fix(deps): CVE updates for Loki 2.9.11

[paul1r]

What this PR does / why we need it:
CVE updates for golang-jwt, x/net, x/crypto, stdlib, and alpine

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Brings github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 to 4.5.1
Brings golang.org/x/net to 0.34.0
Brings golang.org/x/crypto to 0.32.0
Brings alpine to 3.21.1
Brings go to 1.22.10

Special notes for your reviewer:

Checklist

• Reviewed the CONTRIBUTING.md guide (required)
• Documentation added
• Tests updated
• Title matches the required conventional commits format, see here
  • Note that Promtail is considered to be feature complete, and future development for logs collection will be in Grafana Alloy. As such, feat PRs are unlikely to be accepted unless a case can be made for the feature actually being a bug fix to existing behavior.
• Changes that require user attention or interaction to upgrade are documented in docs/sources/setup/upgrade/_index.md
• If the change is deprecating or removing a configuration option, update the deprecated-config.yaml and deleted-config.yaml files respectively in the tools/deprecated-config-checker directory. Example PR

[ashwanthgoli]

lgtm