feat(docs): test doc examples (#6149)

Closes: #552

## Summary
This PR introduces doc example testing. In its current state you can include the keyword `example` in the Markdown code block identifier similar to how we use the `playground` ability.

If you create a Wing example in the docs and want to have it tested in CI when code changes are made, then all you need to do is something like `"```javascript example" ` and this will mark the code block for testing. 

You can also mark an example for failure if you expect it to not compile by using example meta data like so 
`"```javascript example{valid: false"`

I started adding this to many of our doc examples and found quite a few were broken, so a good chunk of the changes in this PR fix broken examples


- You can also run `pnpm turbo test:doc_examples` from the root of the project to only generate and run doc example tests.

## Further considerations
- How to test examples that require other examples? (I.E. library examples)
- How to test typescript examples

## Checklist

- [x] Title matches [Winglang's style guide](https://www.winglang.io/contributing/start-here/pull_requests#how-are-pull-request-titles-formatted)
- [x] Description explains motivation and solution
- [x] Tests added (always)
- [x] Docs updated (only required for features)
- [ ] Added `pr/e2e-full` label if this feature requires end-to-end testing

*By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the [Wing Cloud Contribution License](https://github.com/winglang/wing/blob/main/CONTRIBUTION_LICENSE.md)*.

docs/docs/01-start-here/02-getting-started.md

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ You can use the CLI to bootstrap a new project: Use the `new` command and then m
 wing new empty
 ```
 
-```js
+```js example
 bring cloud;
 
 // define a queue, a bucket and a counter

docs/docs/02-concepts/00-cloud-oriented-programming.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ cloud without having to worry about the underlying infrastructure.
 It's best explained through an example:
 
 
-```js
+```js example
 bring cloud;
 
 let queue = new cloud.Queue(timeout: 2m);

docs/docs/02-concepts/01-preflight-and-inflight.md

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Your preflight code runs once, at compile time, and defines your application's i
 
 For example, this code snippet defines a storage bucket using a class from the standard library:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let bucket = new cloud.Bucket();
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Preflight code can be also used to configure services or set up more complex eve
 
 In this code snippet, we've specified the bucket's contents will be publicly accessible, and it will be pre-populated with a file during the app's deployment (not while the app is running).
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let bucket = new cloud.Bucket(public: true);
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ bucket.addObject("file1.txt", "Hello world!");
 There are a few global functions with specific behaviors in preflight.
 For example, adding a `log()` statement to your preflight code will result in Wing printing a message to the console after compilation.
 
-```js
+```js example
 // hello.w
 log("7 * 6 = {7 * 6}");
 ```
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Let's walk through some examples.
 
 Inflight code is always contained inside a block that starts with the word `inflight`.
 
-```js
+```js example
 let greeting = inflight () => {
   log("Hello from the cloud!");
 };
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ let greeting = inflight () => {
 Inflight code can call other inflight functions and methods.
 For example, `cloud.Bucket` has an inflight method named `list()` that can be called inside inflight contexts:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let bucket = new cloud.Bucket();
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ Even though `bucket` is defined in preflight, it's okay to use its inflight meth
 
 For an inflight function to actually get executed, it must be provided to an API that expects inflight code. For example, we can provide it to a `cloud.Function`:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let func = new cloud.Function(inflight () => {
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ firstObject(); // error: Cannot call into inflight phase while preflight
 Likewise, inflight code cannot call preflight code, because preflight code has the capability to modify your application's infrastructure configuration, which is disallowed after deployment.
 For example, since `addObject` is a preflight method, it cannot be called in inflight:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example{valid: false}
 bring cloud;
 
 let bucket = new cloud.Bucket();
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Instead, to insert an object into the bucket at runtime you would have to use an
 
 Since a class's initializer is just a special kind of preflight function, it also isn't possible to initialize regular classes during preflight:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example{valid: false}
 bring cloud;
 
 inflight () => {
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ A preflight class (the default kind of class) can contain both preflight and inf
 Here's a class that models a queue that can replay its messages.
 A `cloud.Bucket` stores the history of messages, and a `cloud.Counter` helps with sequencing each new message as it's added to the queue.
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 class ReplayableQueue {
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ Inflight classes are safe to create in inflight contexts.
 
 For example, this inflight class can be created in an inflight contexts, and its methods can be called in inflight contexts:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 inflight () => {
   class Person {
     name: str;
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ inflight () => {
       this.age = age;
     }
 
-    inflight greet() {
+    pub inflight greet() {
       log("Hello, {this.name}!");
     }
   }
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ While inflight code can't call preflight code, it's perfectly ok to reference da
 For example, the `cloud.Api` class has a preflight field named `url`.
 Since the URL is a string, it can be directly referenced inflight:
 
-```js
+```js example
 bring cloud;
 bring http;
 
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ new cloud.Function(checkEndpoint);
 However, mutation to preflight data is not allowed.
 This mean means that variables from preflight cannot be reassigned to, and mutable collections like `MutArray` and `MutMap` cannot be modified (they're turned into their immutable counterparts, `Array` and `Map`, respectively when accessed inflight).
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example{valid: false}
 let var count = 3;
 let names = MutArray<str>["John", "Jane", "Joe"];
 
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ inflight () => {
 
 Preflight objects referenced inflight are called "lifted" objects:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 let preflight_str = "hello from preflight"; 
 inflight () => {
   log(preflight_str); // `preflight_str` is "lifted" into inflight.
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ inflight () => {
 During the lifting process the compiler tries to figure out in what way the lifted objects are being used. 
 This is how Winglang generats least privilage permissions. Consider the case of lifting a [`cloud.Bucket`](../04-standard-library/cloud/bucket.md) object:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 let bucket = new cloud.Bucket();
 new cloud.Function(inflight () => {
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ In this example the compiler generates the correct _write_ access permissions fo
 #### Explicit lift qualification
 In some cases the compiler can't figure out (yet) the lift qualifications, and therefore will report an error:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example{valid: false}
 bring cloud;
 let main_bucket = new cloud.Bucket() as "main";
 let secondary_bucket = new cloud.Bucket() as "backup";

docs/docs/02-concepts/02-application-tree.md

@@ -10,15 +10,19 @@ The name is used to identify the resource in the Wing Console, and is used to de
 
 The default name of a resource is the name of the class. The name can be overridden using the `as` syntax:
 
-```js
+```js example
+bring cloud;
+
 let bucket1 = new cloud.Bucket(); // default name is "cloud.Bucket"
 let bucket2 = new cloud.Bucket() as "my-bucket";
 ```
 
 The name of a resource needs to be unique within the scope it is defined.
 New classes introduce new scopes, so the same name can be used for different resources in different classes.
 
-```js
+```js example
+bring cloud;
+
 class Group1 {
   new() {
     new cloud.Bucket() as "Store";
@@ -43,7 +47,7 @@ Instances of preflight classes define the application's construct tree. This way
 In Wing this tree structure is automatically generated. Any class instantiated at the top level (global scope) is a child of the "root" node of of the tree. 
 Any class instantiated inside another class (in its constructor or one of its other preflight methods) will be placed as a child of that other class.
 
-```js
+```js example
 class ThumbnailBucket {
   //...
 }
@@ -70,7 +74,9 @@ As mentioned in the [previous section](#instance-names) each instance must have
 And the name will be automatically generated based on the class name. 
 So the tree shown above also shows the correct names for each infrastructure piece of our application.
 You may query information about the construct tree using the `nodeof(someInstance)` intrinsic function:
-```js
+```js example
+bring cloud;
+
 let b = new cloud.Bucket();
 log(nodeof(b).path); // Will log something like "/root/Bucket"
 ```
@@ -79,7 +85,7 @@ log(nodeof(b).path); // Will log something like "/root/Bucket"
 
 You may define an explicit scope for an instance instead of using Wing's default of placing it inside the instance where it was created using the `in` keyword:
 
-```js
+```js example
 class ThumbnailBucket {
   //...
 }
@@ -107,14 +113,16 @@ let defaultThumbnails = new ThumbnailBucket() as "defaultThumbs" in imageStorage
 Preflight classes instantiated inside static methods, or instantiated inside constructors before `this` is available will use the
 scope of the caller by default:
 
-```js
+```js example
+bring cloud;
+
 class Factory {
   pub static make() {
     new cloud.Bucket(); // We're in a static, so we don't know where to place this bucket
   }
 }
 
-class MyBucket() {
+class MyBucket {
   new() {
     Factory.make(); // Bucket will be placed inside `this` instance of `MyBucket`
   }
@@ -132,7 +140,9 @@ new MyBucket();
 Similarly, consider this case where we instantiate a class inside a parameter in a `super()` constructor call before the
 the class is creates and its scope becomes valid:
 
-```js
+```js example
+bring cloud;
+
 class Base {
   new(b: cloud.Bucket) {}
 }

docs/docs/02-concepts/03-platforms.md

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ There might be times when you need to write code that is specific to a particula
 
 With the Wing `util` library, you can access environment variables. The `WING_TARGET` environment variable contains the current platform target as it's value, which you can use to conditionally run target-specific code. See the example below:
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 bring util;
 

docs/docs/02-concepts/04-tests.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Winglang incorporates a lightweight testing framework, which is built around the
 
 You can create a test by adding the following code structure to any Winglang file (.w):
 
-```ts wing
+```ts wing example
 test "<test-name>" {
   // test code
 }
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ If a test throws an exception (typically using the `assert` function), it's cons
 
 Here's an example:
 
-```ts playground
+```ts playground example
 // example.w
 bring math;
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Duration 0m0.54s
 
 Every Winglang test is executed in complete isolation. Take a look at the following code:
 
-```ts playground
+```ts playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let b = new cloud.Bucket();
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ In the first test (`bucket list should include created file`), a file is created
 
 Consider the following example:
 
-```ts playground
+```ts playground example
 bring cloud;
 bring util;
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Wing Console provides a straightforward method to run either a single test or al
 
 Consider the following code:
 
-```ts playground
+```ts playground example{valid: false}
 // example.w
 bring cloud;
 

docs/docs/04-standard-library/cloud/api.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ When a client invokes a route, the corresponding event handler function executes
 
 The following example shows a complete REST API implementation using `cloud.Api`, `ex.Table` & `cloud.Counter`
 
-```ts playground
+```ts playground example
 bring cloud;
 bring ex;
 

docs/docs/04-standard-library/cloud/bucket.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Unlike other kinds of storage like file storage, data is not stored in a hierarc
 
 ### Defining a bucket
 
-```js
+```js example
 bring cloud;
 
 let bucket = new cloud.Bucket(
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ let bucket = new cloud.Bucket(
 
 If you have static data that you want to upload to the bucket each time your app is deployed, you can call the preflight method `addObject`:
 
-```js
+```js example
 bring cloud;
 
 let bucket = new cloud.Bucket();
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ bucket.addObject("my-file.txt", "Hello, world!");
 
 ### Using a bucket inflight
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let bucket = new cloud.Bucket();
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Use the `onEvent` method for responding to any event.
 
 Each method creates a new `cloud.Function` resource which will be triggered by the given event type.
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let store = new cloud.Bucket();

docs/docs/04-standard-library/cloud/counter.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The `cloud.Counter` resource represents a stateful container for one or more num
 
 ### Defining a counter
 
-```js
+```js example
 bring cloud;
 
 let counter = new cloud.Counter(
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ let counter = new cloud.Counter(
 
 ### Using a counter inflight
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let counter = new cloud.Counter();
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ new cloud.Function(counterFunc);
 
 ### Using keys to manage multiple counter values
 
-```js playground
+```js playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let counter = new cloud.Counter(initial: 100);

docs/docs/04-standard-library/cloud/endpoint.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The `cloud.Endpoint` represents a publicly accessible endpoint and outputs it as
 
 ## Usage
 
-```ts playground
+```ts playground example
 bring cloud;
 
 let endpoint = new cloud.Endpoint("https://example.com");
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ represents a publicly accessible endpoint and outputs it as part of the compilat
 
 #### Initializers <a name="Initializers" id="@winglang/sdk.cloud.Endpoint.Initializer"></a>
 
-```wing
+```wing example
 bring cloud;
 
 new cloud.Endpoint("https://example.com");