Merge branch 'master' into python-set-comprehension

basic-input-output-in-python/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Basic Input and Output in Python
+
+This folder contains the code examples for the Real Python tutorial [Basic Input and Output in Python](https://realpython.com/python-input-output/).
+
+You can run all of the scripts directly by specifying their name:
+
+```sh
+$ python <filename>.py
+```

basic-input-output-in-python/adventure_game.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import random
+
+health = 5
+enemy_health = 3
+
+while health > 0 and enemy_health > 0:
+    # Normalize input to handle extra spaces and case variations.
+    action = input("Attack or Run? ").strip().lower()
+    if action not in {"attack", "run"}:
+        print("Invalid choice. Please type 'Attack' or 'Run'.")
+        continue
+
+    if action == "attack":
+        enemy_health -= 1
+        print("You hit the enemy!")
+        # Implement a 50% chance that the enemy strikes back.
+        enemy_attacks = random.choice([True, False])
+        if enemy_attacks:
+            health -= 2
+            print("The enemy strikes back!")
+    else:
+        print("You ran away!")
+        break
+    print(f"Your health: {health}, Enemy health: {enemy_health}")
+
+print("Victory!" if enemy_health <= 0 else "Game Over")

basic-input-output-in-python/greeter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+name = input("Please enter your name: ")
+print("Hello", name, "and welcome!")

basic-input-output-in-python/guess_the_number.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import random
+
+number = random.randint(1, 10)
+guess = int(input("Guess a number between 1 and 10: "))
+
+if guess == number:
+    print("You got it!")
+else:
+    print("Sorry, the number was", number)

basic-input-output-in-python/improved_input.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import readline  # noqa F401
+
+while (user_input := input("> ")).lower() != "exit":
+    print("You entered:", user_input)

expressions-vs-statements/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Expression vs Statement in Python: What's the Difference?
+
+This folder contains sample code from the Real Python tutorial [Expression vs Statement in Python: What's the Difference?](https://realpython.com/python-expression-vs-statement/)
+
+## Code Inspector
+
+Identify whether a piece of Python code is an expression or a statement:
+
+```shell
+$ python code_inspector.py
+Type a Python code snippet or leave empty to exit.
+>>> yield
+statement
+>>> (yield)
+expression
+>>> 2 +
+invalid
+```
+
+## GUI App
+
+Register a lambda expression as a callback, which delegates to a function with statements:
+
+```shell
+$ python gui_app.py
+```
+
+## Echo Program
+
+Compile with a C compiler and pipe stdin to the echo program:
+
+```shell
+$ gcc echo.c -o echo.x
+$ echo "Hello, World!" | ./echo.x
+Hello, World!
+```
+
+## HEX Reader
+
+Read a binary file and display its bytes in hexadecimal format:
+
+```shell
+$ python hex_reader.py /path/to/HelloJava.class --columns 8
+ca fe ba be 00 00 00 41
+00 0f 0a 00 02 00 03 07
+00 04 0c 00 05 00 06 01
+(...)
+```
+
+## Generators
+
+Generate a random signal and use a low-pass filter to make it smooth:
+
+```shell
+$ python generators.py 
+-0.96: -0.96
+-0.81: -0.89
+-0.52: -0.67
+ 0.22: -0.15
+ 0.51:  0.37
+ 0.40:  0.46
+-0.08:  0.16
+-0.24: -0.16
+ 0.80:  0.28
+ 0.47:  0.64
+```

expressions-vs-statements/code_inspector.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import ast
+
+
+def main():
+    print("Type a Python code snippet or leave empty to exit.")
+    while code := input(">>> "):
+        print(describe(code))
+
+
+def describe(code):
+    if valid(code, mode="eval"):
+        return "expression"
+    elif valid(code, mode="exec"):
+        return "statement"
+    else:
+        return "invalid"
+
+
+def valid(code, mode):
+    try:
+        ast.parse(code, mode=mode)
+        return True
+    except SyntaxError:
+        return False
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    try:
+        main()
+    except EOFError:
+        pass

expressions-vs-statements/echo.c

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main() {
+    int x;
+    while (x = fgetc(stdin)) {
+        if (x == EOF)
+            break;
+        putchar(x);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

expressions-vs-statements/generators.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import random
+
+
+def main():
+    lf = lowpass_filter()
+    lf.send(None)
+    for value in generate_noise(10):
+        print(f"{value:>5.2f}: {lf.send(value):>5.2f}")
+
+
+def generate_noise(size):
+    for _ in range(size):
+        yield 2 * random.random() - 1
+
+
+def lowpass_filter():
+    a = yield
+    b = yield a
+    while True:
+        a, b = b, (yield (a + b) / 2)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

expressions-vs-statements/gui_app.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import tkinter as tk
+
+
+def main():
+    window = tk.Tk()
+    button = tk.Button(window, text="Click", command=lambda: on_click(42))
+    button.pack(padx=10, pady=10)
+    window.mainloop()
+
+
+def on_click(age):
+    if age > 18:
+        print("You're an adult.")
+    else:
+        print("You're a minor.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

expressions-vs-statements/hex_reader.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import argparse
+import itertools
+
+MAX_BYTES = 1024
+
+
+def main(args):
+    buffer = bytearray()
+    with open(args.path, mode="rb") as file:
+        while chunk := file.read(MAX_BYTES):
+            buffer.extend(chunk)
+    for row in itertools.batched(buffer, args.columns):
+        print(" ".join(f"{byte:02x}" for byte in row))
+
+
+def parse_args():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("path")
+    parser.add_argument("-c", "--columns", type=int, default=16)
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main(parse_args())

numpy-examples/full_portfolio.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Company,Sector,Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri
+Company_A,technology,100.5,101.2,102,101.8,112.5
+Company_B,finance,200.1,199.8,200.5,201.0,200.8
+Company_C,healthcare,50.3,50.5,51.0,50.8,51.2
+Company_D,technology,110.5,101.2,102,111.8,97.5
+Company_E,finance,200.1,200.8,200.5,211.0,200.8
+Company_F,healthcare,55.3,50.5,53.0,50.8,52.2

numpy-examples/issued_checks.csv

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Check_ID,Payee,Amount,Date_Issued
-1341,K.Starmer,150.00,2024-03-29
+1341,K Starmer,150.00,2024-03-29
 1342,R Sunak,175.00,2024-03-29
 1343,L Truss,30.00,2024-03-29
 1344,B Johnson,45.00,2024-03-22
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ Check_ID,Payee,Amount,Date_Issued
 1347,G Brown,100.00,2024-03-15
 1348,T Blair,250.00,2024-03-15
 1349,J Major,500.00,2024-03-15
-1350,M Thatcher,220.00,2024-03-15
+1350,M Thatcher,220.00,2024-03-15

numpy-examples/passports.csv

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ passport_no,passenger_no,nationality
 493456399,3,American
 375456228,4,American
 457345975,5,Austrian
-345957363,6,Norewegian
+345957363,6,Norwegian
 567546577,7,French
 453667456,8,German
 456785778,9,Danish
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ passport_no,passenger_no,nationality
 654672278,18,Spanish
 683637288,19,Norwegian
 768357788,20,British
-768357788,21,American
+768357788,21,American