor(Base().prop)  # property of instance
+    assert inspect.isdescriptor(Base.meth)        # method of class
+    assert inspect.isdescriptor(Base().meth)      # method of instance
+    assert inspect.isdescriptor(func)             # function
+    # fmt: on
 
 
 def test_isattributedescriptor():
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(Base.prop) is True                    # property
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(Base.meth) is False                   # method
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(Base.staticmeth) is False             # staticmethod
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(Base.classmeth) is False              # classmetho
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(Descriptor) is False                  # custom descriptor class
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(str.join) is False                    # MethodDescriptorType
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(object.__init__) is False             # WrapperDescriptorType
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(dict.__dict__['fromkeys']) is False   # ClassMethodDescriptorType
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(types.FrameType.f_locals) is True     # GetSetDescriptorType
-    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(datetime.timedelta.days) is True      # MemberDescriptorType
+    # fmt: off
+    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(Base.prop)                      # property
+    assert not inspect.isattributedescriptor(Base.meth)                  # method
+    assert not inspect.isattributedescriptor(Base.staticmeth)            # staticmethod
+    assert not inspect.isattributedescriptor(Base.classmeth)             # classmetho
+    assert not inspect.isattributedescriptor(Descriptor)                 # custom descriptor class
+    assert not inspect.isattributedescriptor(str.join)                   # MethodDescriptorType
+    assert not inspect.isattributedescriptor(object.__init__)            # WrapperDescriptorType
+    assert not inspect.isattributedescriptor(dict.__dict__['fromkeys'])  # ClassMethodDescriptorType
+    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(types.FrameType.f_locals)       # GetSetDescriptorType
+    assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(datetime.timedelta.days)        # MemberDescriptorType
+    # fmt: on
 
     try:
         # _testcapi module cannot be importable in some distro
         # refs: https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues/9868
         import _testcapi
 
+        # instancemethod (C-API)
         testinstancemethod = _testcapi.instancemethod(str.__repr__)
-        assert inspect.isattributedescriptor(testinstancemethod) is False      # instancemethod (C-API)
+        assert not inspect.isattributedescriptor(testinstancemethod)
     except ImportError:
         pass
 
 
 def test_isproperty():
-    assert inspect.isproperty(Base.prop) is True        # property of class
-    assert inspect.isproperty(Base().prop) is False     # property of instance
-    assert inspect.isproperty(Base.meth) is False       # method of class
-    assert inspect.isproperty(Base().meth) is False     # method of instance
-    assert inspect.isproperty(func) is False            # function
+    # fmt: off
+    assert inspect.isproperty(Base.prop)        # property of class
+    assert not inspect.isproperty(Base().prop)  # property of instance
+    assert not inspect.isproperty(Base.meth)    # method of class
+    assert not inspect.isproperty(Base().meth)  # method of instance
+    assert not inspect.isproperty(func)         # function
+    # fmt: on
 
 
 def test_isgenericalias():
@@ -779,15 +825,15 @@ def test_isgenericalias():
 
     C = Callable[[int], None]  # a generic alias not having a doccomment
 
-    assert inspect.isgenericalias(C) is True
-    assert inspect.isgenericalias(Callable) is True
-    assert inspect.isgenericalias(T) is True
-    assert inspect.isgenericalias(List) is True  # NoQA: UP006
-    assert inspect.isgenericalias(S) is True
-    assert inspect.isgenericalias(list) is False
-    assert inspect.isgenericalias([]) is False
-    assert inspect.isgenericalias(object()) is False
-    assert inspect.isgenericalias(Base) is False
+    assert inspect.isgenericalias(C)
+    assert inspect.isgenericalias(Callable)
+    assert inspect.isgenericalias(T)
+    assert inspect.isgenericalias(List)  # NoQA: UP006
+    assert inspect.isgenericalias(S)
+    assert not inspect.isgenericalias(list)
+    assert not inspect.isgenericalias([])
+    assert not inspect.isgenericalias(object())
+    assert not inspect.isgenericalias(Base)
 
 
 def test_unpartial():
@@ -795,7 +841,7 @@ def func1(a, b, c):
         pass
 
     func2 = functools.partial(func1, 1)
-    func2.__doc__ = "func2"
+    func2.__doc__ = 'func2'
     func3 = functools.partial(func2, 2)  # nested partial object
 
     assert inspect.unpartial(func2) is func1
@@ -817,8 +863,8 @@ def meth(self):
             # inherited classmethod
             pass
 
-    assert inspect.getdoc(Bar.meth, getattr, False, Bar, "meth") is None
-    assert inspect.getdoc(Bar.meth, getattr, True, Bar, "meth") == Foo.meth.__doc__
+    assert inspect.getdoc(Bar.meth, getattr, False, Bar, 'meth') is None
+    assert inspect.getdoc(Bar.meth, getattr, True, Bar, 'meth') == Foo.meth.__doc__
 
 
 def test_getdoc_inherited_decorated_method():
@@ -835,8 +881,8 @@ def meth(self):
             # inherited and decorated method
             pass
 
-    assert inspect.getdoc(Bar.meth, getattr, False, Bar, "meth") is None
-    assert inspect.getdoc(Bar.meth, getattr, True, Bar, "meth") == Foo.meth.__doc__
+    assert inspect.getdoc(Bar.meth, getattr, False, Bar, 'meth') is None
+    assert inspect.getdoc(Bar.meth, getattr, True, Bar, 'meth') == Foo.meth.__doc__
 
 
 def test_is_builtin_class_method():
@@ -854,4 +900,6 @@ class ObjectWithMroAttr:
         def __init__(self, mro_attr):
             self.__mro__ = mro_attr
 
-    assert not inspect.is_builtin_class_method(ObjectWithMroAttr([1, 2, 3]), 'still does not crash')
+    assert not inspect.is_builtin_class_method(
+        ObjectWithMroAttr([1, 2, 3]), 'still does not crash'
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_inventory.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_inventory.py
index b3518b7b9a3..62dabc4f937 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_inventory.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_inventory.py
@@ -25,10 +25,18 @@
 def test_read_inventory_v1():
     f = BytesIO(INVENTORY_V1)
     invdata = InventoryFile.load(f, '/util', posixpath.join)
-    assert invdata['py:module']['module'] == \
-        ('foo', '1.0', '/util/foo.html#module-module', '-')
-    assert invdata['py:class']['module.cls'] == \
-        ('foo', '1.0', '/util/foo.html#module.cls', '-')
+    assert invdata['py:module']['module'] == (
+        'foo',
+        '1.0',
+        '/util/foo.html#module-module',
+        '-',
+    )
+    assert invdata['py:class']['module.cls'] == (
+        'foo',
+        '1.0',
+        '/util/foo.html#module.cls',
+        '-',
+    )
 
 
 def test_read_inventory_v2():
@@ -36,24 +44,37 @@ def test_read_inventory_v2():
     invdata = InventoryFile.load(f, '/util', posixpath.join)
 
     assert len(invdata['py:module']) == 2
-    assert invdata['py:module']['module1'] == \
-        ('foo', '2.0', '/util/foo.html#module-module1', 'Long Module desc')
-    assert invdata['py:module']['module2'] == \
-        ('foo', '2.0', '/util/foo.html#module-module2', '-')
-    assert invdata['py:function']['module1.func'][2] == \
+    assert invdata['py:module']['module1'] == (
+        'foo',
+        '2.0',
+        '/util/foo.html#module-module1',
+        'Long Module desc',
+    )
+    assert invdata['py:module']['module2'] == (
+        'foo',
+        '2.0',
+        '/util/foo.html#module-module2',
+        '-',
+    )
+    assert invdata['py:function']['module1.func'][2] == (
         '/util/sub/foo.html#module1.func'
+    )
     assert invdata['c:function']['CFunc'][2] == '/util/cfunc.html#CFunc'
-    assert invdata['std:term']['a term'][2] == \
-        '/util/glossary.html#term-a-term'
-    assert invdata['std:term']['a term including:colon'][2] == \
+    assert invdata['std:term']['a term'][2] == '/util/glossary.html#term-a-term'
+    assert invdata['std:term']['a term including:colon'][2] == (
         '/util/glossary.html#term-a-term-including-colon'
+    )
 
 
 def test_read_inventory_v2_not_having_version():
     f = BytesIO(INVENTORY_V2_NO_VERSION)
     invdata = InventoryFile.load(f, '/util', posixpath.join)
-    assert invdata['py:module']['module1'] == \
-        ('foo', '', '/util/foo.html#module-module1', 'Long Module desc')
+    assert invdata['py:module']['module1'] == (
+        'foo',
+        '',
+        '/util/foo.html#module-module1',
+        'Long Module desc',
+    )
 
 
 def test_ambiguous_definition_warning(app):
@@ -93,11 +114,11 @@ def _build_inventory(srcdir: Path) -> Path:
 
 def test_inventory_localization(tmp_path):
     # Build an app using Estonian (EE) locale
-    srcdir_et = _write_appconfig(tmp_path, "et")
+    srcdir_et = _write_appconfig(tmp_path, 'et')
     inventory_et = _build_inventory(srcdir_et)
 
     # Build the same app using English (US) locale
-    srcdir_en = _write_appconfig(tmp_path, "en")
+    srcdir_en = _write_appconfig(tmp_path, 'en')
     inventory_en = _build_inventory(srcdir_en)
 
     # Ensure that the inventory contents differ
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_logging.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_logging.py
index aa868007161..068601c80af 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_logging.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_logging.py
@@ -109,21 +109,22 @@ def test_once_warning_log(app):
     logger.warning('message: %d', 1, once=True)
     logger.warning('message: %d', 2, once=True)
 
-    assert 'WARNING: message: 1\nWARNING: message: 2\n' in strip_colors(app.warning.getvalue())
+    warnings = strip_colors(app.warning.getvalue())
+    assert 'WARNING: message: 1\nWARNING: message: 2\n' in warnings
 
 
 def test_is_suppressed_warning():
-    suppress_warnings = ["ref", "files.*", "rest.duplicated_labels"]
+    suppress_warnings = ['ref', 'files.*', 'rest.duplicated_labels']
 
     assert is_suppressed_warning(None, None, suppress_warnings) is False
-    assert is_suppressed_warning("ref", None, suppress_warnings) is True
-    assert is_suppressed_warning("ref", "numref", suppress_warnings) is True
-    assert is_suppressed_warning("ref", "option", suppress_warnings) is True
-    assert is_suppressed_warning("files", "image", suppress_warnings) is True
-    assert is_suppressed_warning("files", "stylesheet", suppress_warnings) is True
-    assert is_suppressed_warning("rest", None, suppress_warnings) is False
-    assert is_suppressed_warning("rest", "syntax", suppress_warnings) is False
-    assert is_suppressed_warning("rest", "duplicated_labels", suppress_warnings) is True
+    assert is_suppressed_warning('ref', None, suppress_warnings) is True
+    assert is_suppressed_warning('ref', 'numref', suppress_warnings) is True
+    assert is_suppressed_warning('ref', 'option', suppress_warnings) is True
+    assert is_suppressed_warning('files', 'image', suppress_warnings) is True
+    assert is_suppressed_warning('files', 'stylesheet', suppress_warnings) is True
+    assert is_suppressed_warning('rest', None, suppress_warnings) is False
+    assert is_suppressed_warning('rest', 'syntax', suppress_warnings) is False
+    assert is_suppressed_warning('rest', 'duplicated_labels', suppress_warnings) is True
 
 
 def test_suppress_warnings(app):
@@ -277,7 +278,8 @@ def test_pending_warnings(app):
         assert 'WARNING: message3' not in app.warning.getvalue()
 
     # actually logged as ordered
-    assert 'WARNING: message2\nWARNING: message3' in strip_colors(app.warning.getvalue())
+    warnings = strip_colors(app.warning.getvalue())
+    assert 'WARNING: message2\nWARNING: message3' in warnings
 
 
 def test_colored_logs(app):
@@ -307,8 +309,10 @@ def test_colored_logs(app):
     assert colorize('red', 'message8') in app.status.getvalue()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.xfail(os.name != 'posix',
-                   reason="Parallel mode does not work on Windows")
+@pytest.mark.xfail(
+    os.name != 'posix',
+    reason='Parallel mode does not work on Windows',
+)
 def test_logging_in_ParallelTasks(app):
     logging.setup(app, app.status, app.warning)
     logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -335,8 +339,8 @@ def write(self, object):
     # info with UnicodeEncodeError
     app.status.truncate(0)
     app.status.seek(0)
-    logger.info("unicode \u206d...")
-    assert app.status.getvalue() == "unicode ?...\n"
+    logger.info('unicode \u206d...')
+    assert app.status.getvalue() == 'unicode ?...\n'
 
 
 def test_skip_warningiserror(app):
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_matching.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_matching.py
index 7d865ba3b7d..01fb9fde2e1 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_matching.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_matching.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests sphinx.util.matching functions."""
+
 from sphinx.util.matching import Matcher, compile_matchers, get_matching_files
 
 
@@ -83,92 +84,231 @@ def test_Matcher():
 
 
 def test_get_matching_files_all(rootdir):
-    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / "test-root")
+    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / 'test-root')
     assert sorted(files) == [
-        'Makefile', '_templates/contentssb.html', '_templates/customsb.html',
-        '_templates/layout.html', 'autodoc.txt', 'autodoc_target.py', 'bom.txt', 'conf.py',
-        'extapi.txt', 'extensions.txt', 'file_with_special_#_chars.xyz', 'footnote.txt',
-        'images.txt', 'img.foo.png', 'img.gif', 'img.pdf', 'img.png', 'includes.txt',
-        'index.txt', 'lists.txt', 'literal.inc', 'literal_orig.inc', 'markup.txt', 'math.txt',
-        'objects.txt', 'otherext.foo', 'parsermod.py', 'quotes.inc', 'rimg.png',
-        'special/api.h', 'special/code.py', 'subdir/excluded.txt', 'subdir/images.txt',
-        'subdir/img.png', 'subdir/include.inc', 'subdir/includes.txt', 'subdir/simg.png',
-        'svgimg.pdf', 'svgimg.svg', 'tabs.inc', 'test.inc', 'wrongenc.inc',
+        'Makefile',
+        '_templates/contentssb.html',
+        '_templates/customsb.html',
+        '_templates/layout.html',
+        'autodoc.txt',
+        'autodoc_target.py',
+        'bom.txt',
+        'conf.py',
+        'extapi.txt',
+        'extensions.txt',
+        'file_with_special_#_chars.xyz',
+        'footnote.txt',
+        'images.txt',
+        'img.foo.png',
+        'img.gif',
+        'img.pdf',
+        'img.png',
+        'includes.txt',
+        'index.txt',
+        'lists.txt',
+        'literal.inc',
+        'literal_orig.inc',
+        'markup.txt',
+        'math.txt',
+        'objects.txt',
+        'otherext.foo',
+        'parsermod.py',
+        'quotes.inc',
+        'rimg.png',
+        'special/api.h',
+        'special/code.py',
+        'subdir/excluded.txt',
+        'subdir/images.txt',
+        'subdir/img.png',
+        'subdir/include.inc',
+        'subdir/includes.txt',
+        'subdir/simg.png',
+        'svgimg.pdf',
+        'svgimg.svg',
+        'tabs.inc',
+        'test.inc',
+        'wrongenc.inc',
     ]
 
 
 def test_get_matching_files_all_exclude_single(rootdir):
-    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / "test-root", exclude_patterns=["**.html"])
+    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / 'test-root', exclude_patterns=['**.html'])
     assert sorted(files) == [
-        'Makefile', 'autodoc.txt', 'autodoc_target.py', 'bom.txt', 'conf.py',
-        'extapi.txt', 'extensions.txt', 'file_with_special_#_chars.xyz', 'footnote.txt',
-        'images.txt', 'img.foo.png', 'img.gif', 'img.pdf', 'img.png', 'includes.txt',
-        'index.txt', 'lists.txt', 'literal.inc', 'literal_orig.inc', 'markup.txt', 'math.txt',
-        'objects.txt', 'otherext.foo', 'parsermod.py', 'quotes.inc', 'rimg.png',
-        'special/api.h', 'special/code.py', 'subdir/excluded.txt', 'subdir/images.txt',
-        'subdir/img.png', 'subdir/include.inc', 'subdir/includes.txt', 'subdir/simg.png',
-        'svgimg.pdf', 'svgimg.svg', 'tabs.inc', 'test.inc', 'wrongenc.inc',
+        'Makefile',
+        'autodoc.txt',
+        'autodoc_target.py',
+        'bom.txt',
+        'conf.py',
+        'extapi.txt',
+        'extensions.txt',
+        'file_with_special_#_chars.xyz',
+        'footnote.txt',
+        'images.txt',
+        'img.foo.png',
+        'img.gif',
+        'img.pdf',
+        'img.png',
+        'includes.txt',
+        'index.txt',
+        'lists.txt',
+        'literal.inc',
+        'literal_orig.inc',
+        'markup.txt',
+        'math.txt',
+        'objects.txt',
+        'otherext.foo',
+        'parsermod.py',
+        'quotes.inc',
+        'rimg.png',
+        'special/api.h',
+        'special/code.py',
+        'subdir/excluded.txt',
+        'subdir/images.txt',
+        'subdir/img.png',
+        'subdir/include.inc',
+        'subdir/includes.txt',
+        'subdir/simg.png',
+        'svgimg.pdf',
+        'svgimg.svg',
+        'tabs.inc',
+        'test.inc',
+        'wrongenc.inc',
     ]
 
 
 def test_get_matching_files_all_exclude_multiple(rootdir):
-    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / "test-root", exclude_patterns=["**.html", "**.inc"])
+    files = get_matching_files(
+        rootdir / 'test-root', exclude_patterns=['**.html', '**.inc']
+    )
     assert sorted(files) == [
-        'Makefile', 'autodoc.txt', 'autodoc_target.py', 'bom.txt', 'conf.py',
-        'extapi.txt', 'extensions.txt', 'file_with_special_#_chars.xyz', 'footnote.txt',
-        'images.txt', 'img.foo.png', 'img.gif', 'img.pdf', 'img.png', 'includes.txt',
-        'index.txt', 'lists.txt', 'markup.txt', 'math.txt', 'objects.txt', 'otherext.foo',
-        'parsermod.py', 'rimg.png', 'special/api.h', 'special/code.py', 'subdir/excluded.txt',
-        'subdir/images.txt', 'subdir/img.png', 'subdir/includes.txt', 'subdir/simg.png',
-        'svgimg.pdf', 'svgimg.svg',
+        'Makefile',
+        'autodoc.txt',
+        'autodoc_target.py',
+        'bom.txt',
+        'conf.py',
+        'extapi.txt',
+        'extensions.txt',
+        'file_with_special_#_chars.xyz',
+        'footnote.txt',
+        'images.txt',
+        'img.foo.png',
+        'img.gif',
+        'img.pdf',
+        'img.png',
+        'includes.txt',
+        'index.txt',
+        'lists.txt',
+        'markup.txt',
+        'math.txt',
+        'objects.txt',
+        'otherext.foo',
+        'parsermod.py',
+        'rimg.png',
+        'special/api.h',
+        'special/code.py',
+        'subdir/excluded.txt',
+        'subdir/images.txt',
+        'subdir/img.png',
+        'subdir/includes.txt',
+        'subdir/simg.png',
+        'svgimg.pdf',
+        'svgimg.svg',
     ]
 
 
 def test_get_matching_files_all_exclude_nonexistent(rootdir):
-    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / "test-root", exclude_patterns=["halibut/**"])
+    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / 'test-root', exclude_patterns=['halibut/**'])
     assert sorted(files) == [
-        'Makefile', '_templates/contentssb.html', '_templates/customsb.html',
-        '_templates/layout.html', 'autodoc.txt', 'autodoc_target.py', 'bom.txt', 'conf.py',
-        'extapi.txt', 'extensions.txt', 'file_with_special_#_chars.xyz', 'footnote.txt',
-        'images.txt', 'img.foo.png', 'img.gif', 'img.pdf', 'img.png', 'includes.txt',
-        'index.txt', 'lists.txt', 'literal.inc', 'literal_orig.inc', 'markup.txt', 'math.txt',
-        'objects.txt', 'otherext.foo', 'parsermod.py', 'quotes.inc', 'rimg.png',
-        'special/api.h', 'special/code.py', 'subdir/excluded.txt', 'subdir/images.txt',
-        'subdir/img.png', 'subdir/include.inc', 'subdir/includes.txt', 'subdir/simg.png',
-        'svgimg.pdf', 'svgimg.svg', 'tabs.inc', 'test.inc', 'wrongenc.inc',
+        'Makefile',
+        '_templates/contentssb.html',
+        '_templates/customsb.html',
+        '_templates/layout.html',
+        'autodoc.txt',
+        'autodoc_target.py',
+        'bom.txt',
+        'conf.py',
+        'extapi.txt',
+        'extensions.txt',
+        'file_with_special_#_chars.xyz',
+        'footnote.txt',
+        'images.txt',
+        'img.foo.png',
+        'img.gif',
+        'img.pdf',
+        'img.png',
+        'includes.txt',
+        'index.txt',
+        'lists.txt',
+        'literal.inc',
+        'literal_orig.inc',
+        'markup.txt',
+        'math.txt',
+        'objects.txt',
+        'otherext.foo',
+        'parsermod.py',
+        'quotes.inc',
+        'rimg.png',
+        'special/api.h',
+        'special/code.py',
+        'subdir/excluded.txt',
+        'subdir/images.txt',
+        'subdir/img.png',
+        'subdir/include.inc',
+        'subdir/includes.txt',
+        'subdir/simg.png',
+        'svgimg.pdf',
+        'svgimg.svg',
+        'tabs.inc',
+        'test.inc',
+        'wrongenc.inc',
     ]
 
 
 def test_get_matching_files_all_include_single(rootdir):
-    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / "test-root", include_patterns=["subdir/**"])
+    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / 'test-root', include_patterns=['subdir/**'])
     assert sorted(files) == [
-        'subdir/excluded.txt', 'subdir/images.txt', 'subdir/img.png', 'subdir/include.inc',
-        'subdir/includes.txt', 'subdir/simg.png',
+        'subdir/excluded.txt',
+        'subdir/images.txt',
+        'subdir/img.png',
+        'subdir/include.inc',
+        'subdir/includes.txt',
+        'subdir/simg.png',
     ]
 
 
 def test_get_matching_files_all_include_multiple(rootdir):
-    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / "test-root", include_patterns=["special/**", "subdir/**"])
+    files = get_matching_files(
+        rootdir / 'test-root', include_patterns=['special/**', 'subdir/**']
+    )
     assert sorted(files) == [
-        'special/api.h', 'special/code.py', 'subdir/excluded.txt', 'subdir/images.txt',
-        'subdir/img.png', 'subdir/include.inc', 'subdir/includes.txt', 'subdir/simg.png',
+        'special/api.h',
+        'special/code.py',
+        'subdir/excluded.txt',
+        'subdir/images.txt',
+        'subdir/img.png',
+        'subdir/include.inc',
+        'subdir/includes.txt',
+        'subdir/simg.png',
     ]
 
 
 def test_get_matching_files_all_include_nonexistent(rootdir):
-    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / "test-root", include_patterns=["halibut/**"])
+    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / 'test-root', include_patterns=['halibut/**'])
     assert sorted(files) == []
 
 
 def test_get_matching_files_all_include_prefix(rootdir):
-    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / "test-root", include_patterns=["autodoc*"])
+    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / 'test-root', include_patterns=['autodoc*'])
     assert sorted(files) == [
-        'autodoc.txt', 'autodoc_target.py',
+        'autodoc.txt',
+        'autodoc_target.py',
     ]
 
 
 def test_get_matching_files_all_include_question_mark(rootdir):
-    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / "test-root", include_patterns=["img.???"])
+    files = get_matching_files(rootdir / 'test-root', include_patterns=['img.???'])
     assert sorted(files) == [
-        'img.gif', 'img.pdf', 'img.png',
+        'img.gif',
+        'img.pdf',
+        'img.png',
     ]
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_nodes.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_nodes.py
index ddd5974568d..18b54d701cf 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_nodes.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_nodes.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests uti.nodes functions."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
@@ -30,8 +31,7 @@ def create_new_document():
         warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
         # DeprecationWarning: The frontend.OptionParser class will be replaced
         # by a subclass of argparse.ArgumentParser in Docutils 0.21 or later.
-        settings = frontend.OptionParser(
-            components=(rst.Parser,)).get_default_values()
+        settings = frontend.OptionParser(components=(rst.Parser,)).get_default_values()
     settings.id_prefix = 'id'
     document = new_document('dummy.txt', settings)
     return document
@@ -52,8 +52,9 @@ def assert_node_count(messages, node_type, expect_count):
             count += 1
 
     assert count == expect_count, (
-        "Count of %r in the %r is %d instead of %d"
-        % (node_type, node_list, count, expect_count))
+        f'Count of {node_type!r} in the {node_list!r} '
+        f'is {count} instead of {expect_count}'
+    )
 
 
 def test_NodeMatcher():
@@ -101,7 +102,8 @@ def test_NodeMatcher():
 
               admonition body
            """,
-            nodes.title, 1,
+            nodes.title,
+            1,
         ),
         (
             """
@@ -109,20 +111,23 @@ def test_NodeMatcher():
 
               this is title
            """,
-            nodes.caption, 1,
+            nodes.caption,
+            1,
         ),
         (
             """
            .. rubric:: spam
            """,
-            nodes.rubric, 1,
+            nodes.rubric,
+            1,
         ),
         (
             """
            | spam
            | egg
            """,
-            nodes.line, 2,
+            nodes.line,
+            2,
         ),
         (
             """
@@ -134,15 +139,16 @@ def test_NodeMatcher():
            | | Message 1    |
            +----------------+
            """,
-            nodes.line, 2,
+            nodes.line,
+            2,
         ),
         (
             """
            * | **Title 1**
              | Message 1
            """,
-            nodes.line, 2,
-
+            nodes.line,
+            2,
         ),
     ],
 )
@@ -192,8 +198,13 @@ def test_clean_astext():
         ('', '', 'id0'),
         ('term', '', 'term-0'),
         ('term', 'Sphinx', 'term-Sphinx'),
-        ('', 'io.StringIO', 'io.StringIO'),   # contains a dot
-        ('', 'sphinx.setup_command', 'sphinx.setup_command'),  # contains a dot & underscore
+        ('', 'io.StringIO', 'io.StringIO'),  # contains a dot
+        (
+            # contains a dot & underscore
+            '',
+            'sphinx.setup_command',
+            'sphinx.setup_command',
+        ),
         ('', '_io.StringIO', 'io.StringIO'),  # starts with underscore
         ('', 'ｓｐｈｉｎｘ', 'sphinx'),  # alphabets in unicode fullwidth characters
         ('', '悠好', 'id0'),  # multibytes text (in Chinese)
@@ -201,7 +212,8 @@ def test_clean_astext():
         ('', 'fünf', 'funf'),  # latin1 (umlaut)
         ('', '0sphinx', 'sphinx'),  # starts with number
         ('', 'sphinx-', 'sphinx'),  # ends with hyphen
-    ])
+    ],
+)
 def test_make_id(app, prefix, term, expected):
     document = create_new_document()
     assert make_id(app.env, document, prefix, term) == expected
@@ -231,7 +243,7 @@ def test_make_id_sequential(app):
     ],
 )
 def test_split_explicit_target(title, expected):
-    assert expected == split_explicit_title(title)
+    assert split_explicit_title(title) == expected
 
 
 def test_apply_source_workaround_literal_block_no_source():
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_rst.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_rst.py
index d50c90c7b54..57a4d2f4da1 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_rst.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_rst.py
@@ -15,92 +15,113 @@ def test_escape():
 
 def test_append_epilog(app):
     epilog = 'this is rst_epilog\ngood-bye reST!'
-    content = StringList(['hello Sphinx world',
-                          'Sphinx is a document generator'],
-                         'dummy.rst')
+    content = StringList(
+        ['hello Sphinx world', 'Sphinx is a document generator'],
+        'dummy.rst',
+    )
     append_epilog(content, epilog)
 
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
-                                      ('<rst_epilog>', 0, 'this is rst_epilog'),
-                                      ('<rst_epilog>', 1, 'good-bye reST!')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
+        ('<rst_epilog>', 0, 'this is rst_epilog'),
+        ('<rst_epilog>', 1, 'good-bye reST!'),
+    ]
 
 
 def test_prepend_prolog(app):
     prolog = 'this is rst_prolog\nhello reST!'
-    content = StringList([':title: test of SphinxFileInput',
-                          ':author: Sphinx team',
-                          '',
-                          'hello Sphinx world',
-                          'Sphinx is a document generator'],
-                         'dummy.rst')
+    content = StringList(
+        [
+            ':title: test of SphinxFileInput',
+            ':author: Sphinx team',
+            '',
+            'hello Sphinx world',
+            'Sphinx is a document generator',
+        ],
+        'dummy.rst',
+    )
     prepend_prolog(content, prolog)
 
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('dummy.rst', 0, ':title: test of SphinxFileInput'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, ':author: Sphinx team'),
-                                      ('<generated>', 0, ''),
-                                      ('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
-                                      ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
-                                      ('<generated>', 0, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 3, 'hello Sphinx world'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 4, 'Sphinx is a document generator')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, ':title: test of SphinxFileInput'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, ':author: Sphinx team'),
+        ('<generated>', 0, ''),
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
+        ('<generated>', 0, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 3, 'hello Sphinx world'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 4, 'Sphinx is a document generator'),
+    ]
 
 
 def test_prepend_prolog_with_CR(app):
     # prolog having CR at tail
     prolog = 'this is rst_prolog\nhello reST!\n'
-    content = StringList(['hello Sphinx world',
-                          'Sphinx is a document generator'],
-                         'dummy.rst')
+    content = StringList(
+        ['hello Sphinx world', 'Sphinx is a document generator'],
+        'dummy.rst',
+    )
     prepend_prolog(content, prolog)
 
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
-                                      ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
-                                      ('<generated>', 0, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
+        ('<generated>', 0, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator'),
+    ]
 
 
 def test_prepend_prolog_without_CR(app):
     # prolog not having CR at tail
     prolog = 'this is rst_prolog\nhello reST!'
-    content = StringList(['hello Sphinx world',
-                          'Sphinx is a document generator'],
-                         'dummy.rst')
+    content = StringList(
+        ['hello Sphinx world', 'Sphinx is a document generator'],
+        'dummy.rst',
+    )
     prepend_prolog(content, prolog)
 
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
-                                      ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
-                                      ('<generated>', 0, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
+        ('<generated>', 0, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, 'hello Sphinx world'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, 'Sphinx is a document generator'),
+    ]
 
 
 def test_prepend_prolog_with_roles_in_sections(app):
     prolog = 'this is rst_prolog\nhello reST!'
-    content = StringList([':title: test of SphinxFileInput',
-                          ':author: Sphinx team',
-                          '',  # this newline is required
-                          ':mod:`foo`',
-                          '----------',
-                          '',
-                          'hello'],
-                         'dummy.rst')
+    content = StringList(
+        [
+            ':title: test of SphinxFileInput',
+            ':author: Sphinx team',
+            '',  # this newline is required
+            ':mod:`foo`',
+            '----------',
+            '',
+            'hello',
+        ],
+        'dummy.rst',
+    )
     prepend_prolog(content, prolog)
 
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('dummy.rst', 0, ':title: test of SphinxFileInput'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, ':author: Sphinx team'),
-                                      ('<generated>', 0, ''),
-                                      ('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
-                                      ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
-                                      ('<generated>', 0, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 3, ':mod:`foo`'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 4, '----------'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 5, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 6, 'hello')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, ':title: test of SphinxFileInput'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, ':author: Sphinx team'),
+        ('<generated>', 0, ''),
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
+        ('<generated>', 0, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 3, ':mod:`foo`'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 4, '----------'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 5, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 6, 'hello'),
+    ]
 
 
 def test_prepend_prolog_with_roles_in_sections_with_newline(app):
@@ -109,13 +130,15 @@ def test_prepend_prolog_with_roles_in_sections_with_newline(app):
     content = StringList([':mod:`foo`', '-' * 10, '', 'hello'], 'dummy.rst')
     prepend_prolog(content, prolog)
 
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
-                                      ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
-                                      ('<generated>', 0, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 0, ':mod:`foo`'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, '----------'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 3, 'hello')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
+        ('<generated>', 0, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, ':mod:`foo`'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, '----------'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 3, 'hello'),
+    ]
 
 
 def test_prepend_prolog_with_roles_in_sections_without_newline(app):
@@ -124,13 +147,15 @@ def test_prepend_prolog_with_roles_in_sections_without_newline(app):
     content = StringList([':mod:`foo`', '-' * 10, '', 'hello'], 'dummy.rst')
     prepend_prolog(content, prolog)
 
-    assert list(content.xitems()) == [('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
-                                      ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
-                                      ('<generated>', 0, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 0, ':mod:`foo`'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 1, '----------'),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
-                                      ('dummy.rst', 3, 'hello')]
+    assert list(content.xitems()) == [
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 0, 'this is rst_prolog'),
+        ('<rst_prolog>', 1, 'hello reST!'),
+        ('<generated>', 0, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 0, ':mod:`foo`'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 1, '----------'),
+        ('dummy.rst', 2, ''),
+        ('dummy.rst', 3, 'hello'),
+    ]
 
 
 def test_textwidth():
@@ -143,22 +168,12 @@ def test_heading():
     env = Environment()
     env.extend(language=None)
 
-    assert heading(env, 'Hello') == ('Hello\n'
-                                     '=====')
-    assert heading(env, 'Hello', 1) == ('Hello\n'
-                                        '=====')
-    assert heading(env, 'Hello', 2) == ('Hello\n'
-                                        '-----')
-    assert heading(env, 'Hello', 3) == ('Hello\n'
-                                        '~~~~~')
-    assert heading(env, 'русский язык', 1) == (
-        'русский язык\n'
-        '============'
-    )
+    assert heading(env, 'Hello') == 'Hello\n====='
+    assert heading(env, 'Hello', 1) == 'Hello\n====='
+    assert heading(env, 'Hello', 2) == 'Hello\n-----'
+    assert heading(env, 'Hello', 3) == 'Hello\n~~~~~'
+    assert heading(env, 'русский язык', 1) == 'русский язык\n============'
 
     # language=ja: ambiguous
     env.language = 'ja'
-    assert heading(env, 'русский язык', 1) == (
-        'русский язык\n'
-        '======================='
-    )
+    assert heading(env, 'русский язык', 1) == 'русский язык\n======================='
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_template.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_template.py
index 4601179c1d6..51bb225b2c4 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_template.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_template.py
@@ -19,11 +19,9 @@ def test_ReSTRenderer_heading():
     assert r.render_string(template, {}) == 'hello\n====='
 
     template = '{{ "русский язык" | heading(2) }}'
-    assert r.render_string(template, {}) == ('русский язык\n'
-                                             '------------')
+    assert r.render_string(template, {}) == 'русский язык\n------------'
 
     # language: ja
     r.env.language = 'ja'
     template = '{{ "русский язык" | heading }}'
-    assert r.render_string(template, {}) == ('русский язык\n'
-                                             '=======================')
+    assert r.render_string(template, {}) == 'русский язык\n======================='
diff --git a/tests/test_util/test_util_typing.py b/tests/test_util/test_util_typing.py
index e0eb6b1721a..1cc408a619e 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/test_util_typing.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/test_util_typing.py
@@ -79,29 +79,29 @@ class Gt:
 
 
 def test_restify():
-    assert restify(int) == ":py:class:`int`"
-    assert restify(int, "smart") == ":py:class:`int`"
+    assert restify(int) == ':py:class:`int`'
+    assert restify(int, 'smart') == ':py:class:`int`'
 
-    assert restify(str) == ":py:class:`str`"
-    assert restify(str, "smart") == ":py:class:`str`"
+    assert restify(str) == ':py:class:`str`'
+    assert restify(str, 'smart') == ':py:class:`str`'
 
-    assert restify(None) == ":py:obj:`None`"
-    assert restify(None, "smart") == ":py:obj:`None`"
+    assert restify(None) == ':py:obj:`None`'
+    assert restify(None, 'smart') == ':py:obj:`None`'
 
-    assert restify(Integral) == ":py:class:`numbers.Integral`"
-    assert restify(Integral, "smart") == ":py:class:`~numbers.Integral`"
+    assert restify(Integral) == ':py:class:`numbers.Integral`'
+    assert restify(Integral, 'smart') == ':py:class:`~numbers.Integral`'
 
-    assert restify(Struct) == ":py:class:`struct.Struct`"
-    assert restify(Struct, "smart") == ":py:class:`~struct.Struct`"
+    assert restify(Struct) == ':py:class:`struct.Struct`'
+    assert restify(Struct, 'smart') == ':py:class:`~struct.Struct`'
 
-    assert restify(TracebackType) == ":py:class:`types.TracebackType`"
-    assert restify(TracebackType, "smart") == ":py:class:`~types.TracebackType`"
+    assert restify(TracebackType) == ':py:class:`types.TracebackType`'
+    assert restify(TracebackType, 'smart') == ':py:class:`~types.TracebackType`'
 
-    assert restify(Any) == ":py:obj:`~typing.Any`"
-    assert restify(Any, "smart") == ":py:obj:`~typing.Any`"
+    assert restify(Any) == ':py:obj:`~typing.Any`'
+    assert restify(Any, 'smart') == ':py:obj:`~typing.Any`'
 
-    assert restify('str') == "str"
-    assert restify('str', "smart") == "str"
+    assert restify('str') == 'str'
+    assert restify('str', 'smart') == 'str'
 
 
 def test_is_invalid_builtin_class():
@@ -158,99 +158,133 @@ def test_is_invalid_builtin_class():
 
 
 def test_restify_type_hints_containers():
-    assert restify(List) == ":py:class:`~typing.List`"
-    assert restify(Dict) == ":py:class:`~typing.Dict`"
-    assert restify(List[int]) == ":py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:class:`int`]"
-    assert restify(List[str]) == ":py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:class:`str`]"
-    assert restify(Dict[str, float]) == (":py:class:`~typing.Dict`\\ "
-                                         "[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`float`]")
-    assert restify(Tuple[str, str, str]) == (":py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ "
-                                             "[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`, "
-                                             ":py:class:`str`]")
-    assert restify(Tuple[str, ...]) == ":py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ [:py:class:`str`, ...]"
+    assert restify(List) == ':py:class:`~typing.List`'
+    assert restify(Dict) == ':py:class:`~typing.Dict`'
+    assert restify(List[int]) == ':py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:class:`int`]'
+    assert restify(List[str]) == ':py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:class:`str`]'
+    assert restify(Dict[str, float]) == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.Dict`\\ [:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`float`]'
+    )
+    assert restify(Tuple[str, str, str]) == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`, '
+        ':py:class:`str`]'
+    )
+    ann_rst = restify(Tuple[str, ...])
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ [:py:class:`str`, ...]'
 
     if sys.version_info[:2] <= (3, 10):
-        assert restify(Tuple[()]) == ":py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ [()]"
+        assert restify(Tuple[()]) == ':py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ [()]'
     else:
-        assert restify(Tuple[()]) == ":py:class:`~typing.Tuple`"
-
-    assert restify(List[Dict[str, Tuple]]) == (":py:class:`~typing.List`\\ "
-                                               "[:py:class:`~typing.Dict`\\ "
-                                               "[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`~typing.Tuple`]]")
-    assert restify(MyList[Tuple[int, int]]) == (":py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList`\\ "
-                                                "[:py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ "
-                                                "[:py:class:`int`, :py:class:`int`]]")
-    assert restify(t.Generator[None, None, None]) == (":py:class:`~typing.Generator`\\ "
-                                                      "[:py:obj:`None`, :py:obj:`None`, "
-                                                      ":py:obj:`None`]")
-    assert restify(abc.Generator[None, None, None]) == (":py:class:`collections.abc.Generator`\\ "
-                                                        "[:py:obj:`None`, :py:obj:`None`, "
-                                                        ":py:obj:`None`]")
-    assert restify(t.Iterator[None]) == (":py:class:`~typing.Iterator`\\ "
-                                         "[:py:obj:`None`]")
-    assert restify(abc.Iterator[None]) == (":py:class:`collections.abc.Iterator`\\ "
-                                           "[:py:obj:`None`]")
+        assert restify(Tuple[()]) == ':py:class:`~typing.Tuple`'
+
+    assert restify(List[Dict[str, Tuple]]) == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.List`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`~typing.Dict`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`~typing.Tuple`]]'
+    )
+    assert restify(MyList[Tuple[int, int]]) == (
+        ':py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`int`, :py:class:`int`]]'
+    )
+    assert restify(t.Generator[None, None, None]) == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.Generator`\\ '
+        '[:py:obj:`None`, :py:obj:`None`, '
+        ':py:obj:`None`]'
+    )
+    assert restify(abc.Generator[None, None, None]) == (
+        ':py:class:`collections.abc.Generator`\\ '
+        '[:py:obj:`None`, :py:obj:`None`, '
+        ':py:obj:`None`]'
+    )
+    assert restify(t.Iterator[None]) == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.Iterator`\\ [:py:obj:`None`]'
+    )
+    assert restify(abc.Iterator[None]) == (
+        ':py:class:`collections.abc.Iterator`\\ [:py:obj:`None`]'
+    )
 
 
 def test_restify_Annotated():
-    assert restify(Annotated[str, "foo", "bar"]) == ":py:class:`~typing.Annotated`\\ [:py:class:`str`, 'foo', 'bar']"
-    assert restify(Annotated[str, "foo", "bar"], 'smart') == ":py:class:`~typing.Annotated`\\ [:py:class:`str`, 'foo', 'bar']"
-    assert restify(Annotated[float, Gt(-10.0)]) == ':py:class:`~typing.Annotated`\\ [:py:class:`float`, :py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.Gt`\\ (gt=\\ -10.0)]'
-    assert restify(Annotated[float, Gt(-10.0)], 'smart') == ':py:class:`~typing.Annotated`\\ [:py:class:`float`, :py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.Gt`\\ (gt=\\ -10.0)]'
+    ann_rst = restify(Annotated[str, 'foo', 'bar'])
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ":py:class:`~typing.Annotated`\\ [:py:class:`str`, 'foo', 'bar']"
+    )
+    ann_rst = restify(Annotated[str, 'foo', 'bar'], 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ":py:class:`~typing.Annotated`\\ [:py:class:`str`, 'foo', 'bar']"
+    )
+    ann_rst = restify(Annotated[float, Gt(-10.0)])
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.Annotated`\\ [:py:class:`float`, :py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.Gt`\\ (gt=\\ -10.0)]'
+    )
+    ann_rst = restify(Annotated[float, Gt(-10.0)], 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.Annotated`\\ [:py:class:`float`, :py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.Gt`\\ (gt=\\ -10.0)]'
+    )
 
 
 def test_restify_type_hints_Callable():
-    assert restify(t.Callable) == ":py:class:`~typing.Callable`"
-    assert restify(t.Callable[[str], int]) == (":py:class:`~typing.Callable`\\ "
-                                               "[[:py:class:`str`], :py:class:`int`]")
-    assert restify(t.Callable[..., int]) == (":py:class:`~typing.Callable`\\ "
-                                             "[[...], :py:class:`int`]")
-    assert restify(abc.Callable) == ":py:class:`collections.abc.Callable`"
-    assert restify(abc.Callable[[str], int]) == (":py:class:`collections.abc.Callable`\\ "
-                                                 "[[:py:class:`str`], :py:class:`int`]")
-    assert restify(abc.Callable[..., int]) == (":py:class:`collections.abc.Callable`\\ "
-                                               "[[...], :py:class:`int`]")
+    assert restify(t.Callable) == ':py:class:`~typing.Callable`'
+    assert restify(t.Callable[[str], int]) == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.Callable`\\ [[:py:class:`str`], :py:class:`int`]'
+    )
+    assert restify(t.Callable[..., int]) == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.Callable`\\ [[...], :py:class:`int`]'
+    )
+    assert restify(abc.Callable) == ':py:class:`collections.abc.Callable`'
+    assert restify(abc.Callable[[str], int]) == (
+        ':py:class:`collections.abc.Callable`\\ [[:py:class:`str`], :py:class:`int`]'
+    )
+    assert restify(abc.Callable[..., int]) == (
+        ':py:class:`collections.abc.Callable`\\ [[...], :py:class:`int`]'
+    )
 
 
 def test_restify_type_hints_Union():
-    assert restify(Union[int]) == ":py:class:`int`"
-    assert restify(Union[int, str]) == ":py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str`"
-    assert restify(Optional[int]) == ":py:class:`int` | :py:obj:`None`"
+    assert restify(Union[int]) == ':py:class:`int`'
+    assert restify(Union[int, str]) == ':py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str`'
+    assert restify(Optional[int]) == ':py:class:`int` | :py:obj:`None`'
 
-    assert restify(Union[str, None]) == ":py:class:`str` | :py:obj:`None`"
-    assert restify(Union[None, str]) == ":py:obj:`None` | :py:class:`str`"
-    assert restify(Optional[str]) == ":py:class:`str` | :py:obj:`None`"
+    assert restify(Union[str, None]) == ':py:class:`str` | :py:obj:`None`'
+    assert restify(Union[None, str]) == ':py:obj:`None` | :py:class:`str`'
+    assert restify(Optional[str]) == ':py:class:`str` | :py:obj:`None`'
 
     assert restify(Union[int, str, None]) == (
-        ":py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str` | :py:obj:`None`"
+        ':py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str` | :py:obj:`None`'
     )
     assert restify(Optional[Union[int, str]]) in {
-        ":py:class:`str` | :py:class:`int` | :py:obj:`None`",
-        ":py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str` | :py:obj:`None`",
+        ':py:class:`str` | :py:class:`int` | :py:obj:`None`',
+        ':py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str` | :py:obj:`None`',
     }
 
     assert restify(Union[int, Integral]) == (
-        ":py:class:`int` | :py:class:`numbers.Integral`"
+        ':py:class:`int` | :py:class:`numbers.Integral`'
     )
-    assert restify(Union[int, Integral], "smart") == (
-        ":py:class:`int` | :py:class:`~numbers.Integral`"
+    assert restify(Union[int, Integral], 'smart') == (
+        ':py:class:`int` | :py:class:`~numbers.Integral`'
     )
 
-    assert (restify(Union[MyClass1, MyClass2]) ==
-            (":py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`"
-             " | :py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`"))
-    assert (restify(Union[MyClass1, MyClass2], "smart") ==
-            (":py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`"
-             " | :py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`"))
+    assert restify(Union[MyClass1, MyClass2]) == (
+        ':py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`'
+        ' | :py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`'
+    )
+    assert restify(Union[MyClass1, MyClass2], 'smart') == (
+        ':py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`'
+        ' | :py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`'
+    )
 
-    assert (restify(Optional[Union[MyClass1, MyClass2]]) ==
-            (":py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`"
-             " | :py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`"
-             " | :py:obj:`None`"))
-    assert (restify(Optional[Union[MyClass1, MyClass2]], "smart") ==
-            (":py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`"
-             " | :py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`"
-             " | :py:obj:`None`"))
+    assert restify(Optional[Union[MyClass1, MyClass2]]) == (
+        ':py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`'
+        ' | :py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`'
+        ' | :py:obj:`None`'
+    )
+    assert restify(Optional[Union[MyClass1, MyClass2]], 'smart') == (
+        ':py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`'
+        ' | :py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`'
+        ' | :py:obj:`None`'
+    )
 
 
 def test_restify_type_hints_typevars():
@@ -258,80 +292,117 @@ def test_restify_type_hints_typevars():
     T_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)
     T_contra = TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)
 
-    assert restify(T) == ":py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`"
-    assert restify(T, "smart") == ":py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`"
+    assert restify(T) == ':py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`'
+    assert restify(T, 'smart') == ':py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`'
 
-    assert restify(T_co) == ":py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_co`"
-    assert restify(T_co, "smart") == ":py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_co`"
+    assert restify(T_co) == ':py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_co`'
+    assert restify(T_co, 'smart') == ':py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_co`'
 
-    assert restify(T_contra) == ":py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_contra`"
-    assert restify(T_contra, "smart") == ":py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_contra`"
+    assert restify(T_contra) == ':py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_contra`'
+    ann_rst = restify(T_contra, 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_contra`'
 
-    assert restify(List[T]) == ":py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`]"
-    assert restify(List[T], "smart") == ":py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`]"
+    ann_rst = restify(List[T])
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`]'
+    )
+    ann_rst = restify(List[T], 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`]'
+    )
 
-    assert restify(list[T]) == ":py:class:`list`\\ [:py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`]"
-    assert restify(list[T], "smart") == ":py:class:`list`\\ [:py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`]"
+    ann_rst = restify(list[T])
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:class:`list`\\ [:py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`]'
+    )
+    ann_rst = restify(list[T], 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:class:`list`\\ [:py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T`]'
+    )
 
-    assert restify(MyInt) == ":py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyInt`"
-    assert restify(MyInt, "smart") == ":py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyInt`"
+    assert restify(MyInt) == ':py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyInt`'
+    ann_rst = restify(MyInt, 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyInt`'
 
 
 def test_restify_type_hints_custom_class():
-    assert restify(MyClass1) == ":py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`"
-    assert restify(MyClass1, "smart") == ":py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`"
+    assert restify(MyClass1) == ':py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`'
+    ann_rst = restify(MyClass1, 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1`'
 
-    assert restify(MyClass2) == ":py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`"
-    assert restify(MyClass2, "smart") == ":py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`"
+    ann_rst = restify(MyClass2)
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`'
+    ann_rst = restify(MyClass2, 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>`'
 
 
 def test_restify_type_hints_alias():
     MyStr = str
     MyTypingTuple = Tuple[str, str]
     MyTuple = tuple[str, str]
-    assert restify(MyStr) == ":py:class:`str`"
-    assert restify(MyTypingTuple) == ":py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ [:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`]"
-    assert restify(MyTuple) == ":py:class:`tuple`\\ [:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`]"
+    assert restify(MyStr) == ':py:class:`str`'
+    ann_rst = restify(MyTypingTuple)
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ [:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`]'
+    assert restify(MyTuple) == ':py:class:`tuple`\\ [:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`]'
 
 
 def test_restify_type_ForwardRef():
-    assert restify(ForwardRef("MyInt")) == ":py:class:`MyInt`"
+    assert restify(ForwardRef('MyInt')) == ':py:class:`MyInt`'
 
-    assert restify(list[ForwardRef("MyInt")]) == ":py:class:`list`\\ [:py:class:`MyInt`]"
+    assert (
+        restify(list[ForwardRef('MyInt')]) == ':py:class:`list`\\ [:py:class:`MyInt`]'
+    )
 
-    assert restify(Tuple[dict[ForwardRef("MyInt"), str], list[List[int]]]) == ":py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ [:py:class:`dict`\\ [:py:class:`MyInt`, :py:class:`str`], :py:class:`list`\\ [:py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:class:`int`]]]"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ann_rst = restify(Tuple[dict[ForwardRef('MyInt'), str], list[List[int]]])  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ [:py:class:`dict`\\ [:py:class:`MyInt`, :py:class:`str`], :py:class:`list`\\ [:py:class:`~typing.List`\\ [:py:class:`int`]]]'
+    )
 
 
 def test_restify_type_Literal():
-    assert restify(Literal[1, "2", "\r"]) == ":py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\\ [1, '2', '\\r']"
+    ann_rst = restify(Literal[1, '2', '\r'])
+    assert ann_rst == ":py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\\ [1, '2', '\\r']"
 
-    assert restify(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == ':py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\\ [:py:attr:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyEnum.a`]'
-    assert restify(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'smart') == ':py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\\ [:py:attr:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyEnum.a`]'
+    ann_rst = restify(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\\ [:py:attr:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyEnum.a`]'
+    )
+    ann_rst = restify(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:obj:`~typing.Literal`\\ [:py:attr:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyEnum.a`]'
+    )
 
 
 def test_restify_pep_585():
-    assert restify(list[str]) == ":py:class:`list`\\ [:py:class:`str`]"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert restify(dict[str, str]) == (":py:class:`dict`\\ "  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-                                       "[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`]")
-    assert restify(tuple[str, ...]) == ":py:class:`tuple`\\ [:py:class:`str`, ...]"
-    assert restify(tuple[str, str, str]) == (":py:class:`tuple`\\ "
-                                             "[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`, "
-                                             ":py:class:`str`]")
-    assert restify(dict[str, tuple[int, ...]]) == (":py:class:`dict`\\ "  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-                                                   "[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`tuple`\\ "
-                                                   "[:py:class:`int`, ...]]")
-
-    assert restify(tuple[()]) == ":py:class:`tuple`\\ [()]"
+    assert restify(list[str]) == ':py:class:`list`\\ [:py:class:`str`]'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ann_rst = restify(dict[str, str])  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`dict`\\ [:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`]'
+    assert restify(tuple[str, ...]) == ':py:class:`tuple`\\ [:py:class:`str`, ...]'
+    assert restify(tuple[str, str, str]) == (
+        ':py:class:`tuple`\\ [:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`, :py:class:`str`]'
+    )
+    ann_rst = restify(dict[str, tuple[int, ...]])  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert ann_rst == (
+        ':py:class:`dict`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`tuple`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`int`, ...]]'
+    )
+
+    assert restify(tuple[()]) == ':py:class:`tuple`\\ [()]'
 
     # Mix old typing with PEP 585
-    assert restify(List[dict[str, Tuple[str, ...]]]) == (":py:class:`~typing.List`\\ "
-                                                         "[:py:class:`dict`\\ "
-                                                         "[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ "
-                                                         "[:py:class:`str`, ...]]]")
-    assert restify(tuple[MyList[list[int]], int]) == (":py:class:`tuple`\\ ["
-                                                      ":py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList`\\ "
-                                                      "[:py:class:`list`\\ [:py:class:`int`]], "
-                                                      ":py:class:`int`]")
+    assert restify(List[dict[str, Tuple[str, ...]]]) == (
+        ':py:class:`~typing.List`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`dict`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`str`, :py:class:`~typing.Tuple`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`str`, ...]]]'
+    )
+    assert restify(tuple[MyList[list[int]], int]) == (
+        ':py:class:`tuple`\\ ['
+        ':py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList`\\ '
+        '[:py:class:`list`\\ [:py:class:`int`]], '
+        ':py:class:`int`]'
+    )
 
 
 def test_restify_Unpack():
@@ -359,165 +430,250 @@ class X(t.TypedDict):
 
 
 def test_restify_type_union_operator():
-    assert restify(int | None) == ":py:class:`int` | :py:obj:`None`"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert restify(None | int) == ":py:obj:`None` | :py:class:`int`"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert restify(int | str) == ":py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str`"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert restify(int | str | None) == (":py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str` | "  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-                                         ":py:obj:`None`")
+    assert restify(int | None) == ':py:class:`int` | :py:obj:`None`'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert restify(None | int) == ':py:obj:`None` | :py:class:`int`'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert restify(int | str) == ':py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str`'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ann_rst = restify(int | str | None)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`int` | :py:class:`str` | :py:obj:`None`'
 
 
 def test_restify_broken_type_hints():
-    assert restify(BrokenType) == ':py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.BrokenType`'
-    assert restify(BrokenType, "smart") == ':py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.BrokenType`'
+    ann_rst = restify(BrokenType)
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.BrokenType`'
+    ann_rst = restify(BrokenType, 'smart')
+    assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.BrokenType`'
 
 
 def test_restify_mock():
     with mock(['unknown']):
         import unknown
+
         assert restify(unknown) == ':py:class:`unknown`'
         assert restify(unknown.secret.Class) == ':py:class:`unknown.secret.Class`'
-        assert restify(unknown.secret.Class, "smart") == ':py:class:`~unknown.secret.Class`'
+        ann_rst = restify(unknown.secret.Class, 'smart')
+        assert ann_rst == ':py:class:`~unknown.secret.Class`'
 
 
 def test_restify_type_hints_paramspec():
     P = ParamSpec('P')
 
-    assert restify(P) == ":py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.P`"
-    assert restify(P, "smart") == ":py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.P`"
+    assert restify(P) == ':py:obj:`tests.test_util.test_util_typing.P`'
+    assert restify(P, 'smart') == ':py:obj:`~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.P`'
 
-    assert restify(P.args) == "P.args"
-    assert restify(P.args, "smart") == "P.args"
+    assert restify(P.args) == 'P.args'
+    assert restify(P.args, 'smart') == 'P.args'
 
-    assert restify(P.kwargs) == "P.kwargs"
-    assert restify(P.kwargs, "smart") == "P.kwargs"
+    assert restify(P.kwargs) == 'P.kwargs'
+    assert restify(P.kwargs, 'smart') == 'P.kwargs'
 
 
 def test_stringify_annotation():
-    assert stringify_annotation(int, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "int"
-    assert stringify_annotation(int, "smart") == "int"
+    assert stringify_annotation(int, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'int'
+    assert stringify_annotation(int, 'smart') == 'int'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(str, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "str"
-    assert stringify_annotation(str, "smart") == "str"
+    assert stringify_annotation(str, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'str'
+    assert stringify_annotation(str, 'smart') == 'str'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(None, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "None"
-    assert stringify_annotation(None, "smart") == "None"
+    assert stringify_annotation(None, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'None'
+    assert stringify_annotation(None, 'smart') == 'None'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(Integral, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "numbers.Integral"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Integral, "smart") == "~numbers.Integral"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Integral, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'numbers.Integral'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Integral, 'smart') == '~numbers.Integral'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(Struct, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "struct.Struct"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Struct, "smart") == "~struct.Struct"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Struct, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'struct.Struct'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Struct, 'smart') == '~struct.Struct'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(TracebackType, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "types.TracebackType"
-    assert stringify_annotation(TracebackType, "smart") == "~types.TracebackType"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(TracebackType, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'types.TracebackType'
+    assert stringify_annotation(TracebackType, 'smart') == '~types.TracebackType'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(Any, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Any"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Any, "fully-qualified") == "typing.Any"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Any, "smart") == "~typing.Any"
+    assert stringify_annotation(Any, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'Any'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Any, 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.Any'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Any, 'smart') == '~typing.Any'
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_hints_containers():
-    assert stringify_annotation(List, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "List"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List, "fully-qualified") == "typing.List"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List, "smart") == "~typing.List"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(Dict, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Dict"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Dict, "fully-qualified") == "typing.Dict"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Dict, "smart") == "~typing.Dict"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "List[int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[int], "fully-qualified") == "typing.List[int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[int], "smart") == "~typing.List[int]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "List[str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[str], "fully-qualified") == "typing.List[str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[str], "smart") == "~typing.List[str]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(Dict[str, float], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Dict[str, float]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Dict[str, float], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Dict[str, float]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Dict[str, float], "smart") == "~typing.Dict[str, float]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, str, str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Tuple[str, str, str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, str, str], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Tuple[str, str, str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, str, str], "smart") == "~typing.Tuple[str, str, str]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, ...], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Tuple[str, ...]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, ...], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Tuple[str, ...]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, ...], "smart") == "~typing.Tuple[str, ...]"
+    assert stringify_annotation(List, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'List'
+    assert stringify_annotation(List, 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.List'
+    assert stringify_annotation(List, 'smart') == '~typing.List'
+
+    assert stringify_annotation(Dict, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'Dict'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Dict, 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.Dict'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Dict, 'smart') == '~typing.Dict'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(List[int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'List[int]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(List[int], 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.List[int]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(List[int], 'smart') == '~typing.List[int]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(List[str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'List[str]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(List[str], 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.List[str]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(List[str], 'smart') == '~typing.List[str]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Dict[str, float], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'Dict[str, float]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Dict[str, float], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'typing.Dict[str, float]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Dict[str, float], 'smart') == '~typing.Dict[str, float]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        Tuple[str, str, str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'Tuple[str, str, str]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, str, str], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'typing.Tuple[str, str, str]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, str, str], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~typing.Tuple[str, str, str]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, ...], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'Tuple[str, ...]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, ...], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'typing.Tuple[str, ...]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[str, ...], 'smart') == '~typing.Tuple[str, ...]'
 
     if sys.version_info[:2] <= (3, 10):
-        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Tuple[()]"
-        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Tuple[()]"
-        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], "smart") == "~typing.Tuple[()]"
+        ann_str = stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+        assert ann_str == 'Tuple[()]'
+        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.Tuple[()]'
+        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], 'smart') == '~typing.Tuple[()]'
     else:
-        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Tuple"
-        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Tuple"
-        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], "smart") == "~typing.Tuple"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[Dict[str, Tuple]], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "List[Dict[str, Tuple]]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[Dict[str, Tuple]], "fully-qualified") == "typing.List[typing.Dict[str, typing.Tuple]]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[Dict[str, Tuple]], "smart") == "~typing.List[~typing.Dict[str, ~typing.Tuple]]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyList[Tuple[int, int]], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[Tuple[int, int]]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyList[Tuple[int, int]], "fully-qualified") == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[typing.Tuple[int, int]]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyList[Tuple[int, int]], "smart") == "~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[~typing.Tuple[int, int]]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Generator[None, None, None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Generator[None, None, None]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Generator[None, None, None], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Generator[None, None, None]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Generator[None, None, None], "smart") == "~typing.Generator[None, None, None]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Generator[None, None, None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "collections.abc.Generator[None, None, None]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Generator[None, None, None], "fully-qualified") == "collections.abc.Generator[None, None, None]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Generator[None, None, None], "smart") == "~collections.abc.Generator[None, None, None]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Iterator[None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Iterator[None]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Iterator[None], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Iterator[None]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Iterator[None], "smart") == "~typing.Iterator[None]"
+        assert (
+            stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'Tuple'
+        )
+        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.Tuple'
+        assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[()], 'smart') == '~typing.Tuple'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        List[Dict[str, Tuple]], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'List[Dict[str, Tuple]]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(List[Dict[str, Tuple]], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'typing.List[typing.Dict[str, typing.Tuple]]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(List[Dict[str, Tuple]], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~typing.List[~typing.Dict[str, ~typing.Tuple]]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        MyList[Tuple[int, int]], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[Tuple[int, int]]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyList[Tuple[int, int]], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == (
+        'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[typing.Tuple[int, int]]'
+    )
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyList[Tuple[int, int]], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == (
+        '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[~typing.Tuple[int, int]]'
+    )
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Iterator[None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "collections.abc.Iterator[None]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Iterator[None], "fully-qualified") == "collections.abc.Iterator[None]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Iterator[None], "smart") == "~collections.abc.Iterator[None]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        t.Generator[None, None, None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'Generator[None, None, None]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(t.Generator[None, None, None], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'typing.Generator[None, None, None]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(t.Generator[None, None, None], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~typing.Generator[None, None, None]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        abc.Generator[None, None, None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Generator[None, None, None]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Generator[None, None, None], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Generator[None, None, None]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Generator[None, None, None], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~collections.abc.Generator[None, None, None]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(t.Iterator[None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'Iterator[None]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(t.Iterator[None], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'typing.Iterator[None]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(t.Iterator[None], 'smart') == '~typing.Iterator[None]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Iterator[None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Iterator[None]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Iterator[None], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Iterator[None]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Iterator[None], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~collections.abc.Iterator[None]'
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_hints_pep_585():
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "list[int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[int], "smart") == "list[int]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(list[int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'list[int]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(list[int], 'smart') == 'list[int]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "list[str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[str], "smart") == "list[str]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(list[str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'list[str]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(list[str], 'smart') == 'list[str]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(dict[str, float], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "dict[str, float]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(dict[str, float], "smart") == "dict[str, float]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(dict[str, float], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'dict[str, float]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(dict[str, float], 'smart') == 'dict[str, float]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[str, str, str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tuple[str, str, str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[str, str, str], "smart") == "tuple[str, str, str]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        tuple[str, str, str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'tuple[str, str, str]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[str, str, str], 'smart') == 'tuple[str, str, str]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[str, ...], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tuple[str, ...]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[str, ...], "smart") == "tuple[str, ...]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(tuple[str, ...], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'tuple[str, ...]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[str, ...], 'smart') == 'tuple[str, ...]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[()], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tuple[()]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[()], "smart") == "tuple[()]"
+    assert (
+        stringify_annotation(tuple[()], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'tuple[()]'
+    )
+    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[()], 'smart') == 'tuple[()]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[dict[str, tuple]], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "list[dict[str, tuple]]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[dict[str, tuple]], "smart") == "list[dict[str, tuple]]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        list[dict[str, tuple]], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'list[dict[str, tuple]]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(list[dict[str, tuple]], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == 'list[dict[str, tuple]]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyList[tuple[int, int]], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[tuple[int, int]]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyList[tuple[int, int]], "fully-qualified") == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[tuple[int, int]]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyList[tuple[int, int]], "smart") == "~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[tuple[int, int]]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        MyList[tuple[int, int]], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[tuple[int, int]]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyList[tuple[int, int]], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[tuple[int, int]]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyList[tuple[int, int]], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyList[tuple[int, int]]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(type[int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "type[int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(type[int], "smart") == "type[int]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(type[int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'type[int]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(type[int], 'smart') == 'type[int]'
 
     # Mix typing and pep 585
-    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[List[dict[int, str]], str, ...], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tuple[List[dict[int, str]], str, ...]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(tuple[List[dict[int, str]], str, ...], "smart") == "tuple[~typing.List[dict[int, str]], str, ...]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        tuple[List[dict[int, str]], str, ...], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'tuple[List[dict[int, str]], str, ...]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(tuple[List[dict[int, str]], str, ...], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == 'tuple[~typing.List[dict[int, str]], str, ...]'
 
 
 def test_stringify_Annotated():
-    assert stringify_annotation(Annotated[str, "foo", "bar"], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Annotated[str, 'foo', 'bar']"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Annotated[str, "foo", "bar"], 'smart') == "~typing.Annotated[str, 'foo', 'bar']"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Annotated[float, Gt(-10.0)], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Annotated[float, tests.test_util.test_util_typing.Gt(gt=-10.0)]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Annotated[float, Gt(-10.0)], 'smart') == "~typing.Annotated[float, ~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.Gt(gt=-10.0)]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        Annotated[str, 'foo', 'bar'], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == "Annotated[str, 'foo', 'bar']"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Annotated[str, 'foo', 'bar'], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == "~typing.Annotated[str, 'foo', 'bar']"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        Annotated[float, Gt(-10.0)], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == (
+        'Annotated[float, tests.test_util.test_util_typing.Gt(gt=-10.0)]'
+    )
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Annotated[float, Gt(-10.0)], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == (
+        '~typing.Annotated[float, ~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.Gt(gt=-10.0)]'
+    )
 
 
 def test_stringify_Unpack():
@@ -539,7 +695,8 @@ class X(t.TypedDict):
         assert stringify_annotation(UnpackCompat['X'], 'smart') == '~typing.Unpack[X]'
     else:
         assert stringify_annotation(UnpackCompat['X']) == 'typing_extensions.Unpack[X]'
-        assert stringify_annotation(UnpackCompat['X'], 'smart') == '~typing_extensions.Unpack[X]'
+        ann_str = stringify_annotation(UnpackCompat['X'], 'smart')
+        assert ann_str == '~typing_extensions.Unpack[X]'
 
     if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 11):
         assert stringify_annotation(t.Unpack['X']) == 'Unpack[X]'
@@ -547,87 +704,131 @@ class X(t.TypedDict):
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_hints_string():
-    assert stringify_annotation("int", 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "int"
-    assert stringify_annotation("int", 'fully-qualified') == "int"
-    assert stringify_annotation("int", "smart") == "int"
+    assert stringify_annotation('int', 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'int'
+    assert stringify_annotation('int', 'fully-qualified') == 'int'
+    assert stringify_annotation('int', 'smart') == 'int'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation("str", 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "str"
-    assert stringify_annotation("str", 'fully-qualified') == "str"
-    assert stringify_annotation("str", "smart") == "str"
+    assert stringify_annotation('str', 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'str'
+    assert stringify_annotation('str', 'fully-qualified') == 'str'
+    assert stringify_annotation('str', 'smart') == 'str'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(List["int"], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "List[int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List["int"], 'fully-qualified') == "typing.List[int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List["int"], "smart") == "~typing.List[int]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(List['int'], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'List[int]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(List['int'], 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.List[int]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(List['int'], 'smart') == '~typing.List[int]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(list["int"], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "list[int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(list["int"], 'fully-qualified') == "list[int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(list["int"], "smart") == "list[int]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(list['int'], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'list[int]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(list['int'], 'fully-qualified') == 'list[int]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(list['int'], 'smart') == 'list[int]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation("Tuple[str]", 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Tuple[str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation("Tuple[str]", 'fully-qualified') == "Tuple[str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation("Tuple[str]", "smart") == "Tuple[str]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation('Tuple[str]', 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'Tuple[str]'
+    assert stringify_annotation('Tuple[str]', 'fully-qualified') == 'Tuple[str]'
+    assert stringify_annotation('Tuple[str]', 'smart') == 'Tuple[str]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation("tuple[str]", 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tuple[str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation("tuple[str]", 'fully-qualified') == "tuple[str]"
-    assert stringify_annotation("tuple[str]", "smart") == "tuple[str]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation('tuple[str]', 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'tuple[str]'
+    assert stringify_annotation('tuple[str]', 'fully-qualified') == 'tuple[str]'
+    assert stringify_annotation('tuple[str]', 'smart') == 'tuple[str]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation("unknown", 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "unknown"
-    assert stringify_annotation("unknown", 'fully-qualified') == "unknown"
-    assert stringify_annotation("unknown", "smart") == "unknown"
+    assert stringify_annotation('unknown', 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'unknown'
+    assert stringify_annotation('unknown', 'fully-qualified') == 'unknown'
+    assert stringify_annotation('unknown', 'smart') == 'unknown'
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_hints_Callable():
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Callable"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable, "fully-qualified") == "typing.Callable"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable, "smart") == "~typing.Callable"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable[[str], int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Callable[[str], int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable[[str], int], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Callable[[str], int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable[[str], int], "smart") == "~typing.Callable[[str], int]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable[..., int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Callable[[...], int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable[..., int], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Callable[[...], int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable[..., int], "smart") == "~typing.Callable[[...], int]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "collections.abc.Callable"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable, "fully-qualified") == "collections.abc.Callable"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable, "smart") == "~collections.abc.Callable"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(t.Callable, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'Callable'
+    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable, 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.Callable'
+    assert stringify_annotation(t.Callable, 'smart') == '~typing.Callable'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[[str], int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "collections.abc.Callable[[str], int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[[str], int], "fully-qualified") == "collections.abc.Callable[[str], int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[[str], int], "smart") == "~collections.abc.Callable[[str], int]"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[..., int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "collections.abc.Callable[[...], int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[..., int], "fully-qualified") == "collections.abc.Callable[[...], int]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[..., int], "smart") == "~collections.abc.Callable[[...], int]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        t.Callable[[str], int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'Callable[[str], int]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(t.Callable[[str], int], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'typing.Callable[[str], int]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(t.Callable[[str], int], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~typing.Callable[[str], int]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        t.Callable[..., int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'Callable[[...], int]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(t.Callable[..., int], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'typing.Callable[[...], int]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(t.Callable[..., int], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~typing.Callable[[...], int]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Callable, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Callable'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Callable, 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Callable'
+    assert stringify_annotation(abc.Callable, 'smart') == '~collections.abc.Callable'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        abc.Callable[[str], int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Callable[[str], int]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[[str], int], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Callable[[str], int]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[[str], int], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~collections.abc.Callable[[str], int]'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        abc.Callable[..., int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Callable[[...], int]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[..., int], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'collections.abc.Callable[[...], int]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(abc.Callable[..., int], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~collections.abc.Callable[[...], int]'
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_hints_Union():
-    assert stringify_annotation(Optional[int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "int | None"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Optional[int], "fully-qualified") == "int | None"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Optional[int], "smart") == "int | None"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "int | None"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[None, int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "None | int"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, None], "fully-qualified") == "int | None"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[None, int], "fully-qualified") == "None | int"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, None], "smart") == "int | None"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[None, int], "smart") == "None | int"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "int | str"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, str], "fully-qualified") == "int | str"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, str], "smart") == "int | str"
-
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, Integral], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "int | numbers.Integral"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, Integral], "fully-qualified") == "int | numbers.Integral"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, Integral], "smart") == "int | ~numbers.Integral"
-
-    assert (stringify_annotation(Union[MyClass1, MyClass2], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') ==
-            "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1 | tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>")
-    assert (stringify_annotation(Union[MyClass1, MyClass2], "fully-qualified") ==
-            "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1 | tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>")
-    assert (stringify_annotation(Union[MyClass1, MyClass2], "smart") ==
-            "~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1 | ~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>")
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Optional[int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'int | None'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Optional[int], 'fully-qualified') == 'int | None'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Optional[int], 'smart') == 'int | None'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Union[int, None], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'int | None'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Union[None, int], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'None | int'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, None], 'fully-qualified') == 'int | None'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Union[None, int], 'fully-qualified') == 'None | int'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, None], 'smart') == 'int | None'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Union[None, int], 'smart') == 'None | int'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Union[int, str], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'int | str'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, str], 'fully-qualified') == 'int | str'
+    assert stringify_annotation(Union[int, str], 'smart') == 'int | str'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        Union[int, Integral], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'int | numbers.Integral'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Union[int, Integral], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'int | numbers.Integral'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Union[int, Integral], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == 'int | ~numbers.Integral'
+
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        Union[MyClass1, MyClass2], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == (
+        'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1 | tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>'
+    )
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Union[MyClass1, MyClass2], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == (
+        'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1 | tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>'
+    )
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Union[MyClass1, MyClass2], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == (
+        '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1 | ~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>'
+    )
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_hints_typevars():
@@ -635,107 +836,154 @@ def test_stringify_type_hints_typevars():
     T_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)
     T_contra = TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(T, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T"
-    assert stringify_annotation(T, "smart") == "~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(T, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T'
+    assert stringify_annotation(T, 'smart') == '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(T_co, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_co"
-    assert stringify_annotation(T_co, "smart") == "~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_co"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(T_co, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_co'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(T_co, 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_co'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(T_contra, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_contra"
-    assert stringify_annotation(T_contra, "smart") == "~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_contra"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(T_contra, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_contra'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(T_contra, 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T_contra'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[T], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "List[tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(List[T], "smart") == "~typing.List[~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(List[T], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'List[tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(List[T], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~typing.List[~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[T], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "list[tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[T], "smart") == "list[~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T]"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(list[T], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'list[tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(list[T], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == 'list[~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.T]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyInt, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyInt"
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyInt, "smart") == "~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyInt"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyInt, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyInt'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyInt, 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyInt'
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_hints_custom_class():
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyClass1, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1"
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyClass1, "smart") == "~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyClass1, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyClass1, 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyClass1'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyClass2, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>"
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyClass2, "smart") == "~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyClass2, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(MyClass2, 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.<MyClass2>'
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_hints_alias():
     MyStr = str
     MyTuple = Tuple[str, str]
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyStr, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "str"
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyStr, "smart") == "str"
+    assert stringify_annotation(MyStr, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'str'
+    assert stringify_annotation(MyStr, 'smart') == 'str'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyTuple) == "Tuple[str, str]"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert stringify_annotation(MyTuple, "smart") == "~typing.Tuple[str, str]"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(MyTuple) == 'Tuple[str, str]'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(MyTuple, 'smart') == '~typing.Tuple[str, str]'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_Literal():
-    assert stringify_annotation(Literal[1, "2", "\r"], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Literal[1, '2', '\\r']"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Literal[1, "2", "\r"], "fully-qualified") == "typing.Literal[1, '2', '\\r']"
-    assert stringify_annotation(Literal[1, "2", "\r"], "smart") == "~typing.Literal[1, '2', '\\r']"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        Literal[1, '2', '\r'], 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == "Literal[1, '2', '\\r']"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Literal[1, '2', '\r'], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == "typing.Literal[1, '2', '\\r']"
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Literal[1, '2', '\r'], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == "~typing.Literal[1, '2', '\\r']"
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'Literal[tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyEnum.a]'
-    assert stringify_annotation(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.Literal[tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyEnum.a]'
-    assert stringify_annotation(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'smart') == '~typing.Literal[MyEnum.a]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'Literal[tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyEnum.a]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'fully-qualified')
+    assert ann_str == 'typing.Literal[tests.test_util.test_util_typing.MyEnum.a]'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(Literal[MyEnum.a], 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~typing.Literal[MyEnum.a]'
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_union_operator():
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | None) == "int | None"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | None, "smart") == "int | None"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(int | None) == 'int | None'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(int | None, 'smart') == 'int | None'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | str) == "int | str"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | str, "smart") == "int | str"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(int | str) == 'int | str'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(int | str, 'smart') == 'int | str'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | str | None) == "int | str | None"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | str | None, "smart") == "int | str | None"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(int | str | None) == 'int | str | None'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(int | str | None, 'smart') == 'int | str | None'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | tuple[dict[str, int | None], list[int | str]] | None) == "int | tuple[dict[str, int | None], list[int | str]] | None"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | tuple[dict[str, int | None], list[int | str]] | None, "smart") == "int | tuple[dict[str, int | None], list[int | str]] | None"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        int | tuple[dict[str, int | None], list[int | str]] | None
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'int | tuple[dict[str, int | None], list[int | str]] | None'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        int | tuple[dict[str, int | None], list[int | str]] | None, 'smart'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'int | tuple[dict[str, int | None], list[int | str]] | None'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | Struct) == "int | struct.Struct"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert stringify_annotation(int | Struct, "smart") == "int | ~struct.Struct"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(int | Struct) == 'int | struct.Struct'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert stringify_annotation(int | Struct, 'smart') == 'int | ~struct.Struct'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
 
 def test_stringify_broken_type_hints():
-    assert stringify_annotation(BrokenType, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.BrokenType'
-    assert stringify_annotation(BrokenType, "smart") == '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.BrokenType'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(BrokenType, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+    assert ann_str == 'tests.test_util.test_util_typing.BrokenType'
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(BrokenType, 'smart')
+    assert ann_str == '~tests.test_util.test_util_typing.BrokenType'
 
 
 def test_stringify_mock():
     with mock(['unknown']):
         import unknown
-        assert stringify_annotation(unknown, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'unknown'
-        assert stringify_annotation(unknown.secret.Class, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == 'unknown.secret.Class'
-        assert stringify_annotation(unknown.secret.Class, "smart") == 'unknown.secret.Class'
+
+        ann_str = stringify_annotation(unknown, 'fully-qualified-except-typing')
+        assert ann_str == 'unknown'
+        ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+            unknown.secret.Class, 'fully-qualified-except-typing'
+        )
+        assert ann_str == 'unknown.secret.Class'
+        ann_str = stringify_annotation(unknown.secret.Class, 'smart')
+        assert ann_str == 'unknown.secret.Class'
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_ForwardRef():
-    assert stringify_annotation(ForwardRef("MyInt")) == "MyInt"
-    assert stringify_annotation(ForwardRef("MyInt"), 'smart') == "MyInt"
+    assert stringify_annotation(ForwardRef('MyInt')) == 'MyInt'
+    assert stringify_annotation(ForwardRef('MyInt'), 'smart') == 'MyInt'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[ForwardRef("MyInt")]) == "list[MyInt]"
-    assert stringify_annotation(list[ForwardRef("MyInt")], 'smart') == "list[MyInt]"
+    assert stringify_annotation(list[ForwardRef('MyInt')]) == 'list[MyInt]'
+    assert stringify_annotation(list[ForwardRef('MyInt')], 'smart') == 'list[MyInt]'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[dict[ForwardRef("MyInt"), str], list[List[int]]]) == "Tuple[dict[MyInt, str], list[List[int]]]"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[dict[ForwardRef("MyInt"), str], list[List[int]]], 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "Tuple[dict[MyInt, str], list[List[int]]]"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    assert stringify_annotation(Tuple[dict[ForwardRef("MyInt"), str], list[List[int]]], 'smart') == "~typing.Tuple[dict[MyInt, str], list[~typing.List[int]]]"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        Tuple[dict[ForwardRef('MyInt'), str], list[List[int]]]
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'Tuple[dict[MyInt, str], list[List[int]]]'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        Tuple[dict[ForwardRef('MyInt'), str], list[List[int]]],
+        'fully-qualified-except-typing',
+    )
+    assert ann_str == 'Tuple[dict[MyInt, str], list[List[int]]]'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ann_str = stringify_annotation(
+        Tuple[dict[ForwardRef('MyInt'), str], list[List[int]]], 'smart'
+    )
+    assert ann_str == '~typing.Tuple[dict[MyInt, str], list[~typing.List[int]]]'  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
 
 def test_stringify_type_hints_paramspec():
     P = ParamSpec('P')
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(P, 'fully-qualified') == "~P"
-    assert stringify_annotation(P, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "~P"
-    assert stringify_annotation(P, "smart") == "~P"
+    assert stringify_annotation(P, 'fully-qualified') == '~P'
+    assert stringify_annotation(P, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == '~P'
+    assert stringify_annotation(P, 'smart') == '~P'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(P.args, 'fully-qualified') == "typing.~P"
-    assert stringify_annotation(P.args, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "~P"
-    assert stringify_annotation(P.args, "smart") == "~typing.~P"
+    assert stringify_annotation(P.args, 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.~P'
+    assert stringify_annotation(P.args, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == '~P'
+    assert stringify_annotation(P.args, 'smart') == '~typing.~P'
 
-    assert stringify_annotation(P.kwargs, 'fully-qualified') == "typing.~P"
-    assert stringify_annotation(P.kwargs, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == "~P"
-    assert stringify_annotation(P.kwargs, "smart") == "~typing.~P"
+    assert stringify_annotation(P.kwargs, 'fully-qualified') == 'typing.~P'
+    assert stringify_annotation(P.kwargs, 'fully-qualified-except-typing') == '~P'
+    assert stringify_annotation(P.kwargs, 'smart') == '~typing.~P'
diff --git a/tests/test_util/typing_test_data.py b/tests/test_util/typing_test_data.py
index 05888366e75..5b34111c02d 100644
--- a/tests/test_util/typing_test_data.py
+++ b/tests/test_util/typing_test_data.py
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def f14() -> Any:
     pass
 
 
-def f15(x: "Unknown", y: "int") -> Any:  # NoQA: F821  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+def f15(x: 'Unknown', y: 'int') -> Any:  # NoQA: F821  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
     pass
 
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def f25(a, b, /):
     pass
 
 
-def f26(x: Literal[1, 2, 3] = 1, y: Union[Literal["a"], Literal["b"]] = "a") -> None:
+def f26(x: Literal[1, 2, 3] = 1, y: Union[Literal['a'], Literal['b']] = 'a') -> None:
     pass
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_writers/test_docutilsconf.py b/tests/test_writers/test_docutilsconf.py
index 031066f8585..cd74b5bef95 100644
--- a/tests/test_writers/test_docutilsconf.py
+++ b/tests/test_writers/test_docutilsconf.py
@@ -7,23 +7,32 @@
 from sphinx.util.docutils import patch_docutils
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='docutilsconf', freshenv=True)
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='docutilsconf',
+    freshenv=True,
+)
 def test_html_with_default_docutilsconf(app):
     with patch_docutils(app.confdir):
         app.build()
 
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('index')
-    assert_node(doctree[0][1], [nodes.paragraph, ("Sphinx ",
-                                                  [nodes.footnote_reference, "1"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][1], [nodes.paragraph, ('Sphinx ', [nodes.footnote_reference, '1'])]
+    )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.sphinx('dummy', testroot='docutilsconf', freshenv=True,
-                    docutils_conf=('[restructuredtext parser]\n'
-                                   'trim_footnote_reference_space: true\n'))
+@pytest.mark.sphinx(
+    'dummy',
+    testroot='docutilsconf',
+    freshenv=True,
+    docutils_conf='[restructuredtext parser]\ntrim_footnote_reference_space: true\n',
+)
 def test_html_with_docutilsconf(app):
     with patch_docutils(app.confdir):
         app.build()
 
     doctree = app.env.get_doctree('index')
-    assert_node(doctree[0][1], [nodes.paragraph, ("Sphinx",
-                                                  [nodes.footnote_reference, "1"])])
+    assert_node(
+        doctree[0][1], [nodes.paragraph, ('Sphinx', [nodes.footnote_reference, '1'])]
+    )
diff --git a/tests/utils.py b/tests/utils.py
index 5636a138eff..bec90a39772 100644
--- a/tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils.py
@@ -51,7 +51,9 @@ def __init__(self, handler: type[BaseRequestHandler], *, port: int = 0) -> None:
         super().__init__(handler, port=port)
         sslcontext = SSLContext(PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
         sslcontext.load_cert_chain(CERT_FILE)
-        self.server.socket = sslcontext.wrap_socket(self.server.socket, server_side=True)
+        self.server.socket = sslcontext.wrap_socket(
+            self.server.socket, server_side=True
+        )
 
 
 @contextmanager
diff --git a/utils/babel_runner.py b/utils/babel_runner.py
index 3bba578d8bf..63a68d9f866 100644
--- a/utils/babel_runner.py
+++ b/utils/babel_runner.py
@@ -183,7 +183,9 @@ def run_compile() -> None:
             catalogue = read_po(infile, locale=locale.name)
 
         if catalogue.fuzzy:
-            log.info('catalogue %s is marked as fuzzy, skipping', po_file.relative_to(ROOT))
+            log.info(
+                'catalogue %s is marked as fuzzy, skipping', po_file.relative_to(ROOT)
+            )
             continue
 
         locale_errors = 0
@@ -250,7 +252,9 @@ def run_compile() -> None:
         _write_pr_body_line('## Babel catalogue errors')
         _write_pr_body_line('')
         for locale_name, err_count in total_errors.items():
-            log.error('error: %d errors encountered in %r locale.', err_count, locale_name)
+            log.error(
+                'error: %d errors encountered in %r locale.', err_count, locale_name
+            )
             s = 's' if err_count != 1 else ''
             _write_pr_body_line(f'* {locale_name}: {err_count} error{s}')
 
diff --git a/utils/bump_version.py b/utils/bump_version.py
index 826fc4a782d..81824fc0a1c 100755
--- a/utils/bump_version.py
+++ b/utils/bump_version.py
@@ -80,7 +80,9 @@ def parse_version(version: str) -> VersionInfo:
     raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
 
-def bump_version(path: Path, version_info: VersionInfo, in_develop: bool = True) -> None:
+def bump_version(
+    path: Path, version_info: VersionInfo, in_develop: bool = True
+) -> None:
     if in_develop or version_info.is_final:
         version = version_info.version
     else:
@@ -150,7 +152,9 @@ def add_release(self, version_info: VersionInfo) -> None:
 
     @staticmethod
     def filter_empty_sections(body: str) -> str:
-        return re.sub('^\n.+\n-{3,}\n+(?=\n.+\n[-=]{3,}\n)', '', body, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+        return re.sub(
+            '^\n.+\n-{3,}\n+(?=\n.+\n[-=]{3,}\n)', '', body, flags=re.MULTILINE
+        )
 
 
 class Skip(Exception):