✨ adopt ruff formatter and update ruff config

[burgholzer]

Description

This PR adopts the new ruff formatter as a replacement for black and, in turn, also updates the ruff configuration.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #388 (1df16ad) into main (0708e68) will decrease coverage by 0.1%.
The diff coverage is 100.0%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main    #388     +/-   ##
=======================================
- Coverage   92.3%   92.3%   -0.1%     
=======================================
  Files         44      44             
  Lines       4162    4160      -2     
  Branches     701     701             
=======================================
- Hits        3842    3840      -2     
  Misses       320     320             

Flag	Coverage Δ		*Carryforward flag
cpp	91.8% <ø> (ø)		Carriedforward from 0708e68
python	95.8% <100.0%> (-0.1%)	⬇️

*This pull request uses carry forward flags. Click here to find out more.

Files	Coverage Δ
src/mqt/qmap/subarchitectures.py	96.3% <100.0%> (-0.1%)	⬇️