From 0ff716952a979e340009801ec711b160763197e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yanteng Si Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 15:12:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] Add LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences Signed-off-by: Yanteng Si --- README.adoc | 5 ++ ...Arch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-CN.adoc | 42 ++++++++++ ...Arch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-EN.adoc | 83 +++++++++++++++++++ docs/README-CN.adoc | 3 + docs/README-EN.adoc | 4 + 5 files changed, 137 insertions(+) create mode 100644 docs/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-CN.adoc create mode 100644 docs/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-EN.adoc diff --git a/README.adoc b/README.adoc index f0a2e1a..15b7ffe 100644 --- a/README.adoc +++ b/README.adoc @@ -50,3 +50,8 @@ To make it easier to download, each HTML page contains embedded CSS and images. * LoongArch Processor SMBIOS Spec: This document introduces additional information about LoongArch in SMBIOS. ** https://loongson.github.io/LoongArch-Documentation/LoongArch-Processor-SMBIOS-Spec-EN.html[HTML version]. + +* LoongArch Old and New World Differences: This document describes the differences between the old and new software environments of LoongArch. +** https://loongson.github.io/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-EN.pdf[HTML version]. +** https://loongson.github.io/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-EN.pdf[PDF version]. + diff --git a/docs/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-CN.adoc b/docs/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-CN.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8655969 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-CN.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ += LoongArch新旧世界差异 +龙芯中科技术股份有限公司 +:docinfodir: ../themes +:docinfo: shared +:doctype: book +:toc: left +:toc-title: 目录 +:scripts: cjk + +== 概述 + +LoongArch 的软件生态经历了两个阶段。第一阶段是商业化的产品阶段，在这一阶段，公司的研发重点是从无到有的生态建设阶段，而且带了很多包袱；第二阶段是软件包的 upstream 阶段，在这一阶段，负责相关软件包（尤其是底层的编译器、内核等）的工程师听取了社区 maintainer 和广大开发者的意见，陆续对代码进行了局部重构，同时也甩掉了一些包袱。 + +第二阶段大概持续了两年，对于一个商业公司来说，时间相当漫长，这是不可接受的。所以在此期间，产品版一直使用第一阶段的软件生态，该阶段软件生态被公司的工程师称为旧世界，且用户只能获取到二进制软件包，截止到今天，我们使用的 loongnix、uos、Kylin 等商业操作系统发行版都属于旧世界。 + +与旧世界相对应的，第二阶段的 upstream 软件生态被工程师和广大社区开发者称之为新世界，新世界的软件生态有一个特点，即我们可以直接从社区拉下来软件包的源代码，在 LoongArch 机器上编译安装后，能直接运行，所以，新世界是对开源友好的，我们现在能获取到的新世界操作系统发行版有 CLFS、Archlinux、Gentoo（upstreamed）。 + +=== LoongArch的新旧世界主要有四个层次 + +* 固件 +* 引导器 +* 内核 +* 操作系统 + +==== 固件 + +固件以不同的内存寻址方式来区分新旧世界。虚拟地址的为旧世界，物理地址的为新世界。 + +由于 UEFI、ACPI 规范规定了固件必须使用物理地址，而产品版固件使用的是虚拟地址，为了进规范，所以新世界固件必须改用物理地址；旧世界使用 X86 中断控制器数据结构，新世界使用龙芯中断控制器数据结构。 + +==== 引导器 + +grub 以引导不同格式的内核来区分新旧世界。只能识别 ELF 内核的为旧世界，只能识别 PE 格式的 Linux EFI stub 的为新世界；旧世界传递 rd_start/rd_size，新世界传递 initrd，并增加了 Loadfile2 在内部传递。 + +==== 内核 + +内核以不同的引导协议来区分新旧世界。使用ELF引导协议的为旧世界，使用 EFI stub 引导协议的为新世界。另外，旧世界内核 NSIG=128，user_pt_regs不导出 orig_a0；新世界内核 NSIG=64，user_pt_regs 要导出 orig_a0；旧世界 MINSIGSTKSZ/SIGSTKSZ=2048/8192，新世界 MINSIGSTKSZ/SIGSTKSZ=4096/16384；同时，新旧世界内核在 ucontext、sigcontext、rt_sigframe 等结构体上也有些许差异。感兴趣的读者可以去 lore.kernel.org 的 linux-arch 存档里面对比 LoongArch 内核进上游的各个版本补丁之间的差异。 + +==== 操作系统 + +OS 以不同的 lib 库来区分新旧世界。旧世界使用 /lib64/ld.so.1，新世界使用 /lib64/ld-linux-loongarch-lp64d.so.1；Glibc symbol version 也有差异,旧世界使用 2.27，新世界使用 2.36. + diff --git a/docs/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-EN.adoc b/docs/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-EN.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8013db5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-EN.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ += LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences +Loongson Technology Corporation Limited +:docinfodir: ../themes +:docinfo: shared +:doctype: book +:toc: left + +== Introduction + +LoongArch's software ecology has gone through two stages. The first stage +is the commercialized product stage, in which the company's R&D focused +on the ecological building stage from scratch and brought a lot of baggage; +the second stage is the upstream stage of the software package, in which +the engineers responsible for the relevant software packages (especially +the underlying compiler, kernel, etc.) listened to the opinions of the +community maintainer and the general developers, and successively The code +was partially refactored, and some of the baggage was also shed. + + +The second stage lasted about two years, which is quite a long time for a +commercial company, which is unacceptable. So during this time, the product +version has been using the software ecology of the first phase, which was +called the old world by the company's engineers, and users only had access +to binary packages. As of today, the commercial OS distributions we use, +such as loongnix, uos, and Kylin, belong to the old world. + + +Corresponding to the old world, the second stage of the upstream software +ecology is called the new world by engineers and the majority of community +developers. The new world software ecology has a feature that we can directly +pull down the source code of the package from the community and be able to +run it directly after compiling and installing it on the LoongArch machine, +so the new world is open source friendly, and the new world OS distribution +that we can get now are CLFS, Archlinux, and Gentoo (upstreamed). + +=== LoongArch's old and new worlds have four main levels + +* BIOS +* grub +* linux +* OS + +==== BIOS + +BIOS distinguishes the old and new worlds with different memory addressing +methods. Those with virtual addresses are the old world, and those with +physical addresses are the new world. + +Because the UEFI and ACPI specifications specify that the BIOS must use a +physical address, while the product version of the BIOS uses a virtual +address, in order to enter the specification, so the new world BIOS must +change to a physical address; the old world uses the X86 interrupt controller +data structure, the new world uses loongson interrupt controller data structure. + +==== grub + +grub distinguishes the old world and the new world by bootstrapping kernels +of different formats. The old world is the one that can only recognize the +ELF kernel, and the new world is the one that can only recognize the Linux +EFI stub in PE format; The old world passes rd_start/rd_size, the new world +passes initrd and adds Loadfile2 to be passed internally. + +==== linux + +The kernel distinguishes the old world and the new world with different boot +protocols. Those using the ELF boot protocol are old world and those using +the EFI stub boot protocol are new world. In addition, old world kernel +NSIG=128, user_pt_regs does not export orig_a0; new world kernel NSIG=64, +user_pt_regs should export orig_a0; old world MINSIGSTKSZ/SIGSTKSZ=2048/8192, +new world MINSIGSTKSZ/ SIGSTKSZ=4096/16384; at the same time, the old and +new world kernels have slight differences in structures such as ucontext, +sigcontext, rt_sigframe. Interested readers can go to the linux-arch archive +at lore.kernel.org to compare the differences between the various versions +of patches for the LoongArch kernel going upstream. + +==== OS + +The OS distinguishes the old world and the new world with different lib. The +old world uses /lib64/ld.so.1 and the new world uses lib64/ld-linux-loongarch-lp64d.so.1; +the Glibc symbol version also differs, with the old world using 2.27 and the +new world using 2.36. + + diff --git a/docs/README-CN.adoc b/docs/README-CN.adoc index 0cc7f8c..73d790d 100644 --- a/docs/README-CN.adoc +++ b/docs/README-CN.adoc @@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ * 龙芯架构 SMBIOS 规范：该文档定义了龙芯架构处理器附加信息，是 SMBIOS 结构 type 44 的补充。本文档仅提供 *英文版*。 ** link:LoongArch-Processor-SMBIOS-Spec-EN.html[HTML 版本]。 +* LoongArch新旧世界差异：该文档描述了LoongArch新旧软件生态的差异。 +** link:LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-CN.html[HTML 版本]。 +** link:LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-CN.pdf[PDF 版本]。 [[getting-start]] == 开始 diff --git a/docs/README-EN.adoc b/docs/README-EN.adoc index 38d1a9f..87a19f4 100644 --- a/docs/README-EN.adoc +++ b/docs/README-EN.adoc @@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ To make it easier to download, each HTML page contains embedded CSS and images. * LoongArch Processor SMBIOS Spec: This document introduces additional information about LoongArch in SMBIOS. ** link:LoongArch-Processor-SMBIOS-Spec-EN.html[HTML version]. +* LoongArch Old and New World Differences: This document describes the differences between the old and new software environments of LoongArch. +** link:LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-EN.html[HTML version]. +** link:LoongArch-Old-and-New-World-Differences-EN.pdf[PDF version]. + == Translator`'s Note Due to the limited knowledge of the translators, there are some inevitable errors and omissions existing in this document, please feel free to correct.