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OpenSSL Creating a Certificate Authority (CA) _ Node Security.mhtml
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From: <Saved by Blink>
Snapshot-Content-Location: https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/
Subject: OpenSSL Creating a Certificate Authority (CA) | Node Security
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pr-xl-4"><div class=3D"post pl-1 pr-1 pl-md-2 pr-md-2"><h1 data-toc-skip=3D=
"">OpenSSL Creating a Certificate Authority (CA)</h1><div class=3D"post-met=
a text-muted"> <span> Posted <em class=3D"" data-ts=3D"1617787042" data-df=
=3D"ll" data-toggle=3D"tooltip" data-placement=3D"bottom" data-original-tit=
le=3D"" title=3D""> Apr 7, 2021 </em> </span> <span> Updated <em class=3D""=
data-ts=3D"1632840926" data-df=3D"ll" data-toggle=3D"tooltip" data-placeme=
nt=3D"bottom" data-original-title=3D"" title=3D""> Sep 29, 2021 </em> </spa=
n><div class=3D"d-flex justify-content-between"> <span> By <em> <a href=3D"=
https://twitter.com/todo">Alexander Wells</a> </em> </span><div> <span clas=
s=3D"readtime" data-toggle=3D"tooltip" data-placement=3D"bottom" title=3D""=
data-original-title=3D"467 words"> <em>2 min</em> read</span></div></div><=
/div><div class=3D"post-content"><p>In this post we=E2=80=99ll look at how =
to create our own Certificate Authority (CA) using OpenSSL.</p><ol><li><a h=
ref=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#generating-a-=
private-key">Generating a Private Key</a><ul><li><a href=3D"https://node-se=
curity.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#list-openssl-supported-elliptic-cur=
ves">List OpenSSL Support Elliptic Curves</a></li><li><a href=3D"https://no=
de-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#elliptic-curve-private-key">El=
liptic Curve Private Key</a></li><li><a href=3D"https://node-security.com/p=
osts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#rsa-private-key">RSA Private Key</a></li></ul><=
/li><li><a href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#g=
enerating-a-certificate">Generating a Certificate</a><ul><li><a href=3D"htt=
ps://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#ca-configuration-file">=
Configuration File</a></li><li><a href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/o=
penssl-creating-a-ca/#creating-the-certificate">Creating the Certificate</a=
></li></ul></li><li><a href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-crea=
ting-a-ca/#using-the-ca">Using the CA</a></li></ol><h1 id=3D"generating-a-p=
rivate-key">Generating a Private Key</h1><p>The first step is to create a P=
rivate key for our certificate. We can choose either an RSA key or an Ellip=
tic Curve key.</p><h2 id=3D"list-openssl-supported-elliptic-curves"><span c=
lass=3D"mr-2">List OpenSSL Supported Elliptic Curves</span><a href=3D"https=
://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#list-openssl-supported-el=
liptic-curves" class=3D"anchor text-muted"><i class=3D"fas fa-hashtag"></i>=
</a></h2><p>The following command will display a list of supported OpenSSL =
elliptic curves. We=E2=80=99ll need to choose one of these curves when we a=
re generating our Private key.</p><div class=3D"language-plaintext highligh=
ter-rouge"><div class=3D"code-header"> <span data-label-text=3D"Plaintext">=
<i class=3D"fas fa-code small"></i></span> <button aria-label=3D"copy" data=
-title-succeed=3D"Copied!" data-original-title=3D"" title=3D""><i class=3D"=
far fa-clipboard"></i></button></div><div class=3D"highlight"><code><table =
class=3D"rouge-table"><tbody><tr><td class=3D"rouge-gutter gl"><pre class=
=3D"lineno">1
</pre></td><td class=3D"rouge-code"><pre>openssl ecparam -list_curves
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></code></div></div><h2 id=3D"elliptic-curve=
-private-key"><span class=3D"mr-2">Elliptic Curve Private Key</span><a href=
=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#elliptic-curve-p=
rivate-key" class=3D"anchor text-muted"><i class=3D"fas fa-hashtag"></i></a=
></h2><div class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class=3D"cod=
e-header"> <span data-label-text=3D"Plaintext"><i class=3D"fas fa-code smal=
l"></i></span> <button aria-label=3D"copy" data-title-succeed=3D"Copied!" d=
ata-original-title=3D"" title=3D""><i class=3D"far fa-clipboard"></i></butt=
on></div><div class=3D"highlight"><code><table class=3D"rouge-table"><tbody=
><tr><td class=3D"rouge-gutter gl"><pre class=3D"lineno">1
</pre></td><td class=3D"rouge-code"><pre>openssl ecparam -genkey -name secp=
384r1 -out ca.key
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></code></div></div><ul><li><code class=3D"l=
anguage-plaintext highlighter-rouge">secp384r1</code> is the name of the cu=
rve we are using.</li><li><code class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rou=
ge">ca.key</code> is the name of the output file where we want to store the=
Private key.</li></ul><h2 id=3D"rsa-private-key"><span class=3D"mr-2">RSA =
Private Key</span><a href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creati=
ng-a-ca/#rsa-private-key" class=3D"anchor text-muted"><i class=3D"fas fa-ha=
shtag"></i></a></h2><p>The following command will generate a 2048-bit RSA k=
ey:</p><div class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class=3D"co=
de-header"> <span data-label-text=3D"Plaintext"><i class=3D"fas fa-code sma=
ll"></i></span> <button aria-label=3D"copy" data-title-succeed=3D"Copied!" =
data-original-title=3D"" title=3D""><i class=3D"far fa-clipboard"></i></but=
ton></div><div class=3D"highlight"><code><table class=3D"rouge-table"><tbod=
y><tr><td class=3D"rouge-gutter gl"><pre class=3D"lineno">1
</pre></td><td class=3D"rouge-code"><pre>openssl genrsa -out ca.key
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></code></div></div><p>2048-bits is the stan=
dard size. A custom key size can be specified by giving an extra argument. =
The following command will generate a 4096-bit RSA key:</p><div class=3D"la=
nguage-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class=3D"code-header"> <span data-=
label-text=3D"Plaintext"><i class=3D"fas fa-code small"></i></span> <button=
aria-label=3D"copy" data-title-succeed=3D"Copied!" data-original-title=3D"=
" title=3D""><i class=3D"far fa-clipboard"></i></button></div><div class=3D=
"highlight"><code><table class=3D"rouge-table"><tbody><tr><td class=3D"roug=
e-gutter gl"><pre class=3D"lineno">1
</pre></td><td class=3D"rouge-code"><pre>openssl genrsa -out ca.key 4096
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></code></div></div><h1 id=3D"generating-a-c=
ertificate">Generating a Certificate</h1><h2 id=3D"ca-configuration-file"><=
span class=3D"mr-2">CA Configuration File</span><a href=3D"https://node-sec=
urity.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#ca-configuration-file" class=3D"anch=
or text-muted"><i class=3D"fas fa-hashtag"></i></a></h2><p>We need to speci=
fy some parameters for our CA before we can create it.</p><p>Create a file =
called <code class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ca.conf</code> =
and add the following:</p><div class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-roug=
e"><div class=3D"code-header"> <span data-label-text=3D"Plaintext"><i class=
=3D"fas fa-code small"></i></span> <button aria-label=3D"copy" data-title-s=
ucceed=3D"Copied!" data-original-title=3D"" title=3D""><i class=3D"far fa-c=
lipboard"></i></button></div><div class=3D"highlight"><code><table class=3D=
"rouge-table"><tbody><tr><td class=3D"rouge-gutter gl"><pre class=3D"lineno=
">1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
</pre></td><td class=3D"rouge-code"><pre>basicConstraints =3D CA:TRUE
keyUsage =3D cRLSign, keyCertSign
[req]
distinguished_name =3D req_distinguished_name
prompt =3D no
[req_distinguished_name]
C =3D AU
ST =3D Victoria
L =3D Melbourne
CN =3D My Personal Root CA
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></code></div></div><ul><li>Customize the <c=
ode class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">C</code>, <code class=3D=
"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ST</code>, <code class=3D"language-p=
laintext highlighter-rouge">L</code> and <code class=3D"language-plaintext =
highlighter-rouge">CN</code> to your desired values.</li></ul><p>The <code =
class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CN</code> (Common Name) fiel=
d will be displayed when your computer shows the certificate path:</p><p><a=
href=3D"https://node-security.com/assets/certificates/certificate-1.png" c=
lass=3D"popup img-link "><img data-src=3D"/assets/certificates/certificate-=
1.png" alt=3D"" class=3D" lazyloaded" data-proofer-ignore=3D"" src=3D"https=
://node-security.com/assets/certificates/certificate-1.png"></a></p><h2 id=
=3D"creating-the-certificate"><span class=3D"mr-2">Creating the Certificate=
</span><a href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#cr=
eating-the-certificate" class=3D"anchor text-muted"><i class=3D"fas fa-hash=
tag"></i></a></h2><p>We are now ready to create the certificate using the p=
rivate key and config:</p><div class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-roug=
e"><div class=3D"code-header"> <span data-label-text=3D"Plaintext"><i class=
=3D"fas fa-code small"></i></span> <button aria-label=3D"copy" data-title-s=
ucceed=3D"Copied!" data-original-title=3D"" title=3D""><i class=3D"far fa-c=
lipboard"></i></button></div><div class=3D"highlight"><code><table class=3D=
"rouge-table"><tbody><tr><td class=3D"rouge-gutter gl"><pre class=3D"lineno=
">1
</pre></td><td class=3D"rouge-code"><pre>openssl req -x509 -new -sha512 -no=
des -key ca.key -days 7307 -out ca.crt -config ca.conf
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table></code></div></div><ul><li><code class=3D"l=
anguage-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-x509</code> output a Certificate inst=
ead of a Certificate Signing Request (CSR).</li><li><code class=3D"language=
-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-sha512</code> specifies the hash function th=
at will be used to sign the certificate. Other values may be used here such=
as <code class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">sha256</code> and =
<code class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">sha384</code>.</li><li=
><code class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-nodes</code> means t=
he certificate should be unencrypted.</li><li><code class=3D"language-plain=
text highlighter-rouge">-key ca.key</code> specifies the Private Key we are=
signing this with.</li><li><code class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-r=
ouge">-days 7307</code> specifies the number of days the certificate is val=
id for. 7307 days =E2=89=88 20 years.</li><li><code class=3D"language-plain=
text highlighter-rouge">-out ca.crt</code> specifies the output file name.<=
/li><li><code class=3D"language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-config ca.con=
f</code> specifies the configuration file we wish to use.</li></ul><h1 id=
=3D"using-the-ca">Using the CA</h1><p>Now that we have our own Certificate =
Authority, we can use it sign certificates for web-servers so they can use =
TLS. I have a guide to do this <a href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/o=
penssl-creating-a-host-certificate/">here</a>.</p><p>If we want to use the =
CA and not have certificate warnings, then it will have to be installed as =
a Trusted Root CA on your computer/browser.</p></div><div class=3D"post-tai=
l-wrapper text-muted"><div class=3D"post-meta mb-3"> <i class=3D"far fa-fol=
der-open fa-fw mr-1"></i> <a href=3D"https://node-security.com/categories/s=
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tificates/">certificates</a></div><div class=3D"post-tags"> <i class=3D"fa =
fa-tags fa-fw mr-1"></i> <a href=3D"https://node-security.com/tags/openssl/=
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pper" class=3D"pl-0 pr-4 mb-5 topbar-down"><div class=3D"panel-heading pl-3=
pt-2 mb-2">Contents</div><nav id=3D"toc" data-toggle=3D"toc"><ul class=3D"=
nav navbar-nav"><li><a class=3D"nav-link active" href=3D"https://node-secur=
ity.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#generating-a-private-key">Generating a=
Private Key</a><ul class=3D"nav navbar-nav"><li><a class=3D"nav-link" href=
=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca/#list-openssl-sup=
ported-elliptic-curves">List OpenSSL Supported Elliptic Curves</a></li><li>=
<a class=3D"nav-link" href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creat=
ing-a-ca/#elliptic-curve-private-key">Elliptic Curve Private Key</a></li><l=
i><a class=3D"nav-link" href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-cre=
ating-a-ca/#rsa-private-key">RSA Private Key</a></li></ul></li><li><a class=
=3D"nav-link" href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-ca=
/#generating-a-certificate">Generating a Certificate</a><ul class=3D"nav na=
vbar-nav"><li><a class=3D"nav-link" href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts=
/openssl-creating-a-ca/#ca-configuration-file">CA Configuration File</a></l=
i><li><a class=3D"nav-link" href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl=
-creating-a-ca/#creating-the-certificate">Creating the Certificate</a></li>=
</ul></li><li><a class=3D"nav-link" href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts=
/openssl-creating-a-ca/#using-the-ca">Using the CA</a></li></ul></nav></div=
></div></div><div class=3D"row"><div id=3D"tail-wrapper" class=3D"col-12 co=
l-lg-11 col-xl-9 pl-3 pr-3 pr-xl-4 mt-5"><div id=3D"related-posts" class=3D=
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ing</h3><div class=3D"card-deck mb-4"><div class=3D"card"> <a href=3D"https=
://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-host-certificate/"><div class=
=3D"card-body"> <em class=3D"small" data-ts=3D"1617793428" data-df=3D"ll"> =
Apr 7, 2021 </em><h3 class=3D"pt-0 mt-1 mb-3" data-toc-skip=3D"">OpenSSL Cr=
eating a Host Certificate</h3><div class=3D"text-muted small"><p> In this p=
ost we=E2=80=99ll look at how to create our own Host Certificates using Ope=
nSSL. These certificates can be used on web-servers for enabling TLS. A val=
id CA Certificate and Private key will be req...</p></div></div></a></div><=
div class=3D"card"> <a href=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/tls-server-s=
ignature-algorithm/"><div class=3D"card-body"> <em class=3D"small" data-ts=
=3D"1617867012" data-df=3D"ll"> Apr 8, 2021 </em><h3 class=3D"pt-0 mt-1 mb-=
3" data-toc-skip=3D"">TLS Server Signature Algorithm</h3><div class=3D"text=
-muted small"><p> In this post we=E2=80=99ll look at what the TLS Server Si=
gnature Algorithm is for. This guide can get technical at times so it=E2=80=
=99s recommended that you understand the follow terms as they are assumed k=
nowle...</p></div></div></a></div><div class=3D"card"> <a href=3D"https://n=
ode-security.com/posts/openssl-testing-cipher-suite/"><div class=3D"card-bo=
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f=3D"https://node-security.com/posts/openssl-creating-a-host-certificate/" =
class=3D"btn btn-outline-primary" prompt=3D"Newer"><p>OpenSSL Creating a Ho=
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adding-left: 0px; }
.col, .col-1, .col-10, .col-11, .col-12, .col-2, .col-3, .col-4, .col-5, .c=
ol-6, .col-7, .col-8, .col-9, .col-auto, .col-lg, .col-lg-1, .col-lg-10, .c=
ol-lg-11, .col-lg-12, .col-lg-2, .col-lg-3, .col-lg-4, .col-lg-5, .col-lg-6=
, .col-lg-7, .col-lg-8, .col-lg-9, .col-lg-auto, .col-md, .col-md-1, .col-m=
d-10, .col-md-11, .col-md-12, .col-md-2, .col-md-3, .col-md-4, .col-md-5, .=
col-md-6, .col-md-7, .col-md-8, .col-md-9, .col-md-auto, .col-sm, .col-sm-1=
, .col-sm-10, .col-sm-11, .col-sm-12, .col-sm-2, .col-sm-3, .col-sm-4, .col=
-sm-5, .col-sm-6, .col-sm-7, .col-sm-8, .col-sm-9, .col-sm-auto, .col-xl, .=
col-xl-1, .col-xl-10, .col-xl-11, .col-xl-12, .col-xl-2, .col-xl-3, .col-xl=
-4, .col-xl-5, .col-xl-6, .col-xl-7, .col-xl-8, .col-xl-9, .col-xl-auto { p=
osition: relative; width: 100%; padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px; }
.col { flex-basis: 0px; flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; }
.row-cols-1 > * { flex: 0 0 100%; max-width: 100%; }
.row-cols-2 > * { flex: 0 0 50%; max-width: 50%; }
.row-cols-3 > * { flex: 0 0 33.3333%; max-width: 33.3333%; }
.row-cols-4 > * { flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; }
.row-cols-5 > * { flex: 0 0 20%; max-width: 20%; }
.row-cols-6 > * { flex: 0 0 16.6667%; max-width: 16.6667%; }
.col-auto { flex: 0 0 auto; width: auto; max-width: 100%; }
.col-1 { flex: 0 0 8.33333%; max-width: 8.33333%; }
.col-2 { flex: 0 0 16.6667%; max-width: 16.6667%; }
.col-3 { flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; }
.col-4 { flex: 0 0 33.3333%; max-width: 33.3333%; }
.col-5 { flex: 0 0 41.6667%; max-width: 41.6667%; }
.col-6 { flex: 0 0 50%; max-width: 50%; }
.col-7 { flex: 0 0 58.3333%; max-width: 58.3333%; }
.col-8 { flex: 0 0 66.6667%; max-width: 66.6667%; }
.col-9 { flex: 0 0 75%; max-width: 75%; }
.col-10 { flex: 0 0 83.3333%; max-width: 83.3333%; }
.col-11 { flex: 0 0 91.6667%; max-width: 91.6667%; }
.col-12 { flex: 0 0 100%; max-width: 100%; }
.order-first { order: -1; }
.order-last { order: 13; }
.order-0 { order: 0; }
.order-1 { order: 1; }
.order-2 { order: 2; }
.order-3 { order: 3; }
.order-4 { order: 4; }
.order-5 { order: 5; }
.order-6 { order: 6; }
.order-7 { order: 7; }
.order-8 { order: 8; }
.order-9 { order: 9; }
.order-10 { order: 10; }
.order-11 { order: 11; }
.order-12 { order: 12; }
.offset-1 { margin-left: 8.33333%; }
.offset-2 { margin-left: 16.6667%; }
.offset-3 { margin-left: 25%; }
.offset-4 { margin-left: 33.3333%; }
.offset-5 { margin-left: 41.6667%; }
.offset-6 { margin-left: 50%; }
.offset-7 { margin-left: 58.3333%; }
.offset-8 { margin-left: 66.6667%; }
.offset-9 { margin-left: 75%; }
.offset-10 { margin-left: 83.3333%; }
.offset-11 { margin-left: 91.6667%; }
@media (min-width: 576px) {
.col-sm { flex-basis: 0px; flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; }
.row-cols-sm-1 > * { flex: 0 0 100%; max-width: 100%; }
.row-cols-sm-2 > * { flex: 0 0 50%; max-width: 50%; }
.row-cols-sm-3 > * { flex: 0 0 33.3333%; max-width: 33.3333%; }
.row-cols-sm-4 > * { flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; }
.row-cols-sm-5 > * { flex: 0 0 20%; max-width: 20%; }
.row-cols-sm-6 > * { flex: 0 0 16.6667%; max-width: 16.6667%; }
.col-sm-auto { flex: 0 0 auto; width: auto; max-width: 100%; }
.col-sm-1 { flex: 0 0 8.33333%; max-width: 8.33333%; }
.col-sm-2 { flex: 0 0 16.6667%; max-width: 16.6667%; }
.col-sm-3 { flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; }
.col-sm-4 { flex: 0 0 33.3333%; max-width: 33.3333%; }
.col-sm-5 { flex: 0 0 41.6667%; max-width: 41.6667%; }
.col-sm-6 { flex: 0 0 50%; max-width: 50%; }
.col-sm-7 { flex: 0 0 58.3333%; max-width: 58.3333%; }
.col-sm-8 { flex: 0 0 66.6667%; max-width: 66.6667%; }
.col-sm-9 { flex: 0 0 75%; max-width: 75%; }
.col-sm-10 { flex: 0 0 83.3333%; max-width: 83.3333%; }
.col-sm-11 { flex: 0 0 91.6667%; max-width: 91.6667%; }
.col-sm-12 { flex: 0 0 100%; max-width: 100%; }
.order-sm-first { order: -1; }