[FLINK-36497][table] Remove all deprecated methods in CatalogTable

[xuyangzhong]

What is the purpose of the change

This pr removes all deprecated methods in CatalogTable with two subtasks:

• Remove deprecated method CatalogTable#of
• Remove deprecated method CatalogTable#toProperties

Brief change log

• Remove deprecated method CatalogTable#of
• Remove deprecated method CatalogTable#toProperties

Verifying this change

This change is already covered by existing tests.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented?

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• e969702 Azure: CANCELED
• 07e7449 Azure: PENDING

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