From a4086017c3b875648941a91c77b5e8da599a8f83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Leodanis Pozo Ramos <lpozor78@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 2024 18:37:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/5] Sample code for the article on closures

---
 python-closure/README.md         |  3 +++
 python-closure/app.py            | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 python-closure/appender.py       |  8 ++++++++
 python-closure/closure.py        | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 python-closure/counter.py        |  9 +++++++++
 python-closure/cum_average.py    |  8 ++++++++
 python-closure/decorators.py     | 12 ++++++++++++
 python-closure/free_variables.py | 11 +++++++++++
 python-closure/inner.py          |  7 +++++++
 python-closure/memoization.py    | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 python-closure/roots.py          | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 python-closure/stack_class.py    | 12 ++++++++++++
 python-closure/stack_closure.py  | 15 +++++++++++++++
 13 files changed, 181 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 python-closure/README.md
 create mode 100644 python-closure/app.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/appender.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/closure.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/counter.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/cum_average.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/decorators.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/free_variables.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/inner.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/memoization.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/roots.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/stack_class.py
 create mode 100644 python-closure/stack_closure.py

diff --git a/python-closure/README.md b/python-closure/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce9c6018e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Python Closures: Common Use Cases and Examples
+
+This folder provides the code examples for the Real Python tutorial [Python Closures: Common Use Cases and Examples](https://realpython.com/python-closure/).
diff --git a/python-closure/app.py b/python-closure/app.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9368b3824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import tkinter as tk
+
+app = tk.Tk()
+app.title("GUI App")
+app.geometry("200x60")
+
+label = tk.Label(app, font=("Helvetica", 16, "bold"))
+label.pack()
+
+
+def callback(text):
+    def closure():
+        label.config(text=text)
+
+    return closure
+
+
+button = tk.Button(
+    app,
+    text="Greet",
+    command=callback("Hello, World!"),
+)
+button.pack()
+
+app.mainloop()
diff --git a/python-closure/appender.py b/python-closure/appender.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b179e52668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/appender.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+def make_appender():
+    items = []
+
+    def appender(new_item):
+        items.append(new_item)
+        return items
+
+    return appender
diff --git a/python-closure/closure.py b/python-closure/closure.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce99e3f69e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/closure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# def outer_func():
+#     name = "Pythonista"
+
+#     def inner_func():
+#         print(f"Hello, {name}!")
+
+#     return inner_func
+
+
+def outer_func():
+    name = "Pythonista"
+    return lambda name=name: print(f"Hello, {name}!")
+
+
+inner_func = outer_func()
+inner_func()
diff --git a/python-closure/counter.py b/python-closure/counter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2dac3d68e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/counter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+def make_counter():
+    count = 0
+
+    def counter():
+        nonlocal count
+        count += 1
+        return count
+
+    return counter
diff --git a/python-closure/cum_average.py b/python-closure/cum_average.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1e960fb40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/cum_average.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+def cumulative_average():
+    data = []
+
+    def average(value):
+        data.append(value)
+        return sum(data) / len(data)
+
+    return average
diff --git a/python-closure/decorators.py b/python-closure/decorators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93ba36b0dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/decorators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+def decorator(function):
+    def closure():
+        print("Doing something before calling the function.")
+        function()
+        print("Doing something after calling the function.")
+
+    return closure
+
+
+@decorator
+def greet():
+    print("Hi, Pythonista!")
diff --git a/python-closure/free_variables.py b/python-closure/free_variables.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a24753e361
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/free_variables.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+def outer_func(outer_arg):
+    local_var = "Outer local variable"
+
+    def closure():
+        print(outer_arg)
+        print(local_var)
+        print(another_local_var)
+
+    another_local_var = "Another outer local variable"
+
+    return closure
diff --git a/python-closure/inner.py b/python-closure/inner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4811053b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/inner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+def outer_func():
+    name = "Pythonista"
+
+    def inner_func():
+        print(f"Hello, {name}!")
+
+    inner_func()
diff --git a/python-closure/memoization.py b/python-closure/memoization.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd98829679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/memoization.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from time import sleep
+from timeit import timeit
+
+
+def memoize(function):
+    cache = {}
+
+    def closure(number):
+        if number not in cache:
+            cache[number] = function(number)
+        return cache[number]
+
+    return closure
+
+
+@memoize
+def slow_operation(number):
+    sleep(0.5)
+
+
+exec_time = timeit(
+    "[slow_operation(number) for number in [2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4]]",
+    globals=globals(),
+    number=1,
+)
+
+print(f"Slow operation's time:   {exec_time:.2f} seconds.")
diff --git a/python-closure/roots.py b/python-closure/roots.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..57275bc3da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/roots.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+def make_root_calculator(root_degree, precision=2):
+    def root_calculator(number):
+        return round(pow(number, 1 / root_degree), precision)
+
+    return root_calculator
+
+
+square_root = make_root_calculator(2, 4)
+print(square_root(42))
+
+cubic_root = make_root_calculator(3, 2)
+print(cubic_root(42))
+
+
+class RootCalculator:
+    def __init__(self, root_degree, precision=2):
+        self.root_degree = root_degree
+        self.precision = precision
+
+    def __call__(self, number):
+        return round(pow(number, 1 / self.root_degree), self.precision)
+
+
+square_root = RootCalculator(2, 4)
+print(square_root(42))
+
+cubic_root = RootCalculator(3, 2)
+print(cubic_root(42))
diff --git a/python-closure/stack_class.py b/python-closure/stack_class.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51fa654889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/stack_class.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+class Stack:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._items = []
+
+    def push(self, item):
+        self._items.append(item)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        return self._items.pop()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self._items)
diff --git a/python-closure/stack_closure.py b/python-closure/stack_closure.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..36c7bc664e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-closure/stack_closure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+def Stack():
+    _items = []
+
+    def push(item):
+        _items.append(item)
+
+    def pop():
+        return _items.pop()
+
+    def closure():
+        pass
+
+    closure.push = push
+    closure.pop = pop
+    return closure

From cead9e46fe5abc9b2972cce19dacc7ca75a929e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Leodanis Pozo Ramos <lpozor78@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 2024 17:06:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/5] TR updates, first round

---
 python-closure/app.py                            |  2 +-
 python-closure/{stack_class.py => stack_v1.py}   |  0
 python-closure/{stack_closure.py => stack_v2.py} | 10 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename python-closure/{stack_class.py => stack_v1.py} (100%)
 rename python-closure/{stack_closure.py => stack_v2.py} (71%)

diff --git a/python-closure/app.py b/python-closure/app.py
index c9368b3824..bfa197df34 100644
--- a/python-closure/app.py
+++ b/python-closure/app.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 app = tk.Tk()
 app.title("GUI App")
-app.geometry("200x60")
+app.geometry("320x240")
 
 label = tk.Label(app, font=("Helvetica", 16, "bold"))
 label.pack()
diff --git a/python-closure/stack_class.py b/python-closure/stack_v1.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python-closure/stack_class.py
rename to python-closure/stack_v1.py
diff --git a/python-closure/stack_closure.py b/python-closure/stack_v2.py
similarity index 71%
rename from python-closure/stack_closure.py
rename to python-closure/stack_v2.py
index 36c7bc664e..b0ee1b2c63 100644
--- a/python-closure/stack_closure.py
+++ b/python-closure/stack_v2.py
@@ -13,3 +13,13 @@ def closure():
     closure.push = push
     closure.pop = pop
     return closure
+
+
+stack = Stack()
+stack.push(1)
+stack.push(2)
+stack.push(3)
+
+stack.pop()
+
+stack._items

From 9d11980c6d786f2d4ea81897bf23ab6159bccbe3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Leodanis Pozo Ramos <lpozor78@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 2024 17:07:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/5] Remove usage code

---
 python-closure/stack_v2.py | 10 ----------
 1 file changed, 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/python-closure/stack_v2.py b/python-closure/stack_v2.py
index b0ee1b2c63..36c7bc664e 100644
--- a/python-closure/stack_v2.py
+++ b/python-closure/stack_v2.py
@@ -13,13 +13,3 @@ def closure():
     closure.push = push
     closure.pop = pop
     return closure
-
-
-stack = Stack()
-stack.push(1)
-stack.push(2)
-stack.push(3)
-
-stack.pop()
-
-stack._items

From a6c78247314096652f6c35eb7d90b40a2a3ff735 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Leodanis Pozo Ramos <lpozor78@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Sep 2024 13:20:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 4/5] TR updates, first round

---
 python-closure/closure.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/python-closure/closure.py b/python-closure/closure.py
index ce99e3f69e..65d7ef855a 100644
--- a/python-closure/closure.py
+++ b/python-closure/closure.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 def outer_func():
     name = "Pythonista"
-    return lambda name=name: print(f"Hello, {name}!")
+    return lambda: print(f"Hello, {name}!")
 
 
 inner_func = outer_func()

From d716ae61941fea8d7201e291c97a3487ff15e9ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Leodanis Pozo Ramos <lpozor78@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Oct 2024 15:01:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 5/5] Sample code for the article on variables

---
 python-variables/README.md    |  3 +++
 python-variables/colors.py    | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 python-variables/employees.py | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 python-variables/matrix.py    |  9 +++++++++
 python-variables/scopes.py    | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 python-variables/timeout.py   | 10 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 86 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 python-variables/README.md
 create mode 100644 python-variables/colors.py
 create mode 100644 python-variables/employees.py
 create mode 100644 python-variables/matrix.py
 create mode 100644 python-variables/scopes.py
 create mode 100644 python-variables/timeout.py

diff --git a/python-variables/README.md b/python-variables/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e15a3aad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-variables/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Variables in Python: Usage and Best Practices
+
+This folder provides the code examples for the Real Python tutorial [Variables in Python: Usage and Best Practices](https://realpython.com/python-variables/).
diff --git a/python-variables/colors.py b/python-variables/colors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..547f1dddaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-variables/colors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+colors: dict[str, str] = {
+    "red": "#FF0000",
+    "green": "#00FF00",
+    "blue": "#0000FF",
+    "yellow": "#FFFF00",
+    "black": "#000000",
+    "white": "#FFFFFF",
+}
+
+
+# colors: dict[str, tuple[int, int, int]] = {
+#     "Red": (255, 0, 0),
+#     "Green": (0, 255, 0),
+#     "Blue": (0, 0, 255),
+#     "Yellow": (255, 255, 0),
+#     "Black": (0, 0, 0),
+#     "White": (255, 255, 255),
+# }
diff --git a/python-variables/employees.py b/python-variables/employees.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa77066161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-variables/employees.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+class Employee:
+    count = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, name, position, salary):
+        self.name = name
+        self.position = position
+        self.salary = salary
+        type(self).count += 1
+
+    def display_profile(self):
+        print(f"Name: {self.name}")
+        print(f"Position: {self.position}")
+        print(f"Salary: ${self.salary}")
+
+
+jane = Employee("Jane Doe", "Software Engineer", 90000)
+jane.display_profile()
+
+john = Employee("John Doe", "Product Manager", 120000)
+john.display_profile()
+
+print(f"Total employees: {Employee.count}")
diff --git a/python-variables/matrix.py b/python-variables/matrix.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ead972bd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-variables/matrix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+matrix = [
+    [9, 3, 8],
+    [4, 5, 2],
+    [6, 4, 3],
+]
+
+for i in matrix:
+    for j in i:
+        print(j)
diff --git a/python-variables/scopes.py b/python-variables/scopes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b72fe20477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-variables/scopes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+def function():
+    value = 42
+    return value
+
+
+# Global scope
+global_variable = "global"
+
+
+def outer_func():
+    # Nonlocal scope
+    nonlocal_variable = "nonlocal"
+
+    def inner_func():
+        # Local scope
+        local_variable = "local"
+        print(f"Hi from the '{local_variable}' scope!")
+
+    print(f"Hi from the '{global_variable}' scope!")
+    print(f"Hi from the '{nonlocal_variable}' scope!")
+    inner_func()
+
+
+outer_func()
diff --git a/python-variables/timeout.py b/python-variables/timeout.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4779f865b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python-variables/timeout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+_timeout = 30  # in seconds
+
+
+def get_timeout():
+    return _timeout
+
+
+def set_timeout(seconds):
+    global _timeout
+    _timeout = seconds