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<h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/blog/2015/08/11/arcaders-1-01/">【译】ArcadeRs 1.1: 一个简单的窗口</a></h1>
<p class="meta">
<time datetime="2015-08-11T20:32:00+08:00" pubdate data-updated="true">Aug 11<span>th</span>, 2015</time>
| <a href="/blog/2015/08/11/arcaders-1-01/#disqus_thread"
data-disqus-identifier="http://wenLiangcan.github.io/blog/2015/08/11/arcaders-1-01/">Comments</a>
</p>
</header>
<div class="entry-content"><blockquote><p>原文：<a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-1/">ArcadeRS 1.1: A simple window</a></p></blockquote>
<p>本系列文章的目是通过开发一个简单的老式射击游戏来一探 <code>Rust</code> 这门语言，这是其中的第一部分。除去介绍，本系列共有 16 个部分组成：</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="/blog/2015/08/11/arcaders-1-01/">一个简单的窗口</a>，我们在此安装 SDL2</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-2/">事件处理</a>，我们在此讨论生存期限</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-3/">处理更多的事件</a>，我们在此讨论宏</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-4/">视图</a>，我们在此学习装箱，模式匹配，trait 对象，还有动态分发</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-5/">视图的切换</a>，我们在此使用装箱，模式匹配，trait 对象，还有动态分发</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-6/">移动的矩形</a>，我们在此绘制图像</li>
<li><a href="#">Main menu</a>, where we play with textures and Rust’s vectors</li>
<li><a href="#">Sprites</a>, where we create shareable images</li>
<li><a href="#">Backgrounds</a>, where we handle resizing, scale and translate through time</li>
<li><a href="#">The player’s ship</a>, where we control a multi-sprite object</li>
<li><a href="#">Shooting bullets</a>, where we handle resource pooling</li>
<li><a href="#">Animated sprites</a>, where we render animated asteroids</li>
<li><a href="#">Asteroid attack!</a>, where we make multiple objects interact</li>
<li><a href="#">Explosions</a>, where we see things do boom.</li>
<li><a href="#">Music</a>, where we hear things go boom.</li>
<li><a href="#">High score & wrap-up</a>, where we play with the filesystem</li>
</ol>
<h2>一个华丽的新项目</h2>
<p>作为开始，让我们亲切地请求 Cargo 为我们创建一个新项目。在你的项目目录下执行：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='sh'><span class='line'><span class="nv">$ </span>cargo new arcade-rs --bin
</span><span class='line'><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">cd </span>arcade-rs
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>如果你打开生成的 <code>Cargo.toml</code>，你可以看到类似如下的内容：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
<span class='line-number'>4</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='sh'><span class='line'><span class="o">[</span>package<span class="o">]</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="nv">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"arcade-rs"</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="nv">version</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"0.1.0"</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="nv">authors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">[</span><span class="s2">"John Doe <[email protected]>"</span><span class="o">]</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>你可以通过 <code>cargo run</code> 命令运行生成的 <code>hello world</code> 程序，然而现在来说这并没有什么卵用。我们要做的是，稍微更改一下这个配置文件以加入所需的依赖。请把以下几行添加到该文件的底部：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='sh'><span class='line'><span class="o">[</span>dependencies<span class="o">]</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="nv">sdl2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"0.6"</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>结束的时候，我们的项目会依赖于更多的外部 <code>crate</code> （<code>Rust</code> 概念中的 库），不过眼下我们只需要这些。<code>sdl2</code> <em>crate</em> 使我们可以创建程序窗口，在上面渲染画面和处理各种事件，而这些也正好是我们在接下来的几章将要做的事情。</p>
<blockquote><p>很可能你的电脑上尚未安装有 SDL2 的开发库，那样的话将无法编译 SDL2 的 Rust 绑定。
我建议你参照 <a href="https://github.com/AngryLawyer/rust-sdl2#sdl20--development-libraries">rust-sdl2 的 README 文件</a> 中的步骤，在你的系统中安装所需的开发库。
等你完成后我们接着继续。</p></blockquote>
<p>现在，SDL2 已经（希望是）安装在你的系统中了，你可以执行：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
<span class='line-number'>4</span>
<span class='line-number'>5</span>
<span class='line-number'>6</span>
<span class='line-number'>7</span>
<span class='line-number'>8</span>
<span class='line-number'>9</span>
<span class='line-number'>10</span>
<span class='line-number'>11</span>
<span class='line-number'>12</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='sh'><span class='line'><span class="nv">$ </span>cargo build
</span><span class='line'> Updating registry <span class="sb">`</span>https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index<span class="sb">`</span>
</span><span class='line'> Downloading sdl2 v0.6.0
</span><span class='line'> Downloading sdl2-sys v0.6.0
</span><span class='line'> Compiling sdl2-sys v0.6.0
</span><span class='line'> Compiling bitflags v0.2.1
</span><span class='line'> Compiling rustc-serialize v0.3.15
</span><span class='line'> Compiling libc v0.1.8
</span><span class='line'> Compiling rand v0.3.8
</span><span class='line'> Compiling num v0.1.25
</span><span class='line'> Compiling sdl2 v0.6.0
</span><span class='line'> Compiling arcade-rs v0.1.0 <span class="o">(</span>file:///home/johndoe/projects/arcade-rs<span class="o">)</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>如果一切顺利，各类绑定和它们的依赖就已经编译好而我们也可以开启一个窗口了。否则，很可能你并没有正确安装 SDL2 而你只有解决了这一问题才能进行接下来的步骤。</p>
<h2>激动人心的三秒钟</h2>
<p>好了，让我们来创建一个窗口。用你最喜欢的文本编辑器打开 <code>src/main.rs</code> 然后修改为以下内容：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
<span class='line-number'>4</span>
<span class='line-number'>5</span>
<span class='line-number'>6</span>
<span class='line-number'>7</span>
<span class='line-number'>8</span>
<span class='line-number'>9</span>
<span class='line-number'>10</span>
<span class='line-number'>11</span>
<span class='line-number'>12</span>
<span class='line-number'>13</span>
<span class='line-number'>14</span>
<span class='line-number'>15</span>
<span class='line-number'>16</span>
<span class='line-number'>17</span>
<span class='line-number'>18</span>
<span class='line-number'>19</span>
<span class='line-number'>20</span>
<span class='line-number'>21</span>
<span class='line-number'>22</span>
<span class='line-number'>23</span>
<span class='line-number'>24</span>
<span class='line-number'>25</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="k">extern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">crate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="kn">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl2</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">pixels</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Color</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="kn">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 初始化 SDL2</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl_context</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl2</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">video</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">build</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 创建窗口</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">window</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl_context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"ArcadeRS Shooter"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">800</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">600</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">position_centered</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">opengl</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">build</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">accelerated</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">build</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">set_draw_color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Color</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">RGB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">present</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">sleep_ms</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3000</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>现在，如果你运行这个程序的话…</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='sh'><span class='line'><span class="nv">$ </span>cargo run
</span><span class='line'> Compiling arcade-rs v0.1.0 <span class="o">(</span>file:///home/johndoe/projects/arcade-rs<span class="o">)</span>
</span><span class='line'> Running <span class="sb">`</span>target/debug/arcade-rs<span class="sb">`</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p><img src="https://jadpole.github.io/images/arcade-1.png" alt="three_sec" /></p>
<p>… 你可以看到一个窗口在屏幕上停留了 3 秒钟，然后消失了。就是这样！有趣的部分来了：弄明白刚刚我们所写的究竟是什么意思。</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="k">extern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">crate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>一开始我们先包含了作为依赖添加进来的 <code>sdl2</code> <em>crate</em>。如果需要，我们可以像 Python 那样，给它另起一个名字。比如这样：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="k">extern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">crate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pineapple</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>之后我们把代码中出现的所有 <code>sdl2</code> 都换成 <code>pineapple</code>（菠萝） 得到的结果是不变的。虽然我挺喜欢菠萝，接下来的文章里我还是继续使用 <code>sdl2</code> 算了（当然，没人强求 你 也这么做）。有一个类似的语法可以用于重命名被使用（use）的类型（type）和函数（function），我将在<a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-6/">第 6 章</a>用到它。</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="kn">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl2</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">pixels</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Color</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="kn">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>第一行很简单：因为 <code>sdl2::pixels::Color</code> 敲起来太长了，所以我们只使用（use）这一路径下的最后一个标识符 <code>Color</code> 来代表同一事物。<code>use</code> 语句不仅可以用于类型和函数，对 模块（module）同样有效。这就是第二行的用意，现在我们只需要写 <code>thread::某标函数</code> 而不用写 <code>std::thread::某函数</code>。</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>在此，我们声明了作为我们程序的入口的 <code>main</code> 函数。</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl_context</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl2</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">video</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">build</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>现在，开始触及有趣的部分了！<code>init</code> 函数返回一个我们用来初始化 SDL2 的上下文（context）的对象。厉害之处是这里用到了 <code>Rust</code> 版的<a href="https://aturon.github.io/ownership/builders.html">生成器模式(builder pattern)</a>。就是说，<code>init</code> 返回如下类型的对象：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">InitBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">flags</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">u32</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>这一类型提供了一个便于使用 SDL2 API 的接口。通过调用比如像 <code>timer()</code>，<code>joystick()</code> 和 <code>video()</code> 这些方法，我们可以选择性的初始化 SDL2 的某些部分，以最小化这个库的占用空间。一旦准备就绪，我们调用 <code>build()</code> 方法，获得 <code>Result<Sdl, String></code>。</p>
<p>使用 <code>Result</code> 类型的对象是 <code>Rust</code> 中进行错误处理（error handling）的方式。得到错误值的可能性被集成到了类型系统中，开发者被强制要求去处理这一情况，从而获取函数的结果。这一次，我们只是简单的通过 <code>unwrap()</code> “解封”其中的值，这意味着我们断定（assert）我们得到的是被封装在 <code>Ok</code> 类型中的正确值，否则的话就不再执行后续的代码。我们之所以这么做，是因为如果我们创建不了上下文，我们就无法渲染我们的游戏，我们的程序就失去了它的意义了。</p>
<p>解封（unwrapping）<code>Err</code> 中的值会把错误信息打印出来并引发恐慌（panic），使得程序安全地崩溃掉。如果被解封的值是 <code>Ok(Sdl)</code> 类型的话，解封出来的值会被直接返回并赋值给 <code>sdl_context</code>。</p>
<p>把上下文绑定（binding）到一个标识符的好处是，一旦它脱离了自己的作用域（在 <code>main</code> 函数结束处），它所持有的所有资源都会被自动释放。其实，就算我们的程序运行至某处 panic 了，析构器（destructor）也会被如常调用，以防止内存泄漏。这就是我所指的安全地崩溃掉。</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">window</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdl_context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"ArcadeRS Shooter"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">800</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">600</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">position_centered</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">opengl</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">build</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>我们在此处打开了窗口。它有一个名为“ArcadeRS Shooter”的标题，800 象素的宽度 和 600 象素的高度。像前面一样，这里使用了生成器模式，我们可以方便地使窗口居中和激活 OpenGL 模式（更高效）的渲染。</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">accelerated</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">build</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>这一步你懂的！我们在创建一个与窗口关联的渲染器（renderer），把它设置成可以使用 OpenGL 来辅助渲染，之后我们会用它来“作画”。如果创建失败，程序就会伴随着错误信息 panic 掉。</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">set_draw_color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Color</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">RGB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="n">renderer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">present</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>在第一行，我们把笔刷设置为黑色（red=0，green=0，blue=0）。第二行处，我们先清空缓冲区再填入刚刚选择的笔刷颜色。第三行交换缓冲区正式向用户展现我们绘制的画面。</p>
<p>如果我们去掉最后一行，奇怪的事情就发生了。比如在 Gnome 下，窗口的内容被设置成了它背后的画面。虽然可能听起来怪怪的，按照 <code>Rust</code> 世界的传统，<code>renderer</code> 所提供的接口让我们无法轻易地使程序挂掉。</p>
<p><img src="https://jadpole.github.io/images/arcade-2.png" alt="blank_win" /></p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='rust'><span class='line'><span class="n">thread</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">sleep_ms</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3000</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>继续执行程序前，我们在这里先等待 3000 毫秒，即 3 秒钟。也可以看出，此后 <code>main</code> 函数就结束了，在其中分配的所有资源都会被释放掉。在用户看来，就是程序窗口被关掉。对我们来说，也没有太大的不同。美妙的是，即使此处发生了再多的事情，我们也无需为之操心！</p>
<p>你也许注意到了，我们从头到尾都无需写明任何数据类型。当然，我们使用了诸如 <code>sdl2::init</code> 和 <code>Color::new</code> 这些模块函数（module function）和关联函数（associated function）（也许你会对静态方法这个名字更熟悉些），可是我们从来没有告诉 <code>Rust</code> 我们的上下文的类型是 <code>sdl2::Sdl</code>。这被称为 类型推导（type inference），它是使得 <code>Rust</code> 让人愉快地使用的众多特性之一，虽然它们看起来像是无关紧要的附加品。</p>
<p>这就是本系列的第一部分。<a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-2/">下一次</a>，我们将提出一种更好的关闭窗口的方式：通过点击那个叉叉（x）。</p>
<p>在那之前，保持 rusting！</p>
</div>
</article>
<article>
<header>
<h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/blog/2015/08/11/arcaders-1-00/">【译】ArcadeRs 1.0: 介绍</a></h1>
<p class="meta">
<time datetime="2015-08-11T20:14:00+08:00" pubdate data-updated="true">Aug 11<span>th</span>, 2015</time>
| <a href="/blog/2015/08/11/arcaders-1-00/#disqus_thread"
data-disqus-identifier="http://wenLiangcan.github.io/blog/2015/08/11/arcaders-1-00/">Comments</a>
</p>
</header>
<div class="entry-content"><blockquote><p>原文：<a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-0/">ArcadeRS 1.0: The project</a></p></blockquote>
<p>本系列文章的目是通过开发一个简单的老式射击游戏来一探 <code>Rust</code> 这门语言，这是其中的介绍部分。除去介绍，本系列共有 16 个部分组成：</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="/blog/2015/08/11/arcaders-1-01/">一个简单的窗口</a>，我们在此安装 SDL2</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-2/">事件处理</a>，我们在此讨论生存期限</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-3/">处理更多的事件</a>，我们在此讨论宏</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-4/">视图</a>，我们在此学习装箱，模式匹配，trait 对象，还有动态分发</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-5/">视图的切换</a>，我们在此使用装箱，模式匹配，trait 对象，还有动态分发</li>
<li><a href="https://jadpole.github.io/arcaders/arcaders-1-6/">移动的矩形</a>，我们在此绘制图像</li>
<li><a href="#">Main menu</a>, where we play with textures and Rust’s vectors</li>
<li><a href="#">Sprites</a>, where we create shareable images</li>
<li><a href="#">Backgrounds</a>, where we handle resizing, scale and translate through time</li>
<li><a href="#">The player’s ship</a>, where we control a multi-sprite object</li>
<li><a href="#">Shooting bullets</a>, where we handle resource pooling</li>
<li><a href="#">Animated sprites</a>, where we render animated asteroids</li>
<li><a href="#">Asteroid attack!</a>, where we make multiple objects interact</li>
<li><a href="#">Explosions</a>, where we see things do boom.</li>
<li><a href="#">Music</a>, where we hear things go boom.</li>
<li><a href="#">High score & wrap-up</a>, where we play with the filesystem</li>
</ol>
<p>这是一篇写给那些哪怕仅仅是通过某个脚本语言，已经对软件开发这门技艺有所了解的人的教程，他们刚刚发现了这头名为 <code>Rust</code> 的怪兽。他们过了一遍<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/">官方教程</a>，阅读了大量关于这门看起来熟悉，据说向原有的软件安全概念发起了挑战的语言的博文，然后 excited，想要发掘如何真正地在实践中运用 <code>Rust</code>。</p>
<p>我对读者的要求是，他或她（或者它？）应该理解诸如接口，方法，条件结构，和（基础的）静态类型这些概念。多数情况下，这些术语的含义在其上下文中是不言自明的。然而，如果理解它们对你来说很成问题，提醒一下我不会对其作长篇大论的解释。</p>
<p>我还期望你阅读这篇教程前已经学习过一点 <code>Rust</code>，即使只是浅显的部分。比如你得明白 <code>Rust</code> 的 <code>use</code> 语句，哪怕仅限于在 <code>main.rs</code> 文件里，是用来干什么的。当然，你不需要成为一名专家才能探索其中的微妙。</p>
<p>在接下来的几周里，我们将会基于 Mike Geig 的棒棒哒 <a href="http://fixbyproximity.com/2d-game-development-course/">2D 游戏开发教程</a> 来制作一个太空射击游戏。我们还会编写一个叫做 <code>phi</code> 的库，它会为我们提供诸如视图（在 LibGDX 中称为 screens），内置碰撞检测（虽然很基础）的矩形，和动态精灵等 2D 游戏所需的组件。</p>
<p>我们将要用到的库是 AngryLawyer 的 SDL2 的绑定，版本为 6.0，你可以在<a href="https://github.com/AngryLawyer/rust-sdl2">这里</a>找到，以及相关的一些插件。</p>
<p>继续讲述前，我要强调的是你无需精通 <code>Rust</code> 再阅读这篇教程。相反，本教程的目的之一就是探索 <code>Rust</code> 的微妙之处，哪怕不是主要的，基于此，老实说，我不推荐在生产中使用 <code>phi</code>。可是，你至少得浏览过<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/">官方教程</a>或者 <a href="http://rustbyexample.com/">Rust by Example</a>。</p>
<p>基本上，我会直接展示如何<em>使用</em>而不会解释语法。</p>
<p>所以，不多说，我们<a href="/blog/2015/08/11/arcaders-1-01/">开始吧</a>。</p>
</div>
</article>
<article>
<header>
<h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/blog/2014/08/02/processing-pattern-matches-while-performing-string-substitutions-in-python/">如何在 Python 中操作正则替换的匹配结果</a></h1>
<p class="meta">
<time datetime="2014-08-02T21:39:00+08:00" pubdate data-updated="true">Aug 2<span>nd</span>, 2014</time>
| <a href="/blog/2014/08/02/processing-pattern-matches-while-performing-string-substitutions-in-python/#disqus_thread"
data-disqus-identifier="http://wenLiangcan.github.io/blog/2014/08/02/processing-pattern-matches-while-performing-string-substitutions-in-python/">Comments</a>
</p>
</header>
<div class="entry-content"><p>在进行字符串的正则替换时，我们可能会希望替换的结果是基于匹配结果的，就是说把匹配的字符串提取出来进行一定的修改再应用回原文。</p>
<p>以 <code>sed</code> 为例：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='bash'><span class='line'><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s1">'cat dog mouse'</span> | sed <span class="s1">'s/dog/\*&\*/'</span>
</span><span class='line'>cat *dog* mouse
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>用 <code>&</code> 符号可以把匹配的字符串 <code>"dog"</code> 提取出来，然后在它的前后加上了 <code>*</code>。</p>
<p>在 <code>Python</code> 使用 <code>re</code> 模块时可以这么写：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
<span class='line-number'>4</span>
<span class='line-number'>5</span>
<span class='line-number'>6</span>
<span class='line-number'>7</span>
<span class='line-number'>8</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='python'><span class='line'><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">repl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'*'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">'*'</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'dog'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">repl</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'cat dog mouse'</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="c"># 输出：cat *dog* mouse</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>当传给 <code>re.sub()</code> 方法的第二个参数是一个函数时，<code>re.sub()</code> 会给这个函数传入一个 <code>Match Object</code> 然后以这个函数的返回值作为替换结果。</p>
<p>我们可以通过这个 <code>Match Object</code> 的 <code>grou()</code> 方法获取每次执行替换前的匹配结果。这个方法之所以叫做 <code>group</code> ，是因为我们有时会使用多个匹配模板，同时获取多个（一组）匹配结果，再以 <code>sed</code> 为例：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='bash'><span class='line'><span class="nv">$ </span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s1">'cat dog mouse'</span> | sed <span class="s1">'s/\(dog\) \(mouse\)/\*\1\* _\2_/'</span>
</span><span class='line'>cat *dog* _mouse_
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>符号 <code>\1</code> 和 <code>\2</code> 对应于第一和第二个括号里我们要提取的字符串。</p>
<p>Python 则如下：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
<span class='line-number'>4</span>
<span class='line-number'>5</span>
<span class='line-number'>6</span>
<span class='line-number'>7</span>
<span class='line-number'>8</span>
<span class='line-number'>9</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='python'><span class='line'><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">repl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'*'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">'*'</span> <span class="o">+</span> \
</span><span class='line'> <span class="s">'_'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">'_'</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'(dog) (mouse)'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">repl</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'cat dog mouse'</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="c"># 输出：cat *dog* _mouse_</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>上一例中的 <code>m.group()</code> 也可以写为 <code>m.goup(0)</code>，意为把所有结果作为一个字符串取出。</p>
<p>还有一种跟传统正则表达式比较相似的写法：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
<span class='line-number'>4</span>
<span class='line-number'>5</span>
<span class='line-number'>6</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='python'><span class='line'><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">repl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'*'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expand</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r'\1'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">'*'</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'(dog)'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">repl</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'cat dog mouse'</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>用 <code>expand()</code> 方法展开表达式，不过似乎不支持符号 <code>&</code>。</p>
<h2>参考资料</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://docs.python.org/3.4/howto/regex.html">Regular Expression HOWTO</a></li>
<li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9134964/regex-in-python-is-it-possible-to-get-the-match-replacement-and-final-string">Regex in python: is it possible to get the match, replacement, and final string?</a></li>
<li><em><a href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920027072.do">Python Cookbook (3rd Edition)</a></em>: <strong>2.6. Searching and Rplacing Case-Insensitive Text</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
</article>
<article>
<header>
<h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/blog/2014/07/26/fix-gvim-empty-border-on-fullscreen/">去除全屏下 GVim 出现的白边</a></h1>
<p class="meta">
<time datetime="2014-07-26T14:08:00+08:00" pubdate data-updated="true">Jul 26<span>th</span>, 2014</time>
| <a href="/blog/2014/07/26/fix-gvim-empty-border-on-fullscreen/#disqus_thread"
data-disqus-identifier="http://wenLiangcan.github.io/blog/2014/07/26/fix-gvim-empty-border-on-fullscreen/">Comments</a>
</p>
</header>
<div class="entry-content"><p>全屏下 GVim 的左侧和底部会出现白边，可以在 <code>~/.gtkrc-2.0</code> 文件中加入一下设置：</p>
<figure class='code'><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
<span class='line-number'>4</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class=''><span class='line'>style "vimfix" {
</span><span class='line'> bg[NORMAL] = "#002B36"
</span><span class='line'>}
</span><span class='line'>widget "vim-main-window.*GtkForm" style "vimfix"</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p> <br/>
<code>#002B36</code> 这个颜色对应于我使用的 <code>Solarized Dark</code> <code>Vim</code> 配色的背景色，可以根据个人情况修改。</p>
<h2>参考资料</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=786106#p786106">howto fix gvim border width ?</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</article>
<article>
<header>
<h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/blog/2014/05/18/ipv6-to-ipv4-proxy/">IPv6 到 IPv4 的代理</a></h1>
<p class="meta">
<time datetime="2014-05-18T01:30:00+08:00" pubdate data-updated="true">May 18<span>th</span>, 2014</time>
| <a href="/blog/2014/05/18/ipv6-to-ipv4-proxy/#disqus_thread"
data-disqus-identifier="http://wenLiangcan.github.io/blog/2014/05/18/ipv6-to-ipv4-proxy/">Comments</a>
</p>
</header>
<div class="entry-content"><p>为了安装 <a href="http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/">Pandoc</a> 添加了 <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Unofficial_user_repositories#haskell-core">haskell-core</a> 这个仓库（<code>AUR</code> 里的包要自己编译太麻烦了），不过要用 Goagent 代理才能访问，本来以为是墙了。</p>
<p>可是问题来了，更新/安装一般的官方仓库的包时我是不希望通过代理的，所以会先注释掉 <code>pacman.conf</code> 里的 <code>haskell-core</code> 再 <code>pacman -Syu</code>，这样一来已安装的 <code>haskell</code> 包会引起依赖问题导致更新无法继续。</p>
<p>无意中想起用 <a href="http://cloudmonitor.ca.com/en/ping.php">http://cloudmonitor.ca.com/en/ping.php</a>（以前叫 just-ping.com）ping 一下这个仓库的地址（xsounds.org）看看，结果发现这货只支持通过 <code>IPv6</code> 访问！！！而我学校的网络只支持 <code>IPv4</code>。。。</p>
<p>Google 了一番后让我找到了 <a href="https://www.sixxs.net/tools/gateway/">SixXs</a> 这个服务，提供了 <code>IPv6</code> 到 <code>IPv4</code> 的代理，只要在想要访问的网址后加上 “.ipv4.sixxs.org” 这个后缀就可以了，就像这样：</p>
<figure class='code'><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class=''><span class='line'>xsounds.org.ipv4.sixxs.org/~haskell/core/$arch</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>抱着尝试的心态添加到了 <code>pacman.conf</code> 里，结果真的可用！</p>
<p>ps: 通过这样的地址下载时就看不到进度条了，原因不明。 <br/>
pps: 其实 <code>SixXs</code> 也提供了 <code>IPv4</code> 到 <code>IPv6</code> 的代理服务的，把上面的后缀换成 “.sixxs.org” 或者 “.ipv6.sixxs.org” 就可以了。</p>
</div>
</article>
<article>
<header>
<h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/blog/2014/04/20/keepass-cjk-fonts-displaying/">解决 Linux 下 KeePass 中文显示的问题</a></h1>
<p class="meta">
<time datetime="2014-04-20T23:05:00+08:00" pubdate data-updated="true">Apr 20<span>th</span>, 2014</time>
| <a href="/blog/2014/04/20/keepass-cjk-fonts-displaying/#disqus_thread"
data-disqus-identifier="http://wenLiangcan.github.io/blog/2014/04/20/keepass-cjk-fonts-displaying/">Comments</a>
</p>
</header>
<div class="entry-content"><p>Linux 下用 KeePass 中文一直以来都显示为方块，准确的说是点开编辑条目的时候，外面的列表显示倒没有问题，弄得我一直不敢在 Linux 下编辑我的数据文件，每次想要添加新帐号都得开个虚拟机。。。</p>
<p>突然发现原来是 Local 设置的问题，因为我习惯使用英文作为系统语言，所以只要让 KeePass 使用中文 Local 运行就好了。比如 Arch 下安装的官方源里的包的话，在 <code>/usr/bin/keepass</code> 里加入：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='bash'><span class='line'><span class="nb">export </span><span class="nv">LANG</span><span class="o">=</span>zh_CN.utf8
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
</div>
</article>
<article>
<header>
<h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/blog/2014/04/01/pkgbuild-for-rjsupplicant/">Linux 版锐捷客户端的 PKGBUILD</a></h1>
<p class="meta">
<time datetime="2014-04-01T19:58:00+08:00" pubdate data-updated="true">Apr 1<span>st</span>, 2014</time>
| <a href="/blog/2014/04/01/pkgbuild-for-rjsupplicant/#disqus_thread"
data-disqus-identifier="http://wenLiangcan.github.io/blog/2014/04/01/pkgbuild-for-rjsupplicant/">Comments</a>
</p>
</header>
<div class="entry-content"><p>在愚人节的今天，学校全面强制使用 4.99 版本的锐捷客户端作为上网认证，之前一直在 Arch 下默默辛勤工作的 <a href="https://code.google.com/p/mentohust/">MentoHUST</a> 就这样挂掉了。。。</p>
<p>锐捷其实也有 Linux 版的，叫做 rjsupplicant，试了一下居然能用，不用离开 Linux 回到 Windows 算是万幸，不过不出所料的无法开多网卡建 WiFi 热点了，也只好如此。</p>
<p>自从学了一下下 PKGBUILD 怎么写，无论多小的程序或脚本，不用 <code>Pacman</code> 管理就不舒服，所以这次也打了个包，文件都在<a href="https://github.com/wenLiangcan/PKGBUILD/tree/master/rjsupplicant">这里</a>。</p>
<p>安装好后输入 <code>rjsupplicant --help</code> 查看帮助，我的认证格式如下：</p>
<figure class='code'><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class=''><span class='line'>sudo rjsupplicant -a1 -d0 -nenp2s0 -u<用户名> -p<密码></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<ul>
<li>-a: 1 的话表示有线连接，0 就是无线</li>
<li>-d: 1 使用 dhcp，0 不使用</li>
<li>-n: 网卡名</li>
</ul>
<p>退出可以按 <code>q</code>。</p>
<p>打包里还有个 <code>Systemd</code> 的 service 文件，从 <code>AUR</code> 上的 <a href="https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/mentohust-bin/">mentohust-bin</a> 里修改而来。安装好后如果要启用，先打开 <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/rjsupplicant.service</code>，在<a href="https://github.com/wenLiangcan/PKGBUILD/blob/master/rjsupplicant/rjsupplicant.service#L10">第 10 行</a>添加上上述的认证参数，想在 <code>makepkg</code> 前添加的话请记得更新 <code>PKGBUILD</code> 里对应的 <code>md5sum</code> 值。</p>
</div>
</article>
<article>
<header>
<h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/blog/2013/12/14/zip-function-and-dict-comprehension-in-python/">Zip 函数和 Dict Comprehension</a></h1>
<p class="meta">
<time datetime="2013-12-14T16:43:00+08:00" pubdate data-updated="true">Dec 14<span>th</span>, 2013</time>
| <a href="/blog/2013/12/14/zip-function-and-dict-comprehension-in-python/#disqus_thread"
data-disqus-identifier="http://wenLiangcan.github.io/blog/2013/12/14/zip-function-and-dict-comprehension-in-python/">Comments</a>
</p>
</header>
<div class="entry-content"><p>要下载某个会反盗图的网站上的图片，想到了这篇 <a href="http://qixinglu.com/post/google_image_proxy.html">Google 的图片代理</a>。</p>
<p>通过 Google 来抓取想要的图片就可以逃过反盗图了，主要的工作就是为一系列原图的 url 生成特定的请求链接，所以要做的就是拼凑字符串，机械的任务当然交给机器去做了，<code>Python</code> 实现之。</p>
<p>虽然听起来挺简单，可是以我原有的知识实现起来还是有些繁琐。 需要处理的数据是存储在一个列表里的原图链接，最终想要获得的数据是一系列的文件名和与之一一对应的下载链接，第一反应当然是用字典组织它们了。 请求地址是从原链接拼凑生成的，文件名也是由原链接获得，使用 <code>os.path.basename()</code> 方法。</p>
<p>开始的想法是用两次 <code>List Comprehension</code>，遍历存储原链接的列表，获得两个分别含有文件名和下载地址的新列表，可是怎么把它们分别作为 <code>Key</code> 和 <code>Value</code> 合成为一个字典呢？我可不要循环操作下标。。。。Google 之，知道了 <code>zip</code> 函数，用法如下：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
<span class='line-number'>4</span>
<span class='line-number'>5</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='python'><span class='line'><span class="o">>>></span> <span class="n">keys</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="o">>>></span> <span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="o">>>></span> <span class="n">dictionary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="o">>>></span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span>
</span><span class='line'><span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p> <br/>
<code>zip()</code> 会返回一系列的元组，然后通过 <code>dct()</code> 生成一个字典。</p>
<p>可是两次遍历的都是同一个列表，难道就不能在同一次遍历中完成上面的任务吗 (“▔□▔)，好吧，原来还有 <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0274/"><code>Dict Comprehension</code></a> 这个东西：</p>
<ul>
<li>如果需要遍历的 <code>sequence</code> 是一个列表，那么</li>
</ul>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='python'><span class='line'><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">l</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">l</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">l</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">}</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<ul>
<li>如果 <code>sequence</code> 是一个字典</li>
</ul>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='python'><span class='line'><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">}</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<ul>
<li>另外，在 2.6 及以下的 <code>Python</code> 中，需要使用 <code>dict</code> 构造函数</li>
</ul>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='python'><span class='line'><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p></p>
<p>再复习一下如何用 <code>for in</code> 迭代一个字典分别获取其中的键和值：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='python'><span class='line'><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iteritems</span><span class="p">():</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="o">...</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<p>在 <code>Python 3.x</code> 中使用的是 <code>items()</code>, <code>Python 2.x</code> 中也有这个方法，不过返回的是包含一对键、值的元组。</p>
<p>最后，贴一下代码：</p>
<figure class='code'><figcaption><span></span></figcaption><div class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre class="line-numbers"><span class='line-number'>1</span>
<span class='line-number'>2</span>
<span class='line-number'>3</span>
<span class='line-number'>4</span>
<span class='line-number'>5</span>
<span class='line-number'>6</span>
<span class='line-number'>7</span>
<span class='line-number'>8</span>
<span class='line-number'>9</span>
<span class='line-number'>10</span>
<span class='line-number'>11</span>
<span class='line-number'>12</span>
<span class='line-number'>13</span>
<span class='line-number'>14</span>
<span class='line-number'>15</span>
<span class='line-number'>16</span>
<span class='line-number'>17</span>
<span class='line-number'>18</span>
<span class='line-number'>19</span>
<span class='line-number'>20</span>
<span class='line-number'>21</span>
<span class='line-number'>22</span>
<span class='line-number'>23</span>
<span class='line-number'>24</span>
<span class='line-number'>25</span>
<span class='line-number'>26</span>
<span class='line-number'>27</span>
<span class='line-number'>28</span>
<span class='line-number'>29</span>
<span class='line-number'>30</span>
<span class='line-number'>31</span>
<span class='line-number'>32</span>
</pre></td><td class='code'><pre><code class='python'><span class='line'><span class="c">#!/usr/bin/python</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">urllib2</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">sys</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">inputlinks</span><span class="p">():</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="n">links</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">raw_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Enter links :</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"-i"</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s">'r'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="n">links</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">splitlines</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="n">links</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">links</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">links</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="n">prefix</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">r"https://images2-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url="</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="n">suffix</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">r"&container=focus&gadget=a&no_expand=1&resize_h=0&rewriteMime=image</span><span class="si">%2F</span><span class="s">*"</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="n">images</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">prefix</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">suffix</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">links</span><span class="p">}</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">images</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">images</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">image</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">images</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iteritems</span><span class="p">():</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="n">imgdata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'wb'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">output</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="n">output</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">imgdata</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Er..."</span>
</span><span class='line'>
</span><span class='line'><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"__main__"</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span class='line'> <span class="n">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inputlinks</span><span class="p">()))</span>
</span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></figure>
<h2>参考资料</h2>
<ul>