Revert inherited code and support chef image based on client version

[Stromweld]

Description

This is dependent on Chef-Test-Kitchen-Enterprise PR chef/chef-test-kitchen-enterprise#29.
This reverts code needed for running chef-binary as that will be inherited from the ChefInfra Provisioner found in test-kitchen. This also adds a default value for chef_image based on which version of chef-client that requested making it easier to maintain support for chef-clients before 19.

Also fixing and adding additional testing.

Types of changes

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to change)
• Chore (non-breaking change that does not add functionality or fix an issue)

Checklist:

• I have read the CONTRIBUTING document.
• I have run the pre-merge tests locally and they pass.
• I have updated the documentation accordingly.
• I have added tests to cover my changes.
• If Gemfile.lock has changed, I have used --conservative to do it and included the full output in the Description above.
• All new and existing tests passed.
• All commits have been signed-off for the Developer Certificate of Origin.